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[Beta]-Glucan Content in Oat Grain Cuauhtemoc Tarcicio Cervantes-Martinez Iowa State University Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2000 Selection for high [beta]-glucan content in oat grain Cuauhtemoc Tarcicio Cervantes-Martinez Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Agricultural Science Commons, Agriculture Commons, and the Agronomy and Crop Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Cervantes-Martinez, Cuauhtemoc Tarcicio, "Selection for high [beta]-glucan content in oat grain " (2000). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 13888. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/13888 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or oopy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author dkl not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, ttiese will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletkxi. Oversize materials (e.g.. maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overiaps. Photographs included in the origirul manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6' x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additk)nal diarge. Contact UMI directly to order. Bell & Howell Informatnn and Leaming 300 North Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 Selection for high P-glucan content in oat grain by Cuauhtemoc Tarcicio Cervantes-Martinez A dissertation submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Major: Plant Breeding Major Professors: James B. Holland and E. Charles Brummer Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2000 Copyright © Cuauhtemoc Tarcicio Cervantes-Martinez, 2000. All rights reserved UMI Number 9962804 Copyright 2000 by Cervantes-Martinez, Cuauhtemoc Tarcicio All rights reserved. UMI' UMI Microform9962804 Copyright 2000 by Bell & Howell Information and Leaming Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Trtle 17, United States Code. Bell & Howell Infonnation and Leaming Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor. Ml 48106-1346 ii Graduate College Iowa State University This is to certify that the Doctoral dissertation of Cuauhtemoc Tarcicio Cervantes-Martinez has met the dissertation requirements of Iowa State University Signature was redacted for privacy. Co-Major Professor Signature was redacted for privacy. Co-Major Professor Signature was redacted for privacy. Signature was redacted for privacy. iii This dissertation is dedicated to my mother, Gloria Martinez, who has always been there. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1 Research Objectives 2 Dissertation Organization 2 CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 3 Effect of Soluble Fiber on Serum Cholesterol in Humans 5 Structure and Properties of P-Glucan 10 Methods to Measure P-Glucan Content 12 P-Glucan Concentrations 17 Genotypic and Environmental Effects on P-Glucan Content 19 Estimation of Genetic Components of Variance and Covariance 22 Estimation of Heritability and Genetic Correlation 32 CHAPTER 3. SELECTION FOR HIGH P-GLUCAN CONTENT IN OAT GRAIN 36 Abstract 36 Introduction 37 Materials and Methods 39 Results and Discussion 49 Conclusion 55 Acknowledgments 56 References 56 CHAPTER 4. CORRELATED RESPONSES TO SELECTION FOR GREATER P- GLUCAN CONTENT IN TWO OAT POPULATIONS 69 Abstract 69 Introduction 70 Materials and Methods 73 Results and Discussion 82 Conclusion 91 Acknowledgments 91 References 92 CHAPTER 5. CONCLUSIONS 107 APPENDIX A. POPULATION DEVELOPMENT 108 APPENDIX B. GRAIN QUALITY ANALYSES 116 APPENDDC C. GENETIC EXPECTANCIES 120 V APPENDIX D. MEAN AGRONOMIC AND GRAIN QUALITY TRAITS OF EXPERIMANTAL OAT LINES AND CHECK CULTIVARS WITHIN EACH OF FOUR EVALUATION ENVIRONMENTS 126 REFERENCES CITED 207 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 224 vi ABSTRACT High serum cholesterol level is a major risk factor of premature heart disease in humans. Oat (A. sativa L.) p-glucan lowers serum cholesterol in humans when is consumed in the daily diet. Development of oat cultivars with greater groat p-glucan content would increase the nutritional and economical value of the crop. The first objective of this study was to determine the progress from phenotypic selection of individual So plants for high P- glucan content in two oat (Avena sativa L.) populations. The second objective was to determine the predominant gene action for P-glucan content and to estimate changes in genetic variances and broad sense heritability in those populations. The third objective was to estimate the correlated response of unselected agronomic and grain quality traits and genetic covariances and correlations between these traits and P-glucan content in the same populations. The initial (CO) and selected (CI) generations of two genetically broad-based oat populations, lABGl and IABG2, were evaluated in a field experiment in 1996 and 1997 at two Iowa locations. Mean P-glucan content increased 5.9 g kg"' and 2.6 g kg"', and the genetic variance decreased 9.3% and 21.8 %, following selection in lABGl and IABG2. Heritability estimates ranged from 0.49 to 0.65 on a sample-basis and from 0.80 to 0.88 on a line-mean basis. Additive variance was the only substantial component of genetic variance. Genotype-by-environment interaction was significant. However, ranking of So:i lines for p- glucan content across environments was generally consistent, with correlations of genotypic P-glucan contents ranging fi-om 0.63 to 0.82 across pairs of environments. Some experimental lines had significantly greater P-glucan content than the best checks. vii Phenotypic selection for high groat P-glucan content will be effective to develop cultivars with elevated levels of p-glucan. Mean yield, biomass, and test weight were significantly reduced by 19,17, and 2%, respectively, in IABG2, and were not affected in lABGl. Mean protein content significantly increased by 4.9% in lABGl, whereas the mean oil content and heading date did not change in any population. Plant height significantly decreased by 3% in lABGl. The genotypic variance of all traits was not affected, except for that of plant height, which increased in IABG2. Selection increased negative genetic correlations of P-glucan content with yield, biomass, and oil content in both populations, and with heading date and height in one population. Selection for high P-glucan yield (the product of p-glucan content and grain yield) was proposed to improve P-glucan content and grain yield simultaneously. I CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION High levels of blood cholesterol in humans are strongly associated with coronary heart disease (Mayes, 1990; Shekelle et al., 1981). Oat soluble fiber, when added to the daily diet, lowers senun cholesterol (Kurtzweil, 1996). This lowering effect tends to be greater in individuals with initially high blood cholesterol levels (Ripsin et al., 1992). The (l->3),(1^4)-P-D-glucan, also referred as P-glucan, has been identified as the active component of the soluble fiber responsible for lowering blood cholesterol (Davidson et al., 1991; Klopfenstein and Hoseney, 1987). P-glucan is a cell wall polysaccharide found in the endosperm and subaleurone layer of seed of Gramineae. Among cereals, oat and barley have the highest concentrations of P-glucan. However, oat has a larger proportion of soluble p- glucan (Lee et al., 1997). The development of oat cultivars with greater p-glucan is an alternative to increase the nutritional and economic value of the crop. Oat P-glucan is a polygenic trait with intermediate heritability when measured on a single-plant basis. Some evidence indicates that p-glucan is under the control of genes with mainly additive effects and no interallelic interaction (Kibite and Edney, 1998; Holthaus et al., 1996). Although genotype-by-environment interaction for p-glucan content sometimes is a significant source of variation, the ranking of genotypes is generally consistent across environments (Lim et al., 1992; Peterson, 1991). The characteristics of the inheritance of P- glucan and the recent technology developed to measure the trait suggest that oat P-glucan content could be effectively increased through a selection program. 2 Research Objectives The first objective of this study was to determine the progress from phenotypic selection of individual SQ plants for greater P-glucan content in two oat populations. The second objective was to determine the predominant source of genetic variance for |3-glucan content and to estimate changes in genetic variances and
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