What Cheap Speech Has Done: (Greater) Equality and Its Discontents Eugene Volokh* TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ................................................................................. 2305 I. THE RETURN TO CRIMINAL LAW AS A REMEDY: LIBEL ............. 2309 A. The Traditional Civil Damages Model ............................. 2309 B. 47 U.S.C. § 230 ............................................................... 2310 C. Anti-Libel Injunctions and Criminal Contempt ................ 2312 D. Criminal Libel: Survival and Revival ............................... 2313 E. Criminal Libel by Another Name ..................................... 2317 II. MORE CRIMINALIZATION: DISCLOSURE OF PRIVATE FACTS ..... 2319 * Copyright © 2021 Eugene Volokh. Gary T. Schwartz Professor of Law, UCLA School of Law (
[email protected]). Many thanks to Adam Holland and Wendy Seltzer (Lumen Database); Amy Atchison (UCLA Law Library); Paul Alan Levy (Public Citizen) and Matthew Chan; and Jonathan Adler, Ashutosh Bhagwat, Ron Collins, Laura Donahue, Sheldon Gilbert, Gus Hurwitz, David Post, Marty Redish, Jason Torchinsky, and Rebecca Tushnet. Disclosure: I participated as a lawyer, whether on behalf of a party or amici, in several of the cases cited in this Article. Obsidian Fin. Grp., LLC v. Cox, 740 F.3d 1284 (9th Cir. 2014); Publius v. Boyer-Vine, 237 F. Supp. 3d 997 (E.D. Cal. 2017); Bey v. Rasawehr, 161 N.E.3d 529 (Ohio 2020); Rynearson v. Ferguson, 355 F. Supp. 3d 964 (W.D. Wash. 2019); People v. Relerford, 104 N.E.3d 341 (Ill. 2017); State v. Bishop, 787 S.E.2d 814 (N.C. 2016); State v. Burkert, 174 A.3d 987 (N.J. 2017); Hassell v. Bird, 420 P.3d 776, 785 (Cal. 2018). 2303 2304 University of California, Davis [Vol. 54:2303 A. The Official Model: Civil Liability ..................................