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Australian Plants Revealed: 65,000 Years of Traditional Plant Use and 250 Years of Science Maroondah Federation Estate Gallery 17 February to 17 April 2020

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Australian Plants Revealed: 65,000 Years of Traditional Plant Use and 250 Years of Science Maroondah Federation Estate Gallery 17 February to 17 April 2020 Australian Plants Revealed: 65,000 years of traditional plant use and 250 years of science Maroondah Federation Estate Gallery 17 February to 17 April 2020 Banksia serrata (Saw Banksia) (MEL 583558) State Botanical Collection, Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria In 1770 Lieutenant James Cook brought the Bark Endeavour to the east coast of Australia. This enabled the naturalist Joseph Banks and the botanist Daniel Solander to collect plants at each place they landed. These collections were taken to London to be examined and classified according to the Linnaeus system which Solander had learned as a protégé of Carl Linnaeus botanist, zoologist and physician in Sweden. Six specimens collected during that voyage are displayed in this exhibition along with 31 images of others, Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria. Australia’s First Nations people had been sustained by Australian plants for food, medicine, tools and shelter for at least 65,000 years before these collections were made. Aunty Irene Norman, proud Wailwan/Wiradjuri woman and Elder from Mullum Mullum Indigenous Gathering Place, has provided the information and weavings that demonstrate the diverse use of native plants by our First Nations people in the many aspects of everyday life and culture. Traditional gathering baskets, seed pots and serving plates speak to the strong connections to Country and the complex knowledge systems that continue to be passed down through the generations. There remains such a lot to learn about how First Nations people utilised the plants many of which, including Eucalypts and Acacias, had evolved in the 33 million years since Australia separated from Gondwana creating our unique flora. In presenting this exhibition the Australian Plants Society-Victoria has aimed to respectfully seek help and listen to First Nations people to learn more about our flora. When the exhibition closes Australian Plant Society-Victoria will donate all the framed images to Royal Botanic Gardens of Victoria. This will enable the Gardens to display images without risking damage to the precious specimens. The following images are a catalogue of contemporary photographs of the botanical species included in the exhibition but does not include images of the plant specimens collected by Banks and Solander. Acknowledgements For financial support: Australian Plants Society-Victoria Australian Plants Society-Maroondah Group Australian Plants society-Keilor Plains Group Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria for permission to exhibit 6 specimens and 30 images from the Banks-Solander collection and particularly Dr Pina Milne, Manager Collections, Melbourne Herbarium for her assistance. Australian National Herbarium, Canberra for permission to display an image of Viola banksii. Rodger Elliot, Bruce Gray, David Jones and Chris Clarke for plant photographs for labels and Sandra Sanger for access to paintings from her collection for publicity artwork. Photo: David Jones Lygodium japonicum In Australia the Japanese Climbing Fern grows in tropical areas of Western Australia, Northern Territory and Queensland. It is widespread across Asian countries. Use by First Nations people • Leaves are used for cleaning, scrubbing and stings • Young vines are used for weaving • Vines are used for stiff ropes Photo: Rodger Elliot Phragmites australis (Common Reed) A vigorous, handsome bamboo-like member of the grass family. Found in all states and territories growing on the margins of ponds, pools and waterways in water to about two metres deep or in regularly inundated areas. Use by First Nations people This reed has a multitude of everyday and ritual uses including; • Leaves were twisted into ropes • Young shoots are eaten raw or cooked • The tall bamboo-like stems are prized as spears • The stems are also used to make necklaces and inserted through the nasal septum as a decoration • The leaves are used in all areas of weaving, sitting mats, sleeping mats, gathering baskets and bags, food platters, decorations and jewellery • Digging and stabbing tools • Rafts made from bundles of stems • Medicine for bug bites, grazes etc. • Fibre for bedding and clothes Photo: Rodger Elliot Epacris longiflora (Fuchsia Heath) A popular ornamental plant, which is best known from the Sydney Sandstone Basin. Occurs in wet coastal heath to the fringes of eucalypt forests and woodlands. The native range extends from coastal Sydney and north into southern Queensland. Use by First Nations people • Prevention of sandy soil erosion • Flowers used as decoration Merremia quinata Widespread in seasonally dry tropical areas of Western Australia, Northern Territory and Queensland. It is widespread across Asian countries. Use by First Nations people • Cooked seeds are used as a food • Crushed seeds are used as a laxative Photo: Chris Clarke Melaleuca quinquenervia (Broad-leaved Paperbark) Widely distributed in coastal and near-coastal districts from north- eastern Queensland to south-eastern New South Wales. Forms communities in swamps and sluggish watercourses. Also occurs in New Guinea and New Caledonia. Use by First Nations people • Sleeping mats, lean-to shelters • Absorbent pads for menses, wound dressings • Baby bedding, nappies • Wrapping food for cooking Photo: Rodger Elliot Histiopteris incisa (Bat’s Wing Fern) Widely distributed in coastal and near-coastal districts from north- eastern Queensland to south-eastern New South Wales. Forms communities in swamps and sluggish watercourses. Also occurs in New Guinea and New Caledonia. Use by First Nations people • Sleeping mats, lean-to shelters • Absorbent pads for menses, wound dressings • Baby bedding, nappies • Wrapping food for cooking Photo: Rodger Elliot Xerochrysum bracteatum (Golden Everlasting) Widespread in eastern Australian states from north Queensland to Tasmania and a range of growing conditions. Many variants are very popular in cultivation. Early forms were bred in Europe and mixed with South African forms and other colourful daises. These are frequently sold in mixed seed packs. Use by First Nations people • Used for decorations, both dried and fresh • Woven into reed bowls for special rites • Hair decorations Photo: Rodger Elliot Castanospermum australe (Moreton Bay Chestnut) A fine spreading tree growing in rainforests and coastal scrubs from Cape York Peninsula, Queensland and south to Bellinger River New South Wales. Use by First Nations people • Very toxic seeds, raw ingestion causes vomiting and diarrhoea • Seeds need to be soaked or left for several days in running water, then dried and ground for making damper or baked and eaten • A signal is sent to meet at the Black Bean tree when it is time to hunt fowl • Children played with the empty seed pods as toy boats Photo: David Jones Acacia complanata (Flat-stemmed or Long-pod Wattle) A medium to tall spreading shrub. Widespread in coastal districts from northern New South Wales to central Queensland but often in gravelly soils in bloodwood forests. First Nations people valued most of the 1,000 species of wattle for their many uses, including some of the following: • Timber for tools/weapons:- Boomerangs, spear throwers, spears, digging sticks, shields and nulla nullas (clubs) • Sap as a drink for coughs and colds, chest infections • Sap applied directly to cuts and abrasions as an antiseptic • Sap melted for glue and water-proofing of skins, cloaks, clothing and bedding. • Edible seeds ground for flour, powdered seeds used as a spice. (Please note that some Acacia species are not suitable as food because of their cyanide content.) • Fish poison • Pain killer • Sap chewed as a sweet chewing gum to assuage thirst. • Falling blossoms was an indication of season change; the Bunjalung people of the northern coastal area of New South Wales stop hunting the long-necked turtle at this time and Wurundjeri people in Victoria begin the eel harvest. Photo: Rodger Elliot Gleichenia microphylla (Scrambling Coral Fern) A fern forming extensive tangled colonies. Widespread in much of eastern and southern Australia. Use by First Nations people • Leaves boiled as tea • Liquid also used for antiseptic wound applications • Bedding Photo: David Jones Drynaria quercifolia (Oak-leaf Fern) An epiphytic or lithophytic fern. Widely distributed in northern Australia usually found on trees or rocks in sunny, humid situations. Use by First Nations people • Used as poultice to treat inflammation, applied directly to swellings • Consumption strengthens and heals bones and ligaments • Benefits for kidney and liver health • Used as a strong daily drink, prevents pregnancy Photo: Rodger Elliot Coronidium scorpioides (Button Everlasting) Widespread and adaptable species occurring in heathland, grasslands and open forest from Gibraltar Range in northern New South Wales to Victoria, Tasmania and south-eastern South Australia. Use by First Nations people • Yellow flowers used mostly for decoration Photo: David Jones Grevillea pteridifolia (Golden Grevillea) Distributed across tropical Australia and is common in woodlands, treed heath, coastal headlands, sandstone escarpments and low- lying swampy areas. Use by First Nations people • Used as an herb stuffing when cooking Emu • Bedding • Used as an antibacterial wash Cyperus polystachyos (Many-spiked Flat Sedge) Grows in and along creeks and rivers in rainforest, Melaleuca forest, vine thickets, Eucalypt forest and swampy places in various types of woodland and grassland, even in salty mud of the seashore. Widespread in the warm parts of the world. Use by First Nations people • Used for weaving mats
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