The Impacts of Endocrine Disrupterson Wildlife, People and Their Environments — the Weybridge+15 (1996–2011) Report

EEA Technical report No 2/2012 The impacts of endocrine disrupters on wildlife, people and their environments The Weybridge+15 (1996–2011) report ISSN 1725-2237 EEA Technical report No 2/2012 The impacts of endocrine disrupters on wildlife, people and their environments The Weybridge+15 (1996–2011) report Design: EEA Layout: EEA/Pia Schmidt Cover photo: © istockphoto/Martin Huber Legal notice The contents of this publication do not necessarily reflect the official opinions of the European Commission or other institutions of the European Union. Neither the European Environment Agency nor any person or company acting on behalf of the Agency is responsible for the use that may be made of the information contained in this report. Copyright notice © EEA, Copenhagen, 2012 Reproduction is authorised, provided the source is acknowledged, save where otherwise stated. Information about the European Union is available on the Internet. It can be accessed through the Europa server (www.europa.eu). Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2012 ISBN 978-92-9213-307-8 ISSN 1725-2237 doi:10.2800/41462 REG.NO. DK-000244 European Environment Agency Kongens Nytorv 6 1050 Copenhagen K Denmark Tel.: +45 33 36 71 00 Fax: +45 33 36 71 99 Web: eea.europa.eu Enquiries: eea.europa.eu/enquiries Contents Contents Acknowledgements .................................................................................................... 5 Executive summary .................................................................................................... 6 1 General introduction .............................................................................................. 8 1.1 Endocrine disruption and the European Union ....................................................... 8 1.2 Workshop overview and objectives ...................................................................... 8 2 Review summaries .............................................................................................. 10 2.1 Human health effects .......................................................................................10 2.1.1 Introduction ...........................................................................................10 2.1.2 Progress summary ..................................................................................10 2.1.3 Knowledge gaps and research priorities ....................................................13 2.1.4 Implications for risk assessment and regulatory action ��13 2.2 Wildlife effects .................................................................................................14 2.2.1 Introduction ...........................................................................................14 2.2.2 Progress summary ..................................................................................14 2.2.3 Knowledge gaps and research priorities .....................................................15 2.2.4 Implications for risk assessment and regulatory action ��16 2.3 Mechanisms and laboratory animal models ..........................................................16 2.3.1 Introduction ...........................................................................................16 2.3.2 Progress summary ..................................................................................16 2.3.3 Knowledge gaps and research priorities .....................................................17 2.3.4 Implications for risk assessment and regulatory action ��18 2.4 Exposure, risk and policy ..................................................................................18 2.4.1 Introduction ...........................................................................................18 2.4.2 Progress summary ..................................................................................18 2.4.3 Research priorities ..................................................................................20 2.4.4 Implications for risk assessment and regulatory action ��21 2.5 Key conclusions, challenges and recommendations ..............................................21 3 Background reviews ............................................................................................ 24 3.1 Human health effects .......................................................................................24 3.1.1 Male relevant endpoints ..........................................................................24 3.1.2 Female relevant endpoints .......................................................................28 3.1.3 Puberty .................................................................................................31 3.1.4 Possible effects on non-reproductive organs ��33 3.1.5 References ............................................................................................36 The impacts of endocrine disrupters on wildlife, people and their environments 3 Contents 3.2 Wildlife effects .................................................................................................49 3.2.1 Mammals ..............................................................................................49 3.2.2 Fish ......................................................................................................53 3.2.3 Amphibians ...........................................................................................56 3.2.4 Reptiles .................................................................................................58 3.2.5 Birds .....................................................................................................59 3.2.6 Invertebrates .........................................................................................62 3.2.7 References ............................................................................................68 3.3 Mechanisms and laboratory animal models ..........................................................90 3.3.1 Overview of current in vivo animal and in vitro research ��90 3.3.2 Mechanisms of endocrine disruption ..........................................................91 3.3.3 Mixture effects of EDCs ...........................................................................92 3.3.4 The nervous system: Behavioural studies, neurodevelopment and thyroid effects ........................................................................................94 3.3.5 Low-dose effects of EDCs ........................................................................94 3.3.6 Screening and testing programmes for EDCs ��95 3.3.7 References ............................................................................................97 3.4 Exposure, risk and policy ................................................................................100 3.4.1 Introduction .........................................................................................100 3.4.2 Issues for exposure assessment, hazard characterisation and risk evaluation .....................................................................................101 3.4.3 Testing, screening and implications for risk assessment and policy 104 3.4.4 References ..........................................................................................107 4 EU-funded research projects of relevance to the report .....................................111 4 The impacts of endocrine disrupters on wildlife, people and their environments Acknowledgements Acknowledgements This report is an updated compilation of papers Mechanisms and laboratory animal models and discussions at the 'Weybridge+10' event in L. Earl Gray, Environmental Protection Agency, 2006, under the auspices of the Finnish Presidency Research Triangle Park, NC, USA; of the European Union, co-organised by the Richard M. Sharpe, MRC Human Reproductive European Commission's Directorate-General for Sciences Unit, Edinburg, the United Kingdom; and Research (now Directorate-General for Research Anna-Maria Vinggaard, Technical University of and Innovation), the Academy of Finland, and the Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark. European Environment Agency. The report was commissioned by the European Exposure, risk and policy Environment Agency in 2009 and the project Andreas Kortenkamp, Brunel University, Middlesex, manager was David Gee with the assistance of the United Kingdom. Gitte Nielsen. Different sections of the background reviews were Dr Rachel Gomes edited the draft together with the written by the following groups of scientists. host of the meeting Jorma Toppari. Since a long time elapsed between the workshop Human health effects and now, the draft report was updated and edited Anna-Maria Andersson, Rigshospitalet, by Professor Susan Jobling, Brunel University Copenhagen, Denmark; London Institute for the Environment, Middlesex, Olle Söder, Astrid Lindgren's Hospital, Karolinska the United Kingdom. Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; and Jorma Toppari, University of Turku, Turku, Finland. Liability statement Wildlife effects This publication reflects only the authors' views. Jörg Oehlmann, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Neither the European Commission nor any person Frankfurt am Main, Germany; acting on its behalf may be held responsible for Tom Pottinger, Lancaster Environment Centre, the the use which may be made of the information United Kingdom; and contained

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