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Schutz Von Wildlebenden Bestäubern in Der Risikobewertung Und Im Environmental Research of the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety Project number: FKZ 3715 64 409 0 Report number: [entered by the UBA library] Protection of wild pollinators in the pesticide risk assessment and management by Renja Bereswill, Kevin Krichbaum, Michael Meller, Kristina Schmidt ecotox consult, Dr. Michael Meller, ecotoxicological consulting service, Ludwigshafen, Germany Carsten Brühl, Philipp Uhl Ecoco GbR, Bad Bergzabern, Germany Christopher John Topping Aarhus University, Denmark On behalf of the German Environment Agency Completion date December 2018 UBA Texte Protection of wild pollinators in the pesticide risk assessment and management Abstract In the European agricultural landscape pesticides are applied to crops to control pests and weeds and increase yield. However, non-target species are inevitably exposed to these chemicals, too. Flower- visiting insects (FVI) are a functional group of insects that may be particularly exposed to pesticides due to their mobility and foraging activity in crop and non-crop areas. Furthermore, there is growing evidence that global FVI numbers are decreasing and pesticides are proposed as one of the causes for this development. Flower-visiting insect species not only contribute substantially to biodiversity and aesthetic value of the agricultural landscape but many FVIs are also vital pollinators of crops and wild plants. To preserve the ecological status of the agri-environment and ensure stable crop pollination it is necessary to assess and manage the risk of pesticides towards FVIs. In this research and development project, we reviewed the scientific literature on FVIs regarding their ecology, exposure to pesticide, subsequent effects and risk mitigation measures. Furthermore, we examined existing and drafted regulatory documents. Comparing scientific state of knowledge and regulatory status quo, we identified general deficits in current FVI risk assessment. Moreover, we determined the relevant taxonomic groups of FVIs and characterised their habitat. These taxonomic groups were divided into ecologically similar categories whose population vulnerability was assessed using ecological trait data. Thereafter, we developed exposure scenarios of FVI habitats, identified exposure-relevant traits and summarised the scientific knowledge on pesticide residues in FVI individuals and their habitat matrices. Furthermore, we compiled estimation methods for all relevant exposure scenarios. We collated evidence of pesticide effects on FVIs from studies of different complexity and described the bandwidth of lethal and sublethal effects. Moreover, FVI species sensitivity towards pesticides was compared and the selection of suitable surrogate species was discussed. Using this information, recommendations for the pesticide risk assessment scheme on FVIs were derived. Moreover, potential risk mitigation measures to reduce pesticide exposure and to promote FVI populations in agricultural regions were evaluated according to their efficiency, feasibility and acceptability by farmers. Based on this analysis recommendations for the improvement of potential risk management options were developed. Additionally an overview of possible opportunities for funding of risk mitigation measures on EU-level (e.g. greening programme) and exemplarily for selected agri-environment programmes on national level, is given. Finally, we identified knowledge gaps in all chapters and highlighted research opportunities to further deepen our understanding of pesticides effects on FVIs and improve the existing regulatory pesticide risk assessment. 3 UBA Texte Protection of wild pollinators in the pesticide risk assessment and management Kurzbeschreibung In Agrarlandschaften werden mit dem Ziel einer Ertragssteigerung Pestizide in Kulturpflanzen angewendet, um sogenannte Schadorganismen zu kontrollieren. Allerdings werden dabei zwangsweise auch Nicht-Zielarten gegenüber diesen Chemikalien exponiert. Blütenbesuchende Insekten (Flower-visiting insects (FVI)) stellen eine funktionelle Gruppe von Insekten dar, die auf Grund ihrer Mobilität und ihrer Fouragier-Aktivität sowohl auf behandelten Anbauflächen als auch auf benachbarten Flächen besonders gegenüber Pestiziden exponiert sind. Zudem wächst die Beweislast, dass FVI-Bestände weltweit abnehmen. Als einer der Gründe für diese Entwicklung wird der Einsatz von Pestiziden diskutiert. Blütenbesuchende Insektenarten tragen nicht nur zur Biodiversität und zum ästhetischen Wert einer Agrarlandschaft bei, sondern sind darüber hinaus auch wichtige Bestäuber von Kultur- und Wildpflanzen. Um den ökologischen Wert von Agrarökosystemen zu erhalten und eine stabile Bestäubung sicher zu stellen, sind daher sowohl eine Bewertung als auch ein Management des pestizidbedingten Risikos für diese Insektengruppe notwendig. In diesem Forschungs- und Entwicklungsprojekt haben wir die wissenschaftliche Literatur zu FVI bezogen auf ihre Ökologie, toxikologische Sensitivität und Exposition gegenüber Pflanzenschutzmitteln sowie auf potentielle Risikominderungsmaßnahmen betrachtet und analysiert. Durch den Vergleich des aktuellen Stands der Wissenschaft mit dem regulatorischen Status Quo konnten wir generelle Defizite in der aktuellen FVI-Risikobewertung aufzeigen. Zudem identifizierten wir relevante Insektengruppen innerhalb der FVIs und charakterisierten ihre Habitate. Die taxonomischen Gruppen wurden in ökologische Kategorien eingeteilt und ihre Vulnerabilität wurde anhand von ökologischen Merkmalsdaten beurteilt. Darauf aufbauend entwickelten wir Expositionsszenarien für FVI-Habitate, identifizierten expositionsrelevante Merkmale und fassten den wissenschaftlichen Kenntnisstand zu Pestizidrückständen in FVI-Individuen und in ihren Habitaten zusammen. Außerdem stellten wir Abschätzungsmethoden für alle relevanten Expositionsszenarien und Nachweise für Effekte von Pflanzenschutzmitteln aus Studien mit unterschiedlicher Komplexität zusammen und beschrieben die Bandbreite der letalen und subletalen Effekte. Zudem wurden die Empfindlichkeiten von blütenbesuchenden Insektenarten gegenüber Pestiziden miteinander verglichen und es wurde eine Auswahl von möglichen Stellvertreterarten diskutiert. Anhand dieser Informationen wurden Empfehlungen für ein Risikobewertungsschema für FVIs abgeleitet. Zudem wurden mögliche Risikominderungsmaßnahmen zur Reduzierung der Exposition gegenüber Pestiziden und zur Förderung von FVI-Populationen in der Agrarlandschaft beschrieben und es wurden ihre Effektivität, ihre Durchführbarkeit und die Akzeptanz der Maßnahmen durch Landwirte beurteilt. Basierend auf dieser Analyse wurden Empfehlungen für die Weiterentwicklung von Risikomanagementmaßnahmen entwickelt. Zusätzlich wurde ein Überblick über Fördermöglichkeiten von Risikominderungsmaßnahmen zum einem auf EU-Ebene (z.B. im Rahmen des Greening-Programms) und zum anderen auf nationaler Ebene am Beispiel ausgewählter Agrar- Umwelt-Programme erstellt. Abschließend wurden bestehende Wissenslücken identifiziert und es wurden Vorschläge für weitere Forschung skizziert, die einen Beitrag zur Vertiefung unseres Verständnis der Effekte von Pestiziden auf FVIs und zur Verbesserung existierender regulatorischer Risikobewertungsverfahren leisten soll. 4 UBA Texte Protection of wild pollinators in the pesticide risk assessment and management Acknowledgements A data excerpt of relevant ecological traits of European bee species was graciously provided by Stuart Roberts and Simon Potts. They developed a bee trait database as part of the integrated project ALARM, within the European Union’s Sixth Framework Program (Contract number: GOCE-CT-2003-506675) and later supported by the STEP project (EU FP7, 244090, Status and Trends of European Pollinators, www.STEP-project.net). Michael Kuhlmann supplied many of the Inter-Tegular Distance (ITD) measurements to this database. Nico Blüthgen shared flower visitation data collected from the Biodiversity Exploratories (2007-2008). 5 UBA Texte Protection of wild pollinators in the pesticide risk assessment and management Table of Contents List of Figures .................................................................................................................................................. 12 List of Tables ................................................................................................................................................... 15 List of Abbreviations ....................................................................................................................................... 18 Summary ......................................................................................................................................................... 19 Zusammenfassung .......................................................................................................................................... 32 Deficit analysis ...................................................................................................................................... 47 1 1.1 Introduction.................................................................................................................................... 47 1.2 A definition of flower-visiting insect species .................................................................................. 48 1.3 The European risk assessment scheme for FVI species ................................................................. 49 1.4 Development of new guidance documents by
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