TROTSKYSM IN GEORGE ORWELLl’S ANIMAL FARM

Hariyono, S.S., M.Pd. [email protected] Drs. Putut Handoko, M.Pd. [email protected] Universitas Dr. Soetomo

Abstract This paper presents the idea of Trostksyms in George Orwell’s Animal Farm. While critics often portray Orwell as anti- communist due to his critiques on the character Napoleon as the representation of Stalin. On the other hand, this paper describes that Orwell through the character Snowball shows great sympathy on Snowball. This paper finds that it describes that Snowball is the portrayal of Trostky.

Keywords : Trostksyms, Marxism, Animal Farm

A.Introduction technology led to greater wealth, but many people thought that wealth was not fairly George Orwell’s Animal Farm is a shared by everyone. Many stayed poor, and well-known work that portrays others become rich (Wallbank, 1979:496). at the time when the ideology of Marxism The industrial revolution then caused became the basic ideology of the state and critics to disagree with the access of the was still practiced, spread, and strong. In revolution and suggest solution for it. This order to know the allegory , symbols, and led to the birth of socialists, for example details of the story, the knowledge about Robert Owen. Robert Owen was an Marxism and its praxis who hold the teaching industrialist who was good enough to build an ideology once was becoming important houses for his workers. This approach was and starts to be discussed again today. severely criticized by Karl Marx who Marxism is an ism that is based on the name considered it unscientific, fake, and utopia. of the founder of the teaching Karl Marx. Karl Marx was a revolutionary who believed Karl Marx teaches that the history of human that capitalistic system was doomed beings is nothing but the history of class (Wallbank, 1979:501). Capitalism would be struggle on economic causes. Karl Marx destroyed in a revolution. He saw history as lived at the time of the industrial revolution history as the exploitation by the capitalists when a growing industry world was at the who were very among the proletariats who peak. It was the time for the steam engine, the were very large numbers in amount. He wrote factory, and the railroad changed society that the history of human beings were much (Wallbank,1979:496). This industrial classified into some steps: The first was the revolution caused problem. The new communist time. It was the time when there 1. The view that the history of was no possession because everything was human beings is but a struggle for owned by society. It was the primitive time, economic based on materialism struggle. when people lived in caves or primitive 2. The principles that capitalism is stages of people. The second phase took place the worst evil that causes human when the feudalism was introduced and used beings’ suffer. among societies. The concept of belongings 3. In order to eliminate the forever was known and people knew the meaning of conflicts between the capitalists accumulation of capital. They believed that against the proletariats, it is a having land and its function as productive must to gain a classless world. 4. The classless world will be run in soil to make the wealth created people and a proletariat dictatorship. nations. The third phase took place when 5. The unity of all poor people industrialization became intensified. It was against the oppressors. the time that was faced by Marx himself. The (Sargent,1986:108-58) invention of technology and new land were the most productive means to accumulate the However, it must be noted that there wealth among the capitalist people, society, was no agreement among Marxists about the and nations. It caused the numbers of poor methods to end the proletariats’ sufferings. people, society, and nation to increase day by What was done a certain Marxist group as day, while the more and more people who correct in the line of the teaching of Karl were rich less and less because of the Marx would be seen other Marxists as technology and competition among them revisionist at best, and agent of capitalist which often regarged as bloody. The fourth world at worst. There will be a discussion phase was socialism. It was the time when dealing with the issue. The glorious October people wanted to end class antagonism by Revolution in 1917 which united the many promoting socialism. People want to Marxist factions and led by the great trio of cooperate .For Marx, it did not work well Leon Trotsky ( A Russian Jew), Iosef because the class division still existed. Dugashvili (later called Stalin, a Georgian), Therefore, the last phase that would be and Ivan Lenin ( A Russian) was very communism. It would be the time when successful to overthrow the corrupt, despotic, people live peacefully because the capitalists and cruel Tsar Nicholas II of Russia. From who had made them suffer had been this revolution the dream on a beautiful world liquidated. and land for all workers around the world was started. It was dreamt as the ideal state for a In order to make the dream of the worker to live in. However, since the world of proletariats come true, he advocated beginning a small group of Marxists under a some principles. The principles were stated German Jew girl named Rosa Luxemburg by Lyman Tower Sargent (1986). He stated had stated that the revolution was against the the principles of Marxism as follows: principle of Marxism. She stated that the revolution was against Marxism because it did not work spontaneously. It was triggered only by a small group of people under a group the effect of the first world war, the effect of of party that worked as the representative of white conter revolution was triggered by the the workers at least around Russia starting the British consumed energy for the new country. revolution. This action, according to Rosa Stalin for example, made a relationship with Luxemburg would be a means to justify the the capitalist states like France, fascist cruelty under a new regime of Russia. government like Nazi Germany, Sweden etc. Whereas, the idea was strongly opposed by When three important states (Russia, an intellectual, Leon Trotsky who wrote, Ukraine, and Byelorussia) were incorporated taught intellectual (but he had less access to into the Soviet Union and using the red flag mass) about the importance of permanent and there were the pictures of hammer and revolution. The duty of the Soviet Union as sickle symbolizing the workers and peasants, the only Marxist state at the time was people faced optimism. It was the time when spreading the idea of Marxist world and Russia and its traditional competitor in Slavic advocated the revolution around the peoples. world , Ukraine could work together, and its If the concept was refused by Stalin, influence spread to muslim socities in according to Trotsky, Stalin just produced a Uzbekistan. It seemed perfect and smooth. state that was full with apparatus who worked The problem was rising when after the death against its citizens. Along with Rosa of Lenin (after short time of reigning, four Luxemburg, Trotsky claimed that the Soviet years) and the rise of Stalin complicated the Union failed to be the heaven for the relation among the leaders and its proletariats because it was turned by Stalin interpretation regarding the orthodox into the state of beureaucracy. For the Marxism should be. Stalin and Trotsky had supporter of Stalin who were not really different ideas on how Marxism was educated and agitation that was portrayed by implemented and the different ideas between Stalin that Trotsky was against communism them created a division among the cadets of and he was revisionists, and the worst was communism. For Stalin, who was not very that he was a British agent. Trotsky was intellectual, the principles of Marxism had to forced to leave the Soviet Union , and then be practiced first in the Soviet Union. It was stayed in Mexico, until a suspected agent of seen very pragmatic by his opponent Russia executed him. especially Trotsky. It did not mean that Stalin did not dream about exporting revolution After the second world war, the around the world in which he introduced a ideology of Marxism, whether because of the body of international communists strong Soviet Union could destroy fascism or, (comintern, where many “Indonesians” because it was seen as alteration against the joined the group in 1920’s such as Sneevliet, ideology of capitalism that was seen as the , , , ,etc. Tan another face of the western imperialism, Malaka joined for a while and then expelled many new born states in the third world after his refutation joining the revolt in countries and eastern Europe believed in 1926).The pragmatic reason given by Stalin Marxism. They brought also the variation on was that after the bloody revolution in 1917, concept on Marxism. In Asia, and Africa where industrialization as the basic combination from the idea that Orwell uses requirements for Karl Marx’s theory on the Snowball as a symbol of a real revolutionary brutality of capitalism cannot be found, the Marxist and the proofs that show the idea and communists in the continents gained supports from peasants and intellectuals who were not also start from the proofs and then formulate satisfied with ethnic hatred, and feudalism, to the conclusion. and corruption in their countries, that was why the Chinese version of Marxism as installed by Mao Tse Tung and Li Sao Qi was C. Analysis and Discussion interesting for their co-ideologists in Asia, like , Vietnam, Malaysia etc. They There are proofs that George Orwell’s stressed on peasants’ revolt against the Animal Farm has Trotskysm idea as they will corrupt landlords. be discussed below:

Statement of the Problem The first quotation is found when Mr. Jones, the owner of the farm representing While many critics portray George Tsar Nicholas II ignores his animals Orwell is an anti- communist as described in (representing Russians before the 1917 Animal Farm, this paper studies that George Revolution).: Orwell is even ardent supporter of communism, that is Trotskyism, an ism that “Mr. Jones, of the Manor Farm, had is based on the idea of Leon Trotsky. This locked the hen houses for the night, but was too drunk to remember to paper shows that George Orwell is a shut the pop-holes” (Orwell, trostkyist. 1951:1)

From the above quotation, it can be B.Research Method learnt that Mr. Jones is portrayed as an oppressive leader who behaves not properly This is a qualitative research in which (drinking too much) but he controls the whole it analyzes the data by using explanation not country (the Russia), which is represented in numbers. The source of the data is taken Manor Farm which represents Russia before the revolution in 1917. Mr. Jones is a portrait from quotations of the novella Animal Farm of a leader who does not care on his people’s which was published in 1951 by Penguin needs so that by regarding his actions, Publisher, London. The data is collected as a dissidents have a fuel to spread hatred to collection from the research in library from people. This process of meeting and arranging plot against the corrupt the books that are related to the discussion of government is seen on the following the topic. The technique of data analysis is quotation: done through deductive and inductive As soon as the light in the bedroom methods where the researchers study a went out there was a stirring and fluttering all through the farm buildings. Word had gone proletariats have. It can be seen from the round during the day that old major, the prize following quotation: Middle White Boar, had had a strange dream on the previous night and wished to “He sets them to work, he gives back communicate it to other animals. It had been to them the bare minimum that will prevent them from starving, and the agreed that they should all meet in the big barn as soon as Mr. Jones was safely out of rest he keeps for himself “(Orwell, the way (Orwell, 1951:1). 1951:9).

From the above quotation, it can be From the above quotation it can be analyzed that the animal’s meeting represents seen that Marxism is against the teaching of the communists’ meeting before the capitalistic point of view that teaches how to gain a maximum profit from the minimum revolted.The improper behavior of the Tsar (Mr. Jones in the novel) is challenged by the capitals.This continuous oppression must be meetings of his citizens (in this novel is elevated by the revolutionary animals by represented by animals) who have doing the vision ( a utopia) taught by Karl revolutionary thoughts. The revolutionary Marx, in this story is the Old major, a boar as thought is sharpened with the teaching of it is seen from the following quotation: Karl Marx (in this novel is a white boar, Old “what then must we do? Why work Major).The meetings that are held by animals night and day? That is my message led by boar show that a revolution is to you comrades: Rebellion” understood well by all animals but only, (Orwell, 1951:10). according to Lenin it is called as the avantgard of proletariats. The meeting is As it is stated before that for Marxists based on a teaching, that is said as a dream by there will not be a real peace in this world as the Old Major, a boar. Actually it represents long as the capitalists are not liquidated, of the vision of Karl Marx about the guides to course the capitalists want to maintain their revolution and prosperity in the future for position so that the revolution is the only way proletariats of the world. The Old major has to solve the class struggle problems. The a strange dream about how the oppressions quotation above shows that the animals, after against animals are elevated.. The Old Major learning the idea of the Old major comes to emphasizes that all that animals do is for the the conclusion that revolution is the only sake of human beings (Mr. Jones). There will way. The quotation above also reflects the never be a compromise between animals and use of the word Comrade , a word that is very human beings, as Marx states the on and on famous and becomes a jargon among the conflicts of interest between capitalists and communists to reflect equality and proletariats. In this case, it gets along with brotherhood.The word “rebellion” is magic Marxism stating that capitalists always that will unite the oppressed animals even exploit proletariats. Karl Marx teaches that they do not understand what really means.As the capitalists can enrich day by day just by Karl Marx himself does not predict when the squeezing proletariats to the last muscle the revolution will take place, the Old Major also “. ..let there be perfect unity, perfect states that: comradeship in the struggle” (Orwell, “I do not know when that rebellion will 1951:11). come” (Orwell, 1945:10). In his book Das Kapital, Karl Marx The quotation above shows the gives no precise time for the time for importance of the unity among the revolution, but he just shows the terms when proletariats. The famous words of Karl Marx the revolution will take place. However, for “ The workers all the world, unity!” is found the Bolsheviks (the revolutionary party in in the quotation above. The unity that sees the Russia in which Lenin, Trotsky, and Stalin world in bipolarism , a white and black value, are the leaders) and the communists around the truth and the false. This simplification of the world , the glorious era (the fifth phase of the idea of Karl Marx is reflected in the novel history) as it is dreamt by the communists as it is seen on the following quotation: can be hastened by a revolution led a special “All men are enemies. All animals group that is very committed to the ideology are comrades.” (Orwell, 1951:11). of Marxism. Marxists hold a view that there will be no real good intention that is made by The above quotation shows how capitalists to treat proletariats because of the simple the way Karl Marx divides the world greed nature of the capitalists. This view is into two polars. This simplification idea supported by the following quotation: cannot be separated from the view that is around him when the industrial revolution is “No argument must lead you astray, on the peak. The brutal treatment and misery never listen when they tell you that condition that are felt by workers at the time man and the animals have a common make Karl Marx sees that the all capitalists interest, it is all lies.” (Orwell, are cruel. 1951:11). They also create an anthem in order to keep their spirit struggle high. This anthem, From the above quotation it can be entitled Beasts of England is for all animals learnt that the revolutionary animals (the over England that is hoped to unity them. The communists under influence the teaching of song can be seen on the following quotation: Old Major, that is Karl Marx) cannot think moderately and distrust the human beings Beasts of England, beasts of (the capitalists).According to Marx, the Ireland…Cruel whips no more shall exploitation will last forever if proletariats crack… Riches more than mind can are divided and not united, because some of picture,Wheat and barley, oats and them serve for capitalists and cheated by the hay,Clover, beans, and mangel- capitalists’ world view. Therefore a unity for wurzels Shall be ours upon the day. the proletariats will hasten the coming of the Bright will shine the fields of communism era, the time when proletariats England, Purer shall its water be… will be freed from the oppressions. The Of the golden future time. (Orwell, 1951:13) following quotation shows the idea:

The quotation above shows that it place painted ANIMAL FARM. This represents the anthem for the proletariats was to be the name of the far, from around the world, Internazionale The lyrics now onwards “(Orwell, 1951: 22). in English also talks about the struggle of the The above quotation shows how the oppressed against the oppressors and it is the animal changed the name of the farm into the time or never. It can be seen as follows : animal farm so that the idea of animals where a place for the ideal dream of the prosperity Standup, damned of the Earth Standup, prisoners of starvation of animals are fought for. When revolution to Reason thunders in its volcano… gain egalitarian value is installed, the deeds Let us group together ,and tomorrow of human beings reflecting the oppressors are The Internationale forbidden to do. The animals also assert rules Will be the human race to show their togetherness. It is called as the

SEVEN COMMANDMENTS. The detail attack on human beings (MR. Jones and his men) reflects the situation The novel then portrays how animals when the bloody October Revolution takes live under the new regime. Boxer works hard. place. The detail of the battle can be seen on It said on the book that : the novel on page 19 until 20. It can be seen from the quotation below: He had been a hard worker even in “meanwhile the animals had chased Jones’ time but now he seemed more Jones and his men out on to the road like three horses than one” (Orwell, and slammed the five barrel gate 1951:26). behind them. And so, almost before they knew what was happening, the He works hard, until he is sick: Rebellion had been successfully “ It is my lung,” said Boxer in a weak carried through; Jones was expelled voice.’ It does not matter . I think you and the Manor Farm was theirs” will be able to finish the windmill (Orwell, 1951:19) without me.” (Orwell,1951:101).

From the above quotation it can be From the above quotations, those are learnt that the story reflects the glorious clearly seen that Boxer is a typical of Soviet October Revolution in 1917. Since then the citizen who holds a simple faith on the idea empire of Russia is changed into the Soviet of communism time that will be coming soon. Socialist Republic, and in the novel the He is eager to work hard for the principle he Manor Farm is changed into the Animal has. He joins the battle against invasion, Farm. It can be seen from the following works hard to bulid the prestigious project of quotation: a windmill, and get hurt and tired for those activities. But what he gets is very cruel. He “Then Snowball (for it was Snowball is sent to human being to be slaughtered who was best at writing) took a brush between the two knuckles of his because he is no use anymore in the sight of trotter, painted out MANOR FARM Animal Farm’s leaders such as Napoleon. He from the top bar of the gate and its does not know about the cruel plan. It is seen The above quotation shows how from the following quotation: Napoleon representing Stalin betrays the “Alfred Simmonds, Horse principle of Marxism. Napoleon makes trade Slaughterer and Glue Boiler, and relationship with the human beings, as Willingdon. Dealer in Hides and the owner of the neighboring farms where of Bone-Meal. Kennels Supplied.” Do course there are animals that are possessed by you not understand what that means? the human beings. Stalin in the past lets The They are taking Boxer to the Soviet Union have trade and diplomatic ties knacker’s!” (Orwell, 1951:104). with many capitalist states like Netherland that occupies Indonesia, the Great Britain that From the above quotation it can learnt rules India, etc. That is very irony for Soviet that the way of the new regime to treat their Union is an ideology state that the birth is comrade animals is not better than the way intended for helping the proletariats and Mr. Jones treats animals. The proletariats are oppressed people around the world. There still oppressed. In Soviet Union a place where will be no harm made for the proletariats in Marxism is practiced , the condition of the Soviet Union that means in the novel, the workers and peasants are not better than those Animal Farm. Ironically the following who are in the capitalist countries. The work quotation shows that many animals are condition, the welfare, facilities, etc that are slaughtered during the reign of their animal given to the workers and peasants are much comrade after the revolution: better ironically in capitalistic states than those in communist states. Just compare the “When they (pigs) had finished their worker condition in former East Germany confession, the dogs promptly tore and the west one. The ones who live in West their throats out, and in a terrible voice Napoleon demanded whether Germany are much more rich than those who any other animal had anything to live the east one. confess. The three hens…..too were slaughtered. Then a goose…then a This novel also presents Napoleon sheep, and two other sheep… They that is in fact Stalin. Just like Stalin he were all slain on the spot” ( Orwell, behaves cruelly, not really smart , he has no 1951:73-74). original idea to develop the farm after a revolution is done. What he just can do is to The above quotation shows how the convince people that he is right The regime is not less brutal than the previous following quotations will show the idea: one. The pigs who are loved by Napoleon but then those who are closely related to On one Sunday morning, when the Snowball must pay their life with death, animals assembled to receive orders, moreover the animals that represent Napoleon announced that he decided upon a proletariats in the time of Soviet Union. The new policy . From now onwards Animal accusation can be made by arranged Farm would engage in trade with the confession by the party. In fact, in Soviet neighbouring farms (Orwell, 1951:56) Union , the mass murder among its citizens is bitter at the time of Stalin. Alexander Solzhenitsyn (1974:65) records how From the above quotation, it can be someone can be killed just because a member learnt that the news about the success story of of communist party loves his wife, and wants proletariats to overthrow their oppressors to have her. The murder of the communist have widely spread. In Indonesia before the party is said because the husband is against independence , the revolution has affected the principle of communism. The acts of intellectual to consider and praise the killing animals make the animals frightened. revolution as in important source for the idea The following quotation shows the event: of gaining independence. Soekarno on his book Di Bawah Bendera Revolusi quotes “Frightened though they were , some Karl Marx and the revolution many times. of the animals might possibly have The communist party of Indonesia was protested” (Orwell, 1951:77). created in 1920, after gaining influential However, the human beings are also support from a body of an Islamic party. afraid of the revolution will spread to their Semaun, Darsono, and Alimin turned from farms. The following quotation shows the Islamic point of view of struggling into the idea: Marxist one, and even there is a story of a hajj, Haji Misbach who declares himself as a “And then the human beings listened muslim and as a communist as well. The fast to it, they secretly trembled, hearing spread idea of communism cannot be in it a prophecy of future doom” separated from the organ of Comintern, an (Orwell, 1951:36). organ that is made by the Soviet Russian to The above quotation shows how spread the communism. However, after human beings representing the capitalist several problem with difficulties of building states are afraid the virus of the spread of windmill, hunger, battles against human communism. They have animals inside their beings, Napoleon focuses on his own Animal farms as the capitalist states proletariats Farm rather than exporting revolution. It is inside their countries. They are very afraid against the idea of Snowball. The novel and hope that the other revolutions will not represent Snowball as Trostky, a brilliant take place in their farms (countries). It should thinker of Marxism. The following quotation be noted that after the revolution there is a shows that he supports the export of hysteria in the beginning for the leaders of the ideology: animal farm to export revolution. The following quotation shows the happening: “According to Napoleon, what animals must do was to procure fire- “Everyday Snowball and Napoleon arms and train themselves in the use sent out flights of pigeons whose of them. According to Snowball, they instructions were to mingle with must send out more and more pigeons animals on the neighbouring farms, and stir up rebellion among the tell them the story of rebellion, and animals on other farms.” (Orwell, teach them the tune of “Beasts of 1951:46). England” (Orwell,1951:34). From the above quotation it can be (Trostky) makes Napoleon have to send him learnt that Snowball like Trotsky wants to away. The following quotation shows the spread revolution around the world, while happening: Napoleon has made Animal farm as a state with its certain border and apparatus and “At this there was terrible baying sound outside, and nine enormous buereaucracy. This idea is severely attacked by leftist like Rosa Luxemburgo and Trotsky dogs wearing brass-studded collars who consider Soviet Union is just another came bounding into the barn. They oppressive state of apparatus and dashed forward for Snowball, who buereaucracy. This irony can be seen also in only sprang from his place just in time North Korea and China where their army to escape their snapping jaws” consume a lot their money for protecting the (Orwell, 1951:48). regime than using the money for proletariats From the above quotation, it can be in their countries. In the idea of Leon Trotsky learnt that Napoleon can defeat his rival over the on and on revolution is called as the the animals, that means Stalin defeats permanent revolution. A revolution that Trotsky over the sight of people. After the works on and on until the proletariats around expulsion of Snowball, Napoleon reigns the world reign. alone and cheat his people in the name of Leon Trotsky is well known for his animalism. The following quotation shows writings and speeches which can influence how in a country like that the honour and intellectual Marxists, but the problem is that medals are so important to encourage people he has no access to mass who think simply to work by illusion they work for animalism. and love being agitated and know popular The following quotation shows the event: leader like Stalin ( Napoleon). Snowball “and a special gift of an apple given loves reading. This statement can be seen was bestowed on every animal” from following quotation: “It was announced that the battle would be called the battle of “Snowball had made a close study of windmill, and that Napoleon had some back numbers of the Farmer and Stockbreeder which he found in the created a new decoration , the Order farmhouse” (Orwell, 1951:43). of the Green Banner, which he had conferred upon himself.” (Orwell, Snowball also makes a brilliant 1951:91). speech among pigs (that is communist party members). The following quotation shows it: From the above quotation, it can be “At the meetings Snowball often won learnt that Napoleon wants to direct his over the majority by his brilliant people ‘s sufferings into struggle and gives speeches” (Orwell, 1951:43). them illusion in the forms of medals in which He is also the one that plans for the he, himself is the first class windmill. These all cleverness of Snowball receiver.Alexander Solzhenitsyn (1974:76) records how someone who receives a medal napoleon himself appearing in a black for his hard work for a corn field, but he coat, ratcatcher breeches, and leather prefers corns to the medal in a speech then he leggings, while his favourite sow is punished. This irony and disgusting thing appeared in the watered silk dress in the name of animalism is shifted when the which Mrs. Jones had been used to pigs representing the communist party wear on Sundays.( Orwell,1951:115). members have special rights than other members of society. This can be seen from From the above quotation it can be the following quotation: learnt that the leaders of the communist party have betrayed the principle of communism. “They took their exercise in the They do the things that are completely like garden, and were discouraged from what the capitalists do. In Rumania, the playing with other animals. About communist regime under Nicola Ceaucescu this time too, it was laid down a rule is famous for his bourgouise taste, and so that when a pig, of whatever degree, does his wife. The ways they leaders enjoy were to have the privilege of wearing life are disgusting on the sight of the green ribbons on their tails on proletariats that still live poor. Finally they Sundays” (Orwell, 1951:96). cannot differentiate which one human beings and which one are animals. All of them are From the quotation , it can be learnt the oppressors on the proletariats. that the pigs (the communist party members) have become an elite group that live D.Conclusion separately from other proletariats. It is against the principle of equality as it is taught After understanding the explanation, the by Marxism. More and more the pigs are research concludes that George Orwell is an greed and behave like human beings. They go actually a Trotskyist. The findings that show home and drink whisky that is forbidden by how Orwell is a Trotskyist are through the the animals (orwell, 1951:107). portrayal of Snowball. Through Snowball, Orwell deploys the idea that Trotskyism is The worst is that when animals see real Marxist, while what is practiced by that their leaders, Napoleon and his pigs Napoleon in Animal Farm is wrong. In fact, become more and more like human beings. Napoleon is the representation of S The following quotation shows that when human beings come to the animal farm for References trading Napoleon wears cloth like human Eagleton, Terry. 1996. Marxist Literary being. The following quotation shows the Theory. London: Blackwell. event: Althusser, Louis.2007. Filsafat Sebagai “ Napoleon was seen strolling in the Senjata Pamungkas.Sleman: Resist farmhouse garden with a pipe in his Book. mouth- no, not even when the pigs took Mr.Jones’ clothes out… Bennett, Tony.1979. Formalism and Marxism. London:Methuen.

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