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Agriculturists' Ethno-Biological Learning of the Termite Issue in Semi-Parched Nakasongola

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Agriculturists' Ethno-Biological Learning of the Termite Issue in Semi-Parched Nakasongola African Journal of Ecology and Ecosystems Vol. 1 (2) pp. 029-036, November, 2014. Available online at www.Internationalscholarsjournals.org © International Scholars Journals Full Length Research Paper Agriculturists' ethno-biological learning of the termite issue in semi-parched Nakasongola *John E. Milton, Bhasker V. Patel and Sudkir Mukwaya Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of life Sciences, Ndejje University, Ndejje Hill, Uganda. Accepted 26 October, 2014 Infestation and destruction of rangeland vegetation by subterranean termites is a major constraint to livestock production in the rangelands of Uganda, particularly, in semi-arid Nakasongola. Ethno- ecological studies on termite dynamics are central to formulation of sustainable termite management strategies in such ecosystems. This study was thus conducted to investigate farmers’ traditional ecological knowledge of the termite problem with the intent to build more coherent principles required in the development of appropriate termite management strategies. Focus group discussions and individual interviews were conducted to capture information on farmers’ ethno-ecological knowledge of the factors enhancing termite damage on vegetation, temporal and spatial variability of damage and diversity of termite species in the Nakasongola ecosystem. Kruskal–Wallis test showed that there was a significant 2 difference (X =451.5, P>0.0001) among farmers’ ranking of factors responsible for the destructive behavior of termites on rangeland vegetation. Overgrazing and deforestation ware ranked significantly 2 higher (X =156, P>0.0001) than other factors. Eight species were identified and the species belonged to one family (Termitidae) and two sub-families (Macrotermitinae and Termitinae). The study provided basic information about farmers’ knowledge of the biology and ecology that could aid the development of sustainable and socially acceptable termite control strategies. Key words: Grazing-lands, diversity, termite-damage. INTRODUCTION Devastation of rangeland vegetation by subterranean into reduced feed availability, poor animal performance termites is a major constraint to animal production in the and increased susceptibility of livestock to feed scarcity rangelands of Uganda, particularly, in semi-arid induced mortalities. Termites have not only denuded the Nakasongola (Tenywa, 2008; NEMA, 2007; Sekamatte grass vegetation but have also frustrated several and Okwakol, 2007). Although termites attack and attempts to restore pasture vegetation on degraded bare severely damage all components of rangeland surfaces by destroying reseeded pasture (Mugerwa et al., vegetation, grasses are more susceptible to termite 2008; Mpairwe et al., 2008). Studies have noted that damage. Consequently, there is a remarkable decline in termites of the sub-family Macrotermitinae, the most the grass component of the ecosystem, which translates dominant species in Nakasongola, collect up to 60% of the grass, woody material and annual leaf fall to construct fungus gardens in their nests (Lepage et al., 1993). Mitchell (2000) noted that populations of destructive termite species build up during dry seasons and increase *Corresponding author. E-mail:[email protected] over successive dry years to a level where they remove Milton et al. 029 substantial amounts of the standing grass biomass and formulation of sustainable termite management in Africa. all the litter, posing severe competition to livestock for Ethno-ecological knowledge is defined as “ a cumulative feeds. During such times, the combined grazing effect of body of knowledge, practices and beliefs evolving by livestock and termites is to virtually denude considerable adaptive processes and handed down through tracts of grassland, exposing soils to erosion by both wind generations by cultural transmission, about the and water. relationship of living beings with one another and with Termites have also constructed numerous mounds their environment” (Berkes, 2008). Despite its importance (ranging between 80 to 350 mounds ha-1) on the in sustainable termite management, there continues to be grasslands which has considerably reduced the size of little information on farmers‟ traditional ecological land available for livestock grazing. This has resulted in knowledge about termite ecology and management. This restriction of livestock in smaller areas leading to study was thus conceived to investigate farmers‟ overgrazing and further driving the ecosystem to extreme traditional ecological knowledge of the termite problem deterioration (Nakasongola District State of Environment with the intent to build more coherent principles required Report, 2004). The escalating number of mounds over in the development of appropriate termite management time is also associated with proliferation of termite strategies on grazing lands in semi-arid Nakasongola, resistant shrubs which gradually become the major Uganda. component of the woody vegetation. In relation to grazing management, termites have equally constrained interventions aimed at sustainable utilization of pasture MATERIALS AND METHODS through enormous destruction of wooden fencing poles that are normally utilized to partition ranches into grazing Description of the study area paddocks. Increased costs of livestock production due to frequent replacement of damaged poles and continuous Location, climate, soil and vegetation purchase of expensive chemicals to treat fence poles are The study was conducted in Nakasongola District (55°140 N, 32° 50 other associated termite-induced constraints to animal E) which forms part of Uganda‟s cattle corridor that stretches production. diagonally from the Uganda-Tanzania border in the South through The need to mitigate termite damage as well as termite- the plains of Lake Kyoga Region, to Karamoja in the North Eastern part of the Country. Nakasongola District is located in the central induced rangeland degradation cannot be region of Uganda on Bombo–Gulu Road, 114 Km north of capital overemphasized. This calls for dedicated efforts to Kampala. develop ecologically sustainable as well as socially The annual mean daily maximum temperature is 30°C. Rainfall acceptable termite management strategies. However, ranges between 500 to 1000 mm per annum and there are two rain development of such strategies requires an explicit seasons (Nakasongola District State of Environment Report, 2004). understanding of the genesis of the termite problem in the The main rain season follows from March-April to June-July while the second rain season follows from August to October-November. area, temporal and spatial variability of termite damage A long dry season occurs from December to February while a short and the various types of termites damaging the spell comes around July-August. The soils of Nakasongola are ecosystem (Cowie et al., 1989; Okwakol and Sekamatte, relatively homogeneous and strongly weathered with high 2007). Such useful information could be constructively sesquioxide content (Haplic Ferralsols) (FAO, 1998). The natural obtained from farmers faced with the problem. Sileshi et vegetation in Nakasongola is dominantly open savannah woodland al. (2009) noted that communities have a clear with tall grasses. Major woody species in the area include: Combretum terminalis, Acacia brevispica, Canthium lactescens, understanding of termite associated problems and Grevia mollis, Teclea nobilis and Vernonia brachycalyx. The practice mitigation measures based on indigenous dominant grass species is Hyparrhenia rufa (Mugerwa, 2009). knowledge of termite ecology and taxonomy. Involving communities in the research cycle would enhance proper understanding of the problem situation as well as Sampling procedure, sample size, data collection analysis focusing research to the actual issues of interest to the concerned communities (Norton et al., 1999). Further, The study was conducted in three sub-counties (Nabiswera, Nakitoma and Wabinyonyi) which were purposively selected based this would result in generation of interventions that are on the severity of the termite problem on grazing lands. The District responsive to peoples‟ challenges which is critical to Livestock Production Department provided a sampling frame which adoption of generated interventions (Chitere and Omolo, contained all livestock keeping households from the selected sub- 1993). Berkes (2008) also noted that resource-poor counties. After consultations with the district extension staff, forty farmers look for practices that best fit their biophysical, households were then selected from each sub-county using the sampling frame following systematic random sampling procedures. economic, and socio-cultural conditions. Ethno-ecological Qualitative and quantitative data was obtained using semi- knowledge or traditional ecological knowledge (Okwakol structured pre-tested questionnaires administered by way of one- and Sekamatte, 2007) is particularly important for on-one direct interviews. Focus group discussions (one per sub- 030 Afr. J. Ecol. Ecosyst. county) were also held to corroborate the information gathered in Wabinyonyi sub-counties, respectively. Farmers per- direct interviews. The questionnaires and focus group discussions ceived severity of termite damage as low on grazing were intended to capture information such as: lands where the dominant termite species were (i) Genesis of the termite problem on grazing lands; Cubitermes spp. (Termitidae: Termitinae). Most of the farmers (45%) indicated that the
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