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Mecanismos Determinantes Da Agressividade Intercolonial Em Cupim

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Mecanismos Determinantes Da Agressividade Intercolonial Em Cupim UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE SERGIPE PRO-REITORIA DE PÓS GRADUÇAÕ E PESQUISA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ECOLOGIA E CONSERVAÇÃO MECANISMOS DETERMINANTES DA AGRESSIVIDADE INTERCOLONIAL EM CUPIM Dinamarta Virginio Ferreira Mestrado Acadêmico São Cristóvão Sergipe – Brasil 2018 DINAMARTA VIRGINIO FERREIRA MECANISMOS DETERMINANTES DA AGRESSIVIDADE INTERCOLONIAL EM CUPIM Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação da Universidade Federal de Sergipe, como requisito parcial para obtenção do título de Mestre em Ecologia. Orientadora: Dr.ª Ana Paula Albano Araújo São Cristóvão Sergipe – Brasil 2018 FICHA CATALOGRÁFICA ELABORADA PELA BIBLIOTECA CENTRAL UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE SERGIPE Ferreira, Dinamarta Virginio. F383m Mecanismos determinantes da agressividade intercolonial em cupim / Dinamarta Virginio Ferreira; orientadora Ana Paula Albano Araújo. – São Cristóvão, 2018. 76 f.: il. Dissertação (mestrado em Ecologia e Conservação)– Universidade Federal de Sergipe, 2018. 1. Térmita. 2. Animais - Comportamento. 3. Comunicação animal. I. Araújo, Ana Paula Albano, orient. II. Título. CDU 595.731 AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço à Universidade Federal de Sergipe pela oportunidade oferecida. À coordenação do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação (PPEC). À Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) pelo fornecimento da bolsa que permitiu a realização deste mestrado. Aos funcionários da Reserva Biológica Santa Isabel pelo suporte logístico. Aos amigos do Laboratório de Interações Ecológicas que ajudaram nos experimentos: Daniela, Jorge, Josy, Léo, Lucineide e Paulinho. Obrigada por todo esforço, atenção, dedicação e por todos os momentos descontraídos! À Prof.a Ana Paula por toda dedicação, competência, atenção e por ser uma orientadora presente e paciente! Agradeço, ainda, por todas as conversas, conselhos e ensinamentos! Muito Obrigada! Ao professor Paulo pelos ensinamentos, discussão de ideias e coorientação. Aos membros da banca pelas sugestões ao trabalho. A todos os Professores que ajudaram na minha formação. À minha família por tudo! A minha mãe Elizabete Virginio, por todo amor, confiança, apoio, incentivo e orgulho que sente por mim. Obrigada também por sempre apoiar minhas escolhas. Ao meu irmão, Berg e as minhas irmãs Sarah e Diana, por todo amor e carinho. À minha madrinha Elisangela Virginio, pelo apoio e incentivo em toda a minha vida, mostrando sempre o melhor caminho, és um ser iluminado! Ao Lú Lion, por todo o companheirismo e auxilio com os trabalhos do campo. Enfim, agradeço a todos aqueles que torcem por mim e contribuíram de alguma forma para a realização deste trabalho. Muito obrigada a todos! SUMÁRIO AGRADECIMENTOS ............................................................................................................................ 5 SUMÁRIO .............................................................................................................................................. 6 RESUMO ................................................................................................................................................. i ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................................ ii LISTA DE TABELAS ........................................................................................................................... iii LISTA DE FIGURAS ............................................................................................................................ iv INTRODUÇÃO GERAL ........................................................................................................................ 1 Comportamento agressivo e defesa de territórios em animais ............................................................ 4 Comunicação em cupins (sinais químicos e vibração) ........................................................................ 5 Cupins: exploração de recursos, agressividade e territorialidade ........................................................ 7 Espécie estudada - Nasutitermes aff. coxipoensis ............................................................................... 9 REFERÊNCIAS .................................................................................................................................... 11 CAPÍTULO 1 ........................................................................................................................................ 18 Does distance among colonies and resource availability explain the intercolonial aggressiveness in Nasutitermes aff. coxipoensis? .......................................................................................................... 18 ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................................................... 19 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................. 20 MATERIAL AND METHODS ............................................................................................................ 22 Ethics statements ............................................................................................................................... 22 Study site ........................................................................................................................................... 22 Food resource manipulation in field .................................................................................................. 23 Aggression and survival bioassays .................................................................................................... 24 Response to chemical cues: acceptance and choice of intercolonial cues ......................................... 25 Statistical analyses ............................................................................................................................ 26 RESULTS ............................................................................................................................................. 26 DISCUSSION ....................................................................................................................................... 32 REFERENCES ...................................................................................................................................... 36 CAPÍTULO 2 ........................................................................................................................................ 38 Attraction and vibration: effects of previous exposure and type of resource in the perception of allocolonial odors in termites ............................................................................................................ 38 ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................................................... 39 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................. 40 METHODS ........................................................................................................................................... 42 Study site and ethics statement .......................................................................................................... 42 RESULTS ............................................................................................................................................. 47 DISCUSSION ....................................................................................................................................... 56 REFERENCES ...................................................................................................................................... 61 CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS ................................................................................................................ 65 i RESUMO O comportamento agressivo permite aos animais acesso aos recursos locais, podendo contribuir para o aumento do fitness. Uma estratégia para reduzir os custos envolvidos na defesa de territórios consiste na redução de conflitos entre vizinhos. Esta redução na agressividade pode ser determinada, por exemplo, pelo aumento de encontros e consequente habituação aos vizinhos. Insetos sociais apresentam um eficiente sistema de reconhecimento que garante a coesão do grupo e a proteção de intrusos em seus ninhos e territórios. Aqui, analisamos inicialmente o efeito da distância entre colônias e da disponibilidade de recursos na agressividade e respostas às pistas químicas intercoloniais em Nasutitermes aff. coxipoensis (Termitidae: Nasutitermitinae). Posteriormente, analisamos se a exposição prévia aos odores intercoloniais e o tipo de recurso consumido pelas colônias poderiam ser mecanismos envolvidos na rmodulação da agressividade intercolonial. A manipulação de recursos alimentares foi conduzida em campo, onde ninhos com diferentes distâncias entre si foram mantidos sem adição de iscas (controle) e com a adição de três ou 16 iscas de cana-de-açúcar/ninho, durante três meses. Bioensaios de agressividade, bioensaios de trilha linear e em Y foram conduzidos considerando- se todas as combinações de colônias dentro de cada tratamento. O efeito da exposição prévia aos odores intercoloniais e do tipo de recurso consumido sobre a agressividade intercolonial e escolha de pistas foi testado em laboratório.
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