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From Revenue Farming to State Monopoly: the Political Economy of Taxation in Colonial Indonesia, Java C

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From Revenue Farming to State Monopoly: the Political Economy of Taxation in Colonial Indonesia, Java C From Revenue Farming to State Monopoly: The Political Economy of Taxation in Colonial Indonesia, Java c. 1816-1942 Abdul Wahid From Revenue Farming to State Monopoly: The Political Economy of Taxation in Colonial Indonesia, Java c. 1816-1942 Van Pachtstelsel tot Regiestelsel: Het Politiek-Economische Belastingen in Koloniale Indonesië, Java ca. 1816-1942 (met een samenvatting in het Nederlands en Indonesisch) PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van Doctor aan de Universiteit Utrecht, op gezag van de Rector Magnificus, prof. dr. G. J. van der Zwaan, volgens besluit van het College voor Promoties te verdedigen op Mandaag 18 November 2013 klokke 12.45 uur door Abdul Wahid geboren op 11 July 1975 te Kuningan, West Java, Indonesië From Revenue Farming to State Monopoly: The Political Economy of Taxation in Colonial Indonesia, Java c. 1816-1942 Abdul Wahid Onderzoek Instituut voor Geschiedenis en Cultuur Universiteit Utrecht 2013 Promotors: Prof. Dr. Jan Luiten van Zanden Dr. Remco Raben Lay out: Eko Cover design: Uji Nugroho Winardi @2013 Abdul Wahid. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronics, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the permission in writing from the proprietor. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Pursuing the highest academic degree in an international university in the Netherlands is a dream come true for me, an Indonesian student of history who was taught that here, in this ‘mother country’, the more complete traces of our past were well-preserved and critical examinations about it have been produced and developed systematically for such a long period. Therefore, I enjoyed the seven years of my study here as a kind of fascinating intellectual journey during which I had opportunities to be immersed in different historical schools of thought and to experience memorable encounters with various figures with great ideas and scientific works in historical studies about Indonesia and the rest of the world. However, it was also a working period consisting of various activities and exhaustive processes of research, reading, analysing, writing, consultation and revision. Throughout the entire process, I was fortunate to have been working and meeting with many peoples, colleagues and friends, who gave enormous assistances in various ways to whom I am greatly indebted. It is almost impossible to mention all of them in justice. However, I must mention some of them for their formidable contributions to the completion of this dissertation. First of all, I am deeply grateful to my supervisor Prof. Dr. Jan Luiten van Zanden, who has been very helpful in providing all necessary assistance and guidance to support my research from the initial stage of conceiving research proposal until the final stage of writing. His comments and suggestions are essential to keep me x From Revenue Farming to State Monopoly focus and to guide my research to the right track. More importantly he trusted in my ability to finish the task of writing a book on social- economic history of Indonesia. I thank also Dr. Remco Raben, who has been more than helpful as a daily supervisor and a good friend during the entire research. His meticulous reading and critical comments have saved me from making mistakes in understanding, analysing and interpreting the collected data. He has been tireless in reminding me to be a careful Indonesian historian, especially in dealing with the colonial government archives. The Research Institute for History and Culture (Onderzoek Instituut voor Geschiedenis en Cultuur – OGC), Faculty of Humanities, Utrecht University had provided a generous financial and administrative support for my research project. For this, I thank Prof. Dr. Maarten Prak, then the Director of the Institute, who assigned me officially to be a PhD International Fellow, becoming part of the social-economic history research cluster within the Institute. This research group provided a high quality intellectual dynamic and academic atmosphere that could be best expected for conducting a PhD research. During the entire research period, I learnt a lot from seminars and conferences in this institute, therefore I want to thank the whole members of the social-economic research group. A special thank goes to Prof. Dr. Ewout Frankema for including a chapter of my thesis in his book on the comparative colonial extractive system in the Netherlands Indies and the Belgian Congo. Pim de Zwart has very kind accepted my request to act as my paranymphs together with an Indonesian best friend Ahmad Nuril Huda, hence I thank both of them very much. My gratitude also goes to some colleagues in Leiden, where I based most of my research activities during the fellowship period. In Leiden University, Prof. Dr. Leonard Blussé is the one opened the door for me to attend an international graduate degree in the Netherlands through the Encompass Master Programme. He supervised my master thesis and gave an indispensable support to my application for a PhD scholarship to the University of Utrecht, providing me with all necessary endorsements, particularly a letter of recommendation and ‘intellectual lobby’. Dr. Thomas Lindblad has been a wonderful co- Acknowledgements xi supervisor for my master thesis in Leiden and was very keen spending his valuable time to read and discuss informally chapter by chapter of my dissertation. Dr. Alicia Schrikker was always very attentive on my research as if I was still her student at the Encompass Programme. In the course of research process, I met many experts on Indonesian history who were willing to read, comment and gave their thoughts on certain parts of my dissertation. Therefore I thank some of them: Prof. Dr. Peter Boomgaard (KITLV), Dr. Peter Post (NIOD), Prof. Dr. David Henley (Leiden University), Dr. Jeroen Touwen (Leiden University), Dr. Huub de Jonge (Radboud University), all in the Netherlands and Prof. Dr. Robert E. Elson (UNSW) in Australia. Parts of my dissertation have been presented in various conferences in Medan, Solo, and Yogyakarta (Indonesia), Mumbai (India), Leiden, Amsterdam and Utrecht (the Netherlands), Antwerp (Belgium), Vienna (Austria) and Singapore. I would like to thank to participants in these conferences for their helpful remarks and critics. I was lucky to have an enjoyable life in the Netherlands while faraway from family in Indonesia by meeting many fellow Indonesian but also non-Indonesian students from various universities in this country. They became a wonderful peer group socially and intellectually; with whom I shared a warm friendship that made my PhD years were less lonesome, less stressful and less boring. Some of them are Farabi Fakih, Pam Van Thuy, Nadia Fauziah, Basri Amin, Rikardo Simarmata, Edegar de Conceicao, Herlambang Perdana, Hari Nugroho, Nuril Huda, Yanwar Pribadi, Yuanda Zara, Lusvita Nuzuliyanti, Murari Jha, Prima Nurrahmi, Julinta Hutagalung, F.X. Widiarso, Ariel Lopez, Andreas Weber, Monique Erkelens, Uji Nugroho, Ratih Kamiso, Intan Ludwina, Ravando Lie, Jajang Nurjaman and all members of the Indonesian Student Union (Perhimpunan Pelajar Indonesia) and Indonesian community in Leiden, Amsterdam and elswhere whose names cannot be mentioned here. Sardjio Mintardjo and his Pondok Pak Min has been a caring Bapak who provides ‘home’ to me and to all Indonesian students in Leiden. Together with Kuslan Budiman, Sardjiman and other members of Sapu Lidi Foundation, he had shown a memorable example of how to become ‘the real Indonesian’. xii From Revenue Farming to State Monopoly Their enduring love of ‘tanah air’, nationalism and spirit to gain ‘historical justice’ have inspired me and perhaps other new generation of Indonesian intellectuals studying in the Netherlands and elsewhere to write a ‘new history of Indonesia’ and hence give intellectual and social enlightenment when returning to Indonesia. During my research years, I am indebted to many people working in various institutions in the Netherlands and Indonesia. In the Netherlands, I would like to thank to librarians of the KITLV Leiden, Leiden Universiteit Bibliotheek, the library of the Royal Tropical Museum of Amsterdam, the IISG Library of Amsterdam and the National Library of The Hague. I also thank the archivists of the KITLV Leiden, the Regional Archive of Leiden and the Nationaal Archief at The Hague. In Indonesia, librarians at the National Library of Jakarta, the Regional Library of Yogyakarta and the library of Sono Budoyo Museum of Yogyakarta and archivists at the National Archive of Republic Indonesia and at the Regional Archive of Yogyakarta had been very patient and helpful in providing the books and archives I requested for my research. This project benefitted a lot from the help of these people and therefore they deserve my sincere thanks. This dissertation would never have been completed without the assistances of Rosemary Robson, who did a wonderful English editing that had improved the quality of this Manuscript, and of Esther Zwinkle, M.A. and Marek Ave who have translated my summary into Dutch. I would like to extend my deepest thanks for their help. My study in the Netherlands received a tremendous moral support from all faculty members of the Faculty of Cultural Sciences and Department of History of Universitas Gadjah Mada in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Prof. Syamsul Hadi, then the Dean of the Faculty of Cultural Sciences who granted me permission to take a study leaves for almost seven consecutive years. Dr. Pujo Semedi Hargo Yuwono, MA and Drs. Heru Marwata, M.Hum., the Dean and Vice-Dean for finance, asset and human resource affairs, have given enormous administrative and financial supports in the final stage of my study. Special thank also goes to the late Drs. Ahmad Adaby Darban, SU, then Head of History Department for his encouragement to take an Acknowledgements xiii international graduate degree. Prof. Dr. Bambang Purwanto has been very influential in shaping my intellectual pathway and career since my early college years.
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