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Introduction: Formalisms Julie Rivkin and Michael Ryan
Introduction: Formalisms Julie Rivkin and Michael Ryan It has become a commonplace of literary study that to study literature is to study language, yet prior to the formalist movements of the early twentieth century – Russian Formalism and American New Criticism – the study of literature was con- cerned with everything about literature except language, from the historical context of a literary work to the biography of its author. How literary language worked was of less importance than what a literary work was about. Two movements in early twentieth-century thought helped move literary study away from this orientation. The first movement was the attempt on the part of philosophers of science like Edmund Husserl to isolate objects of knowledge in their unmixed purity. The Rus- sian Formalists, a group of young scholars (Viktor Shklovsky, Roman Jakobson, Boris Tomashevsky, Boris Eichenbaum) who wrote in the teens and twenties, were influ- enced by this approach. For them, literature would be considered not as a window on the world but as something with specifically literary characteristics that make it literature as opposed to philosophy or sociology or biography. Literature is not a window for looking at sociological themes or philosophic ideas or biographical infor- mation; rather, it is a mural or wall painting, something with a palpability of its own which arrests the eye and merits study. The manipulation of representational devices may create a semblance of reality and allow one to have the impression of gazing through glass, but it is the devices alone that produce that impression, and they alone are what makes literature literary. -
Twentieth Century Criticism: Traditions and Concepts
International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development Online ISSN: 2349-4182, Print ISSN: 2349-5979 Impact Factor: RJIF 5.72 Received: 05-08-2018; Accepted: 12-09-2018 www.allsubjectjournal.com Volume 5 Issue 9; September 2018; Page No. 78-81 Twentieth century criticism: Traditions and concepts Bishnu Prasad Pokharel PhD. Lecturer, Nepal Sanskrit University, Bijauri, Nepal Abstract Literary theory involves questioning of the most basic assumption of literary study, speculative practice, accounts of desires and language. Theory has brought many ideas from other field of knowledge to engage in a discussion on humanities, art and literature and different issues like race, identity, mythologies, signs and many other issues that are not directly linked to literature. Theory has made literary discourse interdisciplinary by welcoming ideas from other discipline. So, literary theory is not something that has been developed in a vacuum but has arisen for the most part in response to the problems encountered by readers, scholars and critics in their practical contact with the text. It also provides excellent tools that can not only show us our world and ourselves through new and valuable lenses but also can strengthen our ability and with a good deal of insight. Russian Formalism, New Criticism, Structuralism, Post structuralism/ Deconstruction, Psychoanalysis, Feminism, Reader Response, Colonialism and New Historicism are the major theories discussed in this article. Keywords: theory, criticism, defamiliarization, text, interpretation, gender, meaning, context Introduction with the revolution” (603). The twentieth century encountered intensification of Russian Formalism was a departure from the prevailing rationalization, urbanization, secularization, increasingly Romantic Symbolism and Futurism. -
Scanned by Camscanner Scanned by Camscanner Scanned by Camscanner Acknowledgements
Scanned by CamScanner Scanned by CamScanner Scanned by CamScanner Acknowledgements Introduction to study comparative model is based on the work of numerous professors, writers, critics, editors, and reviewers who are able to bring topics to students in the most engaging way. We would like to thank all those who have contributed their time and energy to review and provide feedback on the manuscript. Their input has been critical in maintaining the pedagogical integrity and accuracy of the text. To the Student, this book is written for you and is based on the teaching and research experience of numerous researchers, writers, and critics. In today‘s global socially networked world, the topic is relevant than ever before. We hope that through this book, you will learn the role of literary work, especially related to sociology of literature and feminism. In this book, you will find applications of concepts that are relevant, current, and balanced. To the instructor, this text is intended for a one-semester introductory course. Since current events influence our social perspectives and the field in general, so that students and instructors around the country can relate and engage in fruitful discussions. Finally, I thank my spouse, Dr. Bena Yusuf Pelawi, M.Hum and my beloved sons, Rizky Yusviento Pelawi, S.E., M.BA, Jeffrey Bastanta Pelawi, S,T., and Juan Pratama Pelawi, S.T, M.Eng. for their love and support during the writing and revision of this book. 1 CONTENTS page Acknowledgements 2 Content 3 Overview 4 Chapter 1 A New Comparative Literature -
Source Criticism,” I
David Wenham, “Source Criticism,” I. Howard Marshall, ed., New Testament Interpretation: Essays on Principles and Methods, 1977. Carlisle: The Paternoster Press, revised 1979. Pbk. ISBN: 0853644241. pp.139-152. Chapter VIII Source Criticism David Wenham [p.139] I. The Justification for Source Criticism In the prologue to his gospel the author of Luke/Acts refers to many people before him who had “undertaken to compile an account of the things that have been fulfilled among us” (1:1). It is reasonable to infer from this that he knew some of these earlier writings, and it seems likely that he would have been influenced by them to a greater or lesser extent in the writing of his own gospel. There is nothing comparable to Luke’s prologue in the other gospels, but it may be surmised that the other evangelists would have been in a similar position to the author of Luke/Acts, at least if their gospels are rightly dated after A.D. 50 or 60. It is not likely, despite the claims of some, that the highly literate Christian community of the first century will have studiously refrained from putting into writing traditions of the life and teaching of Jesus for the first thirty years of its existence, however much it expected the imminent end of the present age. A case for source criticism might be made out on such a priori grounds, but the decisive evidence for the use of sources in the New Testament lies in the New Testament documents themselves. Not only are there dislocations1 and apparent duplications2 in the documents which suggest that the gospels, -
A History of Poetics
A HISTORY OF POETICS German Scholarly Poetics and Aesthetics in International Context, 1770-1960 Sandra Richter With a Bibliography of Poetics by Anja Hill-Zenk, Jasmin Azazmah, Eva Jost and Sandra Richter 1 To Jörg Schönert 2 Table of Contents Preface 5 I. Introduction 9 1. Poetics as Field of Knowledge 11 2. Periods and Text Types 21 3. Methodology 26 II. Aesthetics and Academic Poetics in Germany 32 1. Eclectic Poetics: Popular Philosophy (1770í 36 (a) The Moralizing Standard Work: Johann Georg Sulzer (1771í 39 (b) Popular Aesthetics as a Part of ‘Erfahrungsseelenlehre’ in 1783: Johann Joachim Eschenburg, Johann August Eberhard, Johann Jacob Engel 44 2. Transcendental Poetics and Beyond: Immanuel Kant’s Critical Successors (1790í1800) 55 (a) Critical Poetics and Popular Critique: Johann Heinrich Gottlob Heusinger (1797) 57 (b) Systematical and Empirical Poetics on a Cosmological Basis: Christian A.H. Clodius (1804) 59 (c) Towards a Realistic Poetics: Joseph Hillebrand (1827) 63 3. Historical and Genetic Poetics: Johann Justus Herwig (1774), August Wilhelm Schlegel (1801í1803/1809í1811) and Johann Gottfried Herder’s Heritage 66 4. Logostheological Poetics after Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling: Friedrich Ast (1805) and Joseph Loreye (1801/2, ²1820) 77 5. Post-idealist Poetics 86 (a) An Empirical Idealist Poetics: Friedrich Bouterwek (1806) 86 (b) Religious Poetics: Wilhelm Wackernagel’s Lectures (1836/7) and the Catholics 90 (c) The Turning Point after Hegel and Beyond: Friedrich Theodor Vischer (1846í DQGWKH1HZ&KDOOHQJHV (Johann Friedrich Herbart, Robert Zimmermann) 96 (d) Literary Poetics: Rudolph Gottschall (1858) 103 6. Pre-Empirical and Empirical Poetics since 1820 111 (a) Poetics as Life Science: Moriz Carriere (1854/²1884) and (1859) 113 (b) Psychological Poetics: From Gustav Theodor Fechner (1871/1876), 3 Heinrich Viehoff (1820) and Rudolph Hermann Lotze (1884) to Wilhelm Dilthey (1887) to Richard Müller-Freienfels (1914/²1921) 117 (c) Processual Poetics: Wilhelm Scherer (1888) 142 (d) Evolutionary Poetics: Eugen Wolff (1899) 149 7. -
HERMENEUTICAL CRITICISMS: by Mark E
Issues of Interpretation Ozark Christian College, GB 216-2 Professor Mark E. Moore, Ph.D. Table of Contents: 1. Hermeneutical Constructs .......................................................................................................2 2. A Chart of the History of Hermeneutics .................................................................................5 3. History of Interpretation .........................................................................................................7 4. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologica, 1.1.10.......................................................................29 5. Allegory of 153 Fish, Jn 21:11 .............................................................................................30 6. How the Holy Spirit Helps in Interpretation .........................................................................31 7. Problem Passages ..................................................................................................................32 8. Principles for Dealing with Problem Passages .....................................................................33 9. Cultural vs. Universal ...........................................................................................................34 10. Hermeneutical Constructs .....................................................................................................36 11. Hermeneutical Shifts .............................................................................................................38 12. Hermeneutical Constructs: -
Foreword Chapter 1 the Commitments of Ecocriticism
Notes Foreword 1. “Destroying the world in order to save it,” CNN, May 31, 2004, Ͻhttp://www.cnn.com/2004/SHOWBIZ/Movies/05/31/film.day.after. tomorrow.ap/Ͼ (Accessed June 25, 2004). Sources for the epigraphs are as follows: William Rueckert, “Literature and Ecology: An Experiment in Ecocriticism,” Iowa Review, 9 no. 1 (Winter 1978): 121; and Raymond Williams, What I Came to Say (London: Radius, 1989), 76, 81. 2. “Global warming is real and underway,” Union of Concerned Scientists, n. d., Ͻhttp://www.ucsusa.org/global_environment/global_warming/index.cfmϾ (Accessed June 25, 2004). “Larsen B Ice Shelf Collapses in Antarctica,” National Snow and Ice Data Center, n. d., Ͻhttp://nsidc.org/iceshelves/ larsenb2002/Ͼ (Accessed June 25, 2004). Vandana Shiva, Water Wars (Cambridge, MA: South End Press, 2002), 98–99. 3. UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, “Projections of Future Climate Change,” in Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis, Ͻhttp://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/339.htmϾ (Accessed June 25, 2004). Shiva, Water Wars, 1. 4. Greg Palast, “Bush Energy Plan: Policy or Payback?” BBC News, May 18, 2001, Ͻhttp://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/1336960.stmϾ (Accessed June 25, 2004). Mark Townsend and Paul Harris, “Now the Pentagon tells Bush: Climate Change will Destroy Us,” The Observer, February 22, 2004, Ͻhttp://observer.guardian.co.uk/international/story/0,6903,1153513,00. htmlϾ (Accessed June 25, 2004). 5. Paul Brown, “Uranium Hazard Prompts Cancer Check on Troops,” The Guardian, April 25, 2003, Ͻhttp://www.guardian.co.uk/uranium/story/ 0,7369,943340,00.htmlϾ (Accessed June 25, 2004). -
Common Perspectives in Post-Colonial Indian and African Fiction in English
COMMON PERSPECTIVES IN POST-COLONIAL INDIAN AND AFRICAN FICTION IN ENGLISH ABSTRACT THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF Bottor of IN ENGLISH LITERATURE BY AMINA KISHORE DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH ALIGARH MUSLIIVI UNIVERSITY ALIGARH 1995 Abstract The introduction of the special paper on Commonwealth Literature at the Post Graduate level and the paper called 'Novel other than British and American' at the Under Graduate level at AMU were the two major eventualities which led to this study. In the paper offered to the M A students, the grouping together of Literatures from atleast four of the Commonwealth nations into one paper was basically a makeshift arrangement. The objectives behind the formulation of such separate area as courses for special study remained vaguely described and therefore unjustified. The teacher and students, were both uncertain as to why and how to hold the disparate units together. The study emerges out of such immediate dilemma and it hopes to clarify certain problematic concerns related to the student of the Commonwealth Literature. Most Commonwealth criticism follows either (a) a justificatory approach; or (b) a confrontationist approach; In approach (a) usually a defensive stand is taken by local critics and a supportive non-critical, indulgent stand is adopted by the Western critic. In both cases, the issue of language use, nomenclature and the event cycle of colonial history are the routes by which the argument is moved. Approach (b) invariably adopts the Post-Colonial Discourse as its norm of presenting the argument. According to this approach, the commonness of Commonwealth Literatures emerges from the fact that all these Literatures have walked ••• through the fires of enslavement and therefore are anguished, embattled units of creative expression. -
Review of Joseph Carroll, Reading Human Nature: Literary Darwinism
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Scholarship, Research, and Creative Work at Bryn Mawr College | Bryn Mawr College... Bryn Mawr Review of Comparative Literature Volume 9 Article 1 Number 2 Fall 2011 Fall 2011 Review of Joseph Carroll, Reading Human Nature: Literary Darwinism in Theory and Practice and Virginia Richter, Literature After Darwin: Human Beasts in Western Fiction, 1859-1939. Carlo Salzani Monash University Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.brynmawr.edu/bmrcl Let us know how access to this document benefits ouy . Recommended Citation Salzani, Carlo (2011). Review of "Review of Joseph Carroll, Reading Human Nature: Literary Darwinism in Theory and Practice and Virginia Richter, Literature After Darwin: Human Beasts in Western Fiction, 1859-1939.," Bryn Mawr Review of Comparative Literature: Vol. 9 : No. 2 Available at: https://repository.brynmawr.edu/bmrcl/vol9/iss2/1 This paper is posted at Scholarship, Research, and Creative Work at Bryn Mawr College. https://repository.brynmawr.edu/bmrcl/vol9/iss2/1 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Salzani: Salzani on Carroll and Richter Joseph Carroll, Reading Human Nature: Literary Darwinism in Theory and Practice. New York: SUNY Press, 2011. 368 pp. ISBN 9781438435220. Virginia Richter, Literature After Darwin: Human Beasts in Western Fiction, 1859-1939. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011. 272 pp. ISBN 9780230273405. Reviewed by Carlo Salzani, Monash University 1. The year 2009 was the 200th anniversary of Darwin's birth and the 150th anniversary of the publication of On the Origin of Species; it was therefore named the "Darwin Year" and was celebrated all over the world by academic conferences and events targeting the general public. -
I Russian Formalism and Prague Structuralism
I RUSSIAN FORMALISM AND PRAGUE STRUCTURALISM The origins of Russian Formalism date back before the Russian Revolution to the activities of the Moscow Linguistic Circle and the St Petersburg-based group, Opojaz, both of which con cerned themselves with the study of poetic language. The major figures were Victor Shklovsky, Roman Jakobson, Boris Eikhenbaum, Osip Brik and Yury Tynyanov. The Russian Formalists rejected the unsystematic and eclectic critical ap proaches which had previously dominated literary study and endeavoured to create a 'literary science'. As Jakobson put it: The subject of literary science is not literature, but literariness, i.e. that which makes a given work a literary work'. The Formalists were uninterested, therefore, in the representational or expressive aspects of literary texts; they focused on those elements of texts which they considered to be uniquely literary in character. Initially they emphasised the differences between literary language and non-literary or practical language. The best known Formalist concept is that of 'defamiliarisation' (ostranenie) , a concept particularly associated with Shklovsky and discussed in his 'Art as Device', first published in 1917, where he argues that art renews human perception through creating devices which undercut and undermine habitual and automatised forms of perception. In later Formalism the emphasis shifted from the relation between literary and non-literary language to the linguistic and formal aspects ofliterary texts themselves. Jakobson and Tynyanov argued that literary devices themselves also became familiar. They shifted the focus to the means by which certain devices become dominant in literary texts and take on a defamiliarising role in relation to other devices or aspects of the text which are perceived in familiar or automatic terms. -
On Dialogic Speech” Have Previously Appeared in PMLA 112.2 (1997) and Are Used by Permission
SUBWAY LINE, N o. 13 Philosophica l Thinking is Yoga for the Mind ® Upper West Side Philosophers, Inc. provides a publication venue for original philosophical thinking steeped in lived life, in line with our motto: philosophical living & lived philosophy. Lev Petrovich Yakubinsky ON LANGUAGE & POETRY Three Essays Translated from the Russian, edited and with an Introduction by Michael Eskin Upper West Side Philosophers, Inc. New York • 2018 Published by Upper West Side Philosophers, Inc. P. O. Box 250645, New York, NY 10025, USA www.westside-philosophers.com / www.yogaforthemind.us English translation copyright © 2018 by Upper West Side Philosophers, Inc. The colophon is a registered trademark of Upper West Side Philosophers, Inc. Parts o f “On Dialogic Speech” have previously appeared in PMLA 112.2 (1997) and are used by permission. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or oth - erwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. For all permissions inquiries for any of our titles, contact the publisher or Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Dan - vers, MA 01923, USA (www.copyright.com). Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Yakubinsky, Lev Petrovich, 1892-1945 author. | Eskin, Michael translator editor. Title: On language & poetry : three essays / Lev Petrovic h Yaku - binsky ; translated from the Russian, edited, and with an intro - duction by Michael Eskin. Other titles: On language and poetry Description: New York : Upper West Side Philosophers, Inc., | Series: Subway line ; no. 13 | Includes index. -
A Brief Overview of Literary Criticism Literary Critical Theory Is a Tool That
A Brief Overview of Literary Criticism Woman Reading Book in a Landscape, Camille Corot Literary Critical Theory is a tool that helps you find meaning in stories, poems and plays. There are many different ways to interpret a novel or short story. When we read literature, we do so to learn more about: ● The human condition ● The experience of loss and death ● The structure of power in society and how it is implemented (including the issues that surround race and gender). ● The psychology of characters and individuals in general ● The sociology and history of cultures that produce specific pieces of literature Literary Theory helps us discover the things listed above in the books and stories we read. So how do you use theory to read a book? Before exploring, in brief, different theories, it is important to develop a reading strategy that will help you form ideas. You should keep a reading notebook and write down ideas and information as you read. Here is a checklist of things to notice: ● Title. How does it pertain to the story? Does it symbolize events or people in the story? ● Narration: Who is telling the story? How does the narrator approach the topic? ● Subject: What is the basic situation? What is happening to the characters and how are they reacting to events? ● Mood: What is the mood of the story, i.e. the emotional background? How is it expressed in the language and setting? ● Characters: What do the characters learn in the course of the story? What are their failings and how do they overcome them, or not? What is the main character’s desire? Is that desire ever fulfilled? How does the main character change? ● Character Interaction: How do the characters interact in the story? How do they communicate with each other? How do they handle conflict? ● Plot: What are the main events in the plot that lead the character to new insights, or to his or her failure? When you read a book, you can highlight the passages that strike you as significant.