Carbon Capture and Conversion Using Metal-Organic Frameworks and MOF-Based Materials
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Chemical Society Reviews Carbon capture and conversion using metal-organic frameworks and MOF-based materials Journal: Chemical Society Reviews Manuscript ID CS-SYN-10-2018-000829.R2 Article Type: Review Article Date Submitted by the 01-Apr-2019 Author: Complete List of Authors: Ding, Meili; University of Science and Technology of China Flaig, Robinson; University of California, Berkeley, Department of Chemistry Jiang, Hai-Long; University of Science and Technology of China, Department of Chemistry Yaghi, Omar; University of California, Berkeley, Department of Chemistry Page 1 of 47 PleaseChemical do not Society adjust Reviews margins Chem Soc Rev ARTICLE Carbon capture and conversion using metal-organic frameworks and MOF-based materials Received 00th February 20xx, a b *a *b,c Accepted 00th February 20xx Meili Ding,† Robinson W. Flaig,† Hai-Long Jiang and Omar M. Yaghi DOI: 10.1039/x0xx00000x Rapidly increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations threaten human society, the natural environment, and the synergy between the two. In order to ameliorate the CO2 problem, carbon capture and conversion techniques have been proposed. Metal-organic framework (MOF)-based materials, a relatively new class of porous materials with unique structural features, high surface areas, chemical tunability and stability, have been extensively studied with respect to their applicability to such techniques. Recently, it has become apparent that the CO2 capture capabilities of MOF-based materials significantly boost their potential toward CO2 conversion. Furthermore, MOF-based materials’ well-defined structures greatly facilitate the understanding of structure-property relationships and their roles in CO2 capture and conversion. In this review, we provide a comprehensive account of significant progress in the design and synthesis of MOF- based materials, including MOFs, MOF composites and MOF derivatives, and their application to carbon capture and conversion. Special emphases on the relationships between CO2 capture capacities of MOF-based materials and their catalytic CO2 conversion performances are discussed. CO2 concentrations are imperative tasks that require drastic, 1. Introduction immediate attention. With the understanding that fossil fuels will remain a major source of energy for the foreseeable future, Energy demands of the global society are being met largely by the most straightforward strategy to reduce anthropogenic combustion of fossil fuels including coal, petroleum, and CO emissions lies in removing CO from point sources, such as natural gas. A major greenhouse gas (GHG), carbon dioxide 2 2 the flue gas from fossil-fuel burning power plants. This can be (CO2) is a key by-product of such combustion. The immense accomplished using suitable carbon capture and storage (CCS) quantity of CO2 emissions has resulted in serious technologies. Key drawbacks in such technologies lie in the environmental issues, such as global warming, ocean energy consumption associated with separation, purification, acidification, extreme weather, and species extinction.1, 2 Since compression, transportation, and storage processes.6 This the early 19th century, a steep and continuous increase has consumption is likely to be accompanied by further CO2 been observed in atmospheric CO2 concentrations from emission, and thus will not adequately address the issue. approximately 280 ppm in the early 1800s to over 400 ppm in Moreover, various adsorbents have been developed in order 2018. With little to no mitigative action, the to capture and store CO , but their high regeneration Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has 2 temperatures and/or limited CO2 adsorption capacities still predicted that atmospheric CO2 concentrations could reach 2, 6, 7 3-5 hinder the development of CCS technologies. Beyond CCS, 950 ppm by 2100. Elevated atmospheric CO2 levels serve to another strategy involves capture and subsequent conversion directly increase the global mean temperature (around 1.9 °C of CO2 into high value-added chemicals and fuels (i.e. CO2 at atmospheric CO2 concentrations of 570 ppm) by absorbing capture and conversion). In doing so, CO capture and outgoing longwave radiation (i.e. the greenhouse effect).3 2 conversion serves as an anthropogenic carbon cycle, is more Therefore, decreasing emissions and mitigating atmospheric sustainable, and thus lies further within the realm of “green chemistry”. a. Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key In the past decades, several classes of materials, including Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou ionic liquids (ILs), zeolites, porous carbons, porous organic Nano Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P.R. China. polymers, covalent organic frameworks (COFs) and metal- E-mail: [email protected] (H.L.J.) organic frameworks (MOFs), have been developed for CO2 b. Department of Chemistry, University of California-Berkeley, Materials Sciences 8-16 Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Kavli Energy NanoSciences capture and conversion applications. In particular, MOFs Institute, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA. signify a relatively new class of crystalline porous materials E-mail: [email protected] (O.M.Y.) constructed from multimetallic units called secondary building c. UC Berkeley−KACST Joint Center of Excellence for Nanomaterials for Clean Energy 17-21 Applications, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh 11442, Saudi units (SBUs) and organic linkers. By designing and Arabia functionalizing SBUs, linkers and pore environments, MOFs’ †These authors contributed equally to this work. Please do not adjust margins PleaseChemical do not Society adjust Reviews margins Page 2 of 47 ARTICLE Journal Name physical and chemical properties can be finely tuned, making have been investigated in order to enhance MOF-CO2 them promising materials for a variety of applications, such as interactions. As many MOFs exhibiting strong interactions with gas storage and separation, heterogeneous catalysis, sensing, CO2 were developed, they began to garner immense attention 14-19, 22-92 drug delivery, to mention a few. With respect to CO2 with respect to CO2 separation applications, mainly regarding capture and conversion, MOFs serve as promising adsorbents the removal of CO2 from CO2/H2 (pre-combustion carbon and catalysts because of their unique advantages: 1) capture) and CO2/CH4 gas mixtures (natural gas purification), Predicable, functionalizable structures; it is possible to predict as well as CO2 capture from CO2/N2 gas mixtures (post- the structures of many MOFs and the structural designability combustion carbon capture).15, 62, 75, 77, 80 The second stage and chemical tunability of the materials allow for focused on development of MOF-based materials and their incorporation of different type of accessible capture and use for the conversion of CO2 to organic products. Particularly, catalytically active sites. 2) Hybrid structures; MOFs are highly CO2 cycloaddition with epoxides has become one of the most compatible with other materials and can serve as precursors intensively investigated MOF-catalyzed CO2 conversion and/or templates to afford MOF composites or MOF reactions.65-68 It is important to recognize that many MOFs derivatives with extraordinary physical and chemical have a limited variety of reactive sites, with the major properties. 3) Particular strengths for catalysis; MOFs combine examples being acidic and/or basic sites on the SBU metal beneficial features of homogeneous and heterogeneous centers and/or the organic linkers. With this in mind, MOF catalysts, such as high catalytic efficiency, facile separation and composites made by combining MOFs with other materials, reusability, and stability. 4) The well-defined and tailorable and MOF derivatives afforded by chemical and/or thermal structures of MOFs greatly facilitate the understanding of conversion of MOFs with multiple active sites and high structure-property relationships in MOF-based catalysts. All of stabilities have emerged as promising materials for CO2 74, 82-85 these attributes make MOFs ideally suited for CO2 capture and capture and separation. In the third and most recent conversion. stage, attempts have been made to explore and expand the The employment of MOFs in CO2 capture and conversion scope of possible CO2 transformation reactions involving MOF- applications has undergone three development stages. First, based materials. Additionally, optimization of the catalytic the CO2 adsorption capacity and selectivity of MOFs were performance of such materials for practical CO2 capture and tuned.15, 47, 62, 75, 78-80 Toward this end, a variety of strategies conversion has become the main target. On the basis of their Meili Ding received her BS degree Robinson W. Flaig received his BS (2014) in chemistry from Anhui degree (2014) in chemistry from UW- Normal University. She is currently a Platteville. He is currently a PhD PhD student under the guidance of student under the guidance of Prof. Prof. Hai-Long Jiang at University of Omar Yaghi at UC Berkeley. His Science and Technology of China research focuses on the development (USTC). Her research focuses on of new MOFs and COFs for CO2 metal-organic framework-based capture and mechanistic studies of materials for CO2 capture and CO2 chemisorption reactions. conversion. Meili Ding Robinson W. Flaig Hai-Long Jiang received his PhD