Chapter Ten: High Middle Ages

The Significance of Paris Center of Western civilization (1150-1300) Gothic architecture Scholasticism The University Distinct cultural expression Classical texts Judeo-Christian worldview Religious reforms

1 The Gothic Style: Saint Denis Abbot Suger (1080-1151) Saint Denis and Charlemagne Pilgrimage destination Lendit Choir, double ambulatory Defining Gothic Gothic vs. Romanesque

10.2 Abbey church of Saint-Denis,

The Gothic Style Laon Cathedral Notre Dame Cathedral Chartres Cathedral

2 10.5 Laon Cathedral, interior

The Mysticism of Light Luminous quality of the Gothic Suger’s “theology of beauty” Neo-Platonic philosophy, purity of light Stained glass windows Lux Nova …vs. Byzantine mosaics “Bible of the Poor”

 10.10 Notre Dame de Belle Verrier “)(Our Lady of the Beautiful Window”), stained-glass window, Chartres Cathedral, France, early 13th century

3 10.11 Tympanum, right door royal portal west façade, Chartres Cathedral, France.

 10.12 Gargoyles on Notre-Dame, Paris, France

10.8 Chartres Cathedral, Chartres, France, as rebuilt after 1194.

4 10.15 Vintner’s window, glass roundel, Chartres Cathedral, Chartres, France, 1215

To Teach and Edify

Learning, wisdom, and God Collaboration of builders, theologians History of salvation in decoration Gargoyles

Many Meanings of the Gothic Cathedral

Social functions “Cathedral Square” Church courts / civil courts Horarium Economic impact Pilgrimages, trade fairs, feast days Prestigious donations by guilds

5 Many Meanings of the Gothic Cathedral

Motivation to build Actual design and construction Villard de Honnecourt’s notebook Combination of human knowledge and religious faith Pilgrim as central metaphor

Music: The School of Notre Dame Musical notation Guido d’Arezzo Polyphony of Léonin’s Magnus Liber Organi Pérotin and counterpoint The

Scholasticism: The Rise of the Universities Demand for an educated class Support for socioeconomic structures Intellectual and cultural needs Ancient texts (Aristotle) Relationships with Arab scholars Renaissance of legal studies Dialectics  Scholasticism

6 Map 10.2 The University

10.18 Jacobello and Pier Piero dalle Mesegne, Students, 1383-1386

Scholasticism: The Rise of the Universities University of Paris William of Champeaux (1070-1121) Peter Abelard (1079-1142) Universitas Magistri / doctors Art vs. Theology Student financial assistance Curriculum and instruction

7 Scholasticism: The Rise of the Universities Student culture and lifestyles Women not admitted to universities Educated by private tutors or in convents Few exceptions to the rule (Italy, Germany)

Medieval Literature  and Guillem de Peiteus  Beatriz, The Bertran de Born Saint Golias Goliardic Verse Carmina Burana The Romance of the Rose

Medieval Religion, Philosophy, and Writing Moses Maimonides (1135-1204) The Guide for the Perplexed The reality of God Theories about the beginnings and eternality of the universe Celebration of the Sabbath Human intelligence Why people are responsible for the evil that befalls them Formulated 13 principles of Jewish faith

8 Francis of Assisi Mendicant brotherhood Life of total poverty, mobility Humanity of Christ Literal interpretation of the Gospels Stigmata Goodness of God’s creation Concern for all creatures Affective and emotional religion

10.20 Bonaventura Berlinghieri, Scenes from the Life of St. Francis, Altarpiece panel, 1235

Medieval Religion, Philosophy, and Writing Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274) Intellectual and mystic “Master of the Sacred Page” Sought to harmonize reason and revelation Fideism vs. Rationalism Summa Theologica Intellectual tradition of Aristotle Hierarchical, synthetic worldview

9 10.21 Andrea di Buonaiuto, The Triumph of St. Thomas Aquinas, 1365 , Church of Santa Maria Novella, Florence, Italy

Chapter 10: Discussion Questions  Consider the pilgrimage both as a metaphorical and literal journey. What role did the pilgrimage play during the Middle Ages?  What specific qualities are present in Gothic architecture that are not present in the Romanesque? What is the symbolic message inherent in each architectural style?  Explain the “hierarchical and synthetic” natures of the Gothic cathedral and Aquinas’ Summa Theologica. In what ways are they hierarchical? What is being synthesized in these artistic and intellectual examples? In what ways is this a commentary on the patterns of thought during the Middle Ages?

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