VALVE SIZING REFERENCE GUIDE

//data/public/pdf/valve-sizing-maual.doc 1 of 43 10/10/2008 Norriseal – P.O. Box 40525 Houston TX 77240-052–- Ph: (713) 466-3552, Fax: (713) 896-7386 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction ...... 4 Valve Flow Terminology...... 4 The Sizing Process...... 5 Operating Conditions ...... 5 Fluid Properties...... 5 Rangeability ...... 5 Cv and Flow Sizing Formulas ...... 6 CV Formulas for Liquid Flow CV Formulas for Vapor Flow CV Formulas for Two Phase Flow Flow Velocity Formulas ...... 7 Flow Velocity for Liquid Flow Flow Velocity for Vapor Flow Nomenclature...... 8 Conversion to Cg and Cs ...... 9 Seat Leakage ...... 12 Actuator Sizing ...... 12 P Tables...... 13 Actuator Air Volume ...... 26 Application Guide for Cavitation, Flashing and Compressible Flow Services...... 27 Liquid Flow ...... 27 Cavitation ...... 27 Cavitation Definition Cavitation Countermeasures Application of Norriseal 2700A Trims in Cavitation Service...... 28 Cavitation Avoidance Cavitation Tolerant Cavitation Containment Cavitation Prevention Application Summary...... 28 The Cavitation Phenomena ...... 29 Fluid and Pressure Profiles Choked Flow and Incipient Cavitation Cavitation Damage Flashing ...... 30 Flashing Definition Flashing Countermeasures Body Material Trim Selection Application of Norriseal 2700A Valves in Flashing Service ...... 31 Body Material Trim Selection The Flashing Phenomena...... 31 Liquid Flow Velocity - Body Material...... 31 Compressible Flow Noise ...... 32 Compressible Flow Noise Discussion Compressible Flow Noise Countermeasures Application of Norriseal 2700A Trims in Compressible Flow Applications...... 32 Standard Trims DB I and DB II Multiple Orifice Trims Compressible Flow Velocity Limits

//data/public/pdf/valve-sizing-maual.doc 2 of 43 10/10/2008 Norriseal – P.O. Box 40525 Houston TX 77240-052–- Ph: (713) 466-3552, Fax: (713) 896-7386 Two Stage Trims and Backpressure Orifices The Compressible Flow Noise Phenomena...... 33

TABLES Table 1-Trim Rangeability...... 6 Table 2-Cg & Cs Conversion Factors ...... 9 Table 3-Fluid Properties ...... 10 Table 4-FL Factors ...... 11 Table 5-Flanged Body Inlet and Outlet Diameters ...... 12 Table 6-Allowable Seat Leakage Classes...... 12 Table 7-Allowable P Ratings 2700A/E Cage Control Trim, Teflon Packing 9 Actuator...... 14 Table 8-Allowable P Ratings 2700A/E Cage Control Trim, Teflon Packing 12 Actuator...... 15 Table 9-Allowable P Ratings 2700A/E Cage Control Trim, Teflon Packing 16 Actuator...... 16 Table 10-Allowable P Ratings 2700A/E Cage Control Trim, Teflon Packing 18 Actuator...... 17 Table 11-Allowable P Ratings 2700A/E Cage Control Trim, Grafoil Packing 9 Actuator ...... 18 Table 12-Allowable P Ratings 2700A/E Cage Control Trim, Grafoil Packing 12 Actuator ...... 19 Table 13-Allowable P Ratings 2700A/E Cage Control Trim, Grafoil Packing 16 Actuator ...... 20 Table 14-Allowable P Ratings 2700A/E Cage Control Trim, Grafoil Packing 18 Actuator ...... 21 Table 15-Allowable P Ratings 2700A/E Plug Control Trim, 12, 16 & 18 Actuators...... 22 Table 16-Allowable P Ratings for Unbalanced Trim, No.9 Actuator ...... 23 Table 17-Allowable P Ratings for Unbalanced Trim, No.12 Actuator ...... 24 Table 18Allowable P Ratings for Unbalanced Trim, No.16 Actuator ...... 25 Table 19-Actuator Air Chamber Volume & Required Added Air to Actuate ...... 26 Table 20-Liquid Flow Velocity Limits...... 31 Table 21-Flow Coefficients, CV, for 2200/2220 Unbalanced Modified Percent. Plug Control...... 35 Table 22-Flow Coefficients, CV, for 2275A Unbalanced Modified Percentage Plug Control ...... 35 Table 23-Flow Coefficients, CV, for 2400/2420 Unbalanced Modified Percent. Plug Control...... 36 Table 24-Flow Coefficients, CV, for 2700A/E Balanced Quick Opening Cage Control...... 36 Table 25-Flow Coefficients, CV, for 2700A/E Balanced Linear Cage Control ...... 37 Table 26-Flow Coefficients, CV, for 2700A/E Balanced Equal Percentage Cage Control...... 37 Table 27-Flow Coefficients, CV, for 2700A/E Balanced DB I Cage Control ...... 38 Table 28-Flow Coefficients, CV, for 2700A/E Balanced DB II Control...... 38 Table 29-Flow Coefficients, CV, for 2700A/E Balanced CAV II Cage Control...... 39 Table 30-Flow Coefficients, CV, for 2700A/E Balanced Modified Percentage Plug Control ...... 39 Table 31-Flow Coefficients, CV, for 2700A/E Balanced Quick Opening Plug Control...... 40 Table 32-Flow Coefficients, CV, for 2700A/E Unbalanced Modified Percent Plug Control...... 40

FIGURES Graph 1-Pressure Drop Profile ...... 41 Graph 2-Liquid Flow Relationship with Pressure Drop ...... 42 Graph 3-CAV II Flow Noise Attenuation...... 42 Graph 4-Pressure Profiles, Single Stage and Three stage Trims ...... 43 Graph 5-DB I & DB II Flow Noise Attenuation...... 43

//data/public/pdf/valve-sizing-maual.doc 3 of 43 10/10/2008 Norriseal – P.O. Box 40525 Houston TX 77240-052–- Ph: (713) 466-3552, Fax: (713) 896-7386 INTRODUCTION variable such as fluid pressure, fluid level, Q A Control Valve performs a special task, flow rate or temperature CV  where controlling the flow of fluids so a process P can be controlled. In addition to controlling Q=Flow rate and P=pressure drop across the flow, a control valve may be used to the valve. See pages 5 and 6 for the shut off flow. A control valve may be equations for liquid, gas, steam and two- defined as a valve with a powered actuator phase flow. The CV value increases if the that responds to an external signal. The flow rate increases or if the P decreases. signal usually comes from a controller. The A sizing application will have a Required CV controller and valve together form a basic while a valve will have a Rated CV. The control loop. The control valve is seldom valve’s rated CV must equal or exceed the full open or closed but in an intermediate required CV. position controlling the flow of fluid through

the valve. In this dynamic service FL: The FL, Liquid Pressure Recovery condition, the valve must withstand the Coefficient, is a dimensionless constant erosive effects of the flowing fluid while used to calculate the pressure drop when maintaining an accurate position to the valve’s liquid flow is choked. Increasing maintain the process variable. the pressure drop when the flow is choked will not increase the flow rate. The FL is the A Control Valve will perform these tasks square root of the ratio of valve pressure satisfactorily if it is sized correctly for the drop to the pressure drop from the inlet flowing and shut-off conditions. The valve pressure to the pressure of the vena sizing process determines the required CV, contracta. See page 5 for the FL equation. the required FL, Flow Velocities, Flow The FL factor is an indication of the valve’s Noise and the appropriate Actuator Size vena contracta pressure relative to the outlet pressure. See Graph 1. If the FL VALVE FLOW TERMINOLOGY were 1.0, the vena contracta pressure would be the same as the valve’s outlet CV: The Flow Coefficient, CV, is a pressure and there would be no pressure dimensionless value that relates to a recovery. valve’s flow capacity. Its most basic form is As the FL value becomes smaller the vena contracta pressure becomes increasingly Vena Contracta: The vena contracta is lower than the valve’s outlet pressure and where the jet of flowing fluid is the smallest the valve is more likely to cavitate. A immediately downstream of the trim's valve’s Rated FL varies with the valve and throttle point. At the vena contracta, the trim style, it may vary from .99 for a special fluid's velocity is the highest and the fluid's multiple stage trim to .60 for a ball valve. pressure is the lowest.

Rated FL: The Rated FL is the actual FL Vapor Pressure: A fluid's vapor pressure is value for a particular valve and trim style. the pressure where the fluid will change from a liquid to a vapor. The liquid will Required FL: The Required FL is the FL change to a vapor below the vapor value calculated for a particular service pressure and a vapor will change to a liquid condition. It indicates the required FL above the vapor pressure. The vapor needed to avoid choked flow. If the Rated pressure increases as the temperature FL is less than the Required FL, the liquid increases. flow will be choked with cavitation.

//data/public/pdf/valve-sizing-maual.doc 4 of 43 10/10/2008 Norriseal – P.O. Box 40525 Houston TX 77240-052–- Ph: (713) 466-3552, Fax: (713) 896-7386 Choked Flow: Liquid flow will become accurately calculate the CV, flow velocity choked when the trim's vena contracta is and flow noise. The program will also show filled with vapor from cavitation or flashing. messages when unusual conditions occur Vapor flow also will become choked when such as cavitation, flashing, high velocity or the flow velocity at the vena contracta high noise. The results from Norriseal’s reaches sonic. A choked flow rate is Valve Sizing Program are only one element limited, a further decrease of the outlet of the valve selection process. Knowledge pressure does not increase flow. Choked and judgment are also required. This flow is also called critical flow. manual will give the user some of the sizing basics. Cavitation: Cavitation is a two stage liquid flow phenomena. The first stage is the The liquid, gas and steam CV calculation formation of vapor bubbles in the liquid as methods, in this manual, are in accordance the fluid passes through the trim and the with ISA 75.01 and the gas and steam flow pressure is reduced below the fluid's vapor noise calculations are in accordance with pressure. The second stage is the collapse ISA 75.07.01. These two ISA Standards of the vapor bubbles back to a liquid as the are in agreement with IEC-534. These fluid passes the vena contracta and the standards have worldwide acceptance as pressure recovers and increases above the the state of the art in CV and Flow Noise vapor pressure. The collapsing bubbles determination. are very destructive when they contact metal parts and the bubble collapse may OPERATING CONDITIONS produce high noise levels. The most important part of Valve Sizing is Flashing: Flashing is similar to cavitation obtaining the correct flowing conditions. If except the vapor bubbles do not collapse, they are incorrect or incomplete, the sizing as the downstream pressure remains less process will be faulty. There are two than the vapor pressure. The flow will common problems. First is having very remain a mixture of vapor and liquid. conservative conditions that overstate the CV and provide a valve less than ½ open at maximum required flow. The second is Laminar Flow: Most fluid flow is turbulent. stating only the maximum flow condition However, when the liquid flow velocity is that has minimum pressure drops and not very slow or the fluid is very viscous or stating the minimum flow conditions with both, the flow may become laminar. When high pressure drops that often induce the flow becomes laminar, the required C V cavitation or have very high rangeability is larger than for turbulent flow with similar requirements. conditions. The ISA sizing formulas adjust the C when laminar flow exists. V Fluid Properties Table 3 lists many fluid properties needed THE SIZING PROCESS for valve sizing. These fluid properties are The first sizing step is to determine the in Norriseal’s Valve Sizing Program’s required CV value for the application. Next database and do not need manual entry. determine if there are unusual conditions that may affect valve selection such as Rangeability: Rangeability is the ratio of cavitation, flashing, high flow velocities or maximum to minimum controllable CV. This high flow noise. The valve sizing process is also sometimes called CV Ratio or will determine the proper valve size, valve Turndown. The maximum flow for Norriseal trim size , valve trim style and actuator size. valves is at maximum travel. The minimum Norriseal’s Valve Sizing Program will controllable CV is where the Flow

//data/public/pdf/valve-sizing-maual.doc 5 of 43 10/10/2008 Norriseal – P.O. Box 40525 Houston TX 77240-052–- Ph: (713) 466-3552, Fax: (713) 896-7386 Characteristic (CV vs. Travel) initially CV AND FLOW SIZING FORMULAS deviates or where the valve trim cannot maintain a consistent flow rate. The Trim’s The following formulas are for information rangeability is not always the useable range and for understanding the sizing process. as seat erosion may be a governing factor. Norriseal’s Valve Sizing Program is A valve with a significant pressure drop at recommended for the calculation process. low flow rates should not be used to throttle Flow noise equations are not listed below near the seat for extended periods of time. as they are highly complex and should only be made on our verified computer program. The rangeability values, listed in Table 1, Formulas are shown both for calculation the apply to the rated CV, not the required CV. CV when the flow rate is known and for For example, an application may require a calculating the flow when the CV is known. maximum CV of 170. A 4” Equal Percentage Trim may be selected that has CV Formulas for Liquid Flow a maximum CV of 195. Using the rangeability value for this trim, the minimum P1  P2 CV is 195/100=19.5, not 170/100=17. Required FL  P1  PFVF

Valve applications subject to pressures PV FF  0. 96  0. 28 from nature, such as gas and oil PC production, are usually sized for full flow at about 80% open as the pressure may be If the Rated FL is larger than the Required unknown when the valve is sized and the FL: pressure may vary with time. Q Gf P1  P2 C V  or Q  CFFV P R Those valve applications with fairly FFP R P1  P2 Gf consistent inlet pressures, such as process control and power applications are usually When the Rated FL is smaller than the sized at full travel. The valve specifier Required FL, choked flow exists in the vena usually includes a fair margin of safety in contracta limiting the flow. the stated sizing conditions. If the valve supplier includes additional safety, such as If the Rated FL is smaller than the Required full flow at 80% open, the valve may be at FL: full flow at less than ½ travel giving poor Q G f performance. CV  FP FL Rated  P1 FF PV Table 1 - TRIM RANGEABILITY or Rang P F P Valve Trim Q  C F F (Rated) 1 F V ability V P L G Equal Percent - Balanced Cage Control 100:1 f 2 Linear - Balanced Cage Control 100:1 P for choked flow  FPL  1  FPF V   psi

Quick Opening - Balanced Cage Control 30:1 P for incipient cavitation  KC P1  PV   psi DB I - Balanced Cage Control 100:1 DB II & CAV II - Balanced Cage Control 100:1 (See discussion in “Choked Flow and Modified Percent - Balanced Plug Control 50:1 Incipient Cavitation” section) Modified Percent - Unbalanced Plug Control 25:1 V Control Ball 300:1

//data/public/pdf/valve-sizing-maual.doc 6 of 43 10/10/2008 Norriseal – P.O. Box 40525 Houston TX 77240-052–- Ph: (713) 466-3552, Fax: (713) 896-7386 CV Formulas for Vapor Flow FLOW VELOCITY FORMULAS

P1  P2 Flow Velocity for Liquid Flow x  Limit x  x T P1 k x Liquid Flow Velocity through the Valve: FK  Y 1  0.408 Q 1.4 3 FK xT VV  2  Ft./ Sec. Db If the flow rate is in volumetric units, SCFH, then Liquid Flow Velocity through the Pipe: 0.408 Q Q G g T Z VP  2  Ft./ Sec. C V  DP 1360 F P P1 Y x or Flow Velocity for Vapor Flow x Q  1360 C F P Y V P 1 G T Z g Downstream Specific Volume for a Gas

10.72 T Z 3 Vapor: V2   Ft./Lb. MP2 If the flow rate is in mass flow units, Lb./Hr., W C V  Downstream Specific Volume for Steam: 63 3. F Y x P  P 1 1 V  Refer to Keenan & Keyes’ Steam then 2 or Tables

W  63 3. C V F P Y x P1  1 Vapor Flow Velocity through the Valve: .3 06WV .0 234QG To convert SCFH to Lb./Hr.: V  2  g Ft /. Min. W=0.0764 Q G = Lb./Hr. V 2 2 g DV DV Vapor Flow Velocity through the Pipe: Specific Gravity of a Vapor  .3 06WV .0 234QG V 2 g Ft /. Min. Molecular Weight of the Vapor P  2  2  DP DP Molecular Weight of Air Sonic Velocity of a Vapor Fluid:

VSONIC  4650 PV2 2  Ft./ Min. CV Formulas for Two Phase Flow VaporFlowVelocity,V orV Pressure Drop for liquid phase = Mach Number:  V P 2 VSONIC Pf  FL P1 FF PV 

Pressure Drop for vapor phase =

 Pg  FK xT P1 ff = weight fraction of total flow as liquid fg = weight fraction of total flow as vapor

W ff fg CV   2 63. 3 FP PF 1f Pg 1g Y

//data/public/pdf/valve-sizing-maual.doc 7 of 43 10/10/2008 Norriseal – P.O. Box 40525 Houston TX 77240-052–- Ph: (713) 466-3552, Fax: (713) 896-7386 Nomenclature Subscripts: C = Valve Flow Coefficient. 1 = Inlet conditions V 2 = Outlet conditions DB = Inside Diameter of Valve Body Outlet = Inches. See Table 5. v = Valve p = Pipe DP = Inside Diameter of Outlet Pipe = Inches. f = Liquid F = Liquid Critical Pressure Ratio Factor: g = Vapor F b = Body Fk = Ratio of specific Heats Factor. FL = Liquid Pressure Recovery Factor. FL Required = The FL factor to avoid Choked Flow. FL Rated = The FL factor rated for individual Trim Styles. See Table 4. FP = Piping Geometry Factor, If the valve size and pipe size are equal us 1.0, if not refer to ISA 75.01 section 4.3. FR = Reynolds Number Factor, Normally = 1.0 but varies with very slow fluid velocities or very viscous fluids. Refer to ISA 75.01 section 4.4. Gf = Specific Gravity of a Liquid relative to water at 60 F. Gg = Specific Gravity of a Vapor relative to air at 60 F 14.7 PSIA. k = Ratio of specific Heats. See Table 3. KC = Cavitation Index. See Table 4. M = Molecular Weight. See Table 3. P1 = Valve Inlet Pressure (psia). P2 = Valve Outlet Pressure (psia). PC = Fluid’s Critical Pressure (psia). See Table 3. PV = Fluid’s Vapor Pressure (psia). Q = Volumetric Flow Rate: Liquids (GPM) Vapor (SCFH) T = Fluid Temperature in Degrees Rankine. R = F + 460.

V2 = Specific Volume of vapor, either gas or steam = Ft.3 / Lb. W = Mass Flow Rate = Lb./Hr. x = Pressure Drop Ratio. xT = Maximum Pressure Drop Ratio, varies with Trim Style. See Table 4. Y = Fluid Expansion Factor for vapor flow. Z = Compressibility Factor for vapor flow. Usually 1.0. Refer ISA Handbook of Control Valves, 2nd Edition, pages 488-490.  = Specific Weight = Lb./Ft.3

//data/public/pdf/valve-sizing-maual.doc 8 of 43 10/10/2008 Norriseal – P.O. Box 40525 Houston TX 77240-052–- Ph: (713) 466-3552, Fax: (713) 896-7386 Flow velocity of a vapor, gas or steam, Conversion to Cg and Cs physically cannot exceed sonic velocity or Not all valve suppliers use the ISA sizing Mach 1.0. Vapor flow is physically limited coefficient and may use a Cg or Cs value at sonic velocity and becomes choked. The instead. The ISA CV coefficient can be choked sonic limitation may apply either at converted to Cg or Cs using these the valve trim or at the valve body’s outlet. equations. When the flow rate increases with the velocity at the valve’s outlet at sonic, the C  C  conversion factor valve’s outlet pressure will rise increasing g V the fluid density and allowing a higher flow C  conversion factor C  V rate still limited at sonic velocity. When a s 20 sizing program shows a Valve MACH Cg Number exceeding 1, the inputted outlet CV   conversion factor pressure is incorrect. Increase P2 until the C 20 MACH number equal 1.0. This determines C  s the valve’s outlet pressure that develops to V  conversion factor increase the fluid density sufficiently for the fluid to flow out of the valve at sonic velocity. The specifier may write a lower Table 2 - Cg Conversion Factors pressure that may occur further Valve General DB I DB II downstream after the piping system causes Size additional pressure drops. 1” 32.3 35.1 30 1.5” 32.7 37.8 30 The ISA noise prediction formulas for vapor 2” 32.6 38.8 30 flow loses accuracy at Mach numbers 3” 32.2 38.1 30 larger than .33. 4” 33.5 38.9 30 6” 34.8 N/A 30 8” 35.6 N/A 30

//data/public/pdf/valve-sizing-maual.doc 9 of 43 10/10/2008 Norriseal – P.O. Box 40525 Houston TX 77240-052–- Ph: (713) 466-3552, Fax: (713) 896-7386 Table 3 - FLUID PROPERTIES Fluid Molecular Critical Critical Ratio of Name Form Weight Pressure Temperature specific of Liquid Heats Fluid Gas M Pc psia Tc (F) k Acetylene G 26.038 905.04 95.27 1.26 Air G 28.966 546. 79 -220.99 1.4 Ammonia L G 17.031 1637.48 270.59 1.31 Argon G 39.948 706.34 -188.23 1.668 Benzene L G 78.114 713.59 552.11 1.08 Butane G 58.124 529.39 274.91 1.1 Butanol L 74.123 639.62 553.55 Butene-1 G 56.108 583.4 295.6 1.11 Butylene Oxide L 63.6 Butadiene L 54.092 652.5 339 1.12 1-Butene L 56.108 583.4 295.6 1.11 n-Butane G 58.1243 551.1 305.7 1.1 Isobutane G 58.124 529.10 274.90 1.11 n-Butanol L 638.3 Isobutylene L 56.108 580.5 292.6 1.12 Carbon Dioxide L G 44.01 1070.38 87.71 1.295 Carbon Monoxide L G 28.01 507.63 -220.45 1.395 Carbon Tetrachloride L 153.82 661.37 541.85 1.067 Chlorine L G 70.906 1116.79 291.29 1.355 Chlorobenzene L 112.559 655.62 678.32 1.1 Chloroform L 119.38 786.11 505.13 Chloroprene L 616.5 Cyclobutane L 56.108 723.24 367.82 1.14 Cyclohexane L 84.162 590.30 536.45 Cyclopentane L 70.135 654.15 460.88 1.11 Cyclopropane L 42.081 797.71 256.37 Crude Oil L Ethane L G 30.07 707.79 90.05 1.18 Ethanol L 46.069 925.34 469.49 1.13 Ethylbenzene L 106.168 523.2 651.1 1.072 Ethyl Chloride G 64.515 754.20 369.05 1.13 Ethyl Oxide L 1052.2 Ethylene L G 28.054 732.44 49.91 1.22 Ethylene Glycol L 62.069 1117.2 Triethylene Glycol L Freon 11 L G 137.37 635.00 338.00 1.14 Freon 12 L G 120.92 596.90 234.00 1.14 Freon 22 L G 86.48 716.00 204.80 1.18 Helium G 4.003 33.36 -450.33 1.66 Heptane G 100.205 396.8 512.7 1.05 Hydrazine L 32.045 2132.06 716.09 Hydrogen L G 2.016 188.55 -399.73 1.412 Hydrogen Bromide L 80.912 1240 193.76 1.4 Hydrogen Chloride L G 36.461 1205.27 124.79 1.41 Hydrogen Floride L 20.006 941.30 370.49 Hydrogen Iodide L 127.91 1205.27 303.35 Hydrogen Sulphide G 34.076 1296.64 229.91 1.32

//data/public/pdf/valve-sizing-maual.doc 10 of 43 10/10/2008 Norriseal – P.O. Box 40525 Houston TX 77240-052–- Ph: (713) 466-3552, Fax: (713) 896-7386 Fluid Molecular Critical Critical Ratio of Name Form Weight Pressure Temperature specific of Liquid Heats Fluid Gas M Pc psia Tc (F) k Isoprene L 532.1 Methane L G 16.043 667.17 -116.77 1.31 Methanol L 32.042 1153.05 463.01 Methyl Chloride L G 50.49 968.85 289.67 1.2 1-Methylchloride L 84.922 889.08 458.33 O-Methylene Chloride L 910.9 Napthalene L 128.17 587.40 887.45 Natural Gas G 19.5 670 -80 1.27 Neon G 20.179 400.30 -379.75 1.667 Nitric Oxide L G 30.006 941.30 -135.67 Nitrogen L G 28.013 493.13 -232.51 1.4 Nitrogen Dioxide L 46.006 1479.8 316.52 1.29 Nitrous Oxide L G 44.013 1050.08 97.61 n-Nonane G 128.259 335.1 610.6 1.04 n-Octane G 114.23 362.60 456.35 1.05 Oxygen L G 31.999 730.99 -181.39 1.397 Pentane G 72.151 488.78 385.61 1.07 Phenol L 94.113 889.56 789.56 1.09 Propane L G 44.097 617.86 205.97 1.13 n-Propanol L 751.3 Propene G 42.1 661 198 1.14 Propylene L 42.081 667.17 197.51 1.154 Propyl Oxide L 714.7 Sea Water/Brine L 18 3200 705.47 1.33 Sulfuric Acid L Sulfur Dioxide L G 64.059 1142.90 315.59 1.29 Sulfur Trioxide L 80.058 1190.7 423.8 Tolulene L 92.141 587.40 609.53 1.06 Water L G 18.015 3208.24 705.47 1.335 M-Xylene L 106.168 514.4 650.9 1.072 O-xylene L 106.168 540.8 674.7 1.049 P-xylene L 106.168 510 649.5 1.073

Table 4 - FL, KC & XT Factors F Valve Trim Style L K X Rated C T CAV II Cage Control .94 .80  DB I Cage Control   .75 DB II Cage Control   .75 Plug Control (Flow Up) .90 .65 .70 Ported Cage Control (Flow Up) .90 .65 .70 Ported Cage Control (Flow Down) .90 .65 .75 Butterfly Valve .65 .30 .38 V Control Ball Valve .57 .22 .25  = No value for vapor flow  = No value for liquid flow

//data/public/pdf/valve-sizing-maual.doc 11 of 43 10/10/2008 Norriseal – P.O. Box 40525 Houston TX 77240-052–- Ph: (713) 466-3552, Fax: (713) 896-7386 Table 5 - Flanged Body Inlet and Outlet Diameters Nominal ANSI Pressure Class Body Size 150 300 600 900 1500 2500 1 1.06" 1.06" 1.06" 1.00" 1.00" 1.00" 1.5 1.63" 1.63" 1.63" 1.63" 1.63" 1.50" 2 2.06" 2.00" 2.00" 2.00" 2.00" 1.75" 3 3.00" 3.00" 3.00" 3.00" 2.69" 2.69" 4 4.00" 4.00" 4.00" 4.00" 3.69" 3.44" 6 6.00" 6.00" 6.00" 5.75" 5.75" 5.50" 8 8.00" 8.00" 8.00" 7.62" 7.25" 7.00"

SEAT LEAKAGE

The Fluids Control Institute (FCI) Standard ANSI/FCI 70.2 establishes a Valve’s allowable seat Leakage Rate. The standard recognizes five degrees of seat tightness.

Table 6 - ALLOWABLE SEAT LEAKAGE CLASSES Maximum Seat Test Test Relative Seat Leakage Class Leakage Fluid Pressure Tightness Class II 0.5% of rated CV Water 45 to 60 PSI 1.0 Class IIA (Norriseal) 0.2% of rated CV Water 45 to 60 PSI 2.5 Class III 0.1% of rated CV Water 45 to 60 PSI 5.0 Class IV 0.01% of rated CV Water 45 to 60 PSI 50 0.0005 ml /min/inch Max Operating Class V Water 300,000 of trim size/ P(PSI) P Class VI About 0.9 ml/min  Air 50 PSI 600,000  Leakage rate varies by valve size, Refer to the Standard ANSI/FCI 70.2. Norriseal offers Class IIA (Norriseal), Class IV, Class V & Class IV The Relative Seat Tightness is at a 50 P. For example, a Class IV leakage rate is 1/50 as much as Class II Class VI is for resilient seated valves; the other classes are for metallic seats.

ACTUATOR SIZING

The actuator sizing process matches our condition. The flowing conditions also actuator’s force output with our valve trim’s require an adequate match between the required stem forces. The result is the actuator and trim forces but the shut off maximum obtainable pressure drop at the condition is dominant and determines the different seat leakage classes. The allowable. process considers the valve’s shut off 2 2   UA  UnbalancedArea BalancedTrim  Cage ID   Seat ID   = In2    4 2   UA  UnbalancedArea UnbalancedTrim   Seat ID   = In2  4 CL  Seat Contact Load   Seat ID  Load Factor = Lb./In. of circumference Load Factors vary with seat leakage class

//data/public/pdf/valve-sizing-maual.doc 12 of 43 10/10/2008 Norriseal – P.O. Box 40525 Houston TX 77240-052–- Ph: (713) 466-3552, Fax: (713) 896-7386 PF = Packing Friction (Teflon Packing)= 25 Lb. PF = Packing Friction (Grafoil Packing)= (Stem Dia.) (P1) (Packing Height) (.15) PF for Grafoil Packing friction should never be less than 25 Lb. 2 2  RF Plug Seal Ring Friction  Cage ID  2    Cage ID   Seal Groove  0. 03 P   4 Direct Actuator Output = (Effective Diaph. Area) (Actuator Press.- Final Spring Pressure) Reverse Actuator Output = (Effective Diaph. Area) (Initial Final Spring Pressure)

The “Initial Spring Pressure” is the actuator pressure when the valve stem begins to move. The “Final Spring Pressure” is the actuator pressure when the valve stem reaches full travel.

 Actuator Output  PF RF CL Allowable P   For Balanced Trim Flow to Close UA Actuator Output  PF CL Allowable P   For Unbalanced Trim Flow to Open UA

P Tables

The following eleven tables contain The allowable pressure drop cannot exceed calculated P pressures, in psi, using the the Body’s ANSI pressure rating. above formulas. The first four tables are for No. 9, 12, 16, & 18 actuators and valves The table’s first column for direct acting with balanced trim and Teflon packing, the actuators is the air supply pressure to the second four are with Grafoil packing.. The actuator. A 3-15 psi actuator spring is four Grafoil packing tables show lower assumed. If a 6-30 psi spring is used in a allowable due to the significantly higher direct actuator, add 15 to the pressure in friction with Grafoil packing. The last three the first column. are for unbalanced trims with No. 9, 12 & 16 actuators. The table’s first column for reverse acting actuators is the initial pressure The difference in the allowable P corresponding to the amount of pressures for the Seat Leakage Classes compression in the actuator’s spring when requires different seat contact forces. A the valve is closed. The “Initial air pressure lower leakage rate, except for Class VI, is is actuator diaphragm pressure when the obtained by increasing the net seat contact valve begins to open. The final air pressure force. Leakage Classes IV & VI (resilient is determined by adding 12 psi to the initial seat) share the same contact forces and air pressure of a 3-15 psi spring and by allowable pressures even though their adding 24 psi to the initial air pressure of a leakage rates are quite different. 6-30 psi.

//data/public/pdf/valve-sizing-maual.doc 13 of 43 10/10/2008 Norriseal – P.O. Box 40525 Houston TX 77240-052–- Ph: (713) 466-3552, Fax: (713) 896-7386 Table 7 ALLOWABLE PRESSURE DROP RATINGS FOR 2700A CAGE CONTROL TRIM TEFLON PACKING, FLOW DOWN, No. 9 Direct Actuator, 3 to 15 psi Spring Allowable Pressure Drops (PSI) Air Supply Leakage Trim Size Pressure Class 1” 1.5” 2” 3” 4” 18 II 94 23 18 IV & VI 18 V 20 II 312 223 175 92 20 IV & VI 59 20 V 22 II 529 423 370 278 144 22 IV & VI 277 82 22 V 24 II 747 623 564 465 296 24 IV & VI 494 282 165 24 V 27 II 1,074 923 855 744 523 27 IV & VI 821 583 457 233 27 V 30 II 1,400 1,223 1,147 1,024 751 30 IV & VI 1,147 883 748 513 197 30 V 10 33 II 1,726 1,524 1,438 1,304 979 33 IV & VI 1,474 1,183 1,039 792 425 33 V 336 36 II 1,944 1,724 1,633 1,490 1,130 36 IV & VI 1,691 1,383 1,234 979 577 36 V 554 Usually direct acting actuators use a 3-15 psi spring. With an 18 psi air supply pressure, there is a 3 psi (18-15=3) net closure force on the trim, or for a 27 psi supply the net closure force is 12 psi. If a 6-30 psi spring is used in a direct acting actuator, add 15 to pressure in the air supply column.

ALLOWABLE PRESSURE DROP RATINGS FOR 2700A CAGE CONTROL TRIM TEFLON PACKING, FLOW DOWN, No. 9 Reverse Actuator Allowable Pressure Drops (PSI) Initial Air Leakage Pressure* Class Trim Size 1” 1.5” 2” 3” 4” 3 II 94 23 3 IV & VI 3 V 6 II 421 323 273 185 68 6 IV & VI 168 6 V 9 II 747 623 564 465 296 9 IV & VI 494 282 165 9 V 12 II 1,074 923 855 744 523 12 IV & VI 821 583 457 233 12 V  The Initial air pressure is actuator diaphragm pressure when the valve begins to open. For example, a 3-15 has an initial pressure of 3 psi. The spring may have additional compression to provide the 6, 9 and 12 psi initial pressures.

//data/public/pdf/valve-sizing-maual.doc 14 of 43 10/10/2008 Norriseal – P.O. Box 40525 Houston TX 77240-052–- Ph: (713) 466-3552, Fax: (713) 896-7386 Table 8 ALLOWABLE PRESSURE DROP RATINGS FOR 2700A CAGE CONTROL TRIM TEFLON PACKING, FLOW DOWN, No.12 Direct Actuator, 3 to 15 psi Spring Air Allowable Pressure Drops (PSI) Leakage Supply Class Trim Size Pressure 1" 1.5" 2" 3" 4" 18 II 421 323 273 185 68 18 IV & VI 168 18 V 20 II 856 723 661 558 372 20 IV & VI 603 382 262 47 20 V 22 II 1,291 1,123 1,050 931 675 22 IV & VI 1,038 783 651 420 121 22 V - 24 II 1,726 1,524 1,438 1,304 979 24 IV & VI 1,474 1,183 1,039 792 425 24 V 336 - 27 II 2,379 2,124 2,021 1,863 1,434 27 IV & VI 2,126 1,784 1,622 1,352 880 27 V 989 251 30 II 3,032 2,725 2,604 2,422 1,890 30 IV & VI 2,779 2,384 2,205 1,911 1,336 30 V 1,642 851 410 33 II 3,685 3,325 3,187 2,981 2,345 33 IV & VI 3,432 2,984 2,788 2,470 1,791 33 V 2,295 1,452 993 171 36 II 4,120 3,725 3,575 3,354 2,649 36 IV & VI 3,867 3,385 3,177 2,843 2,095 36 V 2,730 1,852 1,382 543 Usually direct acting actuators use a 3-15 psi spring. With an 18 psi air supply pressure, there is a 3 psi (18-15=3) net closure force on the trim, or for a 27 psi supply the net closure force is 12 psi. If a 6-30 psi spring is used in a direct acting actuator, add 15 to pressure in the air supply column.

ALLOWABLE PRESSURE DROP RATINGS FOR 2700A CAGE CONTROL TRIM TEFLON PACKING, FLOW DOWN, No. 12 Reverse Actuator Allowable Pressure Drops (PSI) Initial Leakage Air Class Trim Size Pressure* 1" 1.5" 2" 3" 4" 3 II 421 323 273 185 68 3 IV & VI 168 3 V 6 II 1,074 923 855 744 523 6 IV & VI 821 583 457 233 6 V 9 II 1,726 1,524 1,438 1,304 979 9 IV & VI 1,474 1,183 1,039 792 425 9 V 336 12 II 2,379 2,124 2,021 1,863 1,434 12 IV & VI 2,126 1,784 1,622 1,352 880 12 V 989 251  The Initial air pressure is actuator diaphragm pressure when the valve begins to open. For example, a 3- 15 has an initial pressure of 3 psi. The spring may have additional compression to provide the 6, 9 & 12 psi initial pressures.

//data/public/pdf/valve-sizing-maual.doc 15 of 43 10/10/2008 Norriseal – P.O. Box 40525 Houston TX 77240-052–- Ph: (713) 466-3552, Fax: (713) 896-7386 Table 9 ALLOWABLE PRESSURE DROP RATINGS FOR 2700A CAGE CONTROL TRIM TEFLON PACKING, FLOW DOWN, No.16 Direct Actuator, 3 to 15 psi Spring Allowable Pressure Drops (PSI) Air Leakage Supply Class Trim Size Pressure 1" 1.5" 2" 3" 4" 18 II 887 752 689 584 393 18 IV & VI 634 411 290 73 18 V 20 II 1,633 1,438 1,355 1,224 914 20 IV & VI 1,380 1,097 956 713 360 20 V 243 22 II 2,379 2,124 2,021 1,863 1,434 22 IV & VI 2,126 1,784 1,622 1,352 880 22 V 989 251 24 II 3,125 2,810 2,687 2,502 1,955 24 IV & VI 2,873 2,470 2,288 1,991 1,401 24 V 1,735 937 494 27 II 4,244 3,840 3,686 3,461 2,735 27 IV & VI 3,992 3,499 3,288 2,950 2,181 27 V 2,854 1,966 1,493 650 30 II 5,364 4,869 4,686 4,420 3,516 30 IV & VI 5,111 4,529 4,287 3,908 2,962 30 V 3,973 2,996 2,492 1,609 470 33 II 6,483 5,899 5,685 5,378 4,297 33 IV & VI 6,230 5,558 5,286 4,867 3,743 33 V 5,093 4,025 3,491 2,568 1,250 36 II 7,229 6,585 6,351 6,017 4,817 36 IV & VI 6,976 6,244 5,952 5,506 4,263 36 V 5,839 4,711 4,157 3,207 1,777 Usually direct acting actuators use a 3-15 psi spring. With an 18 psi air supply pressure, there is a 3 psi (18-15=3) net closure force on the trim, or for a 27 psi supply the net closure force is 12 psi. If a 6-30 psi spring is used in a direct acting actuator, add 15 to pressure in the air supply column.

ALLOWABLE PRESSURE DROP RATINGS FOR 2700A CAGE CONTROL TRIM TEFLON PACKING, FLOW DOWN, No.16 Reverse Actuator Allowable Pressure Drops (PSI) Initial Leakage Air Class Trim Size Pressure 1" 1.5" 2" 3" 4" 3 II 887 752 689 584 393 3 IV & VI 634 411 290 73 3 V 6 II 2,006 1,781 1,688 1,543 1,174 6 IV & VI 1,753 1,440 1,289 1,032 620 6 V 616 9 II 3,125 2,810 2,687 2,502 1,955 9 IV & VI 2,873 2,470 2,288 1,991 1,401 9 V 1,735 937 494 12 II 4,244 3,840 3,686 3,461 2,735 12 IV & VI 3,992 3,499 3,288 2,950 2,181 12 V 2,854 1,966 1,493 650  The Initial air pressure is actuator diaphragm pressure when the valve begins to open. For example, a 3- 15 has an initial pressure of 3 psi. The spring may have additional compression to provide the 6, 9 & 12 psi initial pressures.

//data/public/pdf/valve-sizing-maual.doc 16 of 43 10/10/2008 Norriseal – P.O. Box 40525 Houston TX 77240-052–- Ph: (713) 466-3552, Fax: (713) 896-7386 Table 10 ALLOWABLE PRESSURE DROP RATINGS FOR 2700A CAGE CONTROL TRIM TEFLON PACKING, FLOW DOWN, No.18 Direct Actuator, 3 to 15 psi Spring Allowable Pressure Drops (PSI) Air Leakage Supply Class Trim Size Pressure 1" 1.5" 2" 3" 4" 6” 8” 18 II 1,447 1,266 1,189 1,064 784 333 177 18 IV & VI 1,194 926 790 553 230 18 V 56 56 20 II 2,566 2,296 2,188 2,023 1,564 759 500 20 IV & VI 2,313 1,955 1,789 1,512 1,010 300 24 20 V 1,176 422 22 II 3,685 3,325 3,187 2,981 2,345 1,185 824 22 IV & VI 3,432 2,984 2,788 2,470 1,791 726 348 22 V 2,295 24 II 4,804 4,354 4,186 3,940 3,126 1,611 1,147 24 IV & VI 4,551 4,014 3,787 3,429 2,572 1,152 671 24 V 3,414 2,481 1,992 1,129 79 27 II 6,483 5,899 5,685 5,378 4,297 2,250 1,632 27 IV & VI 6,230 5,558 5,286 4,867 3,743 1,791 1,156 27 V 5,093 4,025 3,491 2,568 1,250 30 II 8,161 7,443 7,183 6,816 5,468 2,889 2,117 30 IV & VI 7,909 7,102 6,785 6,305 4,914 2,430 1,641 30 V 6,771 5,569 4,990 4,006 2,421 363 33 II 9,840 8,987 8,682 8,255 6,639 3,528 2,602 33 IV & VI 9,587 8,646 8,283 7,744 6,085 3,069 2,127 33 V 8,450 7,113 6,489 5,444 3,592 1,002 36 II 10959 10,016 9,681 9,213 7,419 3,954 2,926 36 IV & VI 10706 9,675 9,283 8,702 6,866 3,495 2,450 36 V 9,569 8,143 7,488 6,403 4,373 1,428 309 Usually direct acting actuators use a 3-15 psi spring. With an 18 psi air supply pressure, there is a 3 psi (18-15=3) net closure force on the trim, or for a 27 psi supply the net closure force is 12 psi. If a 6-30 psi spring is used in a direct acting actuator, add 15 to pressure in the air supply column.

ALLOWABLE PRESSURE DROP RATINGS FOR 2700A CAGE CONTROL TRIM TEFLON PACKING, FLOW DOWN, No.18 Reverse Actuator Allowable Pressure Drops (PSI)  Initial Leakage Air Class Trim Size Pressure 1" 1.5" 2" 3" 4" 6” 8” 3 II 1,447 1,266 1,189 1,064 784 333 177 3 IV & VI 1,194 926 790 553 230 3 V 56 6 II 3,125 2,810 2,687 2,502 1,955 972 662 6 IV & VI 2,873 2,470 2,288 1,991 1,401 513 186 6 V 1,735 937 494 9 II 4,804 4,354 4,186 3,940 3,126 1,611 1,147 9 IV & VI 4,551 4,014 3,787 3,429 2,572 1,152 671 9 V 3,414 2,481 1,992 1,129 79 12 II 6,483 5,899 5,685 5,378 4,297 2,250 1,632 12 IV & VI 6,230 5,558 5,286 4,867 3,743 1,791 1,156 12 V 5,093 4,025 3,491 2,568 1,250  The Initial air pressure is actuator diaphragm pressure when the valve begins to open. For example, a 3- 15 has an initial pressure of 3 psi. The spring may have additional compression to provide the 6, 9 & 12 psi initial pressures.

//data/public/pdf/valve-sizing-maual.doc 17 of 43 10/10/2008 Norriseal – P.O. Box 40525 Houston TX 77240-052–- Ph: (713) 466-3552, Fax: (713) 896-7386 Table 11 ALLOWABLE PRESSURE DROP RATINGS FOR 2700A CAGE CONTROL TRIM GRAFOIL PACKING, FLOW DOWN, No.9 Direct Actuator, 3 to 15 psi Spring Air Allowable Pressure Drops (PSI) Leakage Supply Class Trim Size Pressure 1" 1.5" 2" 3" 4" 18 II 94 23 18 IV & VI 18 V 20 II 299 223 175 92 20 IV & VI 59 20 V 22 II 453 381 343 275 144 22 IV & VI 274 82 22 V 24 II 607 527 487 415 290 24 IV & VI 428 278 165 24 V 27 II 838 747 702 625 471 27 IV & VI 659 498 407 233 27 V 30 II 1,070 967 918 835 653 30 IV & VI 891 718 623 451 197 30 V 10 33 II 1,301 1,187 1,133 1,045 834 33 IV & VI 1,122 937 838 661 393 33 V 316 36 II 1,455 1,333 1,277 1,185 955 36 IV & VI 1,376 1084 982 801 514 36 V 470 Usually direct acting actuators use a 3-15 psi spring. With an 18 psi air supply pressure, there is a 3 psi (18-15=3) net closure force on the trim, or for a 27 psi supply the net closure force is 12 psi. If a 6-30 psi spring is used in a direct acting actuator, add 15 to pressure in the air supply column.

ALLOWABLE PRESSURE DROP RATINGS FOR 2700A CAGE CONTROL TRIM TEFLON PACKING, FLOW DOWN, No.9 Reverse Actuator Allowable Pressure Drops (PSI) Initial  Leakage Air Class Trim Size Pressure 1" 1.5" 2" 3" 4" 3 II 94 23 3 IV & VI 3 V 6 II 376 308 271 185 68 6 IV & VI 168 6 V 9 II 607 527 487 415 290 9 IV & VI 428 278 165 9 V 12 II 838 747 702 625 471 12 IV & VI 659 498 407 233 12 V  The Initial air pressure is actuator diaphragm pressure when the valve begins to open. For example, a 3- 15 has an initial pressure of 3 psi. The spring may have additional compression to provide the 6, 9 & 12 psi initial pressures.

//data/public/pdf/valve-sizing-maual.doc 18 of 43 10/10/2008 Norriseal – P.O. Box 40525 Houston TX 77240-052–- Ph: (713) 466-3552, Fax: (713) 896-7386 Table 12 ALLOWABLE PRESSURE DROP RATINGS FOR 2700A CAGE CONTROL TRIM GRAFOIL PACKING, FLOW DOWN, No.12 Direct Actuator, 3 to 15 psi Spring Allowable Pressure Drops (PSI) Air Leakage Supply Class Trim Size Pressure 1" 1.5" 2" 3" 4" 18 II 376 308 271 185 68 18 IV & VI 168 18 V 20 II 684 601 559 485 350 20 IV & VI 505 351 262 47 20 V 22 II 993 894 846 765 592 22 IV & VI 813 644 551 381 121 22 V 24 II 1,301 1,187 1,133 1,045 834 24 IV & VI 1,122 937 838 661 393 24 V 316 27 II 1,763 1,626 1,565 1,464 1,197 27 IV & VI 1,584 1,377 1,270 1,081 756 27 V 778 251 30 II 2,226 2,066 1,996 1,884 1,560 30 IV & VI 2,047 1,816 1,701 1,500 1,118 30 V 1,241 694 373 33 II 2,689 2,505 2,427 2,304 1,922 33 IV & VI 2,510 2,256 2,132 1,920 1,481 33 V 1,704 1,134 804 171 36 II 2,997 2,798 2,714 2,583 2,164 36 IV & VI 2,818 2,549 2,419 2,200 1,723 36 V 2,012 1,427 1,092 474 Usually direct acting actuators use a 3-15 psi spring. With an 18 psi air supply pressure, there is a 3 psi (18-15=3) net closure force on the trim, or for a 27 psi supply the net closure force is 12 psi. If a 6-30 psi spring is used in a direct acting actuator, add 15 to pressure in the air supply column.

ALLOWABLE PRESSURE DROP RATINGS FOR 2700A CAGE CONTROL TRIM GRAFOIL PACKING, FLOW DOWN, No.12 Reverse Actuator Allowable Pressure Drops (PSI) Initial  Leakage Air Class Trim Size Pressure 1" 1.5" 2" 3" 4" 3 II 376 308 271 185 68 3 IV & VI 168 3 V 6 II 838 747 702 625 471 6 IV & VI 659 498 407 233 6 V 9 II 1,301 1,187 1,133 1,045 834 9 IV & VI 1,122 937 838 661 393 9 V 316 12 II 1,763 1,626 1,565 1,464 1,197 12 IV & VI 1,584 1,377 1,270 1,081 756 12 V 778 251  The Initial air pressure is actuator diaphragm pressure when the valve begins to open. For example, a 3- 15 has an initial pressure of 3 psi. The spring may have additional compression to provide the 6, 9 & 12 psi initial pressures.

//data/public/pdf/valve-sizing-maual.doc 19 of 43 10/10/2008 Norriseal – P.O. Box 40525 Houston TX 77240-052–- Ph: (713) 466-3552, Fax: (713) 896-7386 Table 13 ALLOWABLE PRESSURE DROP RATINGS FOR 2700A CAGE CONTROL TRIM GRAFOIL PACKING, FLOW DOWN, No.16 Direct Actuator, 3 to 15 psi Spring Allowable Pressure Drops (PSI) Air Leakage Supply Class Trim Size Pressure 1" 1.5" 2" 3" 4" 18 II 706 622 579 505 368 18 IV & VI 527 372 284 73 18 V 20 II 1,235 1124 1072 985 782 20 IV & VI 1,056 875 777 601 341 20 V 243 22 II 1,763 1,626 1,565 1,464 1,197 22 IV & VI 1,584 1,377 1,270 1,081 756 22 V 778 251 24 II 2,292 2,129 2,057 1,944 1,611 24 IV & VI 2,113 1,879 1,762 1,560 1,170 24 V 1,307 757 435 27 II 3,085 2,882 2,797 2,663 2,233 27 IV & VI 2,906 2,633 2,502 2,280 1,792 27 V 2,100 1,511 1,174 554 30 II 3,878 3,635 3,536 3,383 2,855 30 IV & VI 3,699 3,386 3,241 2,999 2,414 30 V 2,893 2,264 1,913 1,274 428 33 II 4,671 4,389 4,275 4,102 3,477 33 IV & VI 4,492 4,140 3,980 3,719 3,036 33 V 3,686 3,018 2,652 1,993 1,050 36 II 5,200 4,891 4,768 4,582 3,892 36 IV & VI 5,021 4,642 4,473 4,198 3,451 36 V 4,215 3,520 3,145 2,473 1,465 Usually direct acting actuators use a 3-15 psi spring. With an 18 psi air supply pressure, there is a 3 psi (18-15=3) net closure force on the trim, or for a 27 psi supply the net closure force is 12 psi. If a 6-30 psi spring is used in a direct acting actuator, add 15 to pressure in the air supply column.

ALLOWABLE PRESSURE DROP RATINGS FOR 2700A CAGE CONTROL TRIM GRAFOIL PACKING, FLOW DOWN, No.16 Reverse Actuator Allowable Pressure Drops (PSI) Initial  Leakage Air Class Trim Size Pressure 1" 1.5" 2" 3" 4" 3 II 706 622 579 505 368 3 IV & VI 527 372 284 73 3 V 6 II 1,499 1,375 1,318 1,224 990 6 IV & VI 1,320 1,126 1,023 841 548 6 V 514 9 II 2,292 2,129 2,057 1,944 1,611 9 IV & VI 2,113 1,879 1,762 1,560 1,170 9 V 1,307 757 435 12 II 3,085 2,882 2,797 2,663 2,233 12 IV & VI 2,906 2,633 2,502 2,280 1,792 12 V 2,100 1,511 1,174 554  The Initial air pressure is actuator diaphragm pressure when the valve begins to open. For example, a 3- 15 has an initial pressure of 3 psi. The spring may have additional compression to provide the 6, 9 & 12 psi initial pressures.

//data/public/pdf/valve-sizing-maual.doc 20 of 43 10/10/2008 Norriseal – P.O. Box 40525 Houston TX 77240-052–- Ph: (713) 466-3552, Fax: (713) 896-7386 Table 14 ALLOWABLE PRESSURE DROP RATINGS FOR 2700A CAGE CONTROL TRIM GRAFOIL PACKING, FLOW DOWN, No.18 Direct Actuator, 3 to 15 psi Spring Allowable Pressure Drops (PSI) Air Leakage Supply Class Trim Size Pressure 1" 1.5" 2" 3" 4" 6” 8” 18 II 1,103 998 949 865 679 311 175 18 IV & VI 924 749 654 481 230 18 V 56 20 II 1,896 1,752 1,688 1,584 1,301 671 455 20 IV & VI 1,717 1,502 1,393 1,201 859 283 24 20 V 911 381 22 II 2,689 2,505 2,427 2,304 1,922 1,031 735 22 IV & VI 2,510 2,256 2,132 1,920 1,481 643 323 22 V 1,704 1,134 804 171 24 II 3,482 3,259 3,166 3,023 2,544 1,391 1,015 24 IV & VI 3,303 3,009 2,871 2,639 2,103 1,003 603 24 V 2,497 1,887 1,543 914 79 27 II 4,671 4,389 4,275 4,102 3,477 1,930 1,435 27 IV & VI 4,492 4,140 3,980 3,719 3,036 1,542 1,023 27 V 3,686 3,018 2,652 1,993 1,050 30 II 5,861 5,519 5,384 5,181 4,410 2,470 1,854 30 IV & VI 5,681 5,270 5,089 4,798 3,969 2,082 1,443 30 V 4,876 4,148 3,761 3,072 1,983 336 33 II 7,050 6,649 6,492 6,260 5,343 3,010 2,274 33 IV & VI 6,871 6,400 6,197 5,877 4,902 2,622 1,862 33 V 6,065 5,278 4,870 4,151 2,916 876 36 II 7,843 7,403 7,232 6,980 5,965 3,369 2,554 36 IV & VI 7,664 7,153 6,937 6,596 5,524 2,982 2,142 36 V 6,858 6,031 5,609 4,871 3,538 1,236 290 Usually direct acting actuators use a 3-15 psi spring. With an 18 psi air supply pressure, there is a 3 psi (18-15=3) net closure force on the trim, or for a 27 psi supply the net closure force is 12 psi. If a 6-30 psi spring is used in a direct acting actuator, add 15 to pressure in the air supply column.

ALLOWABLE PRESSURE DROP RATINGS FOR 2700A CAGE CONTROL TRIM GRAFOIL PACKING, FLOW DOWN, No.18 Reverse Actuator Allowable Pressure Drops (PSI) Initial  Leakage Air Class Trim Size Pressure 1" 1.5" 2" 3" 4" 6” 8” 3 II 1,103 998 949 865 679 311 175 3 IV & VI 924 749 654 481 230 3 V 56 6 II 2,292 2,129 2,057 1,944 1,611 851 595 6 IV & VI 2,113 1,879 1,762 1,560 1,170 463 183 6 V 1,307 757 435 9 II 3,482 3,259 3,166 3,023 2,544 1,391 1,015 9 IV & VI 3,303 3,009 2,871 2,639 2,103 1,003 603 9 V 2,497 1,887 1,543 914 79 12 II 4,671 4,389 4,275 4,102 3,477 1,930 1,435 12 IV & VI 4,492 4,140 3,980 3,719 3,036 1,542 1,023 12 V 3,686 3,018 2,652 1,993 1,050  The Initial air pressure is actuator diaphragm pressure when the valve begins to open. For example, a 3- 15 has an initial pressure of 3 psi. The spring may have additional compression to provide the 6, 9 & 12 psi initial pressures.

//data/public/pdf/valve-sizing-maual.doc 21 of 43 10/10/2008 Norriseal – P.O. Box 40525 Houston TX 77240-052–- Ph: (713) 466-3552, Fax: (713) 896-7386 Table 15 ALLOWABLE PRESSURE DROP RATINGS FOR 2700A PLUG CONTROL TRIM, TEFLON PACKING FLOW UP, Direct Actuators, 3 to 15 psi Spring Allowable Pressure Drops (PSI) Air Leakage Trim Size Supply Class Pressure No 12 Direct Actuator No 16 Direct Actuator No 18 Direct Actuator 1.5" 2" 3" 4" 1.5" 2" 3" 4" 1.5" 2" 3" 4" 6” 8" II 1160 990 630 410 1980 1700 1080 700 2970 2550 1610 1060 650 300 18 IV 580 530 290 190 1000 910 500 320 1500 1370 750 480 320 90 II 1290 1100 700 460 2200 1890 1200 780 3300 2830 1790 1170 720 330 20 IV 970 890 490 310 1660 1520 840 530 2490 2280 1250 800 540 150 II 1410 1210 770 500 2420 2080 1310 860 3640 3110 1970 1290 800 360 22 IV 1360 1240 680 430 2330 2130 1170 740 3490 3200 1760 1120 750 220 II 1540 1320 840 550 2640 2260 1430 940 3970 3400 2150 1410 870 400 24 IV 1750 1600 880 560 2990 2740 1500 960 4490 4110 2260 1440 970 280 II 1740 1490 940 620 2970 2550 1610 1060 4460 3820 2420 1580 980 450 27 IV 2330 2130 1170 740 3990 3650 2010 1280 5990 5480 2260 1910 1290 370 II 1930 1650 1050 680 3300 2830 1790 1170 4960 4240 2690 1760 1090 500 30 IV 2910 2660 1460 930 4990 4570 2510 1590 5990 5480 2260 2390 1610 460 II 2120 1820 1150 750 3640 3110 1970 1290 5450 4670 2960 1940 1190 550 33 IV 3490 3200 1760 1120 5990 5480 3010 1910 5990 5480 2260 2390 1610 550 II 2250 1930 1220 800 3860 3300 2090 1370 5780 4950 3140 2050 1270 580 36 IV 3880 3550 1950 1240 6650 6090 3340 2130 5990 5480 2260 2390 2150 620 Usually direct acting actuators use a 3-15 psi spring. With an 18 psi air supply pressure, there is a 3 psi (18-15=3) net closure force on the trim, or for a 27 psi supply the net closure force is 12 psi. If a 6-30 psi spring is used in a direct acting actuator, add 15 to pressure in the air supply column.

ALLOWABLE PRESSURE DROP RATINGS FOR 2700A PLUG CONTROL TRIM, TEFLON PACKING FLOW UP, Reverse Actuators Allowable Pressure Drops (PSI) Initial * Leakage Trim Size Air Class Pressure No 12 Direct Actuator No 16 Direct Actuator No 18 Direct Actuator 1.5" 2" 3" 4" 1.5" 2" 3" 4" 1.5" 2" 3" 4" 6” 8" II 1160 990 630 410 1980 1700 1080 700 2970 2550 1610 1060 650 300 3 IV 580 530 290 190 1000 910 500 320 1500 1370 750 480 320 90 II 1350 1160 730 480 2310 1980 1250 820 3470 2970 1880 1230 760 350 6 IV 1160 1070 590 370 2000 1830 1000 640 2990 2740 1500 960 650 180 II 1540 1320 840 550 2640 2260 1430 940 3970 3400 2150 1410 870 400 9 IV 1750 1600 880 560 2990 2740 1500 960 4490 4110 2260 1440 970 280 II 1740 1490 940 620 2970 2550 1610 1060 4460 3820 2420 1580 980 450 12 IV 2330 2130 1170 740 3990 3650 2010 1280 5990 5480 2260 1910 1290 370  The Initial air pressure is actuator diaphragm pressure when the valve begins to open. For example, a 3-15 has an initial pressure of 3 psi. The spring may have additional compression to provide the 6, 9 & 12 psi initial pressures.

//data/public/pdf/valve-sizing-maual.doc 22 of 43 10/10/2008 Norriseal – P.O. Box 40525 Houston TX 77240-052–- Ph: (713) 466-3552, Fax: (713) 896-7386 Table 16 ALLOWABLE PRESS. DROP RATINGS FOR UNBALANCED TRIM TEFLON PACKING, FLOW UP, No.9 Direct Actuator, 3 to 15 psi Spring Air Allowable Pressure Drops (PSI) Leakage Supply Class Trim Size Pressure .125” .187" .250" .375" .500 .750 1.000 18 II 6,199 2,684 1,470 618 327 128 62 18 IV & VI 5,560 2,257 1,150 404 167 21 18 V 2,679 337 20 II >10000 5,220 2,896 1,251 684 286 151 20 IV & VI >10000 4,792 2,576 1,038 524 180 71 20 V >10000 2,872 1,136 78 22 II >10000 7,754 4,322 1,885 1,040 445 240 22 IV & VI >10000 7,328 4,002 1,672 880 338 160 22 V >10000 5,408 2,562 712 160 24 II >10000 >10000 5,748 2,519 1,397 603 329 24 IV & VI >10000 9,863 5,428 2,306 1,237 496 249 24 V >10000 7,943 3,988 1,346 517 16 27 II >10000 >10000 7,887 3,470 1,932 841 463 27 IV & VI >10000 >10000 7,567 3,256 1,772 734 383 27 V >10000 >10000 6,127 2,296 1,052 254 23 30 II >10000 >10000 >10000 4,420 2,466 1,078 597 30 IV & VI >10000 >10000 9,706 4,207 2,306 972 517 30 V >10000 >10000 8,266 3,247 1,586 492 157 33 II >10000 >10000 >10000 5,371 3,001 1,316 730 33 IV & VI >10000 >10000 >10000 5,158 2,841 1,209 650 33 V >10000 >10000 >10000 4,198 2,121 729 290 36 II >10000 >10000 >10000 6,005 3,358 1,475 819 36 IV & VI >10000 >10000 >10000 5,792 3,198 1,368 739 36 V >10000 >10000 >10000 4,832 2,478 888 379 Usually direct acting actuators use a 3-15 psi spring. With an 18 psi air supply pressure, there is a 3 psi (18-15=3) net closure force on the trim, or for a 27 psi supply the net closure force is 12 psi. If a 6-30 psi spring is used in a direct acting actuator, add 15 to pressure in the air supply column.

ALLOWABLE PRESS. DROP RATINGS FOR UNBALANCED TRIM TEFLON PACKING, FLOW UP, No.9 Reverse Actuator Allowable Pressure Drops (PSI) Initial  Leakage Air Class Trim Size Pressure .125” .187" .250" .375" .500 .750 1.000 3 II 6,199 2,684 1,470 618 327 128 62 3 IV & VI 5,560 2,257 1,150 404 167 21 3 V 2,679 337 6 II >10000 6,487 3,609 1,568 862 365 196 6 IV & VI >10000 6,060 3,289 1,355 702 259 116 6 V >10000 4140 1,849 395 9 II >10000 >10000 5,748 2,519 1,397 603 329 9 IV & VI >10000 9,863 5,428 2,306 1,237 496 249 9 V >10000 7,943 3,988 1,346 517 16 12 II >10000 >10000 7,887 3,470 1,932 841 463 12 IV & VI >10000 >10000 7,567 3,256 1,772 734 383 12 V >10000 >10000 6,127 2,296 1,052 254 23  The Initial air pressure is actuator diaphragm pressure when the valve begins to open. For example, a 3- 15 has an initial pressure of 3 psi. The spring may have additional compression to provide the 6, 9 & 12 psi initial pressures.

//data/public/pdf/valve-sizing-maual.doc 23 of 43 10/10/2008 Norriseal – P.O. Box 40525 Houston TX 77240-052–- Ph: (713) 466-3552, Fax: (713) 896-7386 Table 17 ALLOWABLE PRESS. DROP RATINGS FOR UNBALANCED TRIM TEFLON PACKING, FLOW UP, No.12 Direct Actuator, 3 to 15 psi Spring Air Allowable Pressure Drops (PSI) Leakage Supply Class Trim Size Pressure .187" .250" .375" .500 .750 1.000 18 II 6,487 3,609 1568 862 365 196 18 IV & VI 6,060 3,289 1355 702 259 116 18 V 4,140 1,849 395 20 II >10000 6,461 2,836 1,575 682 374 20 IV & VI >10000 6,141 2,626 1,415 576 294 20 V 9,210 4,701 1,663 695 96 22 II >10000 9,313 4,104 2,288 999 552 22 IV & VI >10000 8,993 3,890 2,128 893 472 22 V >10000 7,553 2,930 1,408 413 112 24 II >10000 >10000 5,371 3,001 1,316 730 24 IV & VI >10000 >10000 5,158 2,841 1,209 650 24 V >10000 >10000 4,198 2,121 729 290 27 II >10000 >10000 7,272 4,071 1,791 998 27 IV & VI >10000 >10000 7,059 3,911 1,685 918 27 V >10000 >10000 6,099 3,191 1,205 558 30 II >10000 >10000 9,174 5,140 2,267 1,265 30 IV & VI >10000 >10000 8,961 4,980 2,160 1,185 30 V >10000 >10000 8,001 4,260 1,680 825 33 II >10000 >10000 >10000 6,210 2,742 1,532 33 IV & VI >10000 >10000 >10000 6,050 2,635 1,452 33 V >10000 >10000 9,902 5,330 2,155 1,092 36 II >10000 >10000 >10000 6,923 3,059 1,711 36 IV & VI >10000 >10000 >10000 6,763 2,952 1,631 36 V >10000 >10000 >10000 6,043 2,472 1,271 Usually direct acting actuators use a 3-15 psi spring. With an 18 psi air supply pressure, there is a 3 psi (18-15=3) net closure force on the trim, or for a 27 psi supply the net closure force is 12 psi. If a 6-30 psi spring is used in a direct acting actuator, add 15 to pressure in the air supply column.

ALLOWABLE PRESS. DROP RATINGS FOR UNBALANCED TRIM TEFLON PACKING, FLOW UP, No.12 Reverse Actuator Allowable Pressure Drops (PSI) Initial  Leakage Air Class Trim Size Pressure .187" .250" .375" .500 .750 1.000 3 II 6,487 3,609 1,568 862 365 196 3 IV & VI 6,060 3,289 1,355 702 259 116 3 V 4,140 1,849 395 6 II >10000 7,887 3,470 1,932 841 463 6 IV & VI >10000 7,567 3,256 1,772 734 383 6 V >10000 6,127 2,296 1,052 254 23 9 II >10000 >10000 5,371 3,001 1,316 730 9 IV & VI >10000 >10000 5,158 2,841 1,209 650 9 V >10000 >10000 4,198 2,121 729 290 12 II >10000 >10000 7,272 4,071 1,791 998 12 IV & VI >10000 >10000 7,059 3,911 1,685 918 12 V >10000 >10000 6,099 3,191 1,205 558  The Initial air pressure is actuator diaphragm pressure when the valve begins to open. For example, a 3- 15 has an initial pressure of 3 psi. The spring may have additional compression to provide the 6, 9 & 12 psi initial pressures.

//data/public/pdf/valve-sizing-maual.doc 24 of 43 10/10/2008 Norriseal – P.O. Box 40525 Houston TX 77240-052–- Ph: (713) 466-3552, Fax: (713) 896-7386 Table 18 ALLOWABLE PRESS. DROP RATINGS FOR UNBALANCED TRIM TEFLON PACKING, FLOW UP, No.16 Direct Actuator, 3 to 15 psi Spring Air Allowable Pressure Drops (PSI) Leakage Supply Class Trim Size Pressure .250" .375" .500 .750 1.000 18 II 6,665 2,926 1626 705 387 18 IV & VI 6,345 2,713 1466 598 307 18 V 4,905 1,753 746 118 20 II >10000 5,099 2,848 1,248 692 20 IV & VI >10000 4,886 2,688 1,114 612 20 V 9,794 3,926 1,968 662 252 22 II >10000 7,272 4,071 1,791 998 22 IV & VI >10000 7,059 3,911 1,685 918 22 V >10000 6,099 3,191 1,205 558 24 II >10000 9,445 5,293 2,335 1,303 24 IV & VI >10000 9,232 5,133 2,228 1,223 24 V >10000 8,272 4,413 1,748 863 27 II >10000 >10000 7,127 3,150 1,762 27 IV & VI >10000 >10000 6,967 3,043 1,682 27 V >10000 >10000 6,247 2,563 1,322 30 II >10000 >10000 8,960 3,964 2,220 30 IV & VI >10000 >10000 8,800 3,858 2,140 30 V >10000 >10000 8,080 3,378 1,780 33 II >10000 >10000 >10000 4,779 2,678 33 IV & VI >10000 >10000 >10000 4,673 2,598 33 V >10000 >10000 9,913 4,193 2,238 36 II >10000 >10000 >10000 5,323 2,984 36 IV & VI >10000 >10000 >10000 5,216 2,904 36 V >10000 >10000 >10000 4,736 2,544 Usually direct acting actuators use a 3-15 psi spring. With an 18 psi air supply pressure, there is a 3 psi (18-15=3) net closure force on the trim, or for a 27 psi supply the net closure force is 12 psi. If a 6-30 psi spring is used in a direct acting actuator, add 15 to pressure in the air supply column.

ALLOWABLE PRESS. DROP RATINGS FOR UNBALANCED TRIM TEFLON PACKING, FLOW UP, No.16 Reverse Actuator Allowable Pressure Drops (PSI) Initial  Leakage Air Class Trim Size Pressure .250" .375" .500 .750 1.000 3 II 6,665 2,926 1,626 705 387 3 IV & VI 6,345 2,713 1,466 598 307 3 V 4,905 1,753 746 118 6 II >10000 6,186 3,460 1,520 845 6 IV & VI >10000 5,973 3,300 1,413 765 6 V >10000 5,013 2,580 933 405 9 II >10000 9,445 5,293 2,335 1,303 9 IV & VI >10000 9,232 5,133 2,228 1,223 9 V >10000 8,272 4,413 1,748 863 12 II >10000 >10000 7,127 3,150 1,762 12 IV & VI >10000 >10000 6,967 3,043 1,682 12 V >10000 >10000 6,247 2,563 1,682  The Initial air pressure is actuator diaphragm pressure when the valve begins to open. For example, a 3- 15 has an initial pressure of 3 psi. The spring may have additional compression to provide the 6, 9 & 12 psi initial pressures.

//data/public/pdf/valve-sizing-maual.doc 25 of 43 10/10/2008 Norriseal – P.O. Box 40525 Houston TX 77240-052–- Ph: (713) 466-3552, Fax: (713) 896-7386 Actuator Air Volume Valve applications may need to determine the amount of air, gas or liquid to actuate an actuator to its rated travel. The first segment of Table 18 is the 2700A Actuator Air Chamber Volumes at initial travels and at final travel. The choice of final travel depends on the size of the valve trim. The required added air to actuate the actuator is the amount of air, of gas, to be added to the atmospheric pressure in the actuator and may be calculated from the following equation or found in the last four segments of Table 18.

(Actuator Volume) (Actuator Air Pressure) Req'd Added Air to Actuate =  Std Ft3 (14.7)

Table 19 - Actuator Air Chamber Volume & Required Added Air to Actuate 2700A Actuator Air Chamber Volume (Cubic Feet) Actuator Travel Size 0” 0.625” 0.75” 1” 1.25” 1.5” 2” 2.75” 4” 9 0.035 0.046 0.048 0.052 12 0.053 0.073 0.077 0.086 0.094 0.104 0.119 16 0.076 0.109 0.116 0.132 0.146 0.167 0.192 18 0.371 0.477 0.512 0.547 0.615 0.731

Required Added Air to Actuate at 18 PSIG (Standard Cubic Feet) Actuator Travel Size 0.625” 0.75” 1” 1.25” 1.5” 2” 2.75” 4” 9 0.056 0.059 0.064 12 0.089 0.094 0.105 0.115 0.128 0.146 16 0.133 0.143 0.161 0.179 0.205 0.235 18 0.584 0.627 0.669 0.754 0.895

Required Added Air to Actuate at 24 PSIG (Standard Cubic Feet) Actuator Travel Size 0.625” 0.75” 1” 1.25” 1.5” 2” 2.75” 4” 9 0.075 0.078 0.086 12 0.119 0.126 0.140 0.154 0.170 0.195 16 0.178 0.190 0.215 0.239 0.273 0.313 18 0.779 0.837 0.892 1.005 1.193

Required Added Air to Actuate at 30 PSIG (Standard Cubic Feet) Actuator Travel Size 0.625” 0.75” 1” 1.25” 1.5” 2” 2.75” 4” 9 0.093 0.098 0.107 12 0.149 0.157 0.175 0.192 0.213 0.244 16 0.222 0.238 0.269 0.299 0.341 0.391 18 0.974 1.046 1.115 1.256 1.491

Required Added Air to Actuate at 36 PSIG (Standard Cubic Feet) Actuator Travel Size 0.625” 0.75” 1” 1.25” 1.5” 2” 2.75” 4” 9 0.112 0.117 0.128 12 0.179 0.189 0.210 0.230 0.255 0.292 16 0.267 0.285 0.322 0.359 0.410 0.469 18 1.169 1.255 1.338 1.507 1.790

//data/public/pdf/valve-sizing-maual.doc 26 of 43 10/10/2008 Norriseal – P.O. Box 40525 Houston TX 77240-052–- Ph: (713) 466-3552, Fax: (713) 896-7386 APPLICATION GUIDE FOR Method 1: Cavitation avoidance: Cavitation CAVITATION, FLASHING AND can be avoided by selecting a valve style that has FL (rated) values greater than required COMPRESSIBLE FLOW SERVICES for the application. This is an especially Valve applications involving cavitation, useful advantage of globe valves over ball flashing and noise reduction of and butterfly valves. Norriseal's options are compressible flow require special sizing the use of the CAV II that has a higher FL and application considerations and, in value than the standard port and cage most cases, special trims are required. control trims. This guide discusses these phenomena with a definition, a list of possible Cavitation can also be avoided with the countermeasures, instructions on installation of an orifice plate downstream of application of Norriseal's 2700A Trims, the valve that shares the pressure drop. The and a technical discussion of the valve's pressure drop is reduced to the point phenomena. Cavitation and flashing are of avoiding damaging cavitation. The in the "Liquid Flow" Section and downstream orifice plate also should be compressible flow noise reduction is in the sized to avoid damaging cavitation. This "Compressible Flow Noise" Section. may not be suitable for applications with a wide flow range as the low flow condition Liquid Flow may put the entire pressure drop on the valve. Cavitation and flashing applications require accurate prediction to determine Method 2: Cavitation Tolerant: Standard when they occur and proper valve trim designs can tolerate mild cavitation selection to supply the best trim for the applications. These applications will have application. increased flow noise from the mild cavitation but should not have damage from cavitation. Cavitation Cavitation Definition Method 3: Cavitation Containment: A trim Cavitation is a two stage phenomena with design that allows cavitation to occur but in a liquid flow. The first stage is the formation harmless manner can be effective in of vapor bubbles in the liquid as the fluid preventing cavitation damage and reducing passes through the trim and the pressure cavitation noise. Cavitation containment is reduced below the fluid's vapor designs are limited to cavitation applications pressure. The second stage is the of moderate intensity. collapse of the vapor bubbles back to liquid as the fluid passes the vena Method 4: Cavitation Prevention: A trim contracta and the pressure recovers and design that takes the pressure drop in increases above the vapor pressure. The several steps or stages can avoid the collapsing bubbles are very destructive formation of cavitation. These trim designs when they contact metal parts and the are more expensive than other methods but bubble collapse may produce high noise may be the only alternative in the more levels. severe cases of cavitation. Graph 4 shows how a three stage trim can eliminate cavitation that would occur in a single stage Cavitation Countermeasures trim. The total pressure drop is taken in There are several ways to deal with three stages instead of one. Notice none of cavitation. the vena contracta pressures of the three stage trim are below the vapor pressure.

//data/public/pdf/valve-sizing-maual.doc 27 of 43 10/10/2008 Norriseal – P.O. Box 40525 Houston TX 77240-052–- Ph: (713) 466-3552, Fax: (713) 896-7386 Critical Pressure Drop Ratio to determine the Application of Norriseal Trims in SPL Attenuation Value from Graph 3. Subtract the SPL Attenuation Value from the Cavitation Service predicted flow noise level for standard trims. Cavitation Avoidance: The Plug Control Notice the CAV II trims will reduce flow noise and Cage Control 2700A trims both have even when there is no cavitation. The flow relatively high FL values and can avoid noise calculation for CAV II trim is automatic choked flow at significantly high pressure with Norriseal’s Valve Sizing Program. drops. The CAV II trim, with a higher FL value, will avoid cavitation with a 10% The CAV II trim will make multiple small higher pressure drop than the Plug or cavitation plumes that will not as readily standard Cage Control Trims. cause erosion damage and will generate less noise than a trim with plug or cage port Cavitation Tolerant: All of our 2700A control. The CAV II trim is used only in the Cage Control Trims are tolerant to flow down direction. cavitation service where the FL (required) exceeds the FL (rated) and the inlet Cavitation Prevention: Special trims with pressure is 50 psig or less for standard two or three stages can be designed for the materials or 200 psig or less with stellited 2700A valve to suit a particular application. valve seat and plug's guide & seat. At this These trims will cost significantly more than inlet pressure, the severity of cavitation the other trims discussed but will be will be small enough to use any Cage applicable in conditions beyond the others. Control Trim in the flow down direction. Consult with Application Engineering for multiple stage applications. The unbalanced Plug Control Trims with tungsten carbide or ceramic materials can Application Summary withstand cavitation up to an inlet pressure of 2000 psig. These trims will If FL(required) is less than FL(rated): not reduce noise. Oversized bodies are No special considerations are required. recommended to avoid body erosion. If FL(required) is greater than FL (rated) Cavitation Containment: The 2700A and P1 is 50/200/2000 psig or less: CAV II trims are appropriate where the FL Use any Cage Control Trim in the Flow down (required) exceeds .94 and the inlet direction. If P1 is 50 psig or less or stellited pressure is 1000 psig or less and the valve seat, guide and cage if P1 is between pressure drop is 500 psi or less. 200 and 50 psig. Unbalanced Plug Control Trims with carbide or ceramic materials may

For a FL(required) between .90 and .94, be used up to a 2000 psig inlet pressure. cavitation will be avoided. Above a FL of .94, the flow will cavitate but the CAV II If FL (required) is between .90 and .94 and trims will not be damaged by cavitation in the standard 2700A Cage Control Trims these conditions. See table 4 for FL have choked flow: values of Norriseal trims. Use the CAV II Trim in the flow down direction to avoid choked flow. The flow noise from cavitation will be reduced by the amount shown in Graph 3. If FL (required) is greater than .94, P1 is Determine the Critical Pressure Drop 1000 psig or less and the pressure drop is Ratio by dividing the actual pressure drop 500 psig or less: by the critical pressure drop. Use the

//data/public/pdf/valve-sizing-maual.doc 28 of 43 10/10/2008 Norriseal – P.O. Box 40525 Houston TX 77240-052–- Ph: (713) 466-3552, Fax: (713) 896-7386 Use the CAV II Trim in the flow down CHOKED FLOW AND INCIPIENT direction. CAVITATION - The liquid flow rate will increase as the If the application is outside of the pressure drop increases. However, when above options: cavitation vapor bubbles form in the vena Consult with the Application Engineer. contracta, the vapor bubbles will increasingly restrict the flow of liquid until the flow is fully The Cavitation Phenomena choked with vapor. This condition is known as "choked flow" or "critical flow". FLUID AND PRESSURE PROFILE - A control valve creates a pressure drop in When the flow is fully choked, the flow rate the fluid as it controls the flow rate. The does not increase when the pressure drop is profile of the fluid pressure, as it flows increased. Graph 2 shows these flow through the valve, is shown in Graph 1. relationships. The flow curve begins in the The fluid accelerates as it takes a chart's lower left corner with fully liquid flow. pressure drop through the valve's trim, It The relationship of flow to P  P is linear reaches its highest velocity just past the 1 2 throttle point, at a point called the vena until cavitation begins to form at the point of contracta. The fluid is at its lowest incipient cavitation. As more cavitation pressure and highest velocity at the vena forms, the more the flow curve bends until it contracta. Past the vena contracta the is horizontal and fully choked with the flow fluid decelerates and some of the not increasing with additional pressure drop. pressure drop is recovered as the pressure increases. For globe valves, the The larger the FL factor, the greater the pressure difference from the inlet pressure pressure drop that can be taken before choked flow occurs. Note in table 4 that ball P1 to the vena contracta pressure PVC is and butterfly valves have a relatively low FL about 125% of the P1 to P2 pressure drop. The pressure in the vena contracta is not and Norriseal's CAV II trim will produce of importance until it is lower than the higher flow rate without choking than fluid's vapor pressure. Then the fluid will standard Cage or Plug Control Trims. quickly form vapor bubbles and, if the pressure increases above the vapor The point of "Incipient Cavitation" can be pressure, the vapor bubbles instantly predicted with the P incipient in the collapse back to liquid. This is cavitation. equation in the “CV Formulas for Liquid Flow” It will occur when the vapor pressure, using the KC factor. Values for KC are shown in table 4. Cavitation will begin at the point shown as "PV Cavitation" in Graph 1, is more than the vena contracta pressure of "Incipient Cavitation" and increase in intensity to the point of choked flow. but less than the outlet pressure, P2. Cavitation at point of "Incipient Cavitation" is When the Vapor pressure, shown as "PV Liquid" in Graph 1, is less than the vena not damaging and is almost undetectable. contracta pressure, there is full liquid flow At some point between incipient and choked, with no cavitation. the cavitation may damage most trim styles. Cavitation in control valves can have four The location of the "Damage" point varies negative effects; with trim style and material. A larger KC is  Restricts fluid flow preferred so the incipient cavitation range to choked flow is as small as possible.  Causes severe vibrations  Erodes metal surfaces As the point of damaging cavitation is not  Generates high noise levels. easily defined, sizing and application

//data/public/pdf/valve-sizing-maual.doc 29 of 43 10/10/2008 Norriseal – P.O. Box 40525 Houston TX 77240-052–- Ph: (713) 466-3552, Fax: (713) 896-7386 methods use the Critical Pressure Drop significantly elevated flow noise in addition to and the Required FL to rate trims for vibration. cavitation service. The KC value is not used for trim selection only flow noise The cavitation bubbles will form a vapor prediction. plume in the liquid. The larger the plume, the noisier the flow and the more likely it is to CAVITATION DAMAGE - cause erosion damage. The size of the Cavitation damage problems are more plume is dependent on trim style and likely to occur with water flow as water has severity of cavitation. The CAV II Trim with a well defined vapor pressure and the many small orifices will have significantly vapor bubble collapse is instantaneous. smaller vapor plumes with less noise and a Hydro-carbon fluids have a less precise reduced damage potential than a standard vapor pressure and are often a compound trim. with several vapor pressures. Cavitation damage with hydro-carbon fluids is usually There is not much positive to say about less severe than water as the bubble cavitation. Valves improperly applied or collapse is not as sudden and can be without adequate cavitation protection can cushioned by other vapors. However the lead to early failure. vibration and flow noise problems remain. FLASHING The fluid's inlet pressure is proportional to the amount of energy available to cause Flashing Definition - cavitation damage. Higher inlet pressures Flashing is a one stage phenomena will produce more intense and more somewhat similar to cavitation. The damaging cavitation. The amount of difference is the downstream pressure does cavitation is related to the degree the not recover enough to be above the fluid's vapor pressure. The vapor bubbles in the required FL exceeds the rated FL. As the liquid do not collapse and they remain in the required FL exceeds the rated FL, the amount of cavitation increases. A valve fluid as vapor. Generally only part of the fluid vaporizes so the resulting flow with a rated FL of .90 in an application downstream of the valve is two phase, vapor requiring a FL of .96 will have more cavitation than an application requiring and liquid. Flashing is similar to cavitation in .92. There will be more cavitation but not some respects but is not quite as severe. more flow! There are means to prevent or retard cavitation but not flashing! If the valves The generation and implosion of the vapor outlet pressure is below the vapor pressure, bubbles will cause vibration to the valve's flashing will occur regardless of the valve's Plug that may cause wear between the trim. When the Vapor pressure, shown as Plug and Cage or Guide and can cause "PV Flashing" in Graph 1, is greater than the Stems to break. outlet pressure, there is flashing flow.

The implosion of the bubbles when near Flashing Countermeasures - or on a metal surface can generate There are several measures that should be extremely high shock stresses in the metal made in flashing applications. surface that usually damages the metal with severe erosion of the metal. This Body Material: The flashing process can phenomena, when severe, can destroy cause body erosion that may reduce the trims within hours! The generation and body's wall thickness to less than required by implosion of the vapor bubbles will cause codes. The fluid in the valve body

//data/public/pdf/valve-sizing-maual.doc 30 of 43 10/10/2008 Norriseal – P.O. Box 40525 Houston TX 77240-052–- Ph: (713) 466-3552, Fax: (713) 896-7386 downstream of the trim is highly turbulent as sonic velocity, the liquid droplets can as a two phase flow mixture of vapor and cause severe erosion the valve body and the liquid. The turbulent mixture can easily downstream pipe. The flashing process is erode body materials, such as carbon highly turbulent with the liquid impacting the steel, that may not have sufficient erosion valve trim at high velocity. The effects of the resistance. turbulent flashing liquid can cause trim instability if it impacts the control surfaces of Trim Selection: Avoid the use of the Plug. For this reason, Plug Control Trim Balanced Plug Control Trim in flashing is not suitable for flashing service. The CAV applications as the flashing process may II Cage will distribute the flashing process make the trim unstable. High pressure into a large number of small jets reducing the drops in flashing service is best served total turbulence and reducing the vibration with a cage control trim with multiple small effects on the Plug and the erosion effects to orifices, CAV II, that reduce the trim's the body. Often flashing service will be in vibration from the fluid's turbulence the flow down direction through an angle style body. The object is the get the flashing through the valve without significant contact APPLICATION OF NORRISEAL with the body. As Norriseal does not have a angle body, our best solution is flow down VALVES IN FLASHING SERVICE through the CAV II using the trim's small Body Material: The flashing process can holes to reduce the total turbulence and cause body erosion that may reduce the protect the body. Flashing service with body's wall thickness to less than required pressure drops less than 50 PSI will have by codes. Severe flashing service should less severe turbulence so the standard Cage have stainless steel or Chrome-Moly Control Trims with flow down will be suitable. (WC6) bodies, Carbon steel may not be suitable. LIQUID FLOW VELOCITY - BODY Trim Selection: If the pressure drop is MATERIAL 50 PSI or less, standard Cage Control Trim is suitable. Plug control Trim is not High liquid flow velocities in valve bodies can recommended for flashing service. For cause metal erosion even though there may pressure drops greater than 50 psi, CAV II be no cavitation or flashing. Liquid flow Trim or Unbalanced Plug Control Trims velocity in valve bodies should be limited to with tungsten carbide or ceramic are the velocities shown in Table 6 to avoid flow recommended. erosion. The body's flow velocity, for liquid flow, can be calculated. The body flow THE FLASHING PHENOMENA velocity at the smallest flow passage, usually the body inlet or outlet, should not exceed Liquids in flashing service undergo a the velocities in Table 20. transformation from all liquid flow to two phase flow of flashed vapor and the Table 20 remaining liquid. The liquid will flash until LIQUID FLOW VELOCITY LIMITS thermodynamic equilibrium is achieved Application Limits with the vapor fully saturated. Often the Body Pressure Drop Infrequent majority of the volume will be vapor and Material > 500 PSI < 500 PSI < 2% of time some of the remaining liquid will be Carbon Steel 30 Ft/Sec 40 Ft/Sec 50 Ft/Sec Stainless or suspended as droplets in the vapor. As 45 Ft/Sec 60 Ft/Sec 90 Ft/Sec the velocity of the vapor can reach as high WC6 (Cr-Mo)

//data/public/pdf/valve-sizing-maual.doc 31 of 43 10/10/2008 Norriseal – P.O. Box 40525 Houston TX 77240-052–- Ph: (713) 466-3552, Fax: (713) 896-7386 COMPRESSIBLE FLOW NOISE control valve. At maximum flow the valve and orifice plate can have about the same Compressible Flow Noise Discussion - pressure drop and generate less noise than Flow noise from compressible flow is a taking the total drop across the valve alone. major application consideration. The flow At lower flow rates, the noise from flow noise must be accurately predicted and through the valve will probably be less than the appropriate valve trim chosen to meet at full flow even though the valve's pressure the customers requirements and assure drop increases as the pressure drop across good valve operation. the fixed orifice plate decreases. The backpressure orifice plate may be in the form Compressible flow noise is generated by of a cylindrical diffuser. The backpressure fluid turbulence, the more turbulence the orifice device also should be sized for flow more noise. Fluid turbulence is increased noise. by higher flow rates and by a higher fluid pressure drop through valve trim. As the Two Stage Trim: A two stage valve will valve's pressure drop reaches the critical reduce flow noise beyond the noise condition and the speed of sound is reduction of the DB I and DB II trims. The reached in the flow stream's vena two stage trim is similar to two DB II trims contracta, shock waves are produced that one inside of the other. The inner stage increases the noise level above that takes the majority of the pressure drop with produced by turbulence alone. the outer stage acting as a diffuser to reduce flow turbulence. Compressible Flow Noise Countermeasures - APPLICATION OF NORRISEAL There are several methods to reduce compressible flow noise. TRIMS IN COMPRESSIBLE FLOW APPLICATIONS Multiple Orifice Trims: A trim with a high Low noise considerations should be applied number of small flow orifices will produce when the predicted noise level exceeds the less flow noise than a trim of equal flow customers requirement or when the noise capacity with either four or one flow level exceed 110 dBA. Flow noise in excess orifices. The small holes produce smaller of 110 dBA can permanently damage a flow jets that generate proportionally less person’s hearing and the noise induced noise as the small holes are less efficient vibrations can damage the valve’s trim and in converting mechanical power to instrumentation mounted on the valve. acoustical power than large holes. Norriseal's DB I and DB II trims have Standard Trims: Calculate the flow noise multiple small orifices and are significant for the specified conditions. The standard quieter than standard plug or cage control Plug Control, flow up, or the Cage Control, trims. flow down, may meet the customer's noise requirements or our 110 dBA limit. In this Backpressure Orifice: The flow noise case no further measures are required increases rapidly with increased pressure providing the downstream flow velocity is not drop especially when the critical pressure excessive. drop is exceeded. However if the total pressure drop can be shared by two DB I and DB II Multiple Orifice Trims: The devices, the flow noise can be significantly DB I and DB II trims will reduce compressible reduced. This can be accomplished with flow noise in the flow up configuration. a fixed orifice plate downstream of a

//data/public/pdf/valve-sizing-maual.doc 32 of 43 10/10/2008 Norriseal – P.O. Box 40525 Houston TX 77240-052–- Ph: (713) 466-3552, Fax: (713) 896-7386 Determine the predicted flow noise for Norriseal’s Application Engineering for standard cage control trim. Calculate the applications with DB II that have predicted valve's pressure ratio by dividing the noise values above the required limit. upstream pressure by the downstream pressure, both psia, and determine the THE COMPRESSIBLE FLOW NOISE "Noise Attenuation Value" from Graph 5. PHENOMENA To determine the aerodynamic flow noise with DB I and DB II trims, subtract the A control valve's purpose is to create a "Noise Attenuation Value" from the pressure drop, the pressure drop creates predicted flow noise for standard cage fluid turbulence and the turbulence control trim. Graph 5 shows noise generates flow noise. The resultant flow attenuation for both the DB I slotted cage noise is inevitable but can be minimized by and the DB II drilled hole cage. Noise trim and valve selection. attenuation for the DB I cage is less than the DB II but the cost of a DB I is also less Flow noise produced by a valve will be than the DB II. Choose the cage style transmitted through the wall of the appropriate for the application. The DB I downstream pipe. Very little noise will come cage is not available in trim sizes larger through the valve body wall as the area of than 4". The flow noise calculation for DB the pipe's wall is larger than the pipe's wall I and DB II trim is automatic with thickness. Norriseal’s Valve Sizing Program. High flow noise from compressible flow Compressible Flow Velocity Limits: If presents two problems. Mechanical flow noise is being controlled, the flow vibrations from excessive noise levels can velocity in the valve body and downstream quickly destroy the trim and also may piping should be limited to 1/3 sonic damage accessories mounted on the valve's velocity for DB II and 1/2 sonic velocity for actuator. The major problem from high flow DB I trims. Higher velocities will generate noise is hearing damage to people in the significant flow noise in the pipe even vicinity of the valve. OSHA has established though a low noise trim is installed. noise limits that vary from 115 dBA to 85 Applications with low outlet pressures can dBA depending on the length of daily readily have high downstream velocities. exposure. the 115 dBA is for 15 minutes Sonic velocity at the valve's outlet can exposure and 85 dBA is for an 8 hour produce flow noise as high as 135 dBA as exposure. The usual requirement is 85 dBA the shock waves from the sonic velocity as it is difficult to limit a person's exposure. will propagate downstream as the pipe Ear protection can help protect a person's acts as a megaphone! The body's flow hearing, but with today's legal liability rulings, velocity, for compressible flow, can be the owner of the process is liable for people's calculated using the body outlet diameter hearing damage even if they exceed posted from Table 5. exposure times and do not use provided ear protection. We should be concerned if the Two Stage Trims and Backpressure predicted noise level exceeds 110 dBA even Orifices: Two stage trims and if the customer does not impose a limit. Flow backpressure orifices require special noise exceeding 110 dBA, for any significant analyses and designs not available as time can damage the valve trim and standard. The use of two stage trims and accessories. downstream orifices may reduce the flow noise an additional 10 dBA beyond the Norriseal uses both ISA's CV formulas from reduction of the DB II Trim. Consult ISA 75.01 and ISA's Control Valve

//data/public/pdf/valve-sizing-maual.doc 33 of 43 10/10/2008 Norriseal – P.O. Box 40525 Houston TX 77240-052–- Ph: (713) 466-3552, Fax: (713) 896-7386 Aerodynamic Noise Prediction formulas were written to fit the test data. In the 1980's from ISA 75.07.01. ISA 75.07.01 was ISA developed a theoretical noise prediction published in 1989 and has become method, with the combined input from many recognized as the best compressible flow valve companies, that is more accurate than noise prediction method. The major the previous empirical methods. The ISA control valve companies, Fisher and noise prediction method applies only to Masoneilan, had developed, in the 1960's, standard plug or cage control trims. Low empirical noise prediction techniques flow noise designs require an additional based on laboratory test data. Formulas factor to be subtracted from the ISA value.

//data/public/pdf/valve-sizing-maual.doc 34 of 43 10/10/2008 Norriseal – P.O. Box 40525 Houston TX 77240-052–- Ph: (713) 466-3552, Fax: (713) 896-7386 Table 21 - Flow Coefficients, CV, 2200/2220 Globe Body, Modified Percentage & Quick Opening, Unbalanced Plug Control Trims, Flow Up

Flow Coefficient (CV) Valve Opening - Percent of Total Travel Body Trim Quick Size Size Modified Percentage Open 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 100 0.250” .284 .506 .657 .767 .875 .989 1.10 1.20 1.32 1.43 1.68 0.375” .311 .621 .942 1.28 1.64 2.07 2.51 2.93 3.35 3.70 3.82 1” 0.500” .557 1.11 1.68 2.26 2.92 3.62 4.30 4.98 5.43 5.60 5.60 0.750” .752 1.57 2.43 3.42 4.58 6.08 7.93 9.71 10.6 11.0 11.6 1.000” .983 2.01 3.40 6.12 8.90 11.7 13.5 14.4 15.1 15.4 15.4 0.250” .284 .506 .657 .767 .875 .989 1.10 1.20 1.32 1.43 1.68 0.375” .311 .621 .942 1.28 1.64 2.07 2.51 2.93 3.35 3.70 3.75 2” 0.500” .592 1.17 1.76 2.34 2.95 3.70 4.57 5.50 5.95 6.08 6.08 0.750” .882 1.76 2.76 3.82 5.05 6.57 8.49 10.8 12.2 12.9 13.0 1.000” 1.01 2.02 3.08 4.67 6.96 10.3 13.7 15.4 16.7 17.1 23.0

Table 22 - Flow Coefficients, CV, 2275A Globe and Angle Bodies, Modified Percentage & Quick Opening, Unbalanced Plug Control Trims, Flow Up

Flow Coefficient (CV) Globe Valve Opening - Percent of Total Travel Trim Body Quick Size Modified Percentage Size Open 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 100 0.062” .016 .026 .033 .038 .043 .048 .058 .072 .086 .100 .096 0.125” .050 .073 .088 .111 .155 .258 .324 .367 .389 .407 .446 1’ 0.250” .487 .588 .617 .693 .802 .940 1.08 1.22 1.33 1.36 1.40 0.375” .724 .901 1.04 1.41 2.27 2.74 3.05 3.25 3.38 3.45 3.51 0.500” .887 1.13 1.82 3.45 4.24 4.70 4.98 5.14 5.18 5.22 5.90

Flow Coefficient (CV) Angle Valve Opening - Percent of Total Travel Trim Body Quick Size Modified Percentage Size Open 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 100 0.062” .010 .017 .025 .034 .045 .055 .065 .077 .092 .109 .109 0.125” .031 .046 .068 .133 .204 .269 .328 .377 .402 .415 .421 1’ 0.250” .505 .579 .612 .659 .753 .885 1.01 1.14 1.27 1.34 1.38 0.375” .707 .978 1.26 1.53 2.00 2.48 2.92 3.23 3.44 3.52 3.59 0.500” .725 1.15 1.98 3.05 4.10 5.11 5.70 5.93 6.08 6.18 6.20

//data/public/pdf/valve-sizing-maual.doc 35 of 43 10/10/2008 Norriseal – P.O. Box 40525 Houston TX 77240-052–- Ph: (713) 466-3552, Fax: (713) 896-7386 Table 23 - Flow Coefficients, CV, 2400/2420 Globe Body, Modified Percent, Unbalanced Plug Control Trims, Flow Up Flow Coefficient (C ) Body Trim V Valve Opening - Percent of Total Travel Size Size 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0.250” .284 .506 .657 .767 .875 .989 1.10 1.20 1.32 1.43 0.375” .311 .621 .942 1.28 1.64 2.07 2.51 2.93 3.35 3.70 0.500” .592 1.17 1.76 2.34 2.95 3.70 4.57 5.50 5.95 6.08 0.750” .882 1.76 2.76 3.82 5.05 6.57 8.49 10.8 12.2 12.9 2” 1.000” 1.05 2.10 3.21 4.86 7.24 10.7 14.3 16.0 17.4 17.8 1.250” 1.60 3.17 6.42 9.78 13.2 16.6 20.1 23.8 27.1 29.8 1.500” 2.02 3.51 7.60 12.0 16.3 20.7 24.4 27.8 31.0 34.0 1.750” 2.14 3.81 8.09 12.6 16.9 21.2 25.7 30.5 34.6 38.1

Table 24 - Flow Coefficients, CV, 2700/2720A/E Globe Body, Balanced Quick Opening Cage Control Trims, Flow Down Flow Coefficient (C ) Body Trim V Valve Opening - Percent of Total Travel Size Size 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 1” 1” .675 2.20 6.68 11.0 15.1 17.8 19.7 20.6 21.1 21.6 1” .675 2.20 6.90 12.5 17.7 23.0 28.2 33.2 36.9 39.1 1.5” 1.5” 1.06 6.02 15.2 24.5 33.4 40.0 43.4 45.6 46.9 47.5 1” .675 2.20 6.90 12.5 17.8 24.4 31.0 37.2 41.7 44.6 2” 1.5” 1.06 6.02 16.5 26.7 37.2 47.5 56.4 62.7 66.7 69.4 2” 2.03 9.34 24.8 40.5 52.8 59.4 64.2 67.6 69.8 71.3 1” 6.75 2.20 6.90 12.5 17.8 24.4 31.0 37.2 41.7 44.6 1.5” 1.06 6.02 16.5 26.7 39.9 53.1 61.4 67.0 70.9 73.7 3” 2” 2.03 9.34 25.4 41.6 57.5 69.6 78.6 83.6 85.9 88.1 3” 4.63 14.5 37.2 65.4 86.0 100 109 114 117 119 1” .675 2.20 6.90 12.5 17.8 24.4 31.0 37.2 41.7 44.6 1.5” 1.06 6.02 16.5 26.7 39.9 53.1 66.5 75.2 81.0 84.9 4” 2” 2.03 11.9 28.2 49.8 70.6 85.3 94.9 102 106 110 3” 5.47 21.6 48.1 77.1 104 124 139 148 153 155 4” 12.4 40.8 85.6 128 159 179 193 199 201 203 4” 14.7 50.2 108 165 220 258 282 295 302 305 6” 6” 37.9 114 210 287 344 384 406 415 419 422 6” 37.9 119 223 325 430 500 537 561 573 578 8” 8” 95.9 257 434 596 713 777 818 833 837 841

Table 25 - Flow Coefficients, CV,2700/2720A/E Globe Body,

//data/public/pdf/valve-sizing-maual.doc 36 of 43 10/10/2008 Norriseal – P.O. Box 40525 Houston TX 77240-052–- Ph: (713) 466-3552, Fax: (713) 896-7386 Balanced Linear Cage Control Trims, Flow Down Flow Coefficient (C ) Body Trim V Valve Opening - Percent of Total Travel Size Size 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 1” 1” .355 1.01 2.48 5.46 8.43 11.3 14.3 16.9 18.6 19.6 1” .355 1.01 2.48 5.46 8.50 12.4 16.4 20.7 25.0 29.2 1.5” 1.5” .906 3.26 7.35 13.1 20.2 27.7 34.5 39.8 43.5 45.5 1” .355 1.01 2.48 5.46 8.50 12.4 16.4 20.9 25.6 30.2 2” 1.5” .906 3.26 7.35 13.1 20.2 28.8 37.2 46.0 54.8 61.3 2” 1.51 4.87 11.0 20.3 30.9 41.5 50.2 57.0 61.4 64.8 1” .355 1.01 2.48 5.46 8.50 12.5 14.7 22.6 27.8 33.1 1.5” .906 3.26 7.35 13.1 20.2 29.8 40.5 50.9 58.4 63.0 3” 2” 1.51 4.87 11.9 22.8 34.4 46.1 57.6 69.0 76.9 81.5 3” 3.23 8.30 19.6 37.6 55.8 73.7 88.9 101 110 117 1” .355 1.01 2.48 5.46 8.50 12.4 17.4 22.6 27.8 33.1 1.5” .906 3.26 7.35 13.1 20.2 30.4 42.4 54.2 65.5 72.1 4” 2” 1.51 7.61 14.6 25.6 39.9 54.6 67.8 78.2 87.5 94.1 3” 3.60 12.4 25.7 44.3 64.9 85.8 106 122 135 145 4” 8.57 21.2 42.7 68.5 94.0 120 145 168 184 195 4” 11.7 31.5 66.8 103 139 175 210 246 271 284 6” 6” 19.6 55.8 104 152 200 248 296 339 369 391 6” 24.8 75.2 140 203 266 331 393 457 502 523 8” 8” 55.3 125 224 324 422 521 618 705 752 790

Table 26 - Flow Coefficients, CV, 2700/2720A/E Globe Body, Balanced Equal Percentage Cage Control Trims, Flow Down Flow Coefficient (C ) Body Trim V Valve Opening - Percent of Total Travel Size Size 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 1” 1” .308 .565 1.21 2.63 4.83 8.16 12.4 15.5 17.8 18.9 1” .308 .565 1.21 2.63 5.06 8.40 13.0 17.9 22.7 27.3 1.5” 1.5” .400 .813 2.36 4.86 8.49 15.1 22.7 30.3 35.5 39.2 1” .308 .565 1.39 3.02 5.26 8.81 13.4 18.9 24.4 29.9 2” 1.5” .400 .813 2.41 5.24 9.45 17.1 27.9 39.2 49.7 57.5 2” .643 2.20 4.82 9.29 15.6 25.9 39.5 53.0 58.5 62.0 1” .308 .565 1.39 3.02 5.26 8.81 14.6 20.3 26.3 32.2 1.5” .400 .813 2.41 5.24 9.45 17.1 28.0 39.3 50.7 61.7 3” 2” .643 2.20 4.82 9.29 15.6 25.9 39.5 55.4 68.0 77.2 3” .906 3.31 7.72 15.4 27.7 46.8 70.1 93.7 108 116 1” .308 .565 1.39 3.02 5.26 8.81 14.6 20.3 26.3 32.2 1.5” .400 .813 2.41 5.24 9.45 17.1 28.9 42.4 55.3 63.8 4” 2” .643 2.20 4.82 9.29 15.6 25.9 39.5 55.4 70.9 82.1 3” .906 4.03 9.25 17.3 29.2 49.0 77.0 106 131 142 4” 2.83 9.09 19.5 33.9 52.0 79.8 119 159 185 195 4” 5.34 9.84 18.5 38.6 65.6 107 155 206 249 269 6” 6” 6.84 19.6 40.1 69.6 107 163 244 325 360 378 6” 11.8 23.1 43.2 78.8 139 223 310 399 472 508 8” 8” 18.1 44.1 86.9 143 221 346 494 642 728 756

//data/public/pdf/valve-sizing-maual.doc 37 of 43 10/10/2008 Norriseal – P.O. Box 40525 Houston TX 77240-052–- Ph: (713) 466-3552, Fax: (713) 896-7386 Table 27 - Flow Coefficients, CV, 2700/2720A/E Globe Body, Balanced DB I Noise Abatement Cage Control Trims, Flow Up Flow Coefficient (C ) Body Trim V Valve Opening - Percent of Total Travel Size Size 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 1” 1” .480 1.85 5.25 8.61 11.9 14.6 16.6 17.9 18.6 18.8 1” .480 1.85 5.51 9.33 13.0 17.1 21.0 24.7 27.5 29.8 1.5” 1.5” 1.13 5.21 12.7 20.0 27.4 34.1 38.3 40.8 42.4 43.9 1” .480 1.85 5.51 9.33 13.0 17.1 21.4 26.0 29.9 32.3 2” 1.5” 1.13 5.21 12.7 20.0 27.4 34.5 41.1 47.2 51.5 54.8 2” 1.78 7.50 18.7 29.6 40.7 49.9 55.7 59.1 61.1 61.9 1” .480 1.85 5.51 9.33 13.2 17.3 22.0 27.4 32.0 35.4 1.5” 1.13 5.21 12.7 20.0 28.6 38.5 49.1 56.2 61.5 65.8 3” 2” 1.78 7.5 18.7 32 44.5 56.2 66.6 75.1 81.3 85.3 3” 3.04 12.7 30.2 49.6 67.6 82.4 93.5 102 108 112 1” .480 1.85 5.51 9.33 13.2 17.3 22.0 27.4 32.0 35.4 1.5” 1.13 5.21 12.7 20.0 29.4 39.7 49.4 57.8 65.1 70.3 4” 2” 1.78 7.5 18.7 32.0 44.8 57.6 69.7 80.5 89.4 95.8 3” 4.25 15.8 33.9 52.4 71.4 89.8 108 124 137 147 4” 10.4 38.9 77.5 111 134 150 160 166 172 178 6” 4” 9.18 36.1 72.4 108 145 181 215 237 251 262

Table 28 - Flow Coefficients, CV, 2700/2720A/E Globe Body, Balanced DB II Noise Abatement Cage Control Trims, Flow Up Flow Coefficient (C ) Body Trim V Valve Opening - Percent of Total Travel Size Size 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 1” 1” .475 1.59 4.71 7.80 10.9 14.0 16.1 17.5 18.2 18.6 1” .475 1.59 4.91 8.13 11.5 14.8 18.1 21.5 24.8 28.2 1.5” 1.5” 1.04 3.46 9.93 16.3 22.2 27.4 32.2 36.2 39.7 42.0 1” .475 1.59 4.91 8.40 11.8 15.3 18.8 22.3 25.7 29.1 2” 1.5” 1.04 3.46 9.93 16.3 22.2 27.7 33.3 38.9 44.5 49.9 2” 1.60 7.33 18.0 28.6 39.2 47.8 53.6 57.5 60.1 61.5 1” .475 1.59 4.91 8.40 11.8 15.3 18.8 22.4 26.8 31.6 1.5” 1.04 3.46 9.93 16.3 22.2 28.2 34.8 42.0 49.4 56.6 3” 2” 1.60 7.33 18.0 28.6 39.2 49.4 59.8 70.5 78.7 83.8 3” 1.71 9.93 24.5 38.8 53.3 66.0 77.5 87.2 94.6 100 1” .475 1.59 4.91 8.40 11.8 15.3 18.8 22.4 26.8 31.6 1.5” 1.04 3.46 9.93 16.3 22.5 29.1 36.5 44.7 52.8 60.9 4” 2” 1.60 7.33 18.0 28.6 39.3 50.1 60.8 71.7 82.3 92.9 3” 4.47 13.7 27.2 41.2 55.8 70.0 84.2 96.9 107 115 4” 7.01 28.1 50.4 72.9 94.2 114 129 141 151 160 2” 9.09 32.4 60.4 87.4 115 142 170 195 213 224 6” 3” 23.9 67.3 117 166 215 258 292 318 337 351 4” 24.9 69.2 118 166 220 271 317 357 385 405 8" 6” 47.3 131 220 305 389 462 524 574 611 644

//data/public/pdf/valve-sizing-maual.doc 38 of 43 10/10/2008 Norriseal – P.O. Box 40525 Houston TX 77240-052–- Ph: (713) 466-3552, Fax: (713) 896-7386 Table 29 - Flow Coefficients, CV, 2700/2720A/E Globe Body, Balanced CAVII Cavitation Cage Control Trims, Flow Down Flow Coefficient (C ) Body Trim V Valve Opening - Percent of Total Travel Size Size 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 1” 1” .453 1.18 4.12 7.12 10.1 13.2 15.8 16.9 17.7 18.5 1” .453 1.18 4.59 8.45 12.6 16.5 20.2 23.5 26.1 27.9 1.5” 1.5” .890 2.67 8.58 14.5 20.5 26.7 31.5 35.2 38.0 40.2 1” .453 1.18 4.73 8.95 13.2 17.4 21.3 25.0 28.3 31.0 2” 1.5” .890 2.67 9.00 15.7 22.2 28.8 35.3 41.2 45.7 49.3 2” 1.55 7.69 17.9 28.2 38.6 46.2 51.9 55.8 58.7 61.3 1” .453 1.18 4.73 8.95 13.2 17.4 21.3 25.0 28.3 31.0 1.5” .890 2.93 10.0 17.0 23.8 30.7 37.0 42.7 47.6 51.9 3” 2” 1.55 7.70 18.8 30.0 41.2 51.8 58.8 64.0 68.6 73.0 3” 1.66 9.88 23.7 37.4 51.0 63.1 73.0 80.9 87.0 91.7 1” .453 1.18 4.73 8.95 13.2 17.4 21.3 25.0 28.3 31.0 1.5” .890 2.93 10.0 17.0 23.8 30.7 37.0 42.7 47.6 51.9 4” 2” 1.55 7.70 20.7 32.1 42.7 52.6 60.7 67.0 72.6 76.7 3” 4.04 15.7 30.6 45.1 58.2 69.7 80.0 88.6 96.0 104 4” 6.40 26.8 48.3 69.9 88.7 103 115 126 136 146 4” 8.82 31.4 55.9 80.0 105 129 150 166 178 186 6” 6” 21.8 66.9 115 163 207 239 266 289 309 328 6” 28.2 77.2 127 176 227 274 320 353 375 390 8” 8” 45.4 128 213 297 371 428 478 523 565 603

Table 30 - Flow Coefficients, CV, 2700/2720A/E Globe Body, Modified Percent, Balanced Plug Control Trims, Flow Up Flow Coefficient (C ) Body Trim V Valve Opening - Percent of Total Travel Size Size 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 1” 1” 1.17 2.29 3.82 6.65 10.9 15.2 17.7 19.3 20.2 20.5 1” 1.17 2.29 4.29 7.75 13.2 19.1 25.2 30.5 34.1 36.0 1.5” 1.5” 3.13 6.06 9.68 17.7 28.8 40.0 47.2 51.6 54.0 54.8 1” 1.17 2.29 4.29 7.75 13.2 19.6 25.7 31.5 35.1 37.1 2” 1.5” 5.03 7.67 9.53 12.9 18.4 24.9 33.6 44.0 53.4 59.5 2” 5.01 11.0 20.3 33.8 48.9 61.4 67.2 69.5 70.8 71.6 1” 1.17 2.29 4.29 7.75 13.2 19.6 25.7 31.5 35.1 37.1 1.5” 5.03 7.67 9.53 12.9 18.4 26.2 35.6 46.2 57.0 65.1 3” 2” 5.01 9.85 16.6 30.6 47.2 62.9 77.0 88.8 96.4 101 3” 6.15 14.9 27.7 52.5 80.3 104 118 124 128 129 1” 1.17 2.29 4.29 7.75 13.2 19.6 25.7 31.5 35.1 37.1 1.5” 5.03 7.67 9.53 12.9 18.4 26.2 37.9 50.6 62.1 67.4 4” 2” 6.2 11.5 20.9 37.1 53.1 70.3 82.1 93.8 104 110 3” 14.8 29.0 44.1 59.1 80.6 111 135 151 166 172 4” 14.8 23.2 38.3 71.5 114 148 177 196 207 211 2” 6.2 11.5 20.9 37.1 53.1 70.3 82.1 93.8 104 110 3” 14.8 29.0 44.1 67.2 96.6 126 155 181 195 210 6” 4” 15.4 31.3 57.5 101 145 190 234 272 294 316 6” 19.8 40.1 76.7 128 192 252 312 352 378 400 4” 15.4 31.3 66.6 117 168 220 271 315 340 366 8” 6” 26.8 54.2 99.7 175 252 329 406 471 510 548 8” 36.3 75.2 138 242 375 522 641 723 780 805

//data/public/pdf/valve-sizing-maual.doc 39 of 43 10/10/2008 Norriseal – P.O. Box 40525 Houston TX 77240-052–- Ph: (713) 466-3552, Fax: (713) 896-7386 Table 31 - Flow Coefficients, CV, 2700/2720A/E Globe Body, Quick Opening, Balanced Plug Control Trims, Flow Up Flow Coefficient (C ) Body Trim V Valve Opening - Percent of Total Travel Size Size 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 1” 1” 8.83 14.0 17.4 19.2 20.2 20.9 21.2 21.5 21.7 21.9 1” 10.9 20.6 27.1 31.7 34.9 37.3 38.9 39.8 40.3 40.5 1.5” 1.5” 13.2 26.4 37.2 44.3 49.1 52.4 54.2 54.8 55.3 55.9 1” 10.9 20.6 27.9 33.8 38.2 41.5 43.6 45.1 45.8 46.2 2” 1.5” 18.4 33.4 46.9 56.5 60.9 62.3 63.7 64.4 64.6 65.0 2” 19.6 38.7 55.2 62.7 65.6 67.5 68.8 70.0 71.3 72.8 1” 10.9 20.6 27.9 33.8 38.2 41.5 43.6 45.1 45.8 46.2 1.5” 18.4 33.4 46.9 57.7 66.9 73.9 77.3 79.9 81.4 81.9 3” 2” 19.6 38.7 59.9 74.5 88.3 97.0 100 103 104 105 3” 27.5 54.5 81.8 102 115 122 126 127 129 130 1” 10.9 20.6 27.9 33.8 38.2 41.5 43.6 45.1 45.8 46.2 1.5” 18.4 33.4 51.1 63.7 70.5 78.1 83.2 87.7 90.5 92.5 4” 2” 26.8 45.7 64.5 77.8 92.3 101 107 114 119 122 3” 27.5 55.9 93.5 131 153 168 178 182 186 187 4” 30.4 64.5 103 142 175 195 204 210 212 213 2” 26.8 49.1 72.2 90.8 106 116 123 128 130 132 3” 27.5 55.9 103 149 180 199 212 219 225 229 6” 4” 55.0 111 166 221 270 298 312 316 318 320 6” 55.2 117 189 271 333 374 406 427 440 444 4” 55.0 111 166 221 277 321 345 357 363 369 8” 6” 75.7 160 259 372 457 513 557 586 604 609 8” 90.3 217 354 505 631 725 797 841 872 885

Table 32 - Flow Coefficients, CV, 2700/2720A/E Globe Body, Modified Percent, Unbalanced Plug Control Trims, Flow Up Flow Coefficient (C ) Body Trim V Valve Opening - Percent of Total Travel Size Size 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0.250” .284 .506 .657 .767 .875 .989 1.10 1.20 1.32 1.43 0.375” .311 .621 .942 1.28 1.64 2.07 2.51 2.93 3.35 3.70 1” 0.500” .557 1.11 1.68 2.26 2.92 3.62 4.30 4.98 5.43 5.60 0.750” .752 1.57 2.43 3.42 4.58 6.08 7.93 9.71 10.6 11.0 1.000” .983 2.01 3.40 6.12 8.90 11.7 13.5 14.4 15.1 15.4 0.250” .284 .506 .657 .767 .875 .989 1.10 1.20 1.32 1.43 0.375” .311 .621 .942 1.28 1.64 2.07 2.51 2.93 3.35 3.70 1.5” 0.500” .592 1.17 1.76 2.34 2.95 3.70 4.57 5.50 5.95 6.08 0.750” .882 1.76 2.76 3.82 5.05 6.57 8.49 10.8 12.2 12.9 1.000” 1.01 2.02 3.08 4.67 6.96 10.0 13.0 14.7 15.5 16.3 0.250” .284 .506 .657 .767 .875 .989 1.10 1.20 1.32 1.43 0.375” .311 .621 .942 1.28 1.64 2.07 2.51 2.93 3.35 3.70 2” 0.500” .592 1.17 1.76 2.34 2.95 3.70 4.57 5.50 5.95 6.08 0.750” .882 1.76 2.76 3.82 5.53 6.57 8.49 10.8 15.0 12.9 1.000” .964 1.92 3.14 5.07 9.68 11.9 14.9 17.2 19.3 20.9 0.250” .284 .506 .657 .767 .875 .989 1.10 1.20 1.32 1.43 0.375” .311 .621 .942 1.28 1.64 2.07 2.51 2.93 3.35 3.70 3” & 4” 0.500” .592 1.17 1.76 2.34 2.95 3.70 4.57 5.50 5.95 6.08 0.750” .882 1.76 2.76 3.82 5.53 6.57 8.49 10.8 15.0 16.2 1.000” .964 1.92 3.14 5.07 9.68 11.9 14.9 17.2 19.3 20.9

//data/public/pdf/valve-sizing-maual.doc 40 of 43 10/10/2008 Norriseal – P.O. Box 40525 Houston TX 77240-052–- Ph: (713) 466-3552, Fax: (713) 896-7386 //data/public/pdf/valve-sizing-maual.doc 41 of 43 10/10/2008 Norriseal – P.O. Box 40525 Houston TX 77240-052–- Ph: (713) 466-3552, Fax: (713) 896-7386 //data/public/pdf/valve-sizing-maual.doc 42 of 43 10/10/2008 Norriseal – P.O. Box 40525 Houston TX 77240-052–- Ph: (713) 466-3552, Fax: (713) 896-7386 //data/public/pdf/valve-sizing-maual.doc 43 of 43 10/10/2008 Norriseal – P.O. Box 40525 Houston TX 77240-052–- Ph: (713) 466-3552, Fax: (713) 896-7386