DOCSLIB.ORG

The Science of Harmonics in Classical Greece

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Science of Harmonics in Classical Greece This page intentionally left blank THE SCIENCE OF HARMONICS IN CLASSICAL GREECE The ancient science of harmonics investigates the arrangements of pitched sounds which form the basis of musical melody, and the principles which govern them. It was the most important branch of Greek musical theory, studied by philosophers, mathematicians and astronomers as well as by musical specialists. This book examines its development during the period when its central ideas and rival schools of thought were established, laying the foundations for the speculations of later antiquity, the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. It concentrates particularly on the theorists’ methods and purposes and the controversies that their various approaches to the subject pro- voked. It also seeks to locate the discipline within the broader cultural environment of the period; and it investigates, sometimes with sur- prising results, the ways in which the theorists’ work draws on and in some cases influences that of philosophers and other intellectuals. andrew barker is Professor of Classics in the Insititute of Archae- ology and Antiquity at the University of Birmingham. THE SCIENCE OF HARMONICS IN CLASSICAL GREECE ANDREW BARKER CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521879514 © Andrew Barker 2007 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published in print format 2007 ISBN-13 978-0-511-36650-5 eBook (EBL) ISBN-10 0-511-36650-7 eBook (EBL) ISBN-13 978-0-521-87951-4 hardback ISBN-10 0-521-87951-5 hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. O dear white children, casual as birds, Playing among the ruined languages, So small beside their large confusing words, So gay against the greater silences... W. H. Auden, Hymn to Saint Cecilia Contents List of figures page ix Preface xi part ipreliminaries Introduction 3 1 Beginnings, and the problem of measurement 19 part ii empirical harmonics 2 Empirical harmonics before Aristoxenus 33 3 The early empiricists in their cultural and intellectual contexts 68 4 Interlude on Aristotle’s account of a science and its methods 105 5 Aristoxenus: the composition of the Elementa harmonica 113 6 Aristoxenus: concepts and methods in Elementa harmonica Book 1 136 7 Elementa harmonica Books ii–iii: the science reconsidered 165 8 Elementa harmonica Book iii and its missing sequel 197 9 Contexts and purposes of Aristoxenus’ harmonics 229 part iii mathematical harmonics 10 Pythagorean harmonics in the fifth century: Philolaus 263 vii viii Contents 11 Developments in Pythagorean harmonics: Archytas 287 12 Plato 308 13 Aristotle on the harmonic sciences 328 14 Systematising mathematical harmonics: the Sectio canonis 364 15 Quantification under attack: Theophrastus’ critique 411 Postscript: The later centuries 437 Bibliography 450 Index of proper names 461 General index 469 Figures 1 The central octave page 13 2 The Greater Perfect System 14 3 Disjunction and conjunction 15 4 The Lesser Perfect System 16 5 The Unchanging Perfect System 17 6 Modulation through a perfect fourth 220 7 Modulation through a semitone 221 8 The harmonia of Philolaus 266 9 The ‘third note’ in Philolaus’ harmonia 276 10 Sectio canonis proposition 19 396 11 Sectio canonis proposition 20 402 ix Preface I did most of the research for this book and wrote the first draft during my tenure of a British Academy Research Professorship in the Humanities in 2000–2003.Itwas a great privilege to be awarded this position, and I am deeply indebted to the Academy for its generous support of my work, which would otherwise have been done even more slowly or not at all. I am grateful also to the University of Birmingham for freeing me from my regular duties for an extended period. In that connection I should like to offer special thanks, coupled with sympathy, to Matthew Fox, for uncomplainingly taking over my role as Head of Department at a particularly difficult time, and to Elena Theodorakopoulos, Niall Livingstone and Diana Spencer for shouldering a sack-full of other tasks that would normally have come my way. Many others have been splendid sources of help, encouragement and advice. I cannot mention them all, but here is a Mighty Handful whose members have played essential parts, whether they know it or not: Geoffrey Lloyd, Malcolm Schofield, David Sedley, Ken Dowden, Carl Huffman, Alan Bowen, AndreB´ arbera, Franca Perusino, Eleonora Rocconi, Donatella Restani, Annie Belis,´ Angelo Meriani, David Creese, Egert Pohlmann,¨ Panos Vlagopoulos, Charis Xanthoudakis. My sincere thanks to all these excellent friends. Jim Porter and another (anonymous) reader for the Press read two versions of the entire typescript in draft; without their comments, to which I have done my best to respond, the book would have been a good deal less satisfactory than it is. I appreciate the magnitude of the task they generously undertook, and though they added substantially to my labours Iamexceedingly grateful for theirs. This is the fourth book of mine to which the staff of Cambridge University Press have served as midwives, and they have amply lived up to the standards of efficiency, courtesy and patience which I have come to expect and appreciate. My thanks to all concerned on this occasion, and especially to my admirable copy-editor, Linda Woodward, both for her careful work on the lengthy typescript and for the gratifying interest she took in its contents. Thanks, too, to my xi xii Preface oldest son, Jonathan Barker, who showed me how to solve certain vexing mathematical conundrums; and as always, to the rest of my family and especially my wife, Jill, for their continuing patience and encouragement. I can only regret that David Fowler is no longer here to be thanked. His untimely death has deprived me and many others of a friend and colleague whose enthusiasm and insatiable curiosity were infectious and inspiring, and whose lively and sympathetic humanity put some warmth and light into this cynical world. He was one of the most charming people who ever trod the earth, and he will be sadly missed. part i Preliminaries Introduction Few books have more splendidly informative titles than Theon of Smyrna’s Mathematics useful for reading Plato.Atitle modelled on his, perhaps Har- monic theory useful for reading classical Greek philosophy and other things would have given a fair impression of my agenda here. But that’s a little cumbersome; and for accuracy’s sake, I would have had to tack the phrase ‘and indications of the converse’ onto the Theonian title, since I shall be trying to show not only how harmonics can be ‘useful’ to students of other fields, but also how the preoccupations of Greek writers who tilled those fields can shed light on the development of harmonics itself, and can help us to understand its methods and priorities. More importantly, this hypothetical title would have been dangerously hubristic; it has the air of presupposing a positive answer to one of the book’s most serious questions. Leaving one or two exceptional passages aside (the construction of the World-Soul in Plato’s Timaeus, for example), does a knowledge of the specialised science of harmonics, and of its historical development, really give much help in the interpretation of texts more central to the scientific and philosophi- cal tradition, or in understanding the colourful environment inhabited by real Greek musicians and their audiences, or indeed in connection with anything else at all? Can such knowledge be ‘useful’, and if so, in which contexts, and how? I intend to argue that it can, though not always in the places where one would most naturally expect it. There is a point I should like to clarify before we begin, to avoid misun- derstandings and to help explain some of this book’s unavoidable limita- tions. Specialists in the ancient musical sciences may be few (though there are many more swimmers in these tricky waters now than there were when I took my first plunge over twenty-five years ago); but they are nevertheless various. By and large, they fall into two main groups. Some are profes- sional musicologists, who may have worked their way upstream into these reaches from a starting point in the Middle Ages or the Renaissance. Others set out from a training in Classics, within which broad church I include 3 4 Introduction devotees of ancient philosophy and science. Musicologists, of course, are sometimes proficient in Greek and Latin, and some classicists are excellent musicians; but when tackling their professional work, each group brings to it the equipment, the presuppositions and the puzzlements of their own academic tribe. I am no exception, and I make no bones about the fact. I am a classicist and a student of Greek science and philosophy. As it hap- pens, I have made a good deal of music in my time, but I am not a trained musicologist. American colleagues have sometimes chided me, no doubt rightly, for my lack of a properly musicological perspective. So be it; each of us does what he or she can. Most work published nowadays in this field is written by specialists for specialists. From time to time, over the years, I have contributed my own penny-worth to these esoteric conversations; but I have always had another objective in mind.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Modes of Ancient Greek Music
    www.24grammata.com LIBRARY OF WELLESLEY COLLEGE PRESENTED BY Prof, K. H. Horsford www.24grammata.com www.24grammata.com www.24grammata.com www.24grammata.com www.24grammata.com THE MODES OF ANCIENT GREEK MUSIC MONRO www.24grammata.com Bonbon HENRY FROWDE Oxford University Press Warehouse Amen Corner, E.G. glen? ^orft MACMILLAN & CO., 66, FIFTH AVENUF. www.24grammata.com The Modes of Ancient Greek Music BY D. B. MONRO, M.A. PROVOST OF ORIEL COLLEGE, OXFORD HONORARY DOCTOR OF LETTERS IN THE UNIVERSITY OF DUBLIN AT THE CLARENDON PRESS 1894 www.24grammata.com 'fA^' Opfovb PRINTED AT THE CLARENDON PRESS BY HORACE HART, PRINTER TO THE UNIVERSITY ;^ www.24grammata.com n. DEDICATED TO THE PROVOST AND FELLOWS OF TRINITY COLLEGE DUBLIN ^€LV0(TVVr]9 €V€Ka www.24grammata.com www.24grammata.com PREFACE The present essay is the sequel of an article on Greek music which the author contributed to the new edition of Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (London, 1890-91, art. Musica). In that article the long-standing controversy regarding the nature of the ancient musical Modes was briefly noticed, and some reasons w^ere given for dissenting from the views maintained by Westphal, and now very generally accepted. A full discussion of the subject would have taken up more space than was then at the author's disposal, and he accordingly pro- posed to the Delegates of the Clarendon Press to treat the question in a separate form. He has now to thank them for undertaking the publication of a work which is necessarily addressed to a very limited circle.
    [Show full text]
  • The Geodetic Sciences in Byzantium
    The geodetic sciences in Byzantium Dimitrios A. Rossikopoulos Department of Geodesy and Surveying, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki [email protected] Abstract: Many historians of science consider that geodeasia, a term used by Aristotle meaning "surveying", was not particularly flourishing in Byzantium. However, like “lo- gistiki” (practical arithmetic), it has never ceased to be taught, not only at public universi- ties and ecclesiastical schools, as well as by private tutors. Besides that these two fields had to do with problems of daily life, Byzantines considered them necessary prerequisite for someone who wished to study philosophy. So, they did not only confine themselves to copying and saving the ancient texts, but they also wrote new ones, where they were ana- lyzing their empirical discoveries and their technological achievements. This is the subject of this paper, a retrospect of the numerous manuscripts of the Byzantine period that refer to the development of geodesy both in teaching and practices of surveying, as well as to mat- ters relating to the views about the shape of the earth, the cartography, the positioning in travels and generally the sciences of mapping. Keywords: Geodesy, geodesy in Byzantium, history of geodesy, history of surveying, history of mathematics. Περίληψη: Πολλοί ιστορικοί των επιστημών θεωρούν ότι η γεωδαισία, όρος που χρησι- μοποίησε ο Αριστοτέλης για να ορίσει την πρακτική γεωμετρία, την τοπογραφία, δεν είχε ιδιαίτερη άνθιση στο Βυζάντιο. Ωστόσο, όπως και η “λογιστική”, δεν έπαψε ποτέ να διδά- σκεται όχι μόνο στα κοσμικά πανεπιστήμια, αλλά και στις εκκλησιαστικές σχολές, καθώς επίσης και από ιδιώτες δασκάλους. Πέρα από το ότι οι δύο αυτοί κλάδοι είχαν να κάνουν με προβλήματα της καθημερινής ζωής των ανθρώπων, οι βυζαντινοί θεωρούσαν την διδα- σκαλία τους απαραίτητη προϋπόθεση ώστε να μπορεί κανείς να παρακολουθήσει μαθήμα- τα φιλοσοφίας.
    [Show full text]
  • 6 X 10.Long New.P65
    Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-87951-4 - The Science of Harmonics in Classical Greece Andrew Barker Index More information Index of proper names Academy 326 on sound and pitch 27–9, 305–6, 322, 373, Adrastus of Aphrodisias 366n, 388n, 444 419–21 on classes of ratio 342n his theorem on epimoric ratios 272, 303–5, on ratios of pitches 29n, 444n 351, 356, 382 Adrastus (legendary) 89 Arimnestus, and the monochord 81n Aelianus 376n, 381n Aristides Quintilianus 397n, 398n, 400n, 435n, Aetolians, and diatonic music 70, 71 442–3 Agathocles 73, 78, 87–8 on an ‘ancient’ notation 64 Agenor 40n, 52, 55, 78, 81–3 Aristoxenian and Pythagorean elements Akoumenos 89 in 441, 442n Alcidamas 69n on dynamis 184, 188 Alexander Polyhistor 85n on enharmonic 39n Alexanderson, B. 432n on melopoiia 230 Alypius, on notation 61–6 the three ¯eth¯e of 255–6 Anacreon 82 on notes in the pyknon 217n Anaxagoras 327 on the paion¯ epibatos 245n Anaximenes, on ‘dense’ and ‘diffuse’ 25n on pre-systematic harmoniai 45–52, 83, 393, Anderson, W. D. 11n, 47, 47n, 48n, 51n 398, sources and transmission of his Annas, J. 311n evidence 45–8 Apollo 72 on systematised harmoniai 44, 44n Archestratus 437n on tonoi 216n, 225n, 226, 226n, 442n on notes in the pyknon 217n Aristonikos 82, 98n Archilochus 85–6 Aristophanes 6n, 83, 100n, 316n, 324n Archytas 113, 115, 143n, 143–5, 269, 287–307, 311, Aristotle 11, 33, 34n, 46, 114, 328–63, 364, 389n, 321, 327, 329, 332–4, 336–7, 342, 343–4, 390, 409, 414n, 421, 426 361, 364, 375, 390, 409, 440–2 Analytica posteriora 58n, 97, 105–12, 153, 167, and cosmology 305–6, 306n 168, 173, 193n, 193–4, 198, 200, 292n, on the Delian problem 304n 353–61, 364, 377n, 410n, Analytica his divisions of the tetrachord 288, 292–302, priora 106, De anima 28n, 173n, 241n, 352, 403–4 332, 373n, 376n, 429–30, De caelo 271n, and genera 38, 292–302 282, 283n, 286n, 323, Eudemus 329, and mathematical (‘rational’) principles 329n, frag.
    [Show full text]
  • Epigraphic Bulletin for Greek Religion 2011 (EBGR 2011)
    Kernos Revue internationale et pluridisciplinaire de religion grecque antique 27 | 2014 Varia Epigraphic Bulletin for Greek Religion 2011 (EBGR 2011) Angelos Chaniotis Electronic version URL: http://journals.openedition.org/kernos/2266 DOI: 10.4000/kernos.2266 ISSN: 2034-7871 Publisher Centre international d'étude de la religion grecque antique Printed version Date of publication: 1 November 2014 Number of pages: 321-378 ISBN: 978-2-87562-055-2 ISSN: 0776-3824 Electronic reference Angelos Chaniotis, « Epigraphic Bulletin for Greek Religion 2011 (EBGR 2011) », Kernos [Online], 27 | 2014, Online since 01 October 2016, connection on 15 September 2020. URL : http:// journals.openedition.org/kernos/2266 This text was automatically generated on 15 September 2020. Kernos Epigraphic Bulletin for Greek Religion 2011 (EBGR 2011) 1 Epigraphic Bulletin for Greek Religion 2011 (EBGR 2011) Angelos Chaniotis 1 The 24th issue of the Epigraphic Bulletin for Greek Religion presents epigraphic publications of 2011 and additions to earlier issues (publications of 2006–2010). Publications that could not be considered here, for reasons of space, will be presented in EBGR 2012. They include two of the most important books of 2011: N. PAPAZARKADAS’ Sacred and Public Land in Ancient Athens, Oxford 2011 and H.S. VERSNEL’s Coping with the Gods: Wayward Readings in Greek Theology, Leiden 2011. 2 A series of new important corpora is included in this issue. Two new IG volumes present the inscriptions of Eastern Lokris (119) and the first part of the inscriptions of Kos (21); the latter corpus is of great significance for the study of Greek religion, as it contains a large number of cult regulations; among the new texts, we single out the ‘sacred law of the tribe of the Elpanoridai’ in Halasarna.
    [Show full text]
  • Reading Death in Ancient Rome
    Reading Death in Ancient Rome Reading Death in Ancient Rome Mario Erasmo The Ohio State University Press • Columbus Copyright © 2008 by The Ohio State University. All rights reserved. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Erasmo, Mario. Reading death in ancient Rome / Mario Erasmo. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-8142-1092-5 (cloth : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-8142-1092-9 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Death in literature. 2. Funeral rites and ceremonies—Rome. 3. Mourning cus- toms—Rome. 4. Latin literature—History and criticism. I. Title. PA6029.D43E73 2008 870.9'3548—dc22 2008002873 This book is available in the following editions: Cloth (ISBN 978-0-8142-1092-5) CD-ROM (978-0-8142-9172-6) Cover design by DesignSmith Type set in Adobe Garamond Pro by Juliet Williams Printed by Thomson-Shore, Inc. The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials. ANSI 39.48-1992. 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contents List of Figures vii Preface and Acknowledgments ix INTRODUCTION Reading Death CHAPTER 1 Playing Dead CHAPTER 2 Staging Death CHAPTER 3 Disposing the Dead 5 CHAPTER 4 Disposing the Dead? CHAPTER 5 Animating the Dead 5 CONCLUSION 205 Notes 29 Works Cited 24 Index 25 List of Figures 1. Funerary altar of Cornelia Glyce. Vatican Museums. Rome. 2. Sarcophagus of Scipio Barbatus. Vatican Museums. Rome. 7 3. Sarcophagus of Scipio Barbatus (background). Vatican Museums. Rome. 68 4. Epitaph of Rufus.
    [Show full text]
  • The Josho Nahuanbo Are All Wet and Undercooked
    ROE: Shipibo Views of the Whiteman 107 During the course of excavating sites in the UcayaJi baSin, my Shipibo 5 workers discovered a ceramic artifact which they promptly (and in some hilarity) identified as a §hebiinanti. Archaeologists usually label any enigmatiC artifact for which a technical function is not immediately apparent a "ceremonial object," and in this case they would be right. It The Josho Nahuanbo Are All Wet was a small, slightly concave, baked ceramic rectangle with incised designs on one surface; the modern counterpart is painted with prelire and Undercooked: Shipibo Views designs in the Shipibo style. It serves as a "vaginal bandage or cover" and is an integral part of the Shipibo-Conibo female puberty rite, the of the Whiteman and the Incas ani §hiiati (big drinking). Applied after a radical clitoridectomy (Roe I982a:93-112) , it is discarded onto the midden after the girl heals, in Myth, Legend, and History precisely where we recovered it. A veritable uNaven" in the Batesonian sense (Lathrap, Gebhart-Sayer, and Mester 1985:78), this ceremony was Peter G. Roe a "condensed metaphor" giving insight into the whole of Shipibo­ Conibo cosmology. Since this ceremony and the artifact that is central to it are unique to the Shipibo-Conibo, the modern cultural affiliations of the archaeological complex seem clear. My interest in the interrelationships of history and myth among the We also recovered a cache of one pure native copper axe and one Shipibo Indians of the Peruvian montana accidentally began while copper spokeshave a t the site. Both of these artifacts were tar too soft to I was researching the Late Prehistory of the upper Ucayali River.
    [Show full text]
  • Divisions of the Tetrachord Are Potentially Infinite in Number
    EDITOR'S INTRODUCTION ''''HEN I WAS A young student in California, Lou Harrison suggested that I send one of my first pieces, Piano Study #5 (forJPR) to a Dr. Chalmers, who might publish it in his journal Xenbarmonikon. Flattered and fascinated, I did, and John did, and thus began what is now my twenty year friendship with this polyglot fungus researcher tuning guru science fiction devotee and general everything expert. Lou first showed me the box of papers, already called Divisions ofthe Tetracbord, in 1975. I liked the idea of this grand, obsessive project, and felt that it needed to be availablein a way that was, likeJohn himself, out of the ordinary. When Jody Diamond, Alexis Alrich, and I founded Frog Peak Music (A Composers' Collective) in the early 80S, Divisions (along with Tenney's then unpublished Meta + Hodos) was in my mind as one of the publishing collective's main reasons for existing, and for calling itself a publisher of"speculative theory." The publication of this book has been a long and arduous process. Re­ vised manuscripts traveled with me from California to Java and Sumatra (John requested we bring him a sample of the local fungi), and finally to our new home in New Hampshire. The process of writing, editing, and pub­ lishing it has taken nearly fifteen years, and spanned various writing tech­ nologies. (When John first started using a word processor, and for the first time his many correspondents could actually read his long complicated letters, my wife and I were a bit sad-we had enjoyed reading his com­ pletely illegible writing aloud as a kind of sound poetry).
    [Show full text]
  • 4 Aristoxenus and Music Therapy
    4 Aristoxenus and Music Therapy Fr. 26 Wehrli within the Tradition on Music and Catharsis Antonietta Provenza 1. Introduction The importance of music for the ancient Pythagoreans,1 together with recognition of its therapeutic function, already attested at the * My heartfelt thanks to Professor Carl Huffman and all the participants in the Aristoxenus Conference for their interest in my paper and comments. I will always remember those days at DePauw University as wonderful and happy. I wish also to thank Professor Salvatore Nicosia, my research tutor, for having read and discussed with me this essay at different times. Translations are mine, unless otherwise indicated. 1 Still indispensable for a general overview of Early Pythagoreanism and the ques- tions concerning it is Burkert (1972). Among Burkert’s main emphases are the Pla- tonic contamination of sources on Pythagoreanism since the 4th century BCE and the representation of Pythagoras as a “wise man” with shamanistic features (although the unsuitability of the notion of shamanism for ancient Greek culture has been since highlighted in Bremmer [1983] 29–48 and [2002] 27–40; cf. also Minar [1971]), rather than as a “scientist,” since “scientific Pythagoreanism” is not clearly attested until Philolaus. Most important among the studies opposing Burkert’s “shamanistic” Pythagoras and giving prominence to the “scientific” side of early Pythagoreanism and to its relationship with Near-eastern science are Kahn (1974), van der Waerden (1979) and Zhmud (1997). Also see on Pythagoreanism and its sources: Centrone 91 92 Aristoxenus of Tarentum dawn of Greek literature,2 favored the rise of a long tradition relat- ing to the Pythagoreans and music therapy, which is most famously and richly attested in two Neoplatonic works, The Life of Pythagoras (Vita Pythagorae) by Porphyry of Tyre (ca.
    [Show full text]
  • For a Falcon
    New Larousse Encyclopedia of Mythology Introduction by Robert Graves CRESCENT BOOKS NEW YORK New Larousse Encyclopedia of Mythology Translated by Richard Aldington and Delano Ames and revised by a panel of editorial advisers from the Larousse Mvthologie Generate edited by Felix Guirand and first published in France by Auge, Gillon, Hollier-Larousse, Moreau et Cie, the Librairie Larousse, Paris This 1987 edition published by Crescent Books, distributed by: Crown Publishers, Inc., 225 Park Avenue South New York, New York 10003 Copyright 1959 The Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited New edition 1968 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the permission of The Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited. ISBN 0-517-00404-6 Printed in Yugoslavia Scan begun 20 November 2001 Ended (at this point Goddess knows when) LaRousse Encyclopedia of Mythology Introduction by Robert Graves Perseus and Medusa With Athene's assistance, the hero has just slain the Gorgon Medusa with a bronze harpe, or curved sword given him by Hermes and now, seated on the back of Pegasus who has just sprung from her bleeding neck and holding her decapitated head in his right hand, he turns watch her two sisters who are persuing him in fury. Beneath him kneels the headless body of the Gorgon with her arms and golden wings outstretched. From her neck emerges Chrysor, father of the monster Geryon. Perseus later presented the Gorgon's head to Athene who placed it on Her shield.
    [Show full text]
  • First Name Americanization Patterns Among Twentieth-Century Jewish Immigrants to the United States
    City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works All Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects 2-2017 From Rochel to Rose and Mendel to Max: First Name Americanization Patterns Among Twentieth-Century Jewish Immigrants to the United States Jason H. Greenberg The Graduate Center, City University of New York How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/1820 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] FROM ROCHEL TO ROSE AND MENDEL TO MAX: FIRST NAME AMERICANIZATION PATTERNS AMONG TWENTIETH-CENTURY JEWISH IMMIGRANTS TO THE UNITED STATES by by Jason Greenberg A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Linguistics in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Linguistics, The City University of New York 2017 © 2017 Jason Greenberg All Rights Reserved ii From Rochel to Rose and Mendel to Max: First Name Americanization Patterns Among Twentieth-Century Jewish Immigrants to the United States: A Case Study by Jason Greenberg This manuscript has been read and accepted for the Graduate Faculty in Linguistics in satisfaction of the thesis requirement for the degree of Master of Arts in Linguistics. _____________________ ____________________________________ Date Cecelia Cutler Chair of Examining Committee _____________________ ____________________________________ Date Gita Martohardjono Executive Officer THE CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK iii ABSTRACT From Rochel to Rose and Mendel to Max: First Name Americanization Patterns Among Twentieth-Century Jewish Immigrants to the United States: A Case Study by Jason Greenberg Advisor: Cecelia Cutler There has been a dearth of investigation into the distribution of and the alterations among Jewish given names.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 1: Introduction
    La Marque du maître: Messiaen’s Influence on Québécois Composers Serge Garant, Clermont Pépin and André Prévost Heather White Luckow Schulich School of Music McGill University Montreal, Quebec, Canada June 2010 A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of PhD in Music Theory Heather White Luckow 2010 All rights reserved i To David and my parents ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I have heartfelt thanks for a large number of people from whom I have drawn support and encouragement each and every day of my studies. First and foremost, I would like to thank my advisor, Christoph Neidhöfer, whose guidance in every area of my scholarly development has been exemplary: he was certainly the best mentor I could have ever hoped to have. Sincere thanks are also extended to William E. Lake at Bowling Green State University who oversaw my earliest research and attentively edited my earliest writings on André Prévost. It was Kjellrun Hestekin, my undergraduate horn and theory professor at Memorial University of Newfoundland, who first inspired me to study music theory and has remained a mentoring figure in my academic development from day one. Thank you for your belief in me. Two institutions, in particular, offered invaluable financial support for my dissertation research: the Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec (BAnQ); and the Société Québécoise de Recherche en Musique. The continued enthusiasm that these two Québécois bodies have shown in my work is especially appreciated. The staff of the BAnQ, Library and Archives Canada, the Service de la gestion de documents et des archives de l’Université de Montréal and the Centre de musique canadienne (CMC) have all been exemplary in their assistance in obtaining scores, recordings and press clippings.
    [Show full text]
  • Congressional Record—Senate S283
    January 22, 1996 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S283 forgotten and I will do whatever I can has bullied the Philippines over contested is- power to a collection of reformers who them- to ensure the days of the back-alley lands in the South China Sea, twice con- selves squandered the chance for real change. abortion, a virtual death sentence for ducted missile tests in the waters off Tai- Today the LDP is back in a cynical misalli- women, remain a tragic thing of the wan, resumed irresponsible weapons trans- ance with its nemesis, the socialists, whom fers and imposed its own choice as the re- it hopes to shortly expel. past. Let today remind us that, for now incarnated Panchen Lama, the second most When does that leave us? With the Bur- at least, the law is on our side. important religious figure in Tibet. Mean- mese, or the Indonesian generals, or perhaps I urge President Clinton to join us while, as The Times’s Patrick Tyler reports, Thailand, where politicians are so corrupt today in commemorating this land- influential military commanders have begun they stay out of jail? mark anniversary. And I respectfully pushing for military action against Taiwan Reading the Mainland press, Taiwan’s re- request that he deliver on his promise and turned to confrontational rhetoric cent peaceful, multiparty elections never to veto H.R. 1833. The women of this against the United States. happened. No mention—the dog that didn’t country are counting on him to do Washington has minimized these provo- bark. A decade ago, the phrase ‘‘Taiwanese what is right.
    [Show full text]