DOCSLIB.ORG

!\, S S E Fv1 Bl V ORIGINAL: ENGLISH

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
!\, S S E Fv1 Bl V ORIGINAL: ENGLISH 'JNITED NATIONS · Distr. GENERAL 3ENERAL A/e&;k :2.7~· .Z.O -i&-August 195tf !\, S S E fv1 Bl V ORIGINAL: ENGLISH Ninth-session SUPl?I.E!<IENTARY LIST OF ITEMS FOR THE AGENDA OF THE NINTH REGULAR SESSION OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY: ITEM PROPOSED BY ~A---- ~~·, 'tc :: -- >'i \/ r--zo New York,_~ August 1954 On instructions from my Government,. I have the honour to re_quest that the following item be included in the provisional agenda of the ninth regular session ' ... '• . of the United Nations General ASSembly: "The question of West Irian (West. New Guinea)" In accordance ui th rule 20 of the .. rules of procedure of the General Assembly, an e):;planatory memorandU!II is enclosed. (Signed) SUDJARI-10 · T jondronegoro Acting Permanent Representative of In4onesia to the United Nations 54-22821 li.f CJ>'J+ English Page 2 EXPLANATORY NEMOBAIIDUl4 The right of self-determination of the Indonesian people found its realization - after a long struggle against colonial rule - when the Indonesian people proclaimed their indeJ.)endence 1 at the close of the Second lforld War, on 17 August 1945 1 follo·wed by the establishment of a free independent Republic of Indonesia, covering the whole territory of the former Dutch East Indies. The sovereignty of its people was vested in the free national goverzunent of the new Republic, This realization. of the people's right of self·determination. \Vas, however, challenged by the Netherlands • politically and militarily - which challenge brought about the armed conflict bet1reen Indonesia and the Netherlands • This armed conflict or war bet1~een the t~ro countries ~ms brought to an end lfhen the parties concerned - under the auspices of the United Nations Commission for Indonesia - came eventually to a peaceful agreement at the Round Table Conference, held· at The· Hague in late 1949. The attainment of accord at this Conference, concluded on 2 November 1949, 11as made possible when· the independence and sovereignty of Indonesia - the heart of the problem - \Vas fully recognized and accepted by the Netherlands Government, as reflected in article l of the Charter of the Transfer of Sovereignty, which reads: "The Kingdom of the ~etherlands unconditionally and irrevocably transfers complete sovereignty over Indonesia to. the Republic of the United States of Indonesia and thereby recognizes said RepUblic of the ! l' United. States of Indonesia as an independent and sovereign State,"~ However, the Round Table Conference agreements actually left one question not entirely settled, pending a decision ~thin a year. That was the question of West Ne\V Guinea (the vrestern half of the island of Ne1f Guinea, called West Irian in Indonesia), which constitutes the most eastern part of the Indonesian territory. y The formal transfer of sovereignty took place on 27 December 1949. In the course of 1950 1 .the Republic of the United States of Indonesia transformed itself through internal processes into the (unitarian) Republic of Indonesia, ~·rhich \Vas admitted to the United Nations on 28 September 1950, A/2694 English Page 3 As to this remaining unsett,J.ed question, a. temporary coiJl.Promise was ;formulated in article 2 of the Charter of the Transfer of Sovereignty, wherein it was decided that "with regs.rd to the :re!lidency&' of Ne1{ Guinea": "In view of .the :f'a.ct that it has not been :possible to reconcile the views of the :pe.rties on Ne~r Guinea~ which rema.ins, therefore, in dispute 4 • , , "., •• , ·, •• , ... , "In vie>f of the deli.icaubn of t.tle parties to the principle of resolving by peaceful and ree.sona.ble means any differences that ma.y hereafter exist or·adse be~een them, . "That the status quo of the residency o:f' Ne1·r Guinea shall be ma.intained 1fith the stipulation ·the.t 1dthin e. year from the date of transfer of sovereignty to the lle)?ublic of the United States of Indonesia the question of the political status of New Guinea be determined through negotiations bet>{een the llepublic of the United States of Indonesia and the Kingdom of the Netherlands." The Dutch occu;pa.tion.s.dministration in West New Guinea (West Irie.ri.) .since the end of the Second World War was thus allowed to remain temporarily in that tel•r:i.tory, :pending a settlement of the dis:pute by negotiations ;ritMn the stipulated one-year :period. This was a pard compromise for Indonesia to accept, and it evoked the bitter cri tic:i.sn1 o':f' the Indonesian p.eo:ple, It vras only with the greatest difficulties that the Round Table Conference agreements - which left part of Indonesia temporarily Under Dutch colonial administration - were ratified by the Indonesian Parliament.. The acceptance of this temJ?ora.ry co1J!.Promise was an expression of Indonesia's determination to remove, .through pea7eful means in accordance mth the aitnB of: the United Nations, a situation Hhich was exe.s:perating internationa.l.peace and security. The Round Table Conference agreementsJ although generally considered as the end·of the Indonesian-Netherlands conflict with the emergence and reco~ition of ?) "Residency" is an administrative unit of the Goverilment in Indones.ia. A/2694 English Page 4 the new, independent Indonesian Re:public,2f unfortunately, ho;rever, contained the seed of a new dispute, one not of Indonesia's making - the dispute over the territory of West Irian, West Irian is and always has been - historically as well as constitutionally (legally) • an integral part of the territory of Indonesia; that is to say, also of .the former Dutch East Indies. It is unfor·cunate, indeed, if the Netherlands Government at the Round Tabl~ Conference entertained the intention of retaining this part of Indonesian ter:dtory within its colonial grip, since this '~ould be contrary to its mm previous promises and to the understanding bet~reen all pal·ties to give independence to the whole of Indonesia. As late as December 1948, Dr, Van Royen, who soon after headed the Dutch delegation in the resumed Indonesian-Netherlands negotiations, which concluded with the preliminary agreement (Roem-Van Royen agreement) for the Round Table Conference at The Hague, told the United Nations Security Council in Paris: "As I eXplained at the ou·~set, this dispute is not about the question of whether or not Indonesia will become independent. All parties agree that what used to be the Netherlands East Indies should become an independent State as. soon e.s possible, n!!:/ Indeed, the ~rord "Indonesia", connoting the former Netherlands East Indies, has a national and political connotation, not a racial one. This lias recognized and legalized by the Dutch Government itself, Aside from the above-quoted statement of Dr. Van Royen, article ·1 of the Netherlands Constitution of 19221 which read: "The Kingdom of the Netherlands consists of the territories. of tbe' y Netherlands, the Netherlands Indies, Surinam and the Netherlands Antilles," was amended in 1948 to. read: "The Kingdom of the Netherlands consists of the Netherlands, Indonesia, . )J.I Surinam and the Netherlands Antilles, "r!l 2/ On 2 November 1949, at the closing session of the Round Table Conference, the chairman of the United Nations Commission for Indonesia spoke of tllia significant event as "the end of a conflict 1 the solution of a problem", Later on, having no further task to perform with respect to the Indonesian dispute, the United Nations Commission adjourned itself sine die. Y Underlining by the Indonesian delegation. A/2694 English Page 5 The West Irian dispute, 1n1ich inhibited efforts to foster better relations between Indonesia and the Netherlands, became particularly acute when the one-year .period stipulated in the Charter of the Transfer of Sovereignty elapsed, on 27 December 1950 1 without a. negotj.ated settlement having been achieved, The question may be ra.ised1 why is Uest Irian of such importance to Indonesia.? The disputed territory covers about l:-13 1 000 square kilometres, an area constituting 22 per cent of the entire Indonesian territory, although not developed and very much negleqted under Dutch colonial rule, ;rt has an indigenous population estimated at about one rnillion.2/ As mentioned a.bove 1 it is historically an integral part of the Indonesian archipelago, and it l·las a part of the former Dutch East Indies, l~est Irian 1 s primary importance to Indonesia. lies in the political and national sphere. Beitl-€ pe.rt of the former Dutch East Indies, lvest Irian and its people 1'1ere part and parcel of the Indonesian national movement for independence. It 1>1as in West Irian that the Dutch colonie~ regime · _established the concentration camp, Boven Digoel1 to which Indonesian political :j.eaders were exiled, The people of ~lest Irian, being an integral part of the national movement for independence during the time of the Dutch colonial regime: in Indonesia., were, subsequently also affected by the Procla.mation of Independ.ence of 17 August 1945, Folla~>nng this proclamation by their national leaders, the people of West Irian, together with the rest of the Indonesian population, actively participated in the revolution against the attempted reimposition of Dutch colonial rule, The largest and most a.cti ve political group in 1·/es'c Irisn, a ne~>l party c~led "Pa.rtai kemerdekaa.n Indonesia Irian" (Irian Party for the Independence of !ndonesia),_ was set up in 1946 1 largely on the initiative of Mr. Silas Papare. (Mr. Pa.pare 'fas decorated by the Allies for his prominent part in the ~·esi\J_tance movement during the Japanese occupation of ~/est Irian and is now a member of the Indonesian Parliament.) This organization, with its principal aim of independence for the entire Indonesian na.t:l,on1 including the people of West Irian, J:"a.piUy ~Ton support from the people, ~1ho adhered to their right of self·determinat~on as .laid down in the Charter of the United Nations.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • KITLV Healers on the Colonial Market Def.Indd 1 10-11-11 11:34 HEALERS on the C OLONIAL MARKET
    Healers on the colonial market Healers on the colonial market is one of the few studies on the Healers on the Dutch East Indies from a postcolonial perspective. It provides an enthralling addition to research on both the history of the Dutch East Indies and the history of colonial medicine. This book will be colonial market of interest to historians, historians of science and medicine, and anthropologists. Native doctors and midwives How successful were the two medical training programmes in the Dutch East Indies established in Jakarta by the colonial government in 1851? One was a medical school for Javanese boys, and the other a school for midwives for Javanese girls, and the graduates were supposed to replace native healers, the dukun. However, the indigenous Native doctors and midwives in the Dutch East Indies population was not prepared to use the services of these doctors and midwives. Native doctors did in fact prove useful as vaccinators and assistant doctors, but the school for midwives was closed in 1875. Even though there were many horror stories of mistakes made during dukun-assisted deliveries, the school was not reopened, and instead a handful of girls received practical training from European physicians. Under the Ethical Policy there was more attention for the welfare of the indigenous population and the need for doctors increased. More native boys received medical training and went to work as general practitioners. Nevertheless, not everybody accepted these native doctors as the colleagues of European physicians. Liesbeth Hesselink (1943) received a PhD in the history of medicine from the University of Amsterdam in 2009.
    [Show full text]
  • Decolonization of the Dutch East Indies/Indonesia
    Europeans and decolonisations Decolonization of the Dutch East Indies/Indonesia Pieter EMMER ABSTRACT Japan served as an example for the growing number of nationalists in the Dutch East Indies. In order to pacify this group, the Dutch colonial authorities instituted village councils to which Indonesians could be elected, and in 1918 even a national parliament, but the Dutch governor-general could annul its decisions. Many Dutch politicians did not take the unilateral declaration of independence of August 1945 after the ending of the Japanese occupation seriously. Because of this stubbornness, a decolonization war raged for four years. Due to pressures from Washington the Dutch government agreed to transfer the sovereignty to the nationalists in 1949 as the Americans threatened to cut off Marshall aid to the Netherlands. The Dutch part of New Guinea was excluded from the transfer, but in 1963 again with American mediation the last remaining part of the Dutch colonial empire in Asia was also transferred to Indonesian rule. A woman internee at Tjideng camp (Batavia), during the Japanese occupation, in 1945. Source : Archives nationales néerlandaises. Inscription on a wall of Purkowerto (Java), July 24th 1948. Source : Archives nationales néerlandaises. Moluccan soldiers arrive in Rotterdam with their families, on March 22nd 1951. Source : Wikipédia The Dutch attitude towards the independence movements in the Dutch East Indies Modern Indonesian nationalism was different from the earlier protest movements such as the Java War (1825-1830) and various other forms of agrarian unrest. The nationalism of the Western-educated elite no longer wanted to redress local grievances, but to unite all Indonesians in a nation independent of Dutch rule.
    [Show full text]
  • The Dutch Strategic and Operational Approach in the Indonesian War of Independence, 1945– 1949
    Scientia Militaria, South African Journal of Military Studies, Vol 46, Nr 2, 2018. doi: 10.5787/46-2-1237 THE DUTCH STRATEGIC AND OPERATIONAL APPROACH IN THE INDONESIAN WAR OF INDEPENDENCE, 1945– 1949 Leopold Scholtz1 North-West University Abstract The Indonesian War of Independence (1945–1949) and the Dutch attempt to combat the insurgency campaign by the Indonesian nationalists provides an excellent case study of how not to conduct a counter-insurgency war. In this article, it is reasoned that the Dutch security strategic objective – a smokescreen of autonomy while keeping hold of political power – was unrealistic. Their military strategic approach was very deficient. They approached the war with a conventional war mind- set, thinking that if they could merely reoccupy the whole archipelago and take the nationalist leaders prisoner, that it would guarantee victory. They also mistreated the indigenous population badly, including several mass murders and other war crimes, and ensured that the population turned against them. There was little coordination between the civilian and military authorities. Two conventional mobile operations, while conducted professionally, actually enlarged the territory to be pacified and weakened the Dutch hold on the country. By early 1949, it was clear that the Dutch had lost the war, mainly because the Dutch made a series of crucial mistakes, such as not attempting to win the hearts and minds of the local population. In addition, the implacable opposition by the United States made their war effort futile. Keywords: Indonesian War of Independence, Netherlands, insurgency, counter- insurgency, police actions, strategy, operations, tactics, Dutch army Introduction Analyses of counter-insurgency operations mostly concentrate on the well- known conflicts – the French and Americans in Vietnam, the British in Malaya and Kenya, the French in Algeria, the Portuguese in Angola and Mozambique, the Ian Smith government in Rhodesia, the South Africans in Namibia, et cetera.
    [Show full text]
  • The Dutch East Indies and the Reorientation of Dutch Social Democracy, 1929-40*
    THE DUTCH EAST INDIES AND THE REORIENTATION OF DUTCH SOCIAL DEMOCRACY, 1929-40* Erik Hansen Between 1919 and the German occupation of the Netherlands in May 1940, the Dutch social democratic movement gradually experienced a pro­ found internal transformation. Cautious reformist elements had always been strong in the Sociaal Democratische Arbeiderspartij (SDAP--Social Democratic Workers' Party), and with the passage of time their strength continued to increase; left-opposition elements were purged from the party, first in 1909 and again in 1932, so that whatever strength revo­ lutionary Marxist elements might have had within the party was dissi­ pated. Throughout the 1920s, the SDAP leadership slowly and painfully gravitated toward a pragmatic, ethical, and parliamentary socialism which stressed the primacy of law, due process, civil liberties, and political democracy. The change on occasion entailed brutal debate. When the depression broke in 1929, the SDAP found itself incapable of generating a positive political or economic response. Only in 1934, under pressure from rising levels of unemployment, the threat of fas- cistic movements of the radical right, and competition on the left from various revolutionary groups including the Communist Party, did the party seek a solution in planisme.11 The movement to planisme served a dual purpose. By presenting an antidepression program which provided for a high degree of economic planning within a capitalist framework, the SDAP sought to attract middle-class elements who had traditionally voted for bourgeois parties. At the same time, the party could continue to stress its democratic, parliamentary commitments against the radical left and right. This attempt to break into new constituencies in Dutch society failed, and on the eve of the German occupation the SDAP remained a basically working-class party.
    [Show full text]
  • Kebaya Encim As the Phenomenon of Mimicry in East Indies Dutch Colonial’S Culture
    CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by International Institute for Science, Technology and Education (IISTE): E-Journals Arts and Design Studies www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-6061 (Paper) ISSN 2225-059X (Online) Vol.13, 2013 Kebaya Encim as the Phenomenon of Mimicry in East Indies Dutch Colonial’s Culture Christine Claudia Lukman 1* Yasraf Amir Piliang 2 Priyanto Sunarto 3 1. Fine Art and Design Faculty, Maranatha Christian University, Jl. Surya Sumantri 65 Bandung, Indonesia 2. Fine Art and Design Faculty, Bandung Institute of Technology, Jl. Ganesha 10 Bandung, Indonesia 3. Fine Art and Design Faculty, Bandung Institute of Technology, Jl. Ganesha 10 Bandung, Indonesia * E-mail of the corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract Clothing is not just simply a fashion’s matter. It is an artifact of culture once used to differentiate someone based on his/her ethnic identity and position in certain power field. Dutch East Indies colonial government was very aware of this as they issued the rule at 1872 which required every resident to use 'its ethnic clothing' respectively in public areas. But there is exception in the case of the Dutch, Indo Belanda 1) , Tionghoa Peranakan 2) , and Native women's clothing. They had to wear kebaya and batik sarong (Jean Gelman Taylor, 2009). The clothes worn by indigenous women of Indonesian (particularly in Java), subsequently worn by Tionghoa Peranakan and Indo Belanda . From 1872 until 1920 Dutch women also wore kebaya and batik sarong in their house because the clothes were very comfortable to use in the hot and humid tropical region.
    [Show full text]
  • Soeharto's New Order and Its Legacy
    5 The Historical Roots of Indonesia’s New Order: Beyond the Colonial Comparison ROBERT.CRIBB In the middle of the 1960s, Indonesian politics took an apparently profound turn. The personalised, charismatic rule of the country’s first president, Sukarno, gave way to the dour, sometimes almost anonymous, administrative style of a new president, Soeharto, a general and former head of the army’s strategic reserve. Indonesia’s strident leftist engagement with world affairs gave way to a quiet alignment with the West. Within Indonesia, the permitted space for public politics contracted sharply: whereas shrill ideological assertion had been the motor of politics under Sukarno’s Guided Democracy, the regime of Soeharto relegated explicit ideology and demonstrative politics to the margins of public life. And economic decay gave way to a sustained programme of development that raised Indonesia from the ranks of the world’s poorest nations to become an incipient Asian tiger. Soeharto called his regime the New Order, and it was indeed a sharp contrast with the ‘Old Order’, a term which came to encompass both the Guided Democracy of Sukarno and the seven years of parliamentary democracy which preceded it. But where, if it was indeed new, did the New Order come from? Part of the answer lies, of course, in the broader global developments of the time. Indonesia was one of several repressive developmentalist regimes (Feith 1982a) in the Third World in which authoritarian leaders employed state power and the support of the United States in the name of kick-starting what was meant to be a self-sustaining development process.
    [Show full text]
  • The Dutch Minister in Charge of Education in the Netherlands East
    1 Discipline versus Gentle Persuasion in Colonial Public Health: The Rockefeller Foundation’s Intensive Rural Hygiene Work in the Netherlands East Indies, 1925-1940 By Frances Gouda University of Amsterdam Keizersgracht 369A Amsterdam 1016EJ Netherlands [email protected] © 2009 by Frances Gouda Editor's Note: This research report is presented here with the author‘s permission but should not be cited or quoted without the author‘s consent. Rockefeller Archive Center Research Reports Online is a periodic publication of the Rockefeller Archive Center. Edited by Ken Rose and Erwin Levold. Research Reports Online is intended to foster the network of scholarship in the history of philanthropy and to highlight the diverse range of materials and subjects covered in the collections at the Rockefeller Archive Center. The reports are drawn from essays submitted by researchers who have visited the Archive Center, many of whom have received grants from the Archive Center to support their research. The ideas and opinions expressed in this report are those of the author and are not intended to represent the Rockefeller Archive Center. Discipline versus Gentle Persuasion in Colonial Public Health: The Rockefeller Foundation‘s Intensive Rural Hygiene Work in the Netherlands East Indies, 1925-19401 [The people] should be lead, not driven. They should be stimulated and learn to express a desire To live more hygienically. It is the task of the health worker to create this desire. -- Dr. John Lee Hydrick (1937) 2 Introduction The Rockefeller Foundation's International Health Board‘s offer of medical services to the Dutch East Indies encountered both active and passive resistance from colonial public health authorities in Batavia.
    [Show full text]
  • Batik – How Emancipation of Dutch Housewives in the Dutch East Indies and “Back Home” Influenced Art Nouveau Design in Europe Olga Harmsen Independent Scholar
    Strand 2. Art Nouveau and Politics in the Dawn of Globalisation Batik – How Emancipation of Dutch Housewives in the Dutch East Indies and “Back Home” Influenced Art Nouveau Design in Europe Olga Harmsen Independent Scholar Abstract Dutch women in the Dutch East Indies were the first to industrialize Batik production. They loved batik fabrics, had access to technical know-how and to money. Bored with their needle point and cross stitch, they learned to produce batik (a technique of wax-resist dyeing applied to cloth) and designed prints reminiscent of ‘home’. Their ‘Batik Belanda’ was produced on a larger scale and exported to The Netherlands. From 1890, the technique was picked up by Dutch decorative artists like Lion Cachet, Dijsselhof and Thorn Prikker. After 1900, Lebeau became the most prominent Batik artist. Also Belgian artists got interested in Batik technique. Van de Velde was the first foreign artist who was inspired by the Batiks he saw in The Netherlands. Though he probably made little or no Batiks himself, he taught the technique at the Kunstgewerbeschule in Weimar. The Dutch introduced Batik to the rest of the world at the 1900 Exhibition Universelle in Paris. Keywords : Batik, Batik Belanda, Dutch East Indies, Textile, Lion Cachet, Art Nouveau, Emancipation, Nieuwe Kunst, Parchment, Lebeau 1 Life in the Dutch East Indies In 1596 the first Dutch expedition arrived at the East Indies to access spices directly from Asia. When a 400% profit was made on its return, other Dutch expeditions soon followed. Recognizing the potential of the East Indies trade, the Dutch government merged the competing companies into the Dutch East India Company (Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie or VOC).
    [Show full text]
  • The Lines in This Paper Will Move Between History, Retelling of the Past
    UC Berkeley Undergraduate Journal of Gender and Women’s Studies Title Hybrid Identities Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/70h3s06r Journal Undergraduate Journal of Gender and Women’s Studies, 1(1) Author Montclair, Sani Publication Date 2012 Peer reviewed|Undergraduate eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Hybrid Identity; Family, Photography and History in Colonial Indonesia by Sani Montclair As members of my family lose memories and pass away, I desire to take an even tighter grip on their narrative and the recollection of their story; their distant past has become my present exploration. I travel daily to the Indies, searching through black and white photographic albums, tracing the history of my great-grandparents and grandparents. What are these photographs conveying? Whose eyes were they for and most importantly, what story are they telling? My Grandmother, Catherine Noordraven (or Omi) was born in Chimahi, Java in 1916. Her mother (Hubertina Samson) was an Indonesian nurse and her father (Otto Noordraven), who was born in Holland, was a Dutch soldier in the military. Omi had a middle/upper class childhood upbringing and had a brother who, like his father, served in the Dutch military. The photographic albums tell the story of their travels throughout many different places in Sumatra and Indonesia, due to Otto’s military post. The photographs of the women in the albums depict a life of leisure, showing bicycle riding, swimming and posed portraits in the yard. The photographs of the men usually illustrate militarization; the men are customarily in uniform or standing in front of government buildings.
    [Show full text]
  • Colonial Interventions on Cultural Landscape of Central Sulawesi by “Ethical Policy” Impacts of the Dutch Rule in Palu
    Colonial Interventions on Cultural Landscape of Central Sulawesi by “Ethical Policy” Impacts of the Dutch rule in Palu and Kulawi valley 1905-1942 (STORMA) Robert Weber, Heiko Faust and Werner Kreisel STORMA Discussion Paper Series Sub-program A on Social and Economic Dynamics in Rain Forest Margins No. 2 (April 2002) Research Project on Stability of Rain Forest Margins (STORMA) Funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft under SFB 552 Participating institutions: Institut Pertanian Bogor Universitas Tadulako University of Göttingen University of Kassel The Editorial Board Prof. Dr. Michael Fremerey Institute of Socio-cultural and Socio-economic Studies, University of Kassel, Germany Prof. Dr. Bunasor Sanim Faculty of Economics, Bogor Agricultural Uni- versity, Indonesia Dr. M.T. Felix Sitorus Department of Socio-Economic Sciences, Bogor Agricultural University, Indonesia Prof. Dr. Manfred Zeller Institute of Rural Development, University of Göttingen, Germany Managing editors Dr. Siawuch Amini Institute of Socio-cultural and Socio-economic Studies, University of Kassel, Germany Dr. Regina Birner Institute of Rural Development, University of Göttingen, Germany Dr. Günter Burkard Institute of Socio-cultural and Socio-economic Studies, University of Kassel, Germany Dr. Heiko Faust Department of Geography, Division of Cultural and Social Geography, University of Göttingen, Germany Dr. Teunis van Rheenen Institute of Rural Development, University of Göttingen, Germany 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 3 2. PHASES OF DUTCH COLONIAL RULE
    [Show full text]
  • THE UNITED STATES and INDONESIAN INDEPENDENCE the ROLE of AMERICAN PUBLIC OPINION by BILLY DAVID HANCOCK, B.A. a THESIS in HISTO
    THE UNITED STATES AND INDONESIAN INDEPENDENCE THE ROLE OF AMERICAN PUBLIC OPINION by BILLY DAVID HANCOCK, B.A. A THESIS IN HISTORY Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Texas Tech University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS Approved Accepted Au^st, 1973 \\^\ VJH^ Mir, I ;^3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The difficulties I have encountered in the composi­ tion of this thesis are almost as numerous as the obstacles that plagued the Indonesian nationalists in their quest for independence. I am indebted to several individuals for patience rendered for approximately two years. In particu­ lar, gratitude and appreciation are extended to Dr. James W, Harper whose guidance has contributed to a vast improvement in my writing style and research persistence. I would also like to thank Dr. Key Ray Chong as second reader, Rubynelle Powe for her invaluable typing assistance, Jim Powe for proofreading the thesis, and my wife Jessica for her encouragement and assistance. Further, I wish to thank the many members of the faculty representing the Texas Tech Department of History for the enjoyable hours of discussion and research that have culminated with this thesis. 11 CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ii INTRODUCTION 1 Chapter I. THE PRE-WAR ERA 4 II. WAR AND REVOLT 24 III. THE UNITED STATES AS A MEDIATOR . 44 IV. AMERICA AND A NEW REPUBLIC 71 CONCLUSION 87 APPENDIX 95 BIBLIOGRAPHY 101 111 INTRODUCTION The United States of America played a primary role in the emergence of Indonesia as an independent nation by placing economic pressure on the Netherlands to end its colonial rule in the East Indies.
    [Show full text]
  • Entangled Histories Unravelling the Impact of Colonial Connections of Both Javanese and Dutch Women’S Work and Household Labour Relations, C
    Entangled histories Unravelling the impact of colonial connections of both Javanese and Dutch women’s work and household labour relations, c. 1830-1940 Elise van Nederveen Meerkerk TVGN ２０ (１): ３５–５９ DOI: １０.５１１７/TVGN２０１７.１.MEER Abstract In this article I investigate changing household labour relations and women’s work in the Dutch empire. I question how colonial connections affected the division of work between men, women, and children, not only in the colony – the Dutch East Indies (i.c. Java), but also in the metropolis – the Netherlands. Entanglements can be found in the influences of colonial economic policies on both colony and metropolis, as well as in the more indirect effects of colonial exploitation and taxation, and, finally in the sphere of sociopolitics and ideologies. I will analyse the entanglements between the Netherlands and Java in these domains, comparing similarities and differences, but also paying attention to the connections and transfers between both parts of the Dutch empire. Although some of the conditions and developments were highly specific to the Dutch empire, I aim to show that the method of comparing and establishing direct and indirect connections between differ- ent parts of an empire can lead to new insights that can also be applied to other parts of the world and different time periods. Keywords: women’s work, colonial history, entanglements, Dutch empire Introduction: Entanglements in colonial history ‘Colonial’ and ‘postcolonial’ are much-debated terms. While colonies (‘set- tlements in one territory by a political power from another territory’) have been established by ancient African, Greek, Roman, and Chinese empires, most academic literature on colonialism concerns the spread of the Wes- VOL.
    [Show full text]