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Administración Servidores Linux Paso a Paso 1 Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica – Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería Administración Servidores Linux Paso a Paso Configuración Servidor Multifunción + Vmware Server 2 (Ver. 1.3) Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería – Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica - INFOUNI Centro de Cómputo INFOUNI 2 Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica – Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería Administración Servidores Linux Paso a Paso L. Muga Linux Registered User # 487284 Versión 1.3 Software: Debian 4 Linux, Debian 5 Linux, VMware Server 2.0. Bajo Licencia Creative Commons: Reconocimiento - No comercial 2.5 Perú Usted es libre de: Copiar, Distribuir, Comunicar públicamente la obra y realizar Obras Derivadas bajo las condiciones siguientes: Reconocimiento: Debe reconocer los créditos de la obra de la manera especificada por el autor o licenciante. No comercial: No puede utilizar esta obra para fines comerciales. Alguna de estas condiciones puede no aplicarse si se obtiene el permiso del titular de los derechos de autor. Nada en esta licencia menoscaba o restringe los derechos morales del autor. Windows XP, el logotipo de Windows y VMware son marcas registradas de Microsoft Corporation y VMware Inc. Composición: OpenOffice Versiones: Versión 1.3 : Revisión ortográfica, edición de capítulos anteriores, publicación de capítulo 18 Versión 1.2 : Revisión ortográfica, edición de capítulos anteriores, publicación de capítulos 15, 16 y 17. Versión 1.1 : Revisión ortográfica, publicación de capítulo 14. Versión 1.0 : Publicación del manual. Puede encontrar la última versión del manual en la siguiente dirección: http://issuu.com/nemesisx666. Centro de Cómputo INFOUNI 3 Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica – Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería Indice General 1. Instalación y configuración de un servidor multifunción 5 1.1 Requisitos de hardware 1.2 Instalando Debian Etch y Actualización a Lenny 1.3 Instalando Debian Lenny 1.4 Antes de empezar 1.5 Configuración de red 1.6 Configuración básica de repositorios 1.7 Instalación de paquetes 1.8 Paquetes para el desarrollo del manual 2. Generación de repositorio local 13 3. Servidor SSH 15 4. Servidor NTP 16 5. Servidor DHCP 18 6. Servidor Proxy – Cache 20 6.1 ACL: Listas de Control de Acceso 6.2 Squidguard Squid 6.3 Sarg Squid 6.4 Bloqueo de Advertising 6.5 Squid Transparente 6.6 Agilizando Squid 7. Servidor LAMP 32 7.1 Apache 2 7.2 MySQL 7.3 phpMyAdmin 7.4 PhpSysInfo 8. Servidor Proftpd 34 9. Servidor Samba 39 10. Servidor NFS 42 11. Administración Webmin 43 12. Vmware Server 2 44 Centro de Cómputo INFOUNI 4 Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica – Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería 13. Clonezilla: clonando sistemas operativos en red 45 14. Servidor PXE: instalación de S.O. Linux en red 46 15. Servidor VNC 49 16. Uso de crontab 50 17. Paso a Paso 51 17.1 Equipos de trabajo 17.2 Escenario a desarrollar 17.2.1 Servidor Multifunción 17.2.2 Servidor Clonezilla 18. Asterisk: Ingresando a Voip 53 A. Descargar las imágenes ISO y grabarlas en CD/DVD 58 B. Comando: alias 59 C. Listado de distribuciones y LiveCD 60 D. Configurar Servidor NAT con iptables 76 E. Instalación de Openbox: Escritorio rápido y ligero 77 F. Actualizar de Debian 4.0 Etch a Debian 5.0 Lenny 78 Bibliografía 80 Centro de Cómputo INFOUNI 5 Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica – Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería Capítulo 1 Instalación y configuración de un servidor multifunción 1.1 Requisitos de hardware Una vez que haya reunido información sobre el hardware de su ordenador debe verificar que su hardware le permita realizar el tipo de instalación que desea efectuar. Dependiendo de sus necesidades, podría arreglarse con menos del hardware recomendado listado más abajo. Sin embargo, la mayoría de usuarios se arriesgan a terminar frustrados si ignoran estas sugerencias. Se recomienda como mínimo un Pentium 4, a 1 GHz para un sistema de escritorio. Sin escritorio: 64 Megabytes (RAM mínimo), 256 Megabytes (RAM recomendado), 1 Gigabyte de disco duro. Con escritorio: 64 Megabytes (RAM mínimo), 512 Megabytes (RAM recomendado), 5 Gigabytes de disco duro. Los requisitos de memoria mínimos necesarios son en realidad inferiores a los indicados arriba. En función de la arquitectura, es posible instalar Debian en sistemas con tan sólo 20 MB (en el caso de s390) a 48 MB (para i386 y amd64). Lo mismo se puede decir del espacio necesario en disco, especialmente si escoge las aplicaciones que se van a instalar manualmente. Es posible ejecutar un entorno de escritorio gráfico en sistemas antiguos o de gama baja. En este caso es recomendable instalar un gestor de ventanas que consuma menos recursos que los utilizados en los entornos de escritorio de GNOME o KDE. Algunas alternativas para estos casos son xfce4, icewm y wmaker, aunque hay más entre los que puede elegir. Es prácticamente imposible dar requisitos generales de memoria y espacio en disco para instalaciones de servidores ya que éstos dependerán en gran medida de aquello para lo que se utilice el servidor. Recuerde que estos tamaños no incluyen todos los otros materiales que se encuentran habitualmente, como puedan ser los ficheros de usuarios, el correo y otros datos. Siempre es mejor ser generoso cuando uno está pensando qué espacio destinar a sus propios ficheros y datos. Una instalación estándar para i386, incluyendo todos los paquetes estándar y el núcleo 2.6 utilizado por omisión, ocupa 397 MB de espacio en disco. Una instalación mínima base sin seleccionar la tarea Sistema estándar ocupará 250 MB. Centro de Cómputo INFOUNI 6 Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica – Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería Importante: En ambos casos es importante tener en cuenta que este es el espacio después de haber terminado la instalación y de que se hayan borrado todos los ficheros temporales. Tampoco tiene en cuenta la cantidad utilizada por el propio sistema de ficheros, por ejemplo por los ficheros de journal. Esto significa que hace falta bastante más disco durante la instalación y durante el uso habitual del sistema. Se listan los tamaños indicados por aptitude para las tareas listadas en tasksel. Tenga en cuenta que algunas tareas tienen componentes comunes, de modo que el tamaño total instalado para dos tareas juntas podría ser inferior al total obtenido al sumar sus tamaños individualmente. Tenga en cuenta que tendrá que añadir los tamaños que se indican en la tabla al tamaño de la instalación estándar para poder determinar el tamaño de sus particiones. La mayoría del espacio en disco que se indica en Tamaño instalado acabará utilizándose de /usr y en /lib. Por otro lado, el tamaño que se indica en Tamaño de descarga será necesario (temporalmente) en /var. Entorno de escritorio: 1830 Tamaño instalado (MB), 703 Tamaño de descarga (MB), 2533 Espacio necesario para instalar (MB) Portátil: 26 Tamaño instalado (MB), 9 Tamaño de descarga (MB), 35 Espacio necesario para instalar (MB) Servidor Web: 42 Tamaño instalado (MB), 13 Tamaño de descarga (MB), 55 Espacio necesario para instalar (MB) Servidor de impresoras: 215 Tamaño instalado (MB), 84 Tamaño de descarga (MB), 299 Espacio necesario para instalar (MB) Servidor de DNS: 3 Tamaño instalado (MB), 1 Tamaño de descarga (MB), 4 Espacio necesario para instalar (MB) Servidor de ficheros: 74 Tamaño instalado (MB), 29 Tamaño de descarga (MB), 103 Espacio necesario para instalar (MB) Servidor de correo: 14 Tamaño instalado (MB), 5 Tamaño de descarga (MB), 19 Espacio necesario para instalar (MB) Base de datos SQL: 50 Tamaño instalado (MB), 18 Tamaño de descarga (MB), 68 Espacio necesario para instalar (MB) Enlace: http://www.debian.org 1.2 Instalando Debian Etch y Actualizando a Lenny 1. Configuramos dentro de la BIOS de nuestro sistema la prioridad del dispositivo de arranque; asignando como principal a la lectora de discos. 2. Una vez que tengamos el disco de instalación introducido en nuestra lectora de discos o Centro de Cómputo INFOUNI 7 Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica – Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería tengamos ya asignada la imagen en formato .iso en nuestra máquina virtual procedemos a reinciar el equipo (máquina virtual). 3. Procederá a cargar el disco (imagen) de instalación y nos mostrará el logo de Debian, que nos pedirá la pulsación de ENTER para continuar. 4. Ahora seleccionamos el idioma: Spanish (español). 5. Nuestro país: Perú. 6. La distribución del teclado: Latinoamericano. 7. Aquí se nos pedirá la configuración del interfaz de red del equipo, seleccionamos: No configurar la red en este momento. 8. Introducimos el nombre de la máquina para la identificación en la red: admlinux. 9. En el tipo de particionado seleccionamos la opción: Manual. 10. Seleccionamos el disco (sda, hda). 11. Nos preguntará por la creación de la tabla de particiones del disco, seleccionamos: Si. 12. Una vez aquí, seleccionamos la opción ESPACIO LIBRE dentro del disco seleccionado. 13. Ahora: Crear una partición nueva. 14. Especificamos el tamaño de la partición. 15. Tipo de partición: Primario o Lógico. 16. La ubicación de la partición: Principio o Final del disco. 17. Aquí seleccionamos: el sistema de archivos, punto de montaje, las opciones de montaje y la marca de arranque. 18. Una vez creadas las particiones necesarias (recomendadas /, /boot, /cache (para Squid), /repo (para la instalación de servidor de repositorios), /nfs (servidor NFS), /smb (servidor Samba), /ftp (servidor FTP), /images (servidor Clonezilla), /vms (máquinas virtuales), /var, /tmp, swap) para nuestro sistema, seleccionamos: Finalizar el particionado y escribir los cambios en el disco. 19. En la confirmación para la escritura de cambios en el disco, seleccionamos: Si. 20. Escribimos la contraseña para root. 21. Confirmamos la contraseña. 22. Escribimos un nombre de cuenta de usuario para las tareas no administrativas del sistema: admlinux. 23. Ahora especificamos el nombre del dueño de la cuenta: admlinux. 24. La contraseña para admlinux. 25. Confirmamos ahora la contraseña. 26. Nos mostrará ahora el progreso de la instalación del sistema.
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