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Government and Political Society in the West Riding of Yorkshire, 1399-1461

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Government and Political Society in the West Riding of Yorkshire, 1399-1461 GOVERNMENT AND POLITICAL SOCIETY IN THE WEST RIDING OF YORKSHIRE, 1399-1461 Mark Christopher Punshon Submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of York Department of History August 2002 ii ABSTRACT This thesis is offered as a contribution to the new interpretation of English politics during the fifteenth century, which reintegrates political and 'constitutional' history. Although primarily a study of government and political society in one area, the West Riding of Yorkshire, a conscious effort has been made to investigate the inter- relationship of local and national power structures. The aim is to explore the political and 'constitutional' ramifications of the Lancastrian accession at a local level. Recent research has demonstrated that the Lancastrian kings experienced varying degrees of difficulty in combining private, Lancastrian lordship with public kingship. It has also been suggested that the Wars of the Roses were brought about by the personal inadequacy of Henry VI. This loss of royal authority, it is argued, was particularly destructive in those regions where the king himself was also a substantial landowner. These hypotheses are tested in this thesis. The West Riding has been chosen as the unit for study because it lay within the heartlands of the Duchy of Lancaster and figured prominently in the political upheavals of the fifteenth century. It will be argued that most of the disorder which plagued the riding throughout much of this period occurred directly as a result of the Lancastrian accession, and the subsequent failure of Lancastrian kingship under Henry VI. The thesis is divided into two sections. Part I explores the themes of noble lordship, gentry networks, and local administration, in order to establish the balance of power between king, nobility, and gentry in the riding. Of particular concern is whether or not it is possible to demonstrate the existence of a 'county community' in Yorkshire during this period. Since a thematic analysis tends to obscure noble lordship, Part II provides a chronological narrative of political developments in the riding between 1399 and 1461. iii LIST OF CONTENTS List of Maps v List of Tables v List of Abbreviations vi Acknowledgements viii 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Historiography 1 1.2 The West Riding in the Fifteenth Century 9 Part I. Structural 19 2. Local Lordship 20 2.1 Introduction 20 2.2 The King and the Duchy of Lancaster 23 2.3 The Dukes of York 29 2.4 The Earls of Northumberland 33 2.5 The Lords Clifford 36 2.6 The Lords Furnival of Hallamshire 39 2.7 The Archbishops of York 42 2.8 Conclusion 43 3. Gentry Society 47 3.1 Introduction 47 3.2 The West Riding Gentry in the Fifteenth Century 53 3.3 Social and Political Networks 63 3.4 Conclusion 74 4. The Officers of Local Government 76 4.1 Introduction 76 4.2 The Shrievalty 82 4.3 Parliamentary Representation 87 4.4 The Escheatorship 93 4.5 The Commission of the Peace 96 4.6 Conclusion 106 Part II. Chronological: The West Riding, 1399-1461 109 5. 1399-1422 110 5.1 Introduction 110 5.2 The West Riding to 1399 111 5.3 1399-1403: Establishment of the Lancastrian Regime 117 5.4 1403-1408: The Percy Rebellions 126 5.5 1405-1414: Formation of a Regional Lancastrian Hierarchy 137 5.6 1414-1422: The Percy Restoration 142 5.7 Conclusion 145 6. 1422-1450 147 iv 6.1 Introduction 147 6.2 1422-1437: The Rise of Noble Lordship 148 6.3 1437-1450: The Growth of Magnate Faction 163 6.4 Conclusion 177 7. 1450-1461 179 7.1 Introduction 179 7.2 1450-1455: 'The Beginning of Sorrows' 180 7.3 1455-1459: The First Battle of St Albans 191 7.4 1459-1461: Civil War 200 7.5 Conclusion 208 8. Conclusion 210 Appendices 215 1. Directory of West Riding Gentry, 1399-1461 216 2. West Riding Officeholders, 1399-1461 224 3a. Sheriffs of Yorkshire, 1399-1461 226 3b. Escheators of Yorkshire, 1399-1461 228 3c. Yorkshire Knights of the Shire, 1399-1461 230 4. Justices of the Peace, 1399-1461 233 4a. West Riding Justices of the Peace, 1399-1461 234 4b. Ripon Justices of the Peace, 1399-1461 235 5. Compositional Analysis of the West Riding Peace Commission, 1399-1461 236 6. Attendance Payments for West Riding Justices of the Peace, 1399-1461 237 7. West Riding Distrainees, 1410-1465 238 8. Membership of Noble Affinities 240 9. Biographical Details of Selected West Riding Families 248 Bibliography 277 V LIST OF MAPS 1. Administrative Boundaries 10 2. Geography and Topography 11 3. Principal Residences of Knights 56 4. Principal Residences of Distrainees 57 5. Principal Residences of Lesser Gentry 58 LIST OF TABLES Genealogical Table: The Wharfedale Kinship Group 69 1. The West Riding Officer 'Class', 1399-1461 80 2. Sheriffs of Yorkshire, 1399-1461 86 3. Parliamentary Experience of Yorkshire Knights of the Shire 89 4. Parliamentary Representation, 1386-1461 90 5. Knights of the Shire for Yorkshire, 1399-1461 92 6. Escheators of Yorkshire, 1399-1461 95 7. Average Composition of the West Riding Commission, 1399-1461 103 vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS BI Borthwick Institute of Historical Research, York BIHR Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research BJRL Bulletin of the John Rylands Library BL British Library Bod. Lib. Bodleian Library, Oxford CCR Calendar of Close Rolls CChR Calendar of Charter Rolls CFR Calendar of Fine Rolls CIM Calendar of Inquisitions Miscellaneous CIPM Calendar of Inquisitions Post Mortem Complete Peerage Cokayne, G.E., The Complete Peerage, ed. H.V. Gibbs et al. 13 vols. (London, 1910-59). CPR Calendar of Patent Rolls CSL Kirby, J.L. (ed.), Calendar of Signet Letters of Henry IV and Henry V, 1399-1422 (London, 1978). DNB Stephen, L., and Lee, S. (eds.), Dictionary of National Biography, 63 vols. (London, 1885-1900). EHR English Historical Review HAST Transactions of the Hunter Archaeological Society HC, 1386-1421 J.S. Roskell, L. Clark, and C. Rawcliffe (eds.) The History of Parliament: The House of Commons, 1386-1421, 4 vols. (Stroud, 1993). LDA Leeds District Archives NA Nottinghamshire Archives NYCRO North Yorkshire County Record Office POPC Nicolas, N.H. (ed.), Proceedings and Ordinances of the Privy Council, 7 vols. (London, 1834-7). Return of the Name Return of the Name of Every Member of the Lower House of the Parliament of England, 1213-1874, Parliamentary Papers, vol. lxii, pts. i-iii (London, 1878), pt. i, 1213- 1702. Rot. Parl. Rotuli Parliamentorum, 6 vols. (Record Commission, 1767-77). Rot. Scot. Rotuli Scotiae, 2 vols. (Record Commission, 1814-19). SA Sheffield Archives Stat. Realm Statutes of the Realm, 11 vols. (Record Commission, 1810-28). Test. Ebor. Raine, J. (ed.), Testamenta Eboracensia, i-iv, Surtees Society, 4 (1836), 30 (1855), 45 (1864), 53 (1869). Test. Vetust. Nicolas, N.H. (ed.), Testamenta Vetusta, i (London, 1826). TCWAAS Transactions of the Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society TRHS Transactions of the Royal Historical Society VCH Victoria History of the Counties of England Wedgwood, Biographies J.C. Wedgwood (ed.), History of Parliament: Biographies of the Members of the Commons House, 1439-1509 (London, 1936). vii West Sussex Record Office West Yorkshire Archive Service Yorkshire Archaeological Journal Yorkshire Archaeological Society Yorkshire Deeds, i-ix, Yorkshire Archaeological Society Record Series, 39 (1909), 50 (1914), 63 (1922), 65 (1924), 69 (1926), 77 (1930), 83 (1932), 102 (1940), 111 (1948), 120 (1955). viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis could not have been realised without the commitment, constant support and tireless encouragement of my supervisor, Mark Ormrod. I would also like to express my gratitude to Helen Castor, who first inspired my passion for medieval history, and who has always been extremely generous with her time. My work has greatly benefited from the kind assistance of many other medievalists, especially Mark Arvanigian, Doug Biggs, Linda Clark, Gwilym Dodd, Jonathan Mackman, Anthony Musson, Anthony Pollard, Sarah Rees Jones, David Smith, Craig Taylor, and John Whitehead. I am also grateful to Louise Harrison and Ruth Gibson of the University of York for all their help over the last four years, and to Allen Warren and North Yorkshire Student Travel for awarding me a bursary. My research as a graduate student would have been impossible were it not for the generosity and friendship of Geoffrey and Maisie Smith, and Paul and Valeria Sykes. I should also like to thank Sharon for her understanding, lasagne, and endless toil on my behalf. Finally, I must acknowledge the unfailing support of my parents, to whom this thesis is dedicated. 1 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1) Historiography Writing over sixty years ago, K.B. McFarlane suggested that a new analytical framework was needed to rescue the political history of the later middle ages from the vestiges of Stubbsian constitutionalism. His most penetrating insight was to dismiss the Victorian preoccupation with institutions and redirect research towards a broader study of political society, since 'constitutional history', he argued, 'is concerned with men'. In other words, 'it is not something distinct from political history; it is political history') As a consequence, he emphasised the importance of the nobility in government, because it was they who bound political society together through lordship and clientage, thereby providing the foundations of power on which the crown ultimately depended. 2 In his view, 'the real politics' of late medieval England were inherent in the king's 'daily personal relations with his magnates'. 3 Furthermore, he suggested that 'the whole structure of political power' was based on the careful distribution of patronage ('the granting of places of profit and influence'). 4 McFarlane concluded that 'it is only by undertaking a large number of local surveys that a just understanding of political history can be obtained'.
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