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Table of Contents (PDF) REVIEWS IN ECONOMIC GEOLOGY Volume 19 ARCHEAN BASE AND PRECIOUS METAL DEPOSITS, SOUTHERN ABITIBI GREENSTONE BELT, CANADA ONTARIO ON QUEBEC T ARIO OPATICA SUBPROVINCE Chibougamau Matagami Northern AGB Southern AGB Timmins KAPUSKASING PDfz STRUCTURAL ZONE Cadillac Kirkland Lake Doyon- ZONE Rouyn- Bousquet- LLCfz Noranda Malartic LaRonde Val-d’Or N Swayze GRENVILLE FRONT TECTONIC PONTIAC SUBPROVINCE 0 50 km Shining Tree PALEOPROTEROZOIC ARCHEAN Clastic rocks Siliciclastic rocks Intermediate to felsic intrusions Volcanic rocks Mafic to ultramafic intrusions MINES (past and current producers) Faults, high-strain zones, Gold Copper, zinc Nickel, copper and shear zones Editors Thomas Monecke, Patrick Mercier-Langevin, and Benoît Dubé SOCIETY OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS, INC. REVIEWS IN ECONOMIC GEOLOGY Volume 19 ARCHEAN BASE AND PRECIOUS METAL DEPOSITS, SOUTHERN ABITIBI GREENSTONE BELT, CANADA Volume Editors Thomas Monecke Colorado School of Mines Patrick Mercier-Langevin Natural Resources Canada Geological Survey of Canada Benoît Dubé Natural Resources Canada Geological Survey of Canada SOCIETY OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS, INC. REVIEWS IN ECONOMIC GEOLOGY Published by the Society of Economic Geologists, Inc. 7811 Shaffer Parkway Littleton, CO 80127, USA Website: segweb.org E-mail: [email protected] ISSN 0741-0123 (Print) 1933-1495 (Disc) 2374-443X (PDF) ISBN 978-1-629492-20-9 (Print) 978-1-629492-21-6 (Disc) 978-1-629495-77-4 (PDF) Reviews in Economic Geology is a series publication of the Society of Economic Geologists designed to accompany the Society’s Short Course series. Like the Short Courses, each volume provides comprehen- sive updates on various applied and academic topics for practicing economic geologists and geochemists in exploration, development, research, and teaching. Volumes are produced in conjunction with each new Short Course, first serving as a textbook for that course, and subsequently made available to SEG members and others at a modest cost. SEG Publications Board Through 2017 Through 2018 Through 2019 Richard J. Goldfarb, Chair Claire M. Chamberlain Sarah A. Gleeson Zhaoshan Chang Shaun L.L. Barker Patrick Mercier-Langevin Brian G. Hoal, ex officio Lawrence D. Meinert, Economic Geology Editor On the cover: Geologic map of the Abitibi greenstone belt showing the distribution of supracrustal rocks and intervening domes of intrusive rocks (modified from Thurston et al., 2008). LLCfz = Larder Lake-Cadillac fault zone, PDfz = Porcupine- Destor fault. Inset map shows location of the belt. © Copyright 2017, Society of Economic Geologists, Inc. CONTENTS Preface v Sponsors vii Author Biographies ix Introduction: Archean Base and Precious Metal Deposits, 1 Southern Abitibi Greenstone Belt, Canada Thomas Monecke, Patrick Mercier-Langevin, Benoît Dubé, and Mark Hannington Chapter 1 Geology of the Abitibi Greenstone Belt 7 Thomas Monecke, Patrick Mercier-Langevin, Benoît Dubé, and Ben M. Frieman Chapter 2 Orogenic Greenstone-Hosted Quartz-Carbonate Gold Deposits of 51 the Timmins-Porcupine Camp Benoît Dubé, Patrick Mercier-Langevin, John Ayer, Brian Atkinson, and Thomas Monecke Chapter 3 The Kidd Creek Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide Deposit—An Update 81 Mark D. Hannington, Thomas Gemmell, and Thomas Monecke Chapter 4 Physical Volcanology of Komatiites and Ni-Cu-(PGE) Deposits of 103 the Southern Abitibi Greenstone Belt Michel G. Houlé, C. Michael Lesher, and S. Préfontaine Chapter 5 The Larder Lake-Cadillac Break and Its Gold Districts 133 K. Howard Poulsen Chapter 6 Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide Deposits of the Noranda Camp 169 Thomas Monecke, Harold Gibson, and Jean Goutier Chapter 7 The LaRonde Penna Au-Rich Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide Deposit 225 Patrick Mercier-Langevin, Benoît Dubé, François Blanchet, David Pitre, and Annie Laberge iii Chapter 8 Geology of the Lapa Orogenic Gold Deposit 247 Patrick Mercier-Langevin, Marjorie Simard, Richard Dubuc, Jocelyn Côté, Pierre Doucet, Réal Daigneault, and Damien Gaboury Chapter 9 Geology and Hydrothermal Alteration of the World-Class Canadian 263 Malartic Gold Deposit: Genesis of an Archean Stockwork-Disseminated Gold Deposit in the Abitibi Greenstone Belt Stéphane De Souza, Benoît Dubé, Vicki McNicoll, Céline Dupuis, Patrick Mercier-Langevin, Robert A. Creaser, and Ingrid Kjarsgaard iv PREFACE Due to the economic importance, accumulated geological Trip, held September 3–11, 2014. As travel distances between knowledge, the outstanding degree of preservation of primary adjacent mining camps are not large in the southern Abitibi geological relationship, and generally easy access to excellent greenstone belt, it is possible to visit the most important mines exposures, the southern Abitibi greenstone belt of Ontario and key outcrops within a few days. Both field trips com- and Quebec, Canada, represents one of the most important menced in Timmins, Ontario, and ended in Rouyn-Noranda, field trip destinations for industry professionals and geology Quebec. Road logs and descriptions of outcrops visited during students worldwide. Gaining field experience in the classic both field trips are given in the appendices to the respective mining camps of the southern Abitibi greenstone belt is par- chapters of this Reviews in Economic Geology volume. ticularly important for industry geologists exploring for base We express our gratitude to the mine geologists and com- and precious metal deposits. pany representatives who assisted in the set-up of the field The purpose of the present volume is to provide a compre- trips, especially B. Atkinson, E. Barr, F. Blanchet, P. Calloway, hensive review of the geology of the major mining camps of B. Drolet, R. Dubuc, D. Gamble, D. Gervais, and D. Pitre. the southern Abitibi greenstone belt. An overview of recent We are indebted to R. Goldfarb for constructive review. Some advances in the understanding of Neoarchean geology and of the contributions forming part of this volume resulted metallogeny is provided. The papers collected here also give from the collaborative Targeted Geoscientific Initiative of an update on current deposit models and camp-scale geologi- Natural Resources Canada and the Plan Cuivre project of the cal factors controlling the location of the world-class deposits Ministère des Ressources naturelles et de la Faune du Qué- of the southern Abitibi greenstone belt, and they emphasize bec. The production of this volume was financially supported implications for deep exploration in Neoarchean greenstone by Natural Resources Canada and the Colorado School of terranes. Mines. This volume was initially compiled as a guidebook for a field trip held in conjunction with the Society of Economic Thomas Monecke Geologists 2010 Conference in Keystone on October 6–11, Patrick Mercier-Langevin 2010. Subsequent modifications and updates were made for Benoît Dubé the Society of Economic Geologist Foundation Student Field May 8, 2017 v SPONSORS The Society of Economic Geologists Publications Board thanks Natural Resources Canada and the Colorado School of Mines for their generous financial support of this volume. AUTHOR BIOGRAPHIES Brian Atkinson graduated in 1977 from McMaster Univer- Technical Evaluations Group, looking for external growth sity. He has worked as a professional geoscientist for more opportunities. than 30 years. The first five years of his career were in Cor- dilleran exploration, starting in Yukon with subsequent work Jocelyn Côté received a B.Sc. degree from Université Laval throughout Yukon and British Columbia. His most notable in 1986. He has worked in the industry for more than 30 years, accomplishment was the first North American discovery of mainly in the mining industry as exploration geologist for Bar- the mineral malayaite while exploring for tin-tungsten skarns rick Gold at the former Bousquet and Bousquet 2 gold mines in southern Yukon. Following that western experience, Brian from 1993 to 2002 and as senior exploration geologist for worked briefly in northern Ontario exploration before join- Agnico Eagle Mines Ltd. at the LaRonde Penna mine from ing the Ontario Geological Survey, working in Quaternary 2002 to 2003, at the Regional Division from 2004 to 2006, and geology for a year in southern Ontario. He was appointed at the Lapa gold mine from 2006 to present. resource geologist and advanced to resident geologist in Red Lake, where he spent 13 years learning about Archean green- Robert A. Creaser holds B.Sc. (Honors, 1984) and Ph.D. stone geology and completing township- and regional-scale (1990) degrees from the Australian National University and La mapping. In 1997, he moved to Timmins as regional resident Trobe University, Australia. He held the position of research geologist and retired from this position in December 2014. fellow in geochemistry at the California Institute of Technol- Brian’s expertise is in Archean greenstone belts, with interests ogy from 1990 to 1992, where he developed efficient mass in mineral deposits and economic geology. spectrometry methods for isotopic analysis of osmium, rhe- nium, and other platinum group elements. He was appointed John Ayer received B.Sc. (1976) and M.Sc. (1979) degrees at the University of Alberta in 1992 and is currently professor from Carleton University and a Ph.D. degree from Ottawa and holds the Canada Research Chair in Isotope Geochem- University (1999). He worked five years in mineral explora- istry in the Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences. tion across Canada before joining the Ontario Geological His primary research interest lies in the application of isotope
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