Annual Bulletin on the Climate in WMO Region VI
- Europe and Middle East -
2014
This Bulletin is compiled in cooperation with the National Meteorological and Hydrological Services in WMO Region RA VI Annual Bulletin on the Climate in WMO Region VI 2014 05.01.2016 2
ISSN: 1438 – 7522
Internet version: http://www.rccra6.org/rcccm Final version issued: 28.10.2015, updated 05.01.2016
Editor: Deutscher Wetterdienst P.O.Box 10 04 65, D-63004 Offenbach am Main, Germany Phone: +49 69 8062 4306 Fax: +49 69 8062 3759 E-mail: [email protected]
Responsible: Hermann Mächel E-mail: [email protected]
Acknowledgements: P. Löwe (BSH, Bundesamt für Seeschifffahrt und Hydrographie) for the ranking of North Sea temperatures Staff of RCC-CM Annual Bulletin on the Climate in WMO Region VI 2014 05.01.2016 3
The Bulletin is a summary of contributions from the following 45 National Meteorological and Hydrological Services (NMHSs) and was co-ordinated by the Deutscher Wetterdienst (DWD), Germany Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Jordan Kazakhstan Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Malta Moldova Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Annual Bulletin on the Climate in WMO Region VI 2014 05.01.2016 4
Content 1. Introduction ...... 5 Notable anomalies and events 2014 ...... 7 2. Annual survey ...... 8 2.1. Annual averages and anomalies of selected essential climate variables ...... 8 2.1.1. Sea level pressure ...... 8 2.1.2. Temperature ...... 9 2.1.3. Precipitation ...... 11 2.1.4. Annual extreme values of temperature and precipitation ...... 12 2.1.5. Sunshine duration ...... 13 2.1.6. Drought situation ...... 14 2.1.7. Snow cover ...... 14 2.2. Trends of temperature and precipitation indices 1951-2014 ...... 16 2.3. Socio-economic impacts of extreme climate or weather events ...... 17 3. Seasonal survey ...... 20 3.1. Seasonal averages and anomalies of selected essential climate variables ...... 21 3.1.1. Sea level pressure and circulation indices ...... 21 3.1.2. Temperature ...... 23 3.1.3. Precipitation ...... 26 3.1.4. Sunshine duration ...... 28 3.1.5. Drought ...... 30 4. Monthly survey ...... 33 4.1. Sea surface pressure and circulation indices ...... 33 4.2. Temperature ...... 37 4.3. Precipitation ...... 41 4.4. Sunshine duration ...... 48 4.5. Monthly climate extremes and events ...... 51 5. Long-term variability of the selected climate parameters - Regional examples ...... 53 5.1. Temperature ...... 54 5.2. Precipitation ...... 68 5.3. Sunshine duration ...... 77 5.4. Other climate related variables ...... 79 6. Annex: Monthly and annual tables ...... 82 7. References to national reports ...... 87 8. References ...... 88 9. Abbreviations ...... 89 Annual Bulletin on the Climate in WMO Region VI 2014 05.01.2016 5
1. Introduction
The Annual Bulletin on the Climate in WMO Region VI (Europe and Middle East with 52 individual countries) provides an overview of climate characteristics and phenomena in Europe and the Middle East for the preceding year. It is mainly based on dedicated national reports from RA VI National Meteorological and Hydrological Services (NMHSs) as well as general climate monitoring information from their official Websites. Supported by the European Climate Support Network (ECSN) and WMO´s World Climate Data and Monitoring Programme (WCDMP) the Bulletin provides an excellent example of international collaboration across cultural and political borders since its first publication in 1994. The Bulletin is seen as a regional contribution to WMO’s climate system monitoring, complementing and detailing well-known regular global assessments, such as WMO’s Annual Statement on the Status of the Climate and the State of the Climate Article published in the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society (BAMS). The evolution of the RA VI Regional Climate Centre Network (RCC Network) allowed adding a couple of RA VI-wide maps in order to provide a certain degree of consistency across the information and the national borders. Otherwise, basic methodologies for, and operations of, climate monitoring activities still differ amongst the various RA VI NMHSs. Maps and information compiled in this Bulletin are the result of a selection process. Websites of NMHSs as well as the Webpages of the RA VI RCC Network (http://www.rccra6.org) offer useful additional information and regularly produced maps etc. The Bulletin is intended to serve primarily NMHSs in the Region but it might also be interesting for public institutions, research institutes, universities and others. This annual bulletin includes 4 parts: the annual, seasonal and monthly survey of the climate state in 2014 as well as contributions of the NMHSs to the long-term variability of selected parameters up to 2014 (section 5).
Notes: Maps of the RA VI RCC Network are based on the following data sources: Temperature: CLIMAT data and ship observations provided by the Global Collection Centre (GCC), run by Deutscher Wetterdienst Precipitation: Global Precipitation Climatology Centre (GPCC), run by Deutscher Wetterdienst Sunshine: CLIMAT data. Anomaly maps of climate indices are provided by the RCC De Bilt Node on Climate Data Services (RCC-CD) via the European Climate Assessment & Dataset project (ECA&D) run by Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI) Sub-regional monthly maps are provided by the Eastern Mediterranean Climate Centre (EMCC). Annual Bulletin on the Climate in WMO Region VI 2014 05.01.2016 6
The following sub-regions are used in this Bulletin:
Central and western Europe (14 countries): Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Luxemburg, Monaco, the Netherlands, Poland, Slovakia, Switzerland, United Kingdom
Nordic and Baltic Countries (9 countries): Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Sweden
Iberia (2 countries): Portugal, Spain
Mediterranean, Italian and Balkan Peninsula (12 countries): Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Italy, Malta, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, Slovenia, Turkey
Eastern Europe (5 countries): Belarus, European Russia, Moldova, Romania, Ukraine
Middle East (9 countries): Armenia, Azerbaijan, Cyprus, Georgia, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, western Kazakhstan
Figure 1.1: Definition of the 6 sub-regions used in this bulletin. Annual Bulletin on the Climate in WMO Region VI 2014 05.01.2016 7
Box 1
Notable anomalies and events 2014
Anomalies Temperature A record breaking year in many European countries (see Table 2.1). This year was globally the warmest year on record, according to four independent surface temperature observational analyses.
Precipitation Record snow south of the Alps in January and February of up to 7 meters Long drought within the rainy season in Israel and Jordan. 12th-17th May extremely heavy precipitation over the Balkan (Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Slavonia, Serbia) with catastrophic floods. In September Italy was affected by frequent thunderstorms and heavy convective precipitation. The country reported a record-breaking monthly rainfall total of 479.3 mm along the Adriatic coast and on 3rd September a record-breaking daily total of 167.2 mm.
Sunshine Duration Sweden experienced its sunniest September on record, with 243 sunshine hours observed in southern and central Sweden.
Other Anomalies In January and February the western and northern coasts of the Iberian Peninsula were affected by strong winds and high swell waves of up to 15 m, on 9 February, caused by a storm whose core pressure was falling ~29 hPa in 24 hours. 12 winter storms form December 2013 until February 2014 over the North Atlantic affecting Western Europe (Ireland, the UK, northern Iberia and western France) with damages, heavy precipitation and flooding. Catastrophic flood over the Balkans in 12–20 May 2014. From the flood in the lower Sava river basin eastern Croatia, northern Bosnia and Serbia were affected.
Events: On 2nd March an intense dust storm occurred over the eastern Mediterranean Sea and was visible in satellite images. On 8th and 11th March Norway and Sweden were affected by two storms within a few days, with wind gusts of up to 49.6 m/s at station Tarfala (in Sweden on 8th March). Extreme precipitation and floods recorded in southern France during 16–20 and on the 29th September 2014 (Montpellier 299.5 mm/24 hours on the 29th). Annual Bulletin on the Climate in WMO Region VI 2014 05.01.2016 8
2. Annual survey
The climate of 2014 was characterised by a broad range of spatial and temporal anomalies outlined in Box 1 and Figure 2.5. This section presents an overview of the spatial patterns of mean annual climate conditions in 2014 and anomalies related mainly to the normal period 1961-1990 of the selected essential climate variables: sea surface pressure, surface temperature, precipitation, sunshine duration and snow. Sub-section 2.1.4 reveals climate extremes for each participant country. Long-term trends in temperature and precipitation indices were offered in section 2.2. More detailed insight into the long-term variability of the temperature and precipitation and also some other parameters from the individual participant countries are presented in the section 5.
2.1. Annual averages and anomalies of selected essential climate variables
2.1.1. Sea level pressure
Generally, long-term mean annual sea level pressure distribution over the Region VI is dominated by a low pressure trough in the polar area (with exception Greenland) with the Icelandic low centred near Iceland and by the subtropical high pressure belt extended from the centre over Azores (Azores high) across southern, western and central Europe to European Russia. 2014 the mean sea surface pressure differs in some extend from the long-term mean with a reduced pressure especially in a region from Greenland to the British Isles with anomalies of -2 to -6 hPa and higher values over northern Europe (of more than 2 hPa). This is visible in the anomaly field for 2014 in respect to the normal period 1961-1990 (Figure 2.1 right). The anomaly configuration resemble especially the unusually pressure distribution in autumn (for more details cf. section 3.1.1 and 4.1).
Figure 2.1: Annual mean of sea level pressure (left) and anomalies (right) for the year 2014 with respect to the reference period 1961-1990. (Source: http://www.dwd.de/rcc-cm) Annual Bulletin on the Climate in WMO Region VI 2014 05.01.2016 9
2.1.2. Temperature
In the entire European region (35°–75°N, 10°W–30°E) the year 2014 was the warmest since 1950 with an anomaly of 0.9°C above the reference period 1981–2010 and of 1.46 related to 1961-1990. Many of the European countries reported new records (Table 2.1).
Figure 2.2: Annual temperature anomalies 1950-2014 for Europe (land area; 35°N - 75°N and 25°W - 45°E, reference period 1981–2010; source: www.ecad.eu, van der Schrier et al. 2013)
Figure 2.3: Mean annual temperature in °C (left) and anomalies (right) for 2014 (reference period 1961-1990. source: http://www.dwd.de/rcc-cm)
The highest annual anomaly of 2.09°C referred to 1961-1990 has been observed in the sub-region Nordic and Baltic countries followed by Central and western Europe (1.85°C) the Mediterranean, Annual Bulletin on the Climate in WMO Region VI 2014 05.01.2016 10
Italian and Balkan and sub-region Eastern Europe (about 1.6°C). The sub-region Middle East showed the lowest anomalies of 1.26°C (Table 3.2). Nearly all months of the year were warmer than normal (1961-1990) with remarkably consistent deviations of +2 to +3°C especially in winter and spring across Central and Eastern Europe as well as Scandinavia (cf. section 3.1.2 and 4.2). The global annual temperature average for 2014 increased also to a record high 0.57 ± 0.09 °C above the 1961–1990 average (WMO 2015, Blunden und Arndt 2015) A summary of the annual temperature time series and the historical rating can be drawn from section 5. The rank statistics are listed together with the start of the time series and the anomaly for the year 2014 as provided by the as provided by the NHMS.
Table 2.1: Rank statistics and anomalies of annual temperature in 2014 from some participant countries as reported by National Meteorological and Hydrological Services (NMHSs). Rank of annual Anomaly Reference Country start of time series temperature in 2014 in °C period Europe (35°–75°N, 1 1951 1.46 1961-1990 10°W–30°E, E-OBS) Austria 1 1767 2.4 1961-1990 Belarus 3 1881 2 1961-1990 Belgium 1 1833 1.4 1981-2010 Bosnia and ~1 1.2-2.6 1961-1990 Herzegovina 1862 (Zagreb and other Croatia 1 (with 2000 ) 1.1-2.5. 1961-1990 stations) Cyprus normal 0.8 1981-2010 Czech Republik 1 1961 1.9 1961-1990 Denmark 1 1874 2.3 1961-1990 Estonia 4 1961 1.9 1961-1990 Finland 2 1900 2.3 1961-1990 France 1 1900 1.2 1981-2010 Georgia 3 1961 1.5 1961-1990 Germany 1 1881 1.4 1981-2010 Hungary 1 1901 2.0 1961-1990 Iceland 1-3 1874 1.4-2.6 1961-1990 Ireland 2 1900 0.6 1961-1990 Israel 2 1951(average of 5 stations) 1.4 1961-1990 Italy 1 1961 1.6 1961-1990 Jordan 1.2 1961-1990 Latvia 6 (with 1934) 1924 1.7 1961-1990 Lithuania 6 (with 2007) 1961 1.7 1961–1990 Luxembourg 1 1947 2.5 1961–1990 Malta 3 1923 Moldova 7 120 1.3 Montenegro 1 1-3.7 1961-1990 Netherlands 1 1706 (de Bilt)/1901 1.6 1981-2010 Norway 1 1900 2.2 1961-1990 Poland 1 1950 1.7 1971-2000 Portugal 12 1931 0.5 1971-2000 Romania 6 1961 1.3 1961-1990 Serbia 2 1951 1961-1990 Slovakia 1 1901 2.5 1961-1990 Slovenia 1-2 1951 ~2 1961-1990 Spain 2 1961 0.7 1981-2010 Sweden 1 1860 1961-1990 Switzerland 1 1864 2.1 1961-1990 Turkey 2 1971 1.4 1981-2010 United Kingdom 1 1910 1.6 1961-1990 Annual Bulletin on the Climate in WMO Region VI 2014 05.01.2016 11
2.1.3. Precipitation
The annual precipitation amount was close to normal over most of the continental Europe except for the Balkan region and parts of Italy, where significantly higher totals (>150% of normal) were recorded. Parts of northern and eastern Europe, eastern Spain, South Caucasus, and the Middle East showed drier conditions (totals <80%, locally <60% of normal). The annual figures of the year 2014 give only rough hints of the regions with outstanding precipitation events. Detailed descriptions such as the flood in Balkan in May 2014 can be found in the seasonal (3.1.3) and monthly survey (4.3).
Figure 2.4: Total precipitation (left) and absolute anomalies (right) for 2014 in mm/month (reference period 1951-2000; source: http://www.dwd.de/rcc-cm) Annual Bulletin on the Climate in WMO Region VI 2014 05.01.2016 12
2.1.4. Annual extreme values of temperature and precipitation
In this section an overview is given for the temperature spread and the extreme precipitation for each country. Absolute annual extreme values for 2014 of temperature (minimum and maximum), maximum of total daily precipitation and maximum of total 5 consecutive days with precipitation for each country in the WMO Region VI are given in Figure 2.5. The spatial pattern of extreme temperature corresponds roughly to those of the temperature anomalies of 2014. The highest extremes (above 40°C) occurred primarily in sub-regions Middle East, Mediterranean, Italian, Balkan and Iberian Peninsula. Maximum temperature higher than 35°C are reported from most of the countries in central and western Europe, but also from some of Nordic and Baltic Countries. The one-day precipitation total (RX1) of more than 150 mm for individual countries documented in several sub-regions; the highest values occurred in France (299 mm/day) and Italy (330 mm/day). Highest total precipitation from 5 consecutive days (RX5) (above 300 mm) had been measured in Switzerland (476.6 mm), Italy (358 mm) followed by Austria (350 mm).
Figure 2.5: Annual extreme values for each country in 2014: first row: Internet country code, lowest daily minimum temperature (in °C, blue) and highest daily maximum temperature (in °C, red); second row: maximum daily precipitation totals (in mm, light green) and maximum 5-daily consecutive precipitation totals (in mm, dark green). Note: Data (by order or priority) from reports of NMHSs, GPCC, ECA&D or SYNOP; the countries are represented by their Internet country codes. (Source: http://www.dwd.de/rcc-cm) Annual Bulletin on the Climate in WMO Region VI 2014 05.01.2016 13
2.1.5. Sunshine duration
As expected, the annual sum of sunshine duration 2014 showed from the South to the North generally gradual decreasing values. More than normal sunshine hours have been primarily noted in most parts of Europe except in Portugal, northern and central Italy as well as in south-eastern and north-eastern Europe. Poland, Belarus and Ukraine showed in every season above normal sunshine.
Figure 2.6: Annual sum of sunshine duration (left) and relative anomalies (right) for the year 2014 in hours with respect to the reference period 1961-1990. (Source: http://www.dwd.de/rcc-cm) Annual Bulletin on the Climate in WMO Region VI 2014 05.01.2016 14
2.1.6. Drought situation
The drought index (SPI) in 2014 differs only slightly from its normal values. The anomalies in Central and Eastern Europe were slightly below normal and the Balkan region and northern Italy were moderate wet. In these areas annual precipitation was above normal linked with floods.
Figure 2.7: Annual modified Standardized Precipitation Index (DWD-SPI) for the year 2014 (left) and its anomalies (right) with respect to the reference period 1961-1990. (Source: http://www.dwd.de/rcc-cm)
2.1.7. Snow cover
The snow-season 2013/2014 (September 2013–August 2014) was warmer than normal. Therefore in many low land areas in west and south Europe no snow occurred at all. Apart from mountain areas, in the central Europe the partly occasional snow fall events occurred in January and February. As expected, towards the northern and eastern Europe the snow cover duration was longer and ended in early summer. However, remarkable snow conditions prevailed in Austria and Switzerland. The snow cover over most parts of Austria was well below average. Except in the upper parts of Carinthia and East Tyrol the snow conditions in January and February were remarkable. At some locations the amount of fresh snow was three times higher than the average. In Switzerland the three winter months brought hardly any snow to the northern lowland regions. The meteorological station Zurich-Fluntern registered only 1 cm of new snow in January. It was the winter with the least amount of snow in the Zurich measurement series spanning over more than 80 years. In addition, the winter half-year ranked second in terms of lack of snow – there was only some additional snowfall amounting to 25 cm in November 2013. This was in strong contrast to the previous year when Zurich recorded a winter half-year with the most new snow for over 40 years (slightly above 2 m). Record snow in Switzerland south of the Alps From mid-December 2013 to February 2014 south-westerly and southerly currents were predominant in the Alpine regions. They brought enormous amounts of rain and snow to the areas south of the Alps. Lugano recorded by far the highest amount of precipitation since observations Annual Bulletin on the Climate in WMO Region VI 2014 05.01.2016 15 started 151 years ago. It amounted to 698 mm - one third more than the total in the former record winter of 1950/1951. In Locarno-Monti the total even amounted to 754 mm. Here slightly less precipitation (722 mm) had been recorded in the previous record winter of 1950/1951. As a result of the copious precipitation, a huge total of new snow was observed in higher regions south of the Alps. At the meteorological station Bosco-Gurin in the Ticino Mountains almost 7 m of new snow was recorded between December and February. This is the highest value in the measurement series available since 1961. Segl-Maria in the Upper Engadine received a total of 4 m in the three winter months, representing the second-highest value in the measurement series spanning 150 years. However, the record winter of 1950/1951 brought far higher new snow totals (up to 7 m) to these regions.
Figure 2.7: First occurrence of snow (left) and last occurrence of snow (right) during the snow-season 2013/2014. (Source: http://www.dwd.de/rcc-cm)
Figure 2.8: Duration of snow cover in the snow-season 2013/2014. (Source: http://www.dwd.de/rcc-cm) Annual Bulletin on the Climate in WMO Region VI 2014 05.01.2016 16
2.2. Trends of temperature and precipitation indices 1951-2014 In this section, trend maps representative for the elements temperature and precipitation are shown. As reference period for these trend maps 1951-2014 was chosen. In the north, northwest and eastern Europe most stations show an increase in the annual number of wet days (RR1) for the last 64 years while in southern Europe a decreasing trend prevails. The decreasing and increasing trend at neighbouring stations indicate inhomogeneities in the time series. The number of warm and wet days (WW) increased over whole Europe with exception of Greece. The annual number of summer days (SU) increased in Central and southern Europe while in the northwest they are not significant. The annual numbers of tropical nights (TR) show some tendencies of increasing in the south-east while in the north-west part the trends are insignificant.
Annual Number of wet days (RR1) Annual Number of summer days (SU)
Annual Number of warm and wet days (WW) Annual Number of tropical nights (TR)
Figure 2.9: Trends of Selected Climate Indices 1951 to 2014 (Source: ECA&D, http://www.ecad.eu)
1. RR1, Number of wet days: count of days where RR (precipitation > 1 mm) Precipitation below 1 mm/day has no effect on vegetation because it normally evaporates on the same day and is locally effected. 2. SU, Number of summer days: count of days where TX (daily maximum temperature) > 25°C 3. WW, Number of warm and wet days: days with TG (daily mean temperature) > 75th percentile and RR > 75th percentile 4. TR, Number of tropical nights: count of days where TN > 20°C Annual Bulletin on the Climate in WMO Region VI 2014 05.01.2016 17
2.3. Socio-economic impacts of extreme climate or weather events Several countries reported socioeconomic impacts of climate extremes or weather events. This was done partly given in a standardized structure (WMO guiding table for country submission of information on extreme climate events) or the information was part of the regular monthly reports on the internet or it was separately submitted. However, this information is heterogeneous and does by far not give a complete overview. Not only do the administrative structures differ so that the information cannot easily be gathered but also many kinds of impact are difficult to estimate. In the following only a short extract will be given. The following figure (Figure 2.10) shows the number of observed extreme weather or climate event as reported by the NMHSs in 2014 that can be presented in form of a diagram. Conclusions should be drawn only with caution because some of the events were reported by several countries. The total number of cases for this figure was 399. No diagrams were shown for the injured persons and fatalities as well as the economic losses because the number of reports were too few (about 9, 10 resp. 11). In some cases the reported numbers were not fix but like ’hundreds’ or ’few’. The economic damage was estimated as well by some countries but the information is not sufficient to be presented with any reliability of representativeness. The reported economic damages will be summarized individually below. The most frequent events in 2014 were ‘Extreme Precipitation’ with 108 events or 27% that also happened in most of the countries with reported 30 fatalities and 138 injured. The second one with 20.5% or 82 events were ‘Wind Storms’ that mainly occurred in winter in the western part of Europe together with extreme precipitation. Rank three were ‘Heat Waves’ with an occurrence of 15% or 60 events mostly in Central, southern and eastern Europe, Serbia, Russia and Israel reported 4 heat waves. The next extreme events were ’Floods’ (13 %, 158 persons injured, 10 fatalities) and ‘Droughts’ (7%). Dec 2013 – Feb 2014. The area from Spain to Ireland and United Kingdom was hit by 12 storm surges. It has been the wettest winter in the England and Wales Precipitation (EWP) series going back to 1766, with 435 mm. This huge amount of rain saturated the ground and caused landslides and floods. Villages were cut off for four weeks. Munich Re estimated the damage of about 1.300 Mio. €. 13 – 30. May 2014 Parts of the Balkan Peninsula (Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Romania) was concerned by Floods and landslides The days of heavy rainfall from a slow- moving storm led to historic widespread flooding. The floods caused land mines hidden more than 20 years ago to appear. A warning was issued to residents about the possibility of land mines uncovered by mudslides and flood waters. More than 3.1 million were affected and 86 fatalities. The overall losses were estimated to 3.300 Mio. €. On 9 and 10 June 2014 with maximum temperature of more than 37°C in south Germany heavy thunderstorms moved from eastern France to western Poland. In the Rhine-Ruhr-Area to Kassel and Göttingen wind gusts of up to 144 km/h were measured (40m/s at station Düsseldorf Airport). Most affected were Dusseldorf and the Ruhr area, where a downdraft with heavy precipitation combined with hail and floods caused a lot of damage. In the city of Düsseldorf nearly 20 000 trees were uprooted, similar situation in other cities at the district. A total of six people were killed. About 30 people were seriously and 37 slightly injured. The damage estimated by the Munich Reinsurance Company was 3200 Mio. €. November, 03.–19., 2014 A series of severe storms together with high wind speeds and tornadoes hit France, Italy and Switzerland with very high amounts of precipitation. The rainfall has exceeded 250 mm in many areas from southeast France into northern Italy and southern Switzerland. During these two weeks over 600 mm has fallen in Genoa (Italy), and 420 mm in Nice (France). In Genoa, this is almost half of the yearly average rainfall. 20 persons died and the monetary loss was about 240 Mio. €. Annual Bulletin on the Climate in WMO Region VI 2014 05.01.2016 18
Figure 2.10: Relation of observed extreme weather or climate events in 2014 based on 35 reports from NMHSs (total events reported for 2014: 399)
Much economic damage is usually connected with floods, storm, cold spells (all kinds of frost, snow or ice), hail, drought or extreme heat. There are some figures which are summarized in the following but much of this kind of damage cannot be estimated (by meteorologists).
Figure 2.11: Number of severe weather events caused damage from Russia Federation, 1996-2014 (Diagram as provided by the NHMS). Annual Bulletin on the Climate in WMO Region VI 2014 05.01.2016 19
Figure 2.12: Annual count of extreme events occurred in Turkey from 1940 - 2014 (Diagram as provided by the NHMS).
The number of extreme events in 2014 has been reached to 486. (Figure 2.12). There is an increasing trend in extreme event (34events/decade).
Figure 2.13: Distribution of extreme events occurred in Turkey in 2014.
During the year 2014 most hazardous extreme events in Turkey have been wind storm-tornado (36%), heavy rain/flood (35%), hail (16%), heavy snow and lightning (4%) and frost (3%) respectively (Figure 2.13). Although it’s occurring rarely, 2 avalanches and 4 landslides also occurred in 2014.
Annual Bulletin on the Climate in WMO Region VI 2014 05.01.2016 20
3. Seasonal survey
This section presents an overview of the spatial patterns of seasonal mean climate conditions in 2014 and anomalies related mainly to the normal period 1961-1990 of the selected essential climate variables: sea level pressure, circulation indices, surface temperature, precipitation and sunshine duration. Annual Bulletin on the Climate in WMO Region VI 2014 05.01.2016 21
3.1. Seasonal averages and anomalies of selected essential climate variables
3.1.1. Sea level pressure and circulation indices
Winter 2013/2014 was dominated by a strong Icelandic low with a core pressure below 995 hPa (−18 hPa sea level pressure anomalies) and was centred south of Iceland. The low pressure extended over the whole North Atlantic from the east coast of North America to the west coast of Europe and from the Norwegian Sea to southwest of the British Isles. In Ireland storm force winds occurred on 12 different days – on the 5th/14th/18th/24th/26th/27th December 2013, 3rd/25th/26th January and 1st/8th/12th February 2014. This series of storms led to an increase in rainfall amounts of between 1.5-2 times above normal and to saturated or waterlogged ground throughout the country. The most severe windstorm occurred on the 12th February 2014 and was associated with an active depression off the south coast that tracked steadily north-eastwards over the country. The Azores high was shifted south-westwards so that the Azores lay outside the centre with more than 1025 hPa mean sea level pressure. The negative anomalies exceeded an absolute amount of 14 hPa. The Azores high and the Asian high were connected over most of the European continent and the Mediterranean Sea. The positive anomalies were in the range of 2 to 6 hPa in the Azores region and in south-eastern Europe and Middle East and in the Russian Arctic region. The lowest sea level pressure in the WMO Region VI of 948.1 hPa was registered at station Gufuskálar in the West of Iceland on 9 December. The mean sea level pressure of spring 2014 was close to normal. Low pressure in the Arctic Sea reached southward in the Norwegian Sea and northern Russia with negative anomalies below -14 hPa. The Icelandic low with a centre pressure below 1005 hPa was located west of Iceland and had negative anomalies below -6 hPa. The sea level pressure distribution for summer 2014 was quite normal. The exception was the high pressure over Greenland and the Norwegian Sea with positive pressure anomalies of more than 6 hPa over Greenland. This was the cause of the negative NAO-index. The Azores high was located above the Azores with a pressure of more than 1020 hPa. The circulation pattern in autumn 2014 was marked by a strongly developed Iceland low with the core located southwest of Iceland (under 1000 hPa) and a Russian-high with a central pressure from 1020 to 1025 hPa. The negative anomalies ranged from Greenland to the Iberian Peninsula with values less than -6 hPa southwest of Ireland. The Azores high was shifted west to the Atlantic. Positive pressure deviations were found over Scandinavia and northern Russia with values of more than 6 hPa. Table 3.1: Seasonal mean values of selected northern hemisphere teleconnection indices standardized to the 1981-2010 reference
NAO EA EA/WR SCA POL AO Winter 2013/2014 0.56 1.60 -1.20 0.71 -1.16 0.18 Spring 2014 -0.06 0.61 -0.11 -0.54 0.68 0.88 Summer 2014 -0.91 0.10 -0.66 0.39 0.21 -0.46 Autumn 2014 0.48 0.55 0.46 1.34 0.61 -0.52 Note that all values are standardized with the reference 1981 to 2010. North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO); East Atlantic Pattern (EA); East Atlantic/West Russia Pattern (EA/WR); Scandinavia Pattern (SCA); Polar/Eurasia Pattern (POL); Arctic Oscillation (AO) (Sources:ftp://ftp.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/wd52dg/data/indices/tele_index.nh and http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/precip/CWlink/daily_ao_index/monthly.ao.index.b50.current.ascii.table)
Annual Bulletin on the Climate in WMO Region VI 2014 05.01.2016 22
Winter 2013/2014
Spring 2014
Summer 2014
Autumn 2014
Figure 3.1: Seasonal sea level pressure (left, in hPa) and anomalies (right, in hPa) in 2013/2014, reference period 1961-1990 (Source: http://www.dwd.de/rcc-cm) Annual Bulletin on the Climate in WMO Region VI 2014 05.01.2016 23
3.1.2. Temperature
On average for the whole WMO Region VI and sub-regions the temperature in all seasons in 2013/2014 except Eastern Europe in autumn was warmer than the normal period 1961-1990. In regional view, however, some differences existed (Tab. 3.2). Table 3.2: Seasonal and annual average of temperature anomalies over land areas in °C for each sub- region in the year 2014 (reference period: 1961-1990)
Winter Spring Summer Autumn Year Sub-Region 2013/2014 2014 2014 2014 2014 Central and western Europe 2.51 2.10 0.89 2.06 1.85 Nordic and Baltic countries 3.23 2.24 1.40 1.78 2.09 Iberia 0.69 1.98 0.73 2.03 1.39 Mediterranean, Italian and Balkan 2.25 1.32 0.83 1.36 1.56 Peninsula Eastern Europe 2.65 2.58 1.31 0.13 1.58 Middle East 0.57 2.05 1.55 -0.09 1.26
Winter 2013/2014 was warmer than normal on Greenland, the European Arctic Sea and the Norwegian Sea, Scandinavia and northern European Russia, Central and Western Europe, and most of the Mediterranean Sea and the Balkan Peninsula. Colder than normal was an area on the western North Atlantic as well as a small region in eastern Turkey and Iran as well as a part of northern Russia (already outside RA VI). The warm anomalies were partly exceptional. Some ranks of warm winters based on web-available bulletins by NMHSs are given below: Table 3.3: Seasonal rank statistics for winter mean temperature (2013/2014) as provided by the NMHSs. Country Rank Time series available since Europe 1 1950 (35°–75°N, 10°W–30°E, E-OBS) Austria 2 1767 Denmark 5 1874 France 2 1900 Germany 4 1881 Montenegro 1 1951 Hungary 3 1901 Luxembourg 2 1947 (together with winter 1989/1990) Netherlands 2 1706, together with 1990 Norway 8 1900, regionally (Vestlandet) rank 1 Poland 7 1952 Portugal 15 1932 Slovakia 3 1951 Switzerland 3 1864 United Kingdom 5 1981
Croatia classified the winter 2013/2014 as very warm in the northeastern part and extremely warm in the western part (based on the normal period, 1961-1990). Most of the region was warmer than normal during all three months. Several countries reported each month as one of the 10 warmest months in their long time-series either for the whole country of for regions or at least for stations. Annual Bulletin on the Climate in WMO Region VI 2014 05.01.2016 24
Spring 2014 was overall warmer than normal and one of the warmest spring seasons in several countries (2nd warmest since 1706 in the Netherlands, the warmest since 1900 in Norway, on rank 9 of warm spring seasons since 1931 in Portugal, provisionally the UK's third warmest spring in a series from 1910, the 3rd warmest since 1880 in Germany, the 3rd warmest in Belgium since 1837, the 3rd warmest in Poland since 1951, the 7th warmest spring since 1767 in Austria, among the 10 warmest since 1864 in Switzerland). Poland and Switzerland highlighted unusually early phenolo- gical phases for spring 2014 in their seasonal bulletins. The map of the anomaly of days with night temperatures above the 90 percentile shows remarkably positive values nearly everywhere. Summer 2014 was warmer than normal in many European countries. Anomalies of 2-3°C occurred north of Iceland, from Norway to Denmark and east of the Black Sea. For Norway the summer temperature anomaly was 1.9°C, in some parts even 3-4°C above normal.
Three heat waves in summer 2014 in Lithuania (as provided by the NMHSs of Lithuania) Summer was much warmer than usually (1.2°C positive anomaly). The only month that turned out to be rather cool was June (-1.2°C negative anomaly). Very warm was the month of July (even 3.5°C positive anomaly), also warm was August (1.4°C positive anomaly). The hottest day of summer was 4 August, when the absolute record temperature of that month was observed, reaching 37.1ºC. Summer saw totally 6 severe and 1 disastrous meteorological phenomena. Most of them (3) were heat waves: on 6–10 July, 24–31 July and 2–8 August. All heat waves (when 30ºC and higher temperature persists 3 days in a row) were related to tropic air influx to Lithuania from North Africa or Southeast Europe. Heat wave on 6–10 July was local-scale and mostly affected seaside and western part of the country, rising temperature to 30-32.5ºC. Such tropical heat was brought in by Azores anticyclone. The heat mostly affected people on sea shore. The second heat wave reached Lithuania by the end of July and was the longest, lasting for 8 days. Such duration was determined by two anticyclones: one moving over Scandinavia pushed tropical air to the Baltic States and then merged with another southern anticyclone moving by Russia. 29 July was the hottest day of that month with maximum temperature reaching 30–34.7ºC. UV index was also high, between 5–6, and heat index showed great discomfort (perceptive temperature for humans reached 35–39ºC). That period was both hot and unsettled with thunderstorms and squalls and showers here and there every day. Prolonged sweltering heat caused people suffer. After only a single day of relief, tropical heat returned on 2 August and the heat wave lasted until 8 August. Such heat was brought to Lithuania from Southeast Europe by anticyclone stopped by Southwest Russia. The temperature reached its peak on 3–4 August, when it was record-high all over Lithuania (between 32–37°C): almost all meteorological stations reached or exceeded maximum temperature records for those days. On 4 August in many places the temperature was over 35°C, and in the south of the country (in Druskininkai) it measured as much as 37.1°C. This is an absolute temperature record in August in Lithuania, replacing the previous 35.8°C (in 1992). Very warm were also the nights, often featuring minimum temperature falling as little as to 16-20°C, in seaside to 21–23°C.
The thermal conditions in autumn of 2014 were divided in two parts, the western part of Europe reveales above average temperature anomalies while Russia was colder than normal. In some areas of western Europe anomalies showed values of more than 3°C. Annual Bulletin on the Climate in WMO Region VI 2014 05.01.2016 25
Winter 2013/2014
Spring 2014
Summer 2014
Autumn 2014
Figure 3.2: Seasonal mean temperature (left, in °C) and anomalies (right, in K) in 2013/2014, reference period 1961-1990 (Source: http://www.dwd.de/rcc-cm) Annual Bulletin on the Climate in WMO Region VI 2014 05.01.2016 26
3.1.3. Precipitation
Winter 2013/2014 was wetter than normal in UK, western France and the northern Iberian Peninsula under Atlantic influence. It was as well wetter than normal in southern Norway, partly in southern Sweden and Denmark. Wetter than normal was also the southern Alpine region, and parts of the Adriatic coast, the western Italian Peninsula and western Sicily and partly the eastern Balkan Peninsula. Smaller parts of European Russia mostly in the north were wetter than normal as well. Drier than normal were western Iceland, parts of Norway, parts of central Europe, most of Germany, western parts of the Balkan Peninsula, eastern Ukraine and southern Russia and the Caucasus region and most severely Turkey and the Levante coast. Israel reported that the period from mid December 2013 to end of February 2014 was the driest for more than 70 years. Most other regions were around normal. The contrasts north and south of the Alps were high: In Austria the northern parts received the lowest precipitation since the winter 1857/1858. Germany was dry, the Netherlands were drier than normal.
Table 3.4: Rankings of total precipitation (in mm) for winter 2013/2014 for some of the wettest regions. Country rank total precipitation area averaged time series since United 1 545 mm 1910 Kingdom (177% of the 1961-1990 average) United 1 446 mm 1766 for the England&Wales series Kingdom (178% of the 1961-1990 average) Northern 2 489 mm 1910 Ireland (159% of the 1961-1990 average) France 1 995 mm at station Guiscriff 1959, for the regions Bretagne and (206 % of the 1961-1990 average) Provence-Alpes-Cotes D'Azur Switzerland 1 698 mm at station Lugano 1764, for the southern part of the country (198% of the 1981-2010 average) Portugal 17 1932 Austria 1 370 mm at station Klagenfurt 1813 (355% of the 1981-2010 average)
Outstanding was the precipitation surplus on the Balkan Peninsula in spring 2014. The map of the absolute anomalies gives a more realistic characterization than the relative anomaly in this case. The map of the anomalies of the highest 5-day precipitation totals shows that the catastrophic flooding event in May 2014 mainly caused this surplus (For details see section 4.3 or the Seasonal Bulletin for Serbia, Spring 2014). Summer 2014 was wetter than normal in southern and Central Europe with exception of the Iberian Peninsula. The highest positive anomalies occurred from the Balkan states to the north- western part of Turkey. In Croatia the precipitation surplus was more than 70mm and the relative anomalies range from 100% to 302% of the multi-annual average for this season. The autumn of 2014 was drier in the north and wetter in the south of the WMO region VI. The precipitation deficit reached values below -30 mm/month (100 mm/season) or below 40% in northern Poland, Belarus, European Russia, Estonia and northern Norway and northern Sweden. More than normal precipitation was observed in southern Europe, especially in western Iberia, southern France, northern and southern Italy, the Balkan and Turkey. The province of Genova (Italy) was hit by an intense thunderstorm on 9th-10th October with maxima cumulated rain over the two days of 569.6 mm at the station of Geirato. A low pressure system west of France brought warm and moist air masses from the Mediterranean. From mid-September to late November, 10 episodes of particularly violent rains hit the southeast of France. Accumulated records for the season were beaten with e.g. 722 mm at station Bormes-les-Mimosas (Var), 916 mm in Prades-le- Lez (Hérault) and 1826 mm in Barnas (Ardèche). Annual Bulletin on the Climate in WMO Region VI 2014 05.01.2016 27
Winter
2013/2014
Spring
2014
Summer
2014
Autumn
2014
Figure 3.3: Seasonal total precipitation (left, in mm/mon), absolute anomalies (middle, in mm/mon) and relative anomalies (right, in %) in 2013/2014, reference period 1951-2000 (Source: http://www.dwd.de/rcc-cm) Annual Bulletin on the Climate in WMO Region VI 2014 05.01.2016 28
3.1.4. Sunshine duration
Winter 2013/2014 was sunnier than normal in southern UK, western and central Europe, most of the Balkan Peninsula, Turkey and Middle East. It was less sunny than normal in most of northern and eastern Europe as well as the western Mediterranean region. In Germany winter 2013/2014 was on rank 11 of the sunny winters since 1951. Parts of western and central Europe were 25% to 50% sunnier than normal in spring 2014 while north-eastern Europe and the Middle East were dull with partly below 50% of the normal. In Belgium at station Ukkel sunshine duration in spring 2014 was 572 hours that is about 123% of the normal value of 463 hours. Especially March was very sunny with a total of 197 h, which is well above the normal value of 114 h. Therefore March was the second sunniest month of the year after June with 206 h. March also leaved behind July (194 h) and of August (150 h). The summer of 2014 was sunnier than normal in northern and central Europe as well as in Spain and southern Italy. The surplus reached more than 25% in Poland and more than 50% in Finland. Middle Europe and Lithuania had a sunshine deficit of up to 25%, Turkey even up to 50%. In 2014 the autumn was sunnier than normal in northern and western Europe while the south- eastern part had a deficit. Values of more than 150% of the relative anomaly were dominated in Poland, Belarus, Ukraine and western Russia.
Annual Bulletin on the Climate in WMO Region VI 2014 05.01.2016 29
Winter 2013/2014
Spring 2014
Summer 2014
Autumn 2014
Figure 3.4: Seasonal sunshine duration (left, in hours), absolute anomalies (middle, in hours) and relative anomalies (right, in %) in 2013/2014, reference period 1961-1990 (Source: http://www.dwd.de/rcc-cm) Annual Bulletin on the Climate in WMO Region VI 2014 05.01.2016 30
3.1.5. Drought
The Winter 2013/14 was drier than normal (see below) in Turkey and Middle East while the British Iles, northern Spain, the Alps and southern Norway were wetter than normal. In spring the Balkan was very wet resulting in floods whereas Central Europe and Spain were dry. Turkey was partly very wet in summer and autumn. In autumn eastern Europe was drier than normal.
Reports on longer lasting dry periods from the National Meteorological and Hydrological Services: In Israel the main months of the rainy season are December, January and February. However, the two and a half months period from mid-December 2013 until the end of February 2014 provided very little precipitation, making it the driest since records began more than 70 years ago (Figure 3.5). In the first part of December three precipitations systems crossed the Eastern Mediterranean, including the extreme snow storm just before mid-December. Since then there were no significant systems in the region. The few systems that did cross the Eastern Mediterranean resulted in local and limited precipitation amounts. Precipitation totals were less than 20% of normal in many parts of the country. The Galilee mountains (northern Israel) received 50-100 mm from mid-December 2013 until the end of February 2014 compared with an average of 350-450 mm for the period 1981-2010, and in other areas the amounts were even smaller. In the Judean Mountains precipitation totals were merely 10-30 mm, which is less than 10% of normal (1981-2010, Figure 3.6). Comparison of the precipitation totals in the aforementioned two and a half month period to the same period totals in previous years reveals that in most stations the extremely small amounts of rainfall this season are record breaking. It is even more remarkable when compared to the previous records (Figure 3.6). There are differences of more than 50 mm between the present record and the previous one (which was set in most of the northern parts of the country in 1978/79 and in most of the southern parts, in 1959/60). The comparison was performed with stations that have precipitation records for more than 70 years, some of them even more than 100 years (rainfall reports in Jerusalem date back to the mid-19th century).
200
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1869/70 1959/60 1962/63 1878/79 1954/55 1970/71 1932/33 1887/88 1998/99 1924/25 1914/15 2010/11 1978/79 1940/41 1965/66 1957/58 1950/51 1931/32 1994/95 2013/14 Figure 3.5: The 20 lowest accumulated precipitation totals (mm) in Jerusalem for the period December 15th until February 28/29th 1861/62-2013/14 (Source: Israel Meteorological Service) Annual Bulletin on the Climate in WMO Region VI 2014 05.01.2016 31
Figure 3.6: Accumulated precipitation (left; in mm) and percent of normal (right in %) for December 15th 2013 to February 28th 2014 (Source: Israel Meteorological Service)
A similar drought situation also occurred in the neighbouring country Jordan. The precipitation deficit in January and February in Jordan was about 30 mm of the long term mean for 1961-1990 (Figure 3.7, Figure 4.11)
Figure 3.7: Monthly precipitation anomalies for Jordan for the year 2014 (in mm, source: Jordan Meteorological Department) Annual Bulletin on the Climate in WMO Region VI 2014 05.01.2016 32
Winter 2013/2014
Spring 2014
Summer 2014
Autumn 2014
Figure 3.8: Seasonal standardized precipitation index (SPI, left, in drought classes) and anomalies (right) in 2013/2014, reference period 1961-1990 (Source: http://www.dwd.de/rcc-cm) Annual Bulletin on the Climate in WMO Region VI 2014 05.01.2016 33
4. Monthly survey
The following monthly survey integrates relevant information from the Monthly Bulletins 2014 on the Climate in WMO Region VI - Europe and Middle East (available on http://www.dwd.de/rcc-cm). It contains highlights, means and anomalies of sea level pressure, temperature, precipitation, sunshine duration for each months as well as monthly overviews of extremes and notable events. 4.1. Sea surface pressure and circulation indices This chapter about the atmospheric circulation provides information on selected northern hemisphere teleconnection indices which are considered to be relevant for WMO RA VI and it discusses influences of circulation patterns upon anomalies and outstanding events. The information is based upon the Monthly Bulletins on the climate in WMO RA VI and was completed by reports of the NMHSs. The discussion partly refers to atmospheric circulation patterns in the mid-/upper troposphere not shown here. (See http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/teleconnections/ and http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/CDB/index.shtml)
Table 4.1: Monthly values of selected northern hemisphere teleconnection indices standardized to the 1981- 2010 reference and the Arctic Oscillation, for January 2014 to December 2014 Year Month NAO EA EA/WR SCA POL AO 2014 1 -0.17 1.37 -1.32 1.75 -0.79 -0.969 2014 2 1.07 2.23 -1.93 1.10 -1.86 0.044 2014 3 0.44 0.92 -0.11 -0.47 0.04 1.206 2014 4 0.19 0.52 1.23 -0.66 1.02 0.972 2014 5 -0.80 0.38 -1.45 -0.49 0.98 0.464 2014 6 -0.67 -1.03 0.03 0.19 -0.01 -0.507 2014 7 0.21 0.58 -0.31 1.56 -0.93 -0.489 2014 8 -2.28 0.75 -1.69 -0.59 1.57 -0.372 2014 9 1.72 0.2 0.47 1.14 1.1 0.102 2014 10 -0.87 1.02 -0.37 1.11 -1.03 -1.134 2014 11 0.58 0.43 1.28 1.77 1.75 -0.530 2014 12 1.63 -0.59 -0.44 -0.4 -0.93 0.413 Note that all values are standardized with reference to the period1981-2010. North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO); East Atlantic Pattern (EA); East Atlantic/West Russia Pattern (EA/WR); Scandinavia Pattern (SCA); Polar/Eurasia Pattern (POL); Arctic Oscillation (AO) (Sources:ftp://ftp.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/wd52dg/data/indices/tele_index.nh and http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/precip/CWlink/daily_ao_index/monthly.ao.index.b50.current.ascii.table)
In January 2014 the Icelandic low was extended far southwards with a mean pressure below 995 hPa enclosing most of Ireland and Scotland. This means a negative anomaly of more than 14 hPa for the British Isles and northwest of them. Low pressure extended far onto the European continent with negative anomalies in the range of -2 to -6 hPa over most of central and southern Europe and -6 to -10 hPa for the west of the continent. Northern, eastern and south eastern Europe had higher mean pressure that causes an high Scandinavia Pattern index of 1.75. The positive anomalies were highest over northern Scandinavia and the Arctic Sea with 10 to 14 hPa. The strong gradients between the North Atlantic low and the Azores high allowed several cyclones to affect the British Isles and the west of the continent with high wind speeds, high sea waves and extreme precipitation that last until February. February 2014 was characterized by low sea surface pressure below 995 hPa as monthly mean on the North Atlantic. Low pressure extended also over the western and northern European continent. The Azores high was weak and shifted southwards. The negative anomalies exceeded -14 hPa. High pressure was centred over the east with more than 1020 hPa as a mean over the eastern Ukraine, Russia and the Caucasus region and Middle East. The positive anomalies of more than 10 hPa were centred over northern Russia. Annual Bulletin on the Climate in WMO Region VI 2014 05.01.2016 34
Storm on 12th February 2014 over Ireland (as provided by the Irish Meteorological Service) The most severe windstorm occurred on the 12th February 2014 and was associated with an active depression off the south coast of Ireland that tracked steadily north-eastwards. Kinsale Energy Gas Platform recorded its highest maximum wave height of 25 m on the same day.
Figure 4.1: Significant and maximum wave height at Kinsale Energy Gas Platform as recorded from 13.12.2013 – 14.02.2014 (as provided by the Irish Meteorological Service).
Winds: Southeast to south gale to strong gale force 9 in the morning off the south coast, increasing to storm force 10 at midday and veered west in the evening. Increased to violent storm force 11 for a time in the south and west; backed west to southwest overnight and steadily decreased to force 5-7 by morning. Hurricane force 12 winds off the west coast Weather: Moderate rain at first, showers merged to longer spells of rain, some wintry and thundery. Significant Weather Event: Hurricane force winds were recorded at Mace Head, a mean 10-minute wind speed of 65 kts. Maximum gust recorded was 86 kt, at Shannon Airport. Shannon also recorded a 10- minute mean wind speed of 61kts, its highest since records began in 1945. Historical Context: The distinguishing feature of the weather this winter was the seemingly unending series of vigorous Atlantic storms that crossed the country. Nevertheless only one individual storm, on the 12th Feb 2014, was exceptional but not without parallel. We have had more violent storms in the past such Figure 4.2: Highest 10-min wind speed (in kts), highest as Hurricane Debbie in 1961, where the gust (in kts) and time of highest gust during 12th February maximum gusts were between 70 and 85 2014 over Ireland (as provided by the Irish Meteorological knots generally with a maximum of 93 kt Service).
Annual Bulletin on the Climate in WMO Region VI 2014 05.01.2016 35 reported in the northwest. The more recent storms of 26th December 1998 and 24th December 1997 were also of greater intensity. In February 1990, an unusually long series of vigorous storms crossed the country producing record winds and rainfall amounts.
March 2014 was characterized by low pressure in the north with 2 centres, one south of Greenland below 995 hPa and another over Novaja Semlja below 1000 hPa and an Azores high above 1025 hPa shifted south-westwards. The anomalies were negative in the north and northeast with -14 hPa for the low pressure over Novaja Semlja, less than -6 hPa over Greenland and the northern North Atlantic as well as the Arctic Sea and Russia and less than -2 hPa over northern and eastern Europe. The positive anomaly of the Azores high was weak with 2 to 6 hPa. In April 2014 the Icelandic low was centred southeast of Greenland with 1000 to 1005 hPa and higher pressure (1015 to 1020 hPa) prevailed over the Azores and the southern North Atlantic, most of the Iberian Peninsula and parts of the western Mediterranean, western Europe, the North Sea, the Baltic region and southern Russia and the Caucasus region. The anomalies were negative over the north (down to -14 hPa) and the west. Referred to 1961-1990 nearly the whole European continent had no significant anomalies. The anomalies of the sea level pressure in May 2014 were positive in an area east of the Azores, over Greenland and the northern North Atlantic. They were negative in a region southeast of Greenland. In June 2014 positive anomalies above 2 hPa prevailed over the northern North Atlantic including Greenland, the British Isles and western Scandinavia. Northeast of Iceland and over parts of Greenland the positive anomalies exceeded 6 hPa. Slightly negative anomalies occurred in an area north of the Azores (-2 to -6 hPa). Except these anomalies the sea level pressure was normal. July 2014 had higher than normal sea level pressure over northern Europe and Greenland with positive anomalies of +6 to +10 hPa over northern Russia. The anomalies over western, central and south-eastern Europe were negative as well as for Iceland. August 2014 had lower than normal sea level pressure over the entire RA VI Region except Greenland where positive anomalies of +6 to +10 hPa occur. The lowest anomalies showed values below -6 hPa over South Norway. The NAO with an index value of -2.28 was significantly low. In September 2014 lower than normal sea level pressure were found over Southern Europe as well as the Arctic Region. Positive anomalies with values of more than +6 hPa appeared in a band from UK over Scandinavia to Estonia accompanied by positive temperature and sunshine anomalies as well as lower than normal precipitation. October 2014 was characterized by a lower (below -6 hPa) than normal Icelandic low that was shifted to the south. In Southern Europe the pressure was normal. In north Scandinavia and Greenland the pressure anomalies reached values of more than 10 hPa. These high pressure anomalies induced positive anomalies of sunshine duration mainly above Scandinavia. November 2014 the Icelandic Low and Azores High was more intense than normal (-14 hPa/+6 hPa) but both centres were shifted to the south-west, which resulted in a weaker influence on north-western and central Europe. Exceptional high pressure prevailed in Eastern Europe and Scandinavia with anomalies of more than 14 hPa. This pressure anomaly pattern was responsible for higher than normal temperature anomalies in western and Central Europe as well as wetter conditions in western and south-western Europe and positive sunshine duration anomalies especially in Russia. The mean sea level pressure (slp) in December 2014 showed an anomaly-pattern similar to the mean slp. This means that the centres of action, the Icelandic low and the Azores high were more intense than normal and shifted to the north-east. This was indicated also by the high NAO-index value of 1.63. This circulation pattern was accompanied by flow of warm air to Central Europe and heavy precipitation at the coast of the British Isles and Scandinavia. Due to the warm Mediterranean sea surface temperature more than 20 tornadoes have been observed in the Aegean Sea. Annual Bulletin on the Climate in WMO Region VI 2014 05.01.2016 36
Mean
Anomalies
Figure 4.3: Mean and anomalies of sea level pressure in hPa for each month of the year 2014. (First column January, February, March, April) Annual Bulletin on the Climate in WMO Region VI 2014 05.01.2016 37
4.2. Temperature In most of the months and sub-regions 2014 was warmer than normal especially the winter month as can be seen from Table 4.2. In the Nordic und Baltic Countries, Iberia and the Mediterranean area each month of the year 2014 had positive anomalies.
Table 4.2: Monthly and annual area average of temperature anomalies in °C for each sub-region in the year 2014 (reference period: 1961-1990)
Region year Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec.
Central and western 1.85 2.54 3.06 3.01 2.76 0.53 1.25 1.73 -0.30 1.45 2.17 2.55 1.47 Europe Nordic und Baltic 2.09 2.69 4.20 3.83 1.74 1.16 0.55 1.89 1.76 1.92 1.03 2.39 1.88 Countries
Iberia 1.39 1.93 0.35 1.12 3.30 1.51 1.32 0.11 0.76 1.22 3.02 1.84 0.19
Mediterranean 1.56 3.23 3.18 2.49 1.32 0.16 1.17 0.27 1.07 0.36 1.38 2.33 1.81
Eastern 1.58 0.94 3.91 4.34 1.08 2.33 -0.11 1.35 2.68 1.28 -1.17 0.28 2.01 Europe
Middle East 1.26 1.64 1.09 2.73 1.35 2.06 1.02 0.80 2.83 0.78 -0.06 -0.98 1.86
In January 2014 it was warmer than normal nearly over the complete RA VI area with exception of the south-eastern Baltic Sea and parts of northern Scandinavia. Most remarkable is the positive anomaly over the Balkan Peninsula as well as over the Norwegian Sea and the Arctic Ocean with more than +4°C. On Iceland in the eastern part it was in places the 2nd warmest January since measurements started in 1873. In France it was the warmest January since 1900 together with 1988 and 1936. Also in the Netherlands January 2014 was one of the 10 warmest Januaries since 1901. In Portugal it was the 3rd warmest January since 1931 together with 1955 and 1966. It was also the 3rd warmest January since 1961 in Spain. In Austria it was the 5th warmest January since 1768. In Switzerland January 2014 ranked on place 9 of the warm Januaries since 1864. The lower level places of Switzerland north of the Alps did not register a single ice day (maximum tempera- ture below 0°C) which is rather seldom. It was the 4th warmest January since 1961 on Malta. In February 2014 it was again warmer than normal in the whole WMO RA VI region. The positive anomalies were above 4°C from the Arctic Sea over Scandinavia to eastern Central Europe, eastern Europe and parts of the Balkan Peninsula as well as partly in eastern Turkey. Several Arctic stations registered new records of high February mean temperatures. The positive anomalies ranged from 4.9°C (Jan Mayen) to 14.5°C (Svalbard Lufthavn). For Jan Mayen February 2014 was the 3rd warmest on record and also the station Ekofisk in the Norwegian Sea. In Norway the positive anomalies were 6 K above normal for the whole country and it was the 2nd warmest February since 1900. In Belarus the mean temperature was 4-6°C above the normal February mean in the whole country. In Sweden several stations broke their warm February records since 1800. Latvia reports February 2014 as the 8th warmest on their record. The Netherlands report February 2014 on place 4 of the warm Februaries since 1901 (based on the station de Bilt). In Austria February 2014 was on rank 9 of the warm Februaries for 247 years. March 2014 was much warmer than normal in Europe. In parts of Sweden it was the warmest March since 1859. Several stations registered new records of March maximum temperatures. It was the 3rd warmest March since 1900 in Norway, in Germany together with March 2002 since 1881 and in the Netherlands after 1990 and 1991 since 1901. At the station Ekofisk in the Norwegian Sea it was the 3rd warmest March since 1980. The water temperature observed here was the warmest (together with March 1990) since the start of measurements in 1980. It was the Annual Bulletin on the Climate in WMO Region VI 2014 05.01.2016 38
4th warmest March since 1864 in Denmark. Also in France it was one of the 10 warmest March months for 50 years. In Austria it was the 2nd warmest March for 247 years. In Belarus it was the 2nd warmest March for more than 100 years. The mean monthly anomalies exceeded 4°C in the Arctic and the Norwegian Sea, in northern and eastern Europe except the Atlantic coastal region and southern Europe. April 2014 was like March 2014 mostly warmer than normal. It was the 7th warmest April since 1900 in Norway (with the station Utvira fyr having the warmest April since 1868.) and 4th warmest April in Denmark (since 1883), the Netherlands since 1901, Germany (since 1881), and in Belgium (since 1960). In Austria it was the 10th warmest April in 247 years. In France it was the 5th warmest since 1900. In Portugal it was the 4th warmest April since 1961 (together with 1995). May 2014 was warmer than normal mostly in the Arctic region and in the North Sea region including the British Isles and Denmark, in eastern Europe, in the southwest and in the southeast. In Central Europe, in the south and in Sweden it was around normal. The highest positive anomalies of more than +3°C were reached or exceeded in western European Russia. Though the monthly mean temperatures were close to normal in central and western Europe there were widely spread more warm days than normal. June 2014 was warmer in most of the Europe except of Scandinavia and the Baltic countries with negative anomalies between -1 and -2°C. The highest positive anomalies occurred in southern France, north-western Spain, south-western Germany, Switzerland, north-eastern Italy and partly in the western Mediterranean Sea with 2 - 3°C. Similarly positive anomalies are as well recorded in the northern North Atlantic including Iceland. June average temperature in Israel was close to normal, though two extreme Sharav events were recorded. On June 4th temperatures reached 42-43°C (11-12°C above the long term mean) in the coastal plain and the northwestern Negev. The Sharav continued to prevail at night, so at midnight (June 4-5th) 32-34°C were measured in the coastal plain and the northern valleys and in areas like Haifa region and the Lower Galilee, midnight temperatures reached 35-38°C. Such high temperatures at night are very unusual (Figure 4.4). The second Sharav event, on June 27-29th, was a prolonged one. The warmest areas during this event were the eastern Valleys, where 42-45°C were measured (5-7°C above average). In Elat, at the southern end of the eastern valleys, a new high record for June was set: 47.9°C. This value is also the second highest for the whole year.
49
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43 Temperature (°C) 42
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1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 1950 Figure 4.4: Highest maximum temperature (°C) in Elat (southern Israel) for each year in June 1950-2014 (Source: Israel Meteorological Service) Annual Bulletin on the Climate in WMO Region VI 2014 05.01.2016 39
July 2014 was warmer than normal in northern, central and south-eastern Europe and colder than normal in north-eastern Europe. Slightly colder or close to normal was southern Europe. The highest positive anomalies of more than 4°C were registered in Scandinavia. On Iceland July was the 2nd warmest July since 1984 in the north and the 3rd warmest since 1972 in southern parts. In Norway it was the warmest July since 1900 with a positive anomaly of +4.3°C. In Denmark July 2014 was the 2nd warmest since 1874. August 2014 was warmer than normal in northern, eastern and southern Europe, colder than normal or normal in central Europe. The highest positive anomalies of more than 4°C were registered around the Caspian Sea. The temperature for September 2014 showed for the whole WMO Region VI positive anomalies. The highest positive anomalies of more than 3°C were registered in Iceland and parts of Africa. In Ireland the Valentia Observatory and Cork Airport reported 1.7°C and 1.6°C above their average mean temperature, the warmest September for Valentia since 1991 (23 years) and since Cork Airport opened in 1962 (52 years). The temperature for October 2014 showed for western and southern Europe positive anomalies. The highest positive anomalies of more than 3°C were registered in Spain, Switzerland, Germany and Denmark. In Norway it was the warmest October since 10 years. The average monthly temperature in Denmark was 12.1°C therefore this was the second warmest October since measurements began (1874). This was only 0.1°C below the warmest October in the year 2006, which was 12.2°C. This October was also the third-warmest since measurements began in Germany with anomalies of 2.1°C. The temperature in November 2014 showed for most of the area positive anomalies. The highest anomalies of more than 4°C were registered in northern Italy, Austria and Iceland. Negative anomalies were found in East Europe with values below -4°C. In Austria the November 2014 was 3.6°C warmer than the average for 1981-2010. This was the warmest November in the 248-year temperature measurement followed by the November of 1926 with 3.4°C. Several stations in Switzerland also observed all-time records of temperature. Monthly mean temperature in Reykjavík, Iceland, was 5.5°C or 4.3°C warmer than the average for the period 1961-1990 and 3.2°C above the average of the last 10 years. Thus it was the second in the rank of the warmest Novembers since the beginning of measurements. In Akureyri the averaged monthly temperature was 3.4°C, that was 3.7°C above the 1961-1990 average. The temperature in December 2014 showed for most of the area positive anomalies. The highest anomalies of more than 4°C were registered in Finland, the arctic Russia and Turkey. Negative anomalies exist only in southwest Europe and Kazakhstan. The last days of December in many parts of Europe, except Northern Europe and Turkey were conditioned by a cold snap. In December 2014 the central western part of Finland was more than 4.0°C warmer than the average for 1981-2010. In Lugano (Switzerland) the December temperature reached 2.6°C above normal (1981-2010), the highest December mean since measurements began in 1864, and was 0.4°C above the last record from December 1953. In Turkey at stations Florya and Edremit new all-time records of maximum temperature were observed.
Annual Bulletin on the Climate in WMO Region VI 2014 05.01.2016 40
Mean
Anomalies
Figure 4.5: Mean and anomalies of temperature (in °C) for each month of the year 2014. (First column January, February, March, April) Annual Bulletin on the Climate in WMO Region VI 2014 05.01.2016 41
Figure 4.6: Monthly mean temperature (°C) for the Eastern Mediterranean region as provided by the Eastern Mediterranean Climate Center (EMCC)
4.3. Precipitation In January 2014 more precipitation than normal fell over the northern North Atlantic, the North Sea, in western and southwestern Europe including the Iberian Peninsula, the western Mediterranean Sea with the Adriatic Sea, in eastern Central Europe, the eastern Balkan Peninsula and southern Russia. It was drier than normal in most of northern Europe, in Central Europe and on the western northern Peninsula as well as in Turkey and the eastern Mediterranean Sea. The positive anomalies were remarkably high at the Atlantic coasts, in southern France and the southern Alpine region and the eastern Adriatic coast where heavy rainfall contributed much to flooding. The UK overall received 151% of average rainfall making it the third wettest January in the series. A broad region from east Devon to Kent and up to the central midlands received 200 % and some locations 300%. Parts of eastern Scotland were also similarly wet, with in excess of twice the normal rainfall. It was also the wettest January in the England and Wales precipitation series that is based on a much smaller network of rain gauges, but extends back to 1766, with January 1948 being the closest comparable to January 2014. It was not wet everywhere parts of northern Annual Bulletin on the Climate in WMO Region VI 2014 05.01.2016 42
Scotland were significantly drier than average. In France January 2014 was overall one of the 10 wettest Januaries since 1959. In parts of Austria (Osttirol, Oberkärnten) it was the wettest January since 1917 while easterly parts of the country were drier than normal. The last decade of January 2014 brought cold air from Russia and Scandinavia to Central Europe and precipitation fell as snow so that the covered area grew compared to December 2013 in northern, central and eastern Europe. Generally there was not much snow in January 2014 in the northern Alps but episodes of very intense snowfall led to higher totals of freshly fallen snow than the mean of 1981-2010 for instance in places in Austria or Switzerland in the southern Alps. February 2014 was wetter than normal in western and southern Europe, in Sweden, southern Norway and Denmark as well as in eastern parts of the Baltic States and in northern Russia. It was also wetter than normal in the southern Alpine region and the north-western Adria, especially in Slovenia. Switzerland reported monthly totals close to new records for February at some stations. At Lugano the 2nd highest total was registered since 1864. The region Bretagne in northwestern France had its wettest February since 1959 with 200% to 300% of the long-term mean. For the whole country it was the 4th wettest February since 1959. It was as well the 4th wettest February in UK with 184% of the 1981-2010 long-term reference. Valentia Observatory in Ireland reported its wettest February since records began in 1866 (148 years) with 292.4mm and 236% of the long- term average. In southern Norway more than 300% of the normal February rainfall was recorded as well and in a smaller region even 400% were exceeded. In Slovenia at the beginning of February 2014 4-day totals between 130 mm and 400 mm occurred. It was drier than normal in eastern Central Europe as well as on the eastern Balkan Peninsula, southern Ukraine and southern Russia, the eastern Mediterranean and Middle East. In parts of eastern Central Europe, north of the Black Sea in Middle East (cf. Figure 4.7) and in parts of the Levante monthly totals were below 10 mm, partly even below 1 mm. Rather dry was as well most of Norway. Due to the warm temperatures southern Sweden, western, central and southern Europe, the Mediterranean, most of the Balkan Peninsula and most of Middle East had few snow. Exceptions were the Alps and eastern Romania.
400
350
300
250
200
Rainfall (mm) Rainfall 150
100
50
0
1925 1930 1935 1940 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 1920 Figure 4.7: Monthly rainfall (mm) in Jerusalem in February 1920-2014 (Source: Israel Meteorological Service)
March 2014 was very dry in western and central Europe, the northern Balkan Peninsula, most of the Iberian Peninsula and eastern Europe and western Russia. In France, the Netherlands and Germany precipitation was below 40% of the normal, partly in Germany and France even below Annual Bulletin on the Climate in WMO Region VI 2014 05.01.2016 43
20%. March 2014 was in France not as dry as in 2012 but in the region of the Alsace it was the driest March since 1959. March 2014 has been the 5th driest March in Germany since 1881. In northern Spain it was partly wetter but the whole country resulted close to normal. A daily total of 121 mm occurred in Puerto de Navacerrada on 1 March. The Norwegian coastal region, Poland and the eastern Balkan Peninsula, southern Russia and Middle East as well as the eastern Mediterranean were wetter than normal. For Norway 2014 was the 7th wettest March since 1900. April 2014 was wetter than normal on the Balkan Peninsula and southern Italy as well as in Scandinavia at the Atlantic coasts and in eastern parts of European Russia. It was drier than normal mainly in central Europe, in the central parts of Sweden and in southern Finland and western European Russia as well as the Baltic states, in Belarus and in the eastern Mediterranean Sea and Middle East. Elsewhere it was close to normal. For instance in Austria the station Retz had the lowest precipitation total for the period October to April since 1895. In France it was the 14th driest April since 1959. In Germany it was the 41st driest April since 1901 and the 49th driest since 1881. April 2014 brought partly heavy thunderstorms with heavy to extremely heavy precipitation (partly as snow) in the Mediterranean region (inc. the Iberian Peninsula) and the Balkan Peninsula. The precipitation surplus on the Balkan Peninsula corresponds to totals above the 80th percentile (based on the 1981-2010 reference). May 2014 was wetter than normal in western and central Europe, most of the northern European continent as well as on the Balkan Peninsula, western Turkey and the eastern Mediterranean Sea area. Drier than normal were Iceland, western Scandinavia, the Iberian Peninsula, southern France and northern Italy, Greece, most of western European Russia and Middle East. The precipitation surplus in the southeast as well as in the northwest exceeded the 80th percentiles (1981-2010 reference). They were due to very heavy to extremely heavy precipitation events. Report from the Republic Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia May 2014 in Serbia was marked by precipitation that was significantly above the average values. Record breaking daily precipitation sums were registered at Valjevo, Loznica and Belgrade principal meteorological stations. Total 3-day precipitation amount exceeded 1000-year return period sum, in parts of western and central Serbia. The total May amount of precipitation compared to the normal for the 1961-1990 base period was in a range between 134% in Kursumlija and 394% in Belgrade. The highest precipitation amount was recorded in the period 14 – 16 May 2014, when the sums ranged between 26.3 mm in Kursumlija and 213.2 mm in Loznica. The highest 3-day precipitation sums were registered in western and parts of central Serbia (above 100 mm) which is above the average for May (Figure 4.8). Figure 4.8: Spatial distribution of 3-day precipi- tation sums for the period 14 - 16 May 2014 in Serbia based on the data obtained from meteo- rological, climatological and precipitation stations (Source: Republic Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia)
June 2014 was drier than normal in central, western and south-western Europe. In Germany it was the 11th driest June since 1901 and the 14th driest since 1881. In the southern part of Germany Annual Bulletin on the Climate in WMO Region VI 2014 05.01.2016 44 the drought conditions were classified as severely dry. More - partly much more - precipitation than normal fell in western Turkey and on the Balkan Peninsula, especially in Romania as well as in European Russia and the Baltic states. In July 2014 was wetter than normal in western and south-eastern continental Europe and most of central and southern Europe and parts of Middle East. Wetter than normal was also the eastern part of European Russia. Drier than normal were the British Isles, most of northern and eastern Europe and southern Iberia, Sicily and western Turkey. July 2014 was the 9th wettest July since 1901 and the 10th wettest since 1881 in Germany. July 2014 brought many heavy precipitation events in connection with convective activity which mostly contributed to the precipitation surplus. August 2014 August 2014 was wetter than normal in most parts of Europe except southern Europe, and parts of Middle East, and the southern part of Russia and Ukraine. A precipitation affected the northwest quarter of France with an amount reaching one and a half to three times of the normal. September 2014 was drier than normal in western, northern and eastern Europe. In the UK it was the second driest September in a series from 1910, and only 1959 was drier. In Portugal several stations reported more than 300% of relative precipitation, also the absolute values ranges between 100 and 160 mm. From central Europe over the Balkan Peninsula and Turkey a band of high monthly precipitation totals occurred with more than 300 mm in Italy even 479.3 mm at station Monte S. Angelo. The relative precipitation anomalies show also dramatic values of 400% above normal in this region. In Montenegro the monthly precipitation totals ranged from 137 to 503 mm or 168% to 455%. The precipitable water anomalies show for the whole Mediterranean values of up to 8 mm or more than 3 standard deviations. Two peaks are remarkable one above Costa Brava/Gulf of Lions and the other western off the Spanish/French Atlantic coast. October 2014 was drier than normal in eastern Spain, southern France and Italy. In northern Scandinavia and Russia as well as over an area extended from Poland, Belarus, Ukraine and Russia till Kazakhstan, lower precipitation amounts were observed. Some of the Norwegian stations registered more than 250% of the normal precipitation resulting in many floods. The Balkan and Turkey received more than normal precipitation, locally more than 200%. In Italy were also heavy precipitation registered at some stations eg. at station Termoli, both the daily extreme increased from 65.1 to 91.6 mm, and the monthly extreme, increased from 130.8 to 168.8 mm. 9-10 October: the province of Genova was hit by an intense thunderstorm with maxima cumulated rain over the two days of 569.6 mm at the station of Geirato. During this event several rivers overflew and the event was followed by several other minor local intense event and floods which produced a substantial destabilization of the slopes, making the territory more vulnerable. 13 October: the province of Parma (Emilia-Romagna) was hit by an intense thunderstorm. Maximum intensities recorded during the event were 81.8 mm in 1 hour at Marra, but many station over the Apennines in this province recorded more than 30 mm in 1 hour for several consecutive hours. Maximum daily accumulated precipitation in that day reached a maximum of 302.4 mm at the station of Marra. (as provided by the Servizio Idro-Meteo-Clima ARPA EMILIA-ROMAGNA) The anomalies in November 2014 showed negative values in Central and Eastern Europe. In Portugal, Spain, southern France, Switzerland, southern Austria and northern Italy observed higher precipitation. The surplus amounted in Austria of up to 254% at station Kötschach-Mauthen. The precipitation sum observed in Switzerland reached at station Lugano 587 mm or 462%. Many other stations reported heavy precipitation as a result floods occurred at Lago Maggiore and Lago di Lugano. In southern France five episodes of heavy precipitation were observed with up to 500 mm. Many monthly records were broken eg. 318 mm in Oletta, 387 mm in Lanas, 563 mm in Nice and 575 mm in Bormes-les-Mimosas. Annual Bulletin on the Climate in WMO Region VI 2014 05.01.2016 45
According to TSMS’s Flash Flood Guidance System (FFGS), heavy precipitation was expected in Marmaris on 13 November 2014 at 18:00 UTC. This forecast was published as warning by TSMS. Marmaris’s normal rainfall for November is 171mm. But on 13 November 244mm rainfall received in one day. Due to this heavy rainfall, Beldibi River overflowed; landslides occurred on some village roads, muddy water covered some of the shops and basements, urban traffic was disrupted temporarily. There were no casualties but some property damages.
Table 4.3 Rainfall intensity analysis of Marmaris on 13.11.2014 (as provided by the Turkish State Meteorological Service, TSMS) Start Date Start Time End Date End Time Duration (min) Amount (mm) Intensty (mm/ha) 13.11.2014 20:10 13.11.2014 20:14 5 19.6 235.20 13.11.2014 20:10 13.11.2014 20:19 10 36.8 220.80 13.11.2014 20:05 13.11.2014 20:19 15 50.2 200.80 13.11.2014 19:50 13.11.2014 20:19 30 80.8 161.60 13.11.2014 19:20 13.11.2014 20:19 60 135.8 135.80 13.11.2014 18:23 13.11.2014 20:22 120 158.4 79.20 13.11.2014 18:09 13.11.2014 21:08 180 168.6 56.20 13.11.2014 17:29 13.11.2014 21:28 240 170.2 42.55 13.11.2014 16:48 13.11.2014 21:47 300 172.0 34.40 13.11.2014 16:15 13.11.2014 22:14 360 172.8 28.80 13.11.2014 19:03 14.11.2014 03:02 480 191.6 23.95 13.11.2014 17:16 14.11.2014 05:15 720 240.8 20.07 13.11.2014 11:55 14.11.2014 05:54 1080 244.0 13.56 13.11.2014 06:00 14.11.2014 05:59 1440 244.0 10.17
Figure 4.9: 24-hour areal precipitation forecast (left), rainfall intensity analysis of Marmaris (as provided by the Turkish State Meteorological Service, TSMS) Annual Bulletin on the Climate in WMO Region VI 2014 05.01.2016 46
Mean
Anomalies
Figure 4.10: Mean and anomalies of precipitation (in mm/month) for each month of the year 2014. (First column January, February, March, April) Annual Bulletin on the Climate in WMO Region VI 2014 05.01.2016 47
Figure 4.11: Monthly precipitation totals (mm) for the Eastern Mediterranean region as provided by the Eastern Mediterranean Climate Center (EMCC) Annual Bulletin on the Climate in WMO Region VI 2014 05.01.2016 48
4.4. Sunshine duration January 2014 was sunnier than normal mainly over European Russia and the eastern parts of the Baltic Sea area. In western Central Europe, the south of the British Isles, parts of the Balkan Peninsula, on Sicily and eastern Turkey it was partly sunnier than normal as well but the pattern was very variable. Less sunshine than normal prevailed in the northwest, in the west, in the south and in the southeast of the region. February 2014 was mostly sunnier than normal from western Europe to the Middle East, while it was dull in Scandinavia and most of eastern Europe as well as in the southwest and south. France received less sunshine than normal except the north-western part of the country. In Poland and eastern Germany the sunshine surplus exceeded 150% as well as in parts of Turkey and Middle East. Below 25% of sunshine were recorded in Finland and adjacent parts of Russia. The cloudy conditions reduced the outgoing longwave radiation and Finland observed the second warmest February on record with temperature anomalies of up to +8.2°C Most of the European continent was sunnier than normal in March 2014. In south-eastern UK, central, northern and eastern France, the Netherlands, most of Germany, eastern Austria and central Poland and parts of the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary as well as in eastern Ukraine and southwestern Russia the anomalies were above 50%. March 2014 has been the sunniest March in the Netherlands since 1901 and in France the sunniest since 1950. It was the 3rd richest March in sunshine since 1951 in Germany. April 2014 was sunnier than normal in large parts of the European continent with exception of the far north, the east, the Balkan Peninsula and mostly the Atlantic west coast. It was sunniest around the Baltic Sea. The monthly sunshine duration in Lithuania amounted to 240–290 hours or 60–98 h longer than normal. May 2014 was sunnier than normal on the Iberian Peninsula and the western Mediterranean, in northern Scandinavia, in eastern central Europe and on the northern Balkan Peninsula as well as in most of European Russia except the north. It was dull in Ireland and on the British Isles, in central Europe, the Baltic States, around the Black Sea and in Middle East. In Ireland sunshine totals were all below average with percentage of LTA values and total sunshine hours ranging from 56% and 98.7 hours. June 2014 was sunnier than normal in most of western, central and eastern central Europe as well as in most of central Finland. More than 125% of the normal sunshine duration was registered in western England, eastern France, southern Germany, in Poland, Austria, Slovakia and parts of Hungary as well as in central Finland. It was less sunny than normal around the North Sea, in the North, in Eastern Europe, the Balkan Peninsula and Middle East. June 2014 in Austria was the sunniest since the year 2003. The sunshine duration was 28 % above the average 1961-1990. July 2014 was sunnier than normal in northern and eastern central Europe as well as northern Europe. In Sweden, Norway, Finland and Poland the surplus partly exceeded 50%. Denmark recorded the 7th sunniest July since 1920. Sweden registered more sunshine than normal at all stations. Most sunshine had station Luleå with 407 hours. Eastern Europe and also parts of France, Switzerland and Italy received less than 75% of the normal sunshine duration. August 2014 was sunnier than normal in northern, and Eastern Europe. In parts of Siberia the surplus partly exceeded 25%. Remarkably less than normal sunshine was recorded in central Europe and also parts of France. Turkey received less than 25% of the normal sunshine duration. September 2014 was sunnier than normal in northern, and Eastern Europe. In Sweden a new record of sunshine duration in Stockholm (the series started 1908) and other stations were registered. In Finland and Poland the surplus partly exceeded 50%. Remarkably less than normal sunshine was recorded in central and southeastern Europe. Parts of Kazakhstan received less than 50% of the normal sunshine duration. New record for sunshine was recorded in Sweden with 243 hours. In October higher than normal sunshine duration was measured in eastern Spain, southern France, Italy, northern Scandinavia, Baltic countries, Poland, Belarus, Ukraine and western Russia. Annual Bulletin on the Climate in WMO Region VI 2014 05.01.2016 49
In a band from UK across Central Europe, the Balkan to Turkey the sunshine duration was below normal. Higher than normal sunshine occurred in November in a band from the Netherland and Belgium through northern Germany, Poland, Belarus, Ukraine to western Russia. In southern Europe the sunshine duration was below normal and accompanied by rainy clouds. The UK received 152% of the average sunshine hours, and it was the second sunniest December in a series from 1929 whereas Northern Europe showed a lack of sunshine receiving only 25% of the long term mean. In southern Scandinavia, Iberia, the Balkan, Ukraine and Belarus the anomalies of the sunshine duration showed values of more than 150%. Annual Bulletin on the Climate in WMO Region VI 2014 05.01.2016 50
Mean
Anomalies
Figure 4.12: Mean of Sunshine duration (in hours) and relative anomalies (in %) for each month of the year 2014. (First column January, February, March, April) Annual Bulletin on the Climate in WMO Region VI 2014 05.01.2016 51
4.5. Monthly climate extremes and events The following maps are based on different data (as noted in parentheses) and should summarize the weather conditions in each month of the year 2014. From January to March 2014 in Northern and Central Europe the monthly temperature anomalies were 4°C warmer than the normal and the number of warm days (exceeding the 90th percentile) were above normal. The areas at the Atlantic costs and the British Isles were affected by strong wind gusts. In April and May in the Balkan the number of wet days (exceeding the 95th percentile) was higher than normal and caused flooding. In June in many parts of Scandinavia the number of cold days (below the 10th percentile) was above the long term mean while the remaining parts of Europe showed more number of warm days. Eastern Russia and the western Mediterranean showed in July cold anomalies and more number of cold days than usual. Most of Europe showed also a higher number of wet days. In August Western Europe was affected by more cold days while Central and Northern Europe showed again higher number of wet days. Greenland and Norway was affected in September by strong wind gusts. Central and Northern Europe showed again higher number of warm and wet days that continued in October. During November and December most parts of Europe showed a higher number of warm and wet days. Norway, the Baltic States and in the Gulf of Lions were affected by strong wind gusts in November and December.
The Monthly Event Map contains information about the extreme anomalies of temperature, precipitation and wind gusts. Point are calculated from station data and represent the number of very warm or cold days, the locations of strong wind gusts (>=32 m/s) and days with precipitation. If more than one extreme anomaly occurs at the same location, the point is subdivided into several different colours. Coloured areas are based on interpolated gridded data for temperature (land and ocean) and precipitation (only land areas). If more than one extreme anomaly occurs at the same grid, the area is shaded.
Legend of Figure 4:13: ● Anomaly of very wet days > 0 (ECAD) ● Wind gusts (>=32 m/s) (SYNOP) ● Anomaly of warm days > 0 (ECAD) ● Anomaly of cold days > 0 (ECAD) ■ Anomaly of TG ≤ -4K (CLIMAT and ship obs.) ■ Anomaly of TG ≥ 4K (CLIMAT and ship obs.) ■ Aridity index < -1.5 modified SPI (GPCC) ■ RR ≥ 150% of climatology (GPCC) Based on climatology 1961-1990 (GPCC climatology: 1951-2000) Annual Bulletin on the Climate in WMO Region VI 2014 05.01.2016 52
Figure 4.13: Map of Climate Extremes for each month of the year 2014. Annual Bulletin on the Climate in WMO Region VI 2014 05.01.2016 53
5. Long-term variability of the selected climate parameters - Regional examples
On the following pages graphs of long time series of temperature, precipitation and sunshine duration as provided by the national meteorological services (NMHSs) are presented to give an overview of the temporal development of the basic climate elements. The graphs are grouped with respect to the 6 sub-regions defined above (Figure 1.1). An overview about the contributed countries, the time series lengths and the area representativeness can be found in Table 5.1. Most are temperature time series. Each sub-region is at least represented by one country. Time series of precipitation totals are fewer but each sub-region is represented with at least one time series for precipitation. Diagrams of long-term annual sums of sunshine duration are provided by 4 countries and they belong to different sub-regions. After this, we present examples of the temporal development of other temperature related phenomena, such as the sea surface temperature in the North Sea and sea level anomalies at the Polish station Władysławowo.
Table 5.1: Availability of the long-term records of temperature, precipitation and sunshine duration from some participant countries. Temperature Precipitation Sunshine Duration Spatial Single Spatial Single Spatial Single Sub-region Country Mean1 Station Mean Station Mean Station Austria 1768 Belgium 1833 France 1900 Central and Germany 1881 1881 1951 Western Europe Hungary 1901 1901 Luxembourg 1947 Poland 1951 Switzerland 1864 1864 1959 Denmark 1873 1874 1920 Finland 1900 Greenland 1873 Nordic and Iceland 1871 Baltic Countries Latvia 1924 1924 Lithuania 1961 Norway 1900 1900 Sweden 1860 1860 Portugal 1931 1931 Iberia Spain 1961 Croatia 1862 Mediterranean, Italian and Italy 1961 1951 Balkan Slovenia 1951 1951 Peninsula Turkey 1971 1971 Belarus 1881 1891 Eastern Europe Russia 1939 1966 Georgia 1961 1881 1961 1881 Middle East Israel 1951 Annual Bulletin on the Climate in WMO Region VI 2014 05.01.2016 54
5.1. Temperature Central and Western Europe – annual temperature series Austria, Belgium, France, Hungary, Germany, Luxembourg, Poland, Switzerland Austria
Figure 5.1: Time series of annual mean temperature for Austria (Diagram as provided by the NHMS)
Belgium
Figure 5.2: Time series of annual mean temperature for Belgium (Diagram as provided by the NHMS)
Annual Bulletin on the Climate in WMO Region VI 2014 05.01.2016 55
Central and Western Europe – annual temperature series France
Figure 5.3: Time series of annual temperature anomalies for France (reference period 1981-2010; diagram as provided by the NHMS)
Germany
Figure 5.4: Time series of annual mean temperature for Germany (Diagram as provided by the NHMS) Annual Bulletin on the Climate in WMO Region VI 2014 05.01.2016 56
Central and Western Europe – annual temperature series Hungary
Figure 5.5: Time series of annual average temperature for the period 1901-2014 for Hungary (58 station based on data from homogenized, interpolated; Diagram as provided by the NHMS)
Luxembourg
Figure 5.6: Time series of annual average temperature for the period 1947-2014 for Luxembourg (Diagram as provided by the NHMS) Annual Bulletin on the Climate in WMO Region VI 2014 05.01.2016 57
Central and Western Europe – annual temperature series Poland
Figure 5.7: Time series of annual temperature anomalies for the period 1951-2014 for Poland (base period: 1971-2000; smoothed by 10-years Gaussian filter (black line) and the values of linear trend (°C/year); diagram as provided by the NHMS)
Switzerland
Figure 5.8: Time series of annual temperature anomalies for the period 1864-2014 for Switzerland (base period: 1961-1990; diagram as provided by the NHMS) Annual Bulletin on the Climate in WMO Region VI 2014 05.01.2016 58
Nordic and Baltic Countries – annual temperature series Denmark, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Sweden Denmark, Greenland
Figure 5.9: Time series of annual temperature for the period 1873-2014 for Denmark (top) and Faroe Islands and Greenland (bottom, diagram as provided by the NHMS) Annual Bulletin on the Climate in WMO Region VI 2014 05.01.2016 59
Nordic and Baltic Countries – annual temperature series Finland
Figure 5.10: Time series of annual temperature anomalies for the period 1900-2014 for Finland (base period: 1961-1990; diagram as provided by the NHMS)
Iceland
Figure 5.11: Time series of annual average temperature for the period 1870-2014 for Reykjavík (blue line: reference period 1961-1990; diagram as provided by the NHMS) Annual Bulletin on the Climate in WMO Region VI 2014 05.01.2016 60
Nordic and Baltic Countries – annual temperature series Latvia
2.5
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1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012
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Annual air temperature anomalies, oC anomalies, temperature air Annual -2.0
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Figure 5.12: Time series of annual temperature anomalies for the period 1924-2014 for Latvia (reference period 1961-1990; diagram as provided by the NHMS)
Lithuania
°C 2,5 2,0 1,5 1,0 0,5
0,0 -0,5 -1,0 -1,5
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1961 1963 1965 1967 1969 1971 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013
Figure 5.13: Time series of annual temperature anomalies for the period 1961-2014 for Lithuania (reference period 1961-1990; diagram as provided by the NHMS) Annual Bulletin on the Climate in WMO Region VI 2014 05.01.2016 61
Nordic and Baltic Countries – annual temperature series Norway
Figure 5.14: Time series of annual temperature anomalies for the period 1900-2014 for Norway (reference period 1961-1990; diagram as provided by the NHMS)
Sweden
Figure 5.15: Time series of annual average temperature for the period 1900-2014 for Sweden (diagram as provided by the NHMS) Annual Bulletin on the Climate in WMO Region VI 2014 05.01.2016 62
Iberia – annual temperature series Portugal, Spain Portugal
Figure 5.16: Time series of annual average temperature for the period 1931-2014 for Portugal (diagram as provided by the NHMS)
Spain
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14 T mean (Cº)mean T
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1961 1963 1965 1967 1969 1971 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 Year
Figure 5.17: Time series of annual average temperature for the period 1961-2014 for Spain (diagram as provided by the NHMS) Annual Bulletin on the Climate in WMO Region VI 2014 05.01.2016 63
Mediterranean, Italian and Balkan Peninsula – annual temperature series Croatia, Italy,Slovenia, Turkey Croatia
Figure 5.18: Time series of annual average temperature for Zagreb Grič (Croatia) for the period 1862-2014 with 10-year running mean and monthly anomalies for the year 2014 (diagram as provided by the NHMS)
Italy
Figure 5.19: Time series of annual temperature anomalies for Italy for the period 1961-2014 (reference period 1961-1990; diagram as provided by ISPRA – Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale) Annual Bulletin on the Climate in WMO Region VI 2014 05.01.2016 64
Mediterranean, Italian and Balkan Peninsula – annual temperature series Slovenia
Figure 5.20: Time series of annual average temperature for Lublijana (Slovenia) for the period 1951-2014 (diagram as provided by the NHMS)
Turkey
Figure 5.21: Time series of annual temperature anomalies for Turkey for the period 1971-2014 (reference period 1981-2010; diagram as provided by the NHMS)
Annual Bulletin on the Climate in WMO Region VI 2014 05.01.2016 65
Eastern Europe – annual temperature series Belarus, Russia Belarus
Figure 5.22: Time series of annual temperature anomalies for Belarus for the period 1881-2014 (reference period 1961-1990; diagram as provided by the NHMS)
Russia
Figure 5.23: Time series of annual temperature anomalies for European Russia for the period 1939-2014 (reference period 1961-1990; diagram as provided by the NHMS) Annual Bulletin on the Climate in WMO Region VI 2014 05.01.2016 66
Middle East – annual temperature series Georgia, Israel Georgia
Figure 5.24: Time series of annual temperature anomalies and 11-yr moving averages for Tbilisi (Georgia) for the period 1881-2014 (reference period 1961-1990; diagram as provided by the NHMS)
Figure 5.25: Time series of annual temperature anomalies for Georgia for the period 1961-2014 (reference period 1961-1990; diagram as provided by the NHMS) Annual Bulletin on the Climate in WMO Region VI 2014 05.01.2016 67
Middle East – annual temperature series Israel
Figure 5.26: Time series of annual temperature for Israel (based on five stations) for the period 1951-2014 (diagram as provided by the NHMS) Annual Bulletin on the Climate in WMO Region VI 2014 05.01.2016 68
5.2. Precipitation Central and Western Europe - precipitation totals and anomalies Germany, Hungary, Switzerland Germany
Figure 5.27: Time series of annual precipitation totals in mm/year for Germany (Diagram as provided by the NHMS)
Hungary
Figure 5.28: Time series of annual precipitation totals in mm/year for Hungary (Diagram as provided by the NHMS) Annual Bulletin on the Climate in WMO Region VI 2014 05.01.2016 69
Central and Western Europe - precipitation totals and anomalies Switzerland
Figure 5.29: Time series of annual precipitation anomalies in relation to the mean of 1961-90 for northern (top) and southern (bottom) Switzerland (diagram as provided by the NHMS) Annual Bulletin on the Climate in WMO Region VI 2014 05.01.2016 70
Nordic and Baltic Countries - precipitation totals and anomalies Denmark, Latvia, Norway, Sweden Denmark
Figure 5.30: Time series of annual precipitation totals in mm/year for Denmark (Diagram as provided by the NHMS)
Latvia
Figure 5.31: Time series of annual precipitation totals in relation to the mean of 1961-90 for Latvia (Diagram as provided by the NHMS) Annual Bulletin on the Climate in WMO Region VI 2014 05.01.2016 71
Nordic and Baltic Countries - precipitation totals and anomalies Norway
Figure 5.32: Time series of annual precipitation totals in relation to the mean of 1961-90 for Norway (Diagram as provided by the NHMS)
Sweden
Figure 5.33: Time series of annual precipitation totals in mm/year for Sweden (Diagram as provided by the NHMS) Annual Bulletin on the Climate in WMO Region VI 2014 05.01.2016 72
Iberia - precipitation anomalies Portugal
Figure 5.34: Time series of annual precipitation totals in mm/year (deviations from the mean of 1971-2000) for Portugal (Diagram as provided by the NHMS) Annual Bulletin on the Climate in WMO Region VI 2014 05.01.2016 73
Mediterranean, Italian and Balkan Peninsula - precipitation anomalies Italy, Slovenia, Turkey Italy
Figure 5.35: Time series of annual precipitation totals in relation to the mean of 1951-80 for northern (top), middle and southern (bottom) Italy for the period 1951-2014 (diagrams as provided by ISPRA – Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale) Annual Bulletin on the Climate in WMO Region VI 2014 05.01.2016 74
Mediterranean, Italian and Balkan Peninsula - precipitation anomalies Slovenia
Figure 5.36: Time series of annual precipitation totals in mm/year for station Ljubljana (Slovenia, diagram as provided by the NHMS)
Turkey
Figure 5.37: Time series of annual precipitation totals in relation to the mean of 1981-2010 for Turkey (Diagram as provided by the NHMS) Annual Bulletin on the Climate in WMO Region VI 2014 05.01.2016 75
Eastern Europe - precipitation anomalies Belarus, European Russia Belarus
Figure 5.38: Time series of annual precipitation totals in relation to the mean of 1961-1990 for Belarus (Diagram as provided by the NHMS)
European Russia
Figure 5.39: Time series of annual precipitation totals in relation to the mean of 1961-1990 for European Russia (Diagram as provided by the NHMS) Annual Bulletin on the Climate in WMO Region VI 2014 05.01.2016 76
Middle East - precipitation anomalies Georgia
Figure 5.40: Time series of annual precipitation totals in relation to the mean of 1961-1990 for Georgia (Diagram as provided by the NHMS)
Figure 5.41: Time series of annual precipitation totals in relation to the mean of 1961-1990 for Tbilisi, Georgia (Diagram as provided by the NHMS) Annual Bulletin on the Climate in WMO Region VI 2014 05.01.2016 77
5.3. Sunshine duration Central and Western Europe - sunshine duration anomalies Germany, Switzerland Germany
Figure 5.42: Time series of annual sum of the sunshine duration in hours for Germany (Diagram as provided by the NHMS)
Northern and Southern Switzerland
Figure 5.43: Time series of annual sunshine duration anomalies as ratio of the mean 1961-1990 for Northern (left) and Southern (right) Switzerland (reference period: 1961-1990; diagram as provided by the NHMS) Annual Bulletin on the Climate in WMO Region VI 2014 05.01.2016 78
Nordic and Baltic Countries - sunshine duration Denmark
Figure 5.44: Time series of annual sunshine duration in hours for Denmark (Diagram as provided by the NHMS) Note: DMI observed since 2002 the hours of bright sunshine using measurements of global radiation instead of measurements from a traditional Campbell-Stokes sunshine recorder. For that reason “new” and “old” hours of bright sunshine cannot directly be compared. It should also be noted that all values before 2002 are adjusted in the best way possible ensuring comparability to the new level. For details on that, see DMI Technical 02-25: Ellen Vaarby Laursen, Stig Rosenørn: New hours of bright sunshine normals for Denmark, 1961-1990. http://www.dmi.dk/fileadmin/user_upload/Rapporter/TR/2002/tr02-25.pdf Annual Bulletin on the Climate in WMO Region VI 2014 05.01.2016 79
5.4. Other climate related variables Sea surface temperature of the North Sea
Figure 5.45: Rank statistics of the North Sea SST form 1969 to 2014 (Source: Bundesamt für Seeschifffahrt und Hydrographie BSH; year2014 means December 2013 to November 2014) Annual Bulletin on the Climate in WMO Region VI 2014 05.01.2016 80
Sea level of the Baltic Sea (Poland)
Figure 5.46: Mean annual sea level anomalies of the Baltic Sea in Władysławowo (1951-2014) in relation to the reference 1971-2000, smoothed by 10-years Gaussian filter (black line) and the value of the linear trend (cm/year, diagram as provided by the NHMS). Annual Bulletin on the Climate in WMO Region VI 2014 05.01.2016 81
Snow depth (Switzerland)
Figure 5.47: Fresh fallen snow during the snow-period (December – February in meters) at Segl-Maria (Switzerland, 1804 m NN) for the period 1864/65 until 2013/14 (Diagram as provided by the NHMS). Annual Bulletin on the Climate in WMO Region VI 2014 05.01.2016 82
6. Annex: Monthly and annual tables
Table 6.1: Statistical values of annual mean temperature and total precipitation and their deviations from the long term mean (1961 – 1990, CLIMAT Data) for several stations of the RA VI region. WMO- Temperatur (°C) Precipitation (mm) Country Station name No. mean dev. total dev. 01001 NOR Jan Mayen 1.9 3.3 537 -156 01008 NOR Svalbard Airport -2.1 4.3 273 90 01025 NOR Tromso 3.6 0.8 793 -180 01492 NOR Oslo 8.3 2.6 1028 259 02196 SWE Haparanda 4.0 2.8 565 13 02485 SWE Stockholm 8.8 2.2 608 69 02836 FIN Sodankylä 1.5 2.5 553 53 02974 FIN Helsinki 6.7 2.2 634 -17 03091 GBR Aberdeen 9.6 1.7 974 191 03772 GBR London 12.7 2.1 865 266 03967 IRL Dublin Casement Aerodrome 10.1 0.8 947 212 04030 ISL Reykjavik 6.0 1.7 964 166 04320 GRL Egedesminde -2.9 2.0 404 130 04312 GRL Nord (AWS) -14.3 2.5 317 146 06186 DNK Copenhagen 10.7 2.1 832 196 06260 NLD De Bilt 11.7 2.3 873 68 06447 BEL Brussels 11.9 2.0 784 -16 06590 LUX Luxembourg 10.8 2.5 856 -19 06660 CHE Zurich 10.6 2.1 1076 -10 06700 CHE Geneva 11.7 2.1 1006 52 07510 FRA Bordeaux 14.5 1.8 1001 78 07650 FRA Marseilles 16.6 1.8 688 143 08222 ESP Madrid 16.1 1.7 419 -37 08314 ESP Mahon/Menorca 18.1 1.5 555 -44 08495 GBR Gibraltar 18.9 0.7 630 -145 08515 PRT Santa Maria/Azores 17.9 0.4 479 -296 08535 PRT Lisbon 17.2 0.4 1085 332 10384 DEU Berlin-Tempelhof 11.5 2.1 421 -163 11035 AUT Vienna 12.0 2.3 765 158 11518 CZE Prague 9.9 2.0 625 99 11903 SVK Sliac 10.8 2.8 793 107 12160 POL Elblag 8.5 0.8 509 -181 12375 POL Warsaw 9.8 2.0 559 40 12843 HUN Budapest 12.7 2.2 916 398 13274 SRB Belgrade 13.9 2.1 1103 411 14015 SVN Ljubljana 12.7 2.9 1851 458 14445 HRV Split 17.4 1.5 1209 384 14654 BIH Sarajevo 11.6 2.1 1172 254 15420 ROU Bucureşti 11.3 0.7 841 246 15614 BGR Sofia 11.1 1.4 1071 508 16158 ITA Pisa 15.6 1.6 1209 305 16597 MLT Luqa 19.9 1.3 506 -48 16716 GRC Athens 18.9 1.3 518 141 16754 GRC Heraklion/Crete 19.8 1.4 410 -91 22113 RUS Murmansk 1.3 1.4 541 63 26038 EST Tallinn 6.7 1.6 565 -102 26406 LVA Liepaja 8.3 1.6 747 57 26629 LTU Kaunas 8.2 1.8 635 27 26730 LTU Vilnius 7.7 1.7 612 -71 26850 BLR Minsk 7.7 1.9 607 -70 27612 RUS Moscow 6.9 1.9 488 -200 33345 UKR Kiev 9.4 1.7 546 -103 33815 MDA Kishinev 10.9 1.3 604 57 34300 UKR Charkow/Kharkiv 8.9 1.5 487 -32 34880 RUS Astrachan 11.0 1.1 144 -76 37789 ARM Yerevan 13.6 1.5 339 62 17062 TUR Istanbul 16.9 2.7 701 4 17130 TUR Ankara 13.5 1.9 495 88 17170 TUR Van 10.6 2.0 416 38 17300 TUR Antalya 19.7 1.3 1225 159 17609 CYP Larnaca 20.5 1.4 256 -73 35108 KAZ Uralsk 6.1 0.8 236 -93 37545 GEO Tbilisi (Tiflis) 14.5 1.5 456 -42 40080 SYR Damascus 18.1 1.6 113 -34 40103 LBN Tripoli 20.4 1.1 604 -277 40180 ISR Tel Aviv 21.3 1.8 551 -17 40199 ISR Eilat 26.2 1.4 43 11 40265 JOR Mafraq 17.8 1.3 132 -28 60030 ESP Las Palmas/ Gran Canary 21.7 1.2 130 13 Annual Bulletin on the Climate in WMO Region VI 2014 05.01.2016 83
Table 6.2: Statistical values of monthly mean temperature and total precipitation and their deviations from the long term mean (1961 – 1990, CLIMAT Data) for several stations of the RA VI region.
January February March WMO Country Station name Temp. (°C) Precip. (mm) Temp. (°C) Precip. (mm) Temp. (°C) Precip. (mm) -No. mean dev. total dev. mean dev. total dev. mean dev. total dev. 01001 NOR Jan Mayen 1.5 7.2 37 -23 -1.2 4.9 14 -42 -1.9 4.2 46 -10 01008 NOR Svalbard Airport -4.1 11.3 13 -1 -1.7 14.0 3 -16 -8.6 6.1 16 -5 01025 NOR Tromso -5.9 -1.9 1 -80 -0.1 3.6 28 -58 -0.4 1.8 153 89 01492 NOR Oslo -2.6 1.7 74 25 1.9 5.9 137 101 4.3 4.5 50 4 02196 SWE Haparanda -10.3 1.8 27 -17 -1.8 9.5 55 23 -0.9 5.9 35 0 02485 SWE Stockholm -1.5 1.3 39 0 2.3 5.3 35 8 4.5 4.4 43 17 02836 FIN Sodankylä -15.1 0.0 35 4 -4.0 9.6 32 7 -3.9 4.6 34 9 02974 FIN Helsinki -7.4 -0.5 42 1 -0.4 6.4 29 -2 1.6 4.5 30 -4 03091 GBR Aberdeen 4.7 2.0 165 84 5.3 2.4 104 53 7.2 2.7 35 -23 03772 GBR London 7.1 2.9 162 110 7.7 3.2 90 55 9.3 2.8 28 -19 03967 IRL Dublin Aero. 5.5 1.1 111 45 5.6 1.2 122 71 6.8 0.8 57 8 04030 ISL Reykjavik 2.4 2.9 64 -12 1.7 1.3 14 -58 2.1 1.6 115 33 04320 GRL Egedesminde -7.3 6.0 38 23 -10.1 5.4 11 -4 -13.7 2.6 11 -7 04312 GRL Nord (AWS) -26.3 3.8 10 1 -25.4 5.1 17 9 -27.2 2.9 28 16 06186 DNK Copenhagen 1.9 1.4 67 16 4.3 3.8 54 23 6.6 4.0 26 -16 06260 NLD De Bilt 5.7 3.5 62 -4 6.5 4.0 66 17 8.4 3.4 26 -37 06447 BEL Brussels 6.1 3.5 70 3 6.6 3.1 66 13 9.3 3.8 18 -36 06590 LUX Luxembourg 3.6 3.6 77 6 4.2 3.1 69 7 8.1 4.1 12 -58 06660 CHE Zurich 3.1 3.6 47 -20 4.1 3.2 65 -5 7.3 3.1 26 -43 06700 CHE Geneva 4.1 3.3 93 13 4.8 2.5 121 40 7.8 2.7 39 -40 07510 FRA Bordeaux 9.1 3.3 184 84 8.8 1.7 130 44 10.5 1.7 88 12 07650 FRA Marseilles 9.9 3.2 131 84 9.9 2.0 96 42 11.5 1.3 22 -22 08222 ESP Madrid 8.0 1.9 64 18 7.3 -0.2 50 6 11.6 1.6 23 -10 08314 ESP Mahon/Menorca 12.0 1.5 72 6 11.5 0.8 30 -27 12.2 0.6 54 -1 08495 GBR Gibraltar 14.1 0.7 117 -4 13.4 -0.4 74 -26 15.2 0.2 52 -23 08515 PRT Santa Maria/Az. 14.7 0.3 52 -48 14.5 0.5 20 -66 14.9 0.3 85 6 08535 PRT Lisbon 12.6 1.2 195 85 12.0 -0.3 158 47 13.7 0.0 65 -4 10384 DEU Berlin-Tempelhof 0.7 0.9 30 -13 5.3 4.5 9 -25 8.1 3.9 18 -19 11035 AUT Vienna 2.3 3.3 8 -30 4.2 3.2 20 -22 9.2 4.2 13 -28 11518 CZE Prague 0.5 2.9 15 -8 2.7 3.5 1 -22 6.9 3.9 37 9 11903 SVK Sliac 2.0 5.9 54 10 3.5 4.6 57 13 7.8 4.8 35 -7 12160 POL Elblag -4.2 -1.8 52 5 1.8 4.0 13 -12 5.1 3.0 48 13 12375 POL Warsaw -2.6 0.7 48 26 1.9 3.9 14 -7 7.0 5.0 35 7 12843 HUN Budapest 2.9 4.5 20 -12 4.8 3.7 44 12 10.4 4.8 11 -18 13274 SRB Belgrade 5.3 4.9 24 -25 7.6 4.9 20 -24 10.8 3.6 49 -1 14015 SVN Ljubljana 5.4 6.5 172 90 4.4 3.0 281 201 10.0 4.6 35 -63 14445 HRV Split 11.0 3.6 107 24 12.0 3.9 151 83 13.0 2.6 50 -25 14654 BIH Sarajevo 4.9 5.8 55 -16 7.9 6.4 20 -47 8.0 2.9 67 -3 15420 ROU Bucureşti -0.6 1.8 61 21 1.4 1.5 2 -34 8.6 3.8 41 3 15614 BGR Sofia 0.9 2.5 25 -2 5.0 4.5 10 -23 7.9 3.3 65 27 16158 ITA Pisa 8.9 2.8 239 164 10.6 3.5 133 60 11.0 1.5 61 -15 16597 MLT Luqa 14.2 2.0 58 -31 14.1 1.7 59 -2 13.7 0.3 45 4 16716 GRC Athens 12.3 3.0 113 69 12.3 2.5 22 -26 13.4 1.7 54 12 16754 GRC Heraklion/Crete 14.0 2.0 24 -66 13.7 1.6 61 -16 14.4 1.0 60 4 22113 RUS Murmansk -13.4 -1.7 21 -12 -4.2 7.0 11 -11 -2.6 4.2 31 11 26038 EST Tallinn -6.6 -1.1 54 9 -0.1 5.6 27 -2 1.9 4.1 28 -1 26406 LVA Liepaja -4.2 -1.2 61 15 1.3 4.3 21 -10 3.7 3.9 55 19 26629 LTU Kaunas -5.2 -0.2 53 16 0.1 4.4 28 1 5.2 5.4 21 -11 26730 LTU Vilnius -6.4 -0.3 46 5 -0.5 4.3 39 1 5.1 5.7 34 -5 26850 BLR Minsk -7.4 -0.5 52 12 -1.0 4.8 19 -15 5.4 6.8 20 -22 27612 RUS Moscow -8.6 0.7 41 -4 -1.9 5.8 19 -18 2.8 5.0 18 -16 33345 UKR Kiev -4.8 0.8 40 -7 -0.5 3.7 12 -34 6.8 6.1 16 -23 33815 MDA Kishinev -1.9 1.4 63 23 -1.2 0.5 9 -29 8.1 5.2 16 -19 34300 UKR Charkow/Kharkiv -6.8 0.1 45 1 -2.1 3.6 17 -15 5.2 5.5 12 -15 34880 RUS Astrachan -4.2 1.2 6 -7 -3.7 1.2 <1 -10 4.5 3.2 21 7 37789 ARM Yerevan -4.2 -0.7 42 21 2.3 3.3 8 -16 9.1 3.3 75 43 17062 TUR Istanbul 9.5 3.9 38 -61 9.5 3.6 36 -31 11.4 3.9 64 2 17130 TUR Ankara 3.1 3.1 33 -8 5.9 4.2 15 -21 8.3 2.3 58 22 17170 TUR Van -1.5 2.9 28 -6 -1.2 2.6 12 -21 4.2 3.3 38 -4 17300 TUR Antalya 11.1 1.2 203 -36 13.2 2.9 34 -162 14.7 2.0 230 127 17609 CYP Larnaca 14.0 2.5 37 -28 13.5 1.8 34 -23 15.9 2.6 12 -37 35108 KAZ Uralsk -11.1 1.8 26 1 -14.1 -1.6 12 -6 -0.2 4.8 24 4 37545 GEO Tbilisi (Tiflis) 3.7 2.0 37 18 3.4 0.5 6 -20 8.6 1.7 37 7 40080 SYR Damascus 7.6 1.7 <1 -29 8.7 0.8 21 -3 13.8 2.8 27 10 40103 LBN Tripoli 13.5 0.8 25 -169 13.4 0.2 46 -81 16.2 1.5 136 20 40180 ISR Tel Aviv 14.2 1.9 3 -146 14.7 1.8 8 -90 17.2 2.3 77 15 40199 ISR Eilat 16.7 1.5 4 -1 18.4 1.5 8 3 22.1 2.1 15 11 40265 JOR Mafraq 9.3 2.1 <1 -34 9.8 1.1 5 -26 14.1 2.6 37 8 60030 ESP Las Palmas Can. 18.3 0.8 18 1 18.0 0.4 27 5 18.9 0.5 4 -6 Annual Bulletin on the Climate in WMO Region VI 2014 05.01.2016 84
Table 6.2: continued April May June WMO- Country Station name Temp. (°C) Precip. (mm) Temp. (°C) Precip. (mm) Temp. (°C) Precip. (mm) No. mean dev. total dev. mean dev. total dev. mean dev. total dev. 01001 NOR Jan Mayen -1.9 2.0 51 10 0.4 1.1 6 -34 4.7 2.9 8 -28 01008 NOR Svalbard Airport -9.7 2.0 3 -9 -2.0 1.7 9 3 3.8 1.6 6 -4 01025 NOR Tromso 1.3 0.6 110 50 4.5 -0.4 30 -18 8.6 -0.7 38 -15 01492 NOR Oslo 7.7 3.1 55 13 12.0 1.2 58 6 15.7 0.5 112 47 02196 SWE Haparanda 1.4 1.9 15 -14 7.4 1.3 31 0 11.9 -0.9 18 -23 02485 SWE Stockholm 7.5 2.9 25 -5 11.1 0.4 35 5 14.1 -1.5 28 -17 02836 FIN Sodankylä -0.2 1.9 31 7 5.4 0.4 55 20 10.6 -1.0 54 -2 02974 FIN Helsinki 5.7 2.8 16 -21 10.9 1.0 67 32 13.6 -1.3 66 22 03091 GBR Aberdeen 8.5 2.2 45 -8 10.8 1.8 56 -3 14.0 1.9 53 0 03772 GBR London 11.8 2.9 58 13 13.9 1.4 85 34 17.3 1.6 41 -10 03967 IRL Dublin Aero. 9.5 1.7 39 -8 11.6 1.1 98 40 13.9 0.6 32 -16 04030 ISL Reykjavik 4.9 2.0 56 -2 8.2 1.9 48 4 11.2 2.2 116 66 04320 GRL Egedesminde -9.2 0.4 21 3 -1.3 0.5 11 -4 5.3 2.6 20 1 04312 GRL Nord (AWS) -20.5 2.5 24 13 -7.4 2.6 19 12 0.4 1.1 7 -5 06186 DNK Copenhagen 9.7 3.1 23 -19 13.1 1.1 59 16 16.1 0.0 46 -8 06260 NLD De Bilt 12.1 4.1 58 6 13.2 0.9 102 41 16.2 1.0 30 -38 06447 BEL Brussels 12.4 3.6 20 -37 13.5 0.6 54 -17 16.5 0.8 95 16 06590 LUX Luxembourg 11.7 4.2 14 -47 12.7 0.9 70 -11 17.3 2.4 34 -48 06660 CHE Zurich 10.9 3.1 88 1 12.6 0.5 116 13 18.0 2.8 147 23 06700 CHE Geneva 11.8 3.0 60 -5 13.5 0.5 73 -4 19.1 2.6 55 -34 07510 FRA Bordeaux 14.0 2.7 83 11 14.7 0.1 71 -6 20.6 2.8 67 11 07650 FRA Marseilles 15.6 2.4 9 -39 18.0 0.9 6 -36 23.3 2.4 39 11 08222 ESP Madrid 16.2 4.0 59 5 18.1 2.1 12 -29 22.4 1.7 14 -12 08314 ESP Mahon/Menorca 15.9 2.6 32 -18 17.3 0.5 57 20 22.7 1.9 2 -12 08495 GBR Gibraltar 17.8 1.6 69 9 19.8 1.3 8 -27 22.5 1.4 18 7 08515 PRT Santa Maria/Az. 15.1 -0.1 42 -13 17.8 1.1 3 -27 19.4 0.7 8 -14 08535 PRT Lisbon 16.0 0.9 66 2 18.5 1.1 31 -8 20.5 0.3 32 11 10384 DEU Berlin-Tempelhof 12.1 3.5 21 -20 13.9 0.0 86 30 17.6 0.2 40 -35 11035 AUT Vienna 12.6 2.7 67 16 14.9 0.3 192 131 19.6 1.7 34 -40 11518 CZE Prague 10.6 2.9 31 -7 12.1 -0.6 121 44 16.3 0.4 21 -52 11903 SVK Sliac 11.0 2.5 45 -2 14.4 0.7 81 17 18.2 1.6 44 -41 12160 POL Elblag 9.1 2.3 28 -14 12.1 -0.8 53 12 13.9 -1.5 95 1 12375 POL Warsaw 10.7 2.9 44 12 14.5 1.1 90 31 16.4 -0.2 74 2 12843 HUN Budapest 13.5 2.4 35 -3 16.1 0.1 113 58 20.8 1.7 21 -42 13274 SRB Belgrade 13.5 1.1 85 26 16.9 -0.3 280 209 21.2 1.1 60 -30 14015 SVN Ljubljana 13.0 3.1 99 -10 15.7 1.1 94 -28 20.2 2.4 131 -24 14445 HRV Split 15.6 1.7 121 55 18.3 -0.1 45 -11 23.8 1.6 127 76 14654 BIH Sarajevo 10.2 0.8 148 74 13.3 -0.8 186 104 17.5 0.6 125 34 15420 ROU Bucureşti 11.5 0.2 118 72 16.0 -0.7 105 35 19.4 -0.8 132 55 15614 BGR Sofia 10.6 0.7 151 101 14.4 0.1 148 75 18.2 0.5 115 43 16158 ITA Pisa 13.4 0.9 30 -49 16.1 -0.2 17 -42 21.6 1.8 35 -9 16597 MLT Luqa 17.0 1.5 13 -10 19.6 0.5 6 -1 24.3 1.3 2 -1 16716 GRC Athens 16.3 0.9 32 3 20.6 0.5 5 -13 25.4 0.8 20 10 16754 GRC Heraklion/Crete 17.6 1.3 8 -22 20.9 1.1 3 -13 24.9 1.4 5 2 22113 RUS Murmansk -0.2 1.7 37 16 4.2 0.4 36 4 8.3 -1.1 94 41 26038 EST Tallinn 5.3 1.9 11 -25 10.7 1.0 47 10 12.7 -1.8 81 28 26406 LVA Liepaja 8.1 3.5 12 -23 11.6 1.3 28 -12 13.1 -1.2 104 58 26629 LTU Kaunas 9.1 3.1 21 -22 13.4 0.7 84 28 14.7 -1.3 56 -19 26730 LTU Vilnius 8.8 3.1 16 -30 13.5 1.0 71 9 14.5 -1.3 48 -29 26850 BLR Minsk 8.6 2.6 33 -9 14.4 1.5 80 18 15.8 -0.3 68 -15 27612 RUS Moscow 7.0 1.2 22 -18 16.0 3.1 70 12 16.1 -0.5 74 -2 33345 UKR Kiev 10.3 1.6 29 -20 16.9 1.8 172 119 18.2 0.0 53 -20 33815 MDA Kishinev 11.6 1.4 41 -1 16.8 0.7 86 35 19.5 0.1 36 -39 34300 UKR Charkow/Kharkiv 9.4 0.5 39 3 18.9 3.3 54 7 18.5 -0.4 138 80 34880 RUS Astrachan 10.9 -0.2 12 -6 22.3 4.0 14 -10 24.5 1.6 9 -13 37789 ARM Yerevan 14.0 1.3 20 -17 19.2 1.7 48 5 22.7 0.8 23 2 17062 TUR Istanbul 15.0 3.0 32 -17 19.0 2.5 51 20 22.7 1.6 80 59 17130 TUR Ankara 13.3 2.1 43 -5 16.2 0.6 88 33 19.7 0.1 65 28 17170 TUR Van 9.9 2.6 67 13 14.8 2.0 21 -29 17.9 0.3 23 2 17300 TUR Antalya 17.2 1.1 31 -15 20.3 0.0 88 60 25.4 0.4 5 -3 17609 CYP Larnaca 18.6 1.2 5 -6 21.2 0.3 35 28 25.4 1.1 2 1 35108 KAZ Uralsk 6.7 -1.0 22 3 19.1 3.0 16 -5 20.9 0.7 33 -4 37545 GEO Tbilisi (Tiflis) 13.6 0.8 93 42 19.8 2.4 78 0 22.8 1.6 51 -25 40080 SYR Damascus 18.8 3.3 4 -7 22.0 1.8 28 25 25.8 1.4 0 0 40103 LBN Tripoli 18.7 1.2 1 -55 21.6 1.7 <1 -17 25.1 1.8 0 -1 40180 ISR Tel Aviv 20.6 2.4 0 -23 23.2 2.1 44 41 25.6 1.6 <1 <1 40199 ISR Eilat 26.6 2.4 0 -4 29.6 1.2 13 12 32.5 0.8 0 0 40265 JOR Mafraq 18.2 2.4 0 -10 20.8 1.0 10 7 23.5 0.8 0 0 60030 ESP Las Palmas Can. 20.4 1.7 2 -4 21.7 1.8 2 0 23.0 1.6 0 0
Annual Bulletin on the Climate in WMO Region VI 2014 05.01.2016 85
Table 6.2: continued July August September WMO- Country Station name Temp. (°C) Precip. (mm) Temp. (°C) Precip. (mm) Temp. (°C) Precip. (mm) No. mean dev. total dev. mean dev. total dev. mean dev. total dev. 01001 NOR Jan Mayen 7.4 3.2 75 28 7.1 2.1 36 -25 5.8 2.9 66 -16 01008 NOR Svalbard Airport 7.2 1.2 29 16 6.4 1.6 11 -14 1.6 1.1 31 8 01025 NOR Tromso 14.5 2.8 34 -38 11.4 0.5 64 -18 7.6 0.8 92 -2 01492 NOR Oslo 20.8 4.4 51 -33 15.8 0.6 109 19 13.1 2.3 42 -48 02196 SWE Haparanda 19.0 3.5 35 -15 15.6 2.3 110 47 10.0 2.1 22 -41 02485 SWE Stockholm 20.7 3.5 44 -28 17.4 1.2 115 49 13.7 2.5 83 28 02836 FIN Sodankylä 18.3 4.2 84 19 13.9 2.7 54 -9 7.6 1.7 46 -9 02974 FIN Helsinki 20.4 3.8 43 -30 17.4 2.4 120 40 12.3 2.3 53 -20 03091 GBR Aberdeen 15.6 1.8 57 -3 13.3 -0.3 140 65 13.4 1.7 29 -39 03772 GBR London 20.4 2.6 50 4 17.2 -0.2 98 47 17.1 2.1 11 -40 03967 IRL Dublin Aero. 16.4 1.5 42 -12 13.9 -0.7 142 64 13.7 0.7 13 -56 04030 ISL Reykjavik 11.8 1.2 89 37 11.4 1.1 58 -4 9.2 1.8 153 87 04320 GRL Egedesminde 7.0 1.3 13 -10 6.7 1.4 133 99 3.2 0.8 28 -6 04312 GRL Nord (AWS) 4.2 0.9 11 -10 3.3 1.2 5 -12 -6.7 2.2 50 28 06186 DNK Copenhagen 20.8 3.6 36 -33 17.1 0.1 168 105 15.0 1.4 48 -14 06260 NLD De Bilt 19.8 3.0 137 62 16.1 -0.6 149 78 15.9 1.9 21 -46 06447 BEL Brussels 19.3 1.8 117 42 16.2 -1.1 136 73 16.5 2.0 15 -44 06590 LUX Luxembourg 19.2 2.3 114 46 15.5 -0.9 201 129 15.6 2.2 18 -52 06660 CHE Zurich 17.6 0.0 191 74 16.4 -0.3 112 -21 15.2 1.4 69 -23 06700 CHE Geneva 18.4 -0.7 176 109 18.0 -0.2 53 -26 16.7 1.8 40 -41 07510 FRA Bordeaux 20.9 0.7 51 4 19.4 -0.5 80 26 20.2 2.3 22 -52 07650 FRA Marseilles 23.9 0.1 10 -4 23.2 0.0 89 60 21.8 1.5 75 28 08222 ESP Madrid 24.9 0.5 3 -10 25.6 1.7 0 -9 21.8 1.3 25 -5 08314 ESP Mahon/Menorca 24.4 0.2 3 -1 25.4 0.9 <1 -26 24.8 2.6 48 -6 08495 GBR Gibraltar 23.9 0.2 0 -1 24.4 0.2 0 -6 23.5 0.7 19 4 08515 PRT Santa Maria/Az. 21.5 0.7 41 16 23.8 1.6 18 -22 21.1 -0.3 58 1 08535 PRT Lisbon 22.0 -0.4 6 1 22.2 -0.6 0 -6 21.5 -0.2 118 92 10384 DEU Berlin-Tempelhof 21.9 3.1 61 9 18.2 -0.2 32 -29 16.6 2.0 27 -19 11035 AUT Vienna 21.9 2.2 92 29 19.0 0.1 112 54 15.9 0.8 110 65 11518 CZE Prague 19.6 2.1 163 97 16.4 -0.6 55 -15 14.8 1.5 81 41 11903 SVK Sliac 20.5 2.3 171 112 17.5 0.2 111 42 15.5 2.1 89 33 12160 POL Elblag 20.1 3.3 29 -65 16.8 0.1 54 -27 14.1 1.4 30 -40 12375 POL Warsaw 21.4 3.5 73 6 18.2 0.9 68 5 15.1 1.9 8 -35 12843 HUN Budapest 22.8 1.9 183 131 20.3 0.0 203 152 17.5 1.1 134 94 13274 SRB Belgrade 22.8 1.1 251 185 22.6 1.3 64 12 18.2 0.5 126 75 14015 SVN Ljubljana 20.8 0.9 130 8 19.6 0.5 205 61 16.2 0.7 204 74 14445 HRV Split 24.6 -0.8 110 82 25.7 0.5 44 -6 20.9 -0.5 181 120 14654 BIH Sarajevo 19.4 0.5 73 -6 19.7 1.2 169 98 14.8 -0.3 140 70 15420 ROU Bucureşti 22.4 0.4 42 -22 22.7 1.5 42 -16 17.4 0.5 41 -1 15614 BGR Sofia 20.4 0.4 119 63 21.2 1.8 77 25 15.8 0.0 198 159 16158 ITA Pisa 22.4 -0.4 186 163 22.4 -0.1 4 -53 20.4 0.9 63 -26 16597 MLT Luqa 26.2 0.3 <1 <1 27.2 0.9 <1 -7 26.3 2.2 <1 -40 16716 GRC Athens 27.8 0.8 26 23 28.7 2.0 2 -2 24.0 0.7 13 1 16754 GRC Heraklion/Crete 26.7 1.0 0 -1 27.6 2.0 0 -1 24.9 1.8 24 6 22113 RUS Murmansk 13.6 0.8 70 10 12.8 1.8 101 36 7.5 0.8 35 -17 26038 EST Tallinn 19.4 3.1 47 -32 17.3 2.0 115 31 12.6 1.8 15 -67 26406 LVA Liepaja 20.2 3.8 18 -56 18.0 1.6 154 74 14.0 1.1 54 -24 26629 LTU Kaunas 20.6 3.5 71 3 17.7 1.4 111 48 13.5 1.4 21 -38 26730 LTU Vilnius 20.1 3.2 68 -10 17.8 1.5 117 45 13.0 1.4 48 -17 26850 BLR Minsk 20.8 3.5 56 -32 18.9 2.4 169 97 12.9 1.2 27 -33 27612 RUS Moscow 21.1 3.0 4 -88 19.2 2.8 82 8 12.3 1.4 38 -26 33345 UKR Kiev 22.1 2.8 75 -13 21.3 2.7 42 -27 15.3 1.4 45 -2 33815 MDA Kishinev 23.0 2.1 85 16 23.2 2.7 54 9 18.6 2.4 16 -32 34300 UKR Charkow/Kharkiv 22.4 2.1 40 -20 22.1 2.6 47 -3 15.4 1.3 36 -5 34880 RUS Astrachan 25.7 0.4 4 -19 27.7 4.4 <1 -19 17.7 0.4 25 -1 37789 ARM Yerevan 26.3 0.3 2 -8 27.9 2.7 11 4 22.3 1.6 15 5 17062 TUR Istanbul 26.1 2.9 21 2 26.5 3.5 42 16 22.1 2.4 94 53 17130 TUR Ankara 25.5 2.6 9 -5 25.7 3.1 21 9 19.2 0.9 60 41 17170 TUR Van 23.1 1.2 11 7 23.9 2.7 4 0 18.5 1.7 19 9 17300 TUR Antalya 27.7 -0.4 0 -3 29.2 1.5 2 1 25.7 1.2 46 35 17609 CYP Larnaca 27.4 0.5 <1 <1 28.2 1.1 <1 <1 26.2 1.1 13 13 35108 KAZ Uralsk 21.9 -0.6 8 -30 24.1 3.7 21 -4 13.7 -0.4 10 -17 37545 GEO Tbilisi (Tiflis) 26.1 1.7 29 -16 28.0 4.3 0 -48 21.1 1.5 40 4 40080 SYR Damascus 27.4 1.1 0 0 28.0 2.0 0 0 24.2 1.0 0 -1 40103 LBN Tripoli 27.3 2.3 0 0 28.2 2.6 0 -1 26.8 2.0 10 6 40180 ISR Tel Aviv 27.3 1.6 0 0 28.3 2.2 0 0 26.8 2.0 0 0 40199 ISR Eilat 34.1 1.2 0 0 34.6 1.8 0 0 31.6 1.2 0 0 40265 JOR Mafraq 24.9 0.8 0 0 26.0 1.8 0 0 22.9 0.2 0 -1 60030 ESP Las Palmas Can. 24.2 0.9 <1 <1 25.5 1.4 <1 <1 25.6 1.8 <1 -8
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Table 6.2: continued October November December WMO- Country Station name Temp. (°C) Precip. (mm) Temp. (°C) Precip. (mm) Temp. (°C) Precip. (mm) No. mean dev. total dev. mean dev. total dev. mean dev. total dev. 01001 NOR Jan Mayen 3.0 2.9 82 -1 1.4 4.6 46 -20 -3.6 1.6 70 5 01008 NOR Svalbard Airport -1.9 3.6 45 30 -6.4 4.1 49 36 -9.6 3.7 58 46 01025 NOR Tromso 3.5 0.6 69 -56 0.5 1.3 66 -38 -1.9 1.1 108 4 01492 NOR Oslo 8.9 2.5 220 136 4.1 3.4 92 17 -2.2 0.6 28 -28 02196 SWE Haparanda 2.1 -0.4 93 29 -2.1 2.0 47 -11 -4.8 4.7 77 35 02485 SWE Stockholm 9.5 2.0 87 37 5.5 2.9 32 -21 0.5 1.5 42 -4 02836 FIN Sodankylä -1.0 -0.7 29 -22 -5.7 1.7 30 -9 -8.4 4.7 69 38 02974 FIN Helsinki 5.8 0.4 35 -38 2.1 2.0 39 -33 -1.3 2.8 94 36 03091 GBR Aberdeen 10.7 0.8 144 67 8.3 3.3 119 44 3.5 0.0 27 -46 03772 GBR London 14.3 2.6 76 18 9.8 2.6 128 73 6.2 1.1 38 -19 03967 IRL Dublin Aero. 11.2 0.9 88 20 7.5 0.8 139 69 5.3 0.0 64 -13 04030 ISL Reykjavik 4.3 -0.1 84 -2 5.5 4.4 57 -16 -0.7 -0.5 110 31 04320 GRL Egedesminde -1.5 0.7 33 7 -4.6 1.3 14 -19 -8.9 0.9 71 47 04312 GRL Nord (AWS) -16.8 2.6 88 70 -24.4 1.5 30 13 -24.7 3.2 28 11 06186 DNK Copenhagen 12.3 2.4 152 93 8.2 2.7 50 -12 3.4 1.2 103 45 06260 NLD De Bilt 13.4 2.9 75 3 8.2 2.3 47 -34 4.8 1.6 100 21 06447 BEL Brussels 13.6 2.7 58 -12 8.8 2.7 41 -35 4.3 0.8 94 18 06590 LUX Luxembourg 12.1 3.0 115 40 6.8 3.0 61 -22 2.7 1.7 71 -9 06660 CHE Zurich 12.4 3.1 82 13 6.6 2.7 79 -3 3.1 2.5 54 -19 06700 CHE Geneva 13.7 3.6 142 65 8.2 3.2 108 16 4.3 2.5 46 -41 07510 FRA Bordeaux 16.7 2.7 41 -47 12.6 3.5 130 36 6.6 0.2 54 -45 07650 FRA Marseilles 18.7 2.6 21 -57 14.6 3.9 146 88 8.9 1.6 44 -12 08222 ESP Madrid 18.2 3.4 72 27 11.2 1.8 74 10 7.3 0.9 23 -28 08314 ESP Mahon/Menorca 21.5 3.0 11 -73 17.3 2.9 112 35 11.9 0.1 133 59 08495 GBR Gibraltar 21.3 1.8 21 -43 17.0 0.9 212 71 14.2 0.1 40 -106 08515 PRT Santa Maria/Az. 19.9 0.6 88 4 16.8 -0.6 44 -58 15.4 0.0 20 -75 08535 PRT Lisbon 20.8 2.3 90 10 15.1 0.6 294 180 11.6 -0.2 30 -78 10384 DEU Berlin-Tempelhof 12.9 2.9 38 2 7.2 2.3 6 -43 3.0 1.6 53 0 11035 AUT Vienna 12.2 2.3 38 -3 8.1 3.5 35 -15 3.9 3.0 44 1 11518 CZE Prague 10.5 2.2 54 24 5.9 3.1 22 -10 2.2 2.8 24 -2 11903 SVK Sliac 10.7 2.4 48 -2 6.6 3.6 17 -52 1.7 3.4 41 -16 12160 POL Elblag 9.2 0.3 13 -40 3.8 0.5 21 -35 -0.4 -0.7 73 21 12375 POL Warsaw 9.7 1.4 7 -31 4.8 1.6 16 -26 0.9 1.8 82 50 12843 HUN Budapest 12.5 1.6 66 32 7.3 2.5 26 -26 3.0 2.6 60 20 13274 SRB Belgrade 14.1 1.7 61 21 9.6 2.6 9 -45 4.5 2.2 66 8 14015 SVN Ljubljana 13.6 3.2 163 48 8.8 4.2 249 114 3.9 3.9 88 -13 14445 HRV Split 18.1 1.2 11 -68 15.3 3.1 130 22 10.2 1.5 132 32 14654 BIH Sarajevo 11.8 1.4 59 -29 8.7 3.9 47 -44 2.6 2.8 83 19 15420 ROU Bucureşti 10.7 -0.1 76 44 5.0 -0.2 41 -8 0.9 0.7 140 97 15614 BGR Sofia 11.2 0.8 68 31 6.2 1.2 35 -12 1.7 1.2 60 21 16158 ITA Pisa 17.4 2.1 70 -50 14.0 3.6 246 122 9.4 2.6 125 40 16597 MLT Luqa 22.2 1.5 82 -8 18.9 1.9 89 9 14.9 1.1 150 38 16716 GRC Athens 18.9 0.6 36 -14 14.9 0.4 36 -15 12.7 1.5 159 93 16754 GRC Heraklion/Crete 20.7 1.0 99 23 17.4 0.8 28 -31 15.0 1.2 98 24 22113 RUS Murmansk 0.2 -0.8 40 -2 -3.3 1.8 27 -13 -7.2 2.1 38 0 26038 EST Tallinn 6.1 -0.2 28 -42 1.9 0.7 38 -30 -0.4 2.5 74 19 26406 LVA Liepaja 8.4 -0.1 106 32 3.7 0.0 22 -61 1.3 1.6 112 45 26629 LTU Kaunas 7.4 0.5 90 39 2.8 0.7 30 -23 -0.9 1.5 49 5 26730 LTU Vilnius 6.8 0.2 40 -13 1.8 0.6 29 -28 -2.0 0.9 56 1 26850 BLR Minsk 6.2 -0.1 20 -29 0.9 0.1 10 -42 -2.6 1.2 53 0 27612 RUS Moscow 3.7 -1.3 36 -22 -1.3 -0.2 20 -38 -3.9 2.2 64 12 33345 UKR Kiev 7.7 -0.4 21 -14 1.7 -0.4 13 -38 -2.1 0.2 28 -24 33815 MDA Kishinev 9.8 -0.3 43 16 3.6 -0.8 121 82 -0.1 0.2 34 -4 34300 UKR Charkow/Kharkiv 6.2 -1.1 15 -20 0.6 -0.7 9 -35 -2.7 0.7 35 -10 34880 RUS Astrachan 7.9 -1.2 16 -1 0.3 -3.0 24 5 -1.2 0.7 12 -3 37789 ARM Yerevan 13.9 0.7 26 -1 6.0 -0.5 49 27 3.6 3.4 20 -3 17062 TUR Istanbul 17.4 2.1 43 -28 12.6 1.0 76 -13 10.5 2.4 124 2 17130 TUR Ankara 13.3 0.7 32 5 6.5 -0.6 27 -6 5.7 3.2 44 -5 17170 TUR Van 11.4 1.3 76 28 4.0 0.0 67 23 2.4 3.5 50 16 17300 TUR Antalya 21.6 2.0 96 26 16.5 1.7 164 30 13.4 2.0 326 99 17609 CYP Larnaca 22.1 0.8 14 -5 17.2 0.8 21 -23 15.7 2.5 82 6 35108 KAZ Uralsk 5.0 -0.1 21 -9 -4.2 -2.1 3 -32 -6.8 1.6 35 6 37545 GEO Tbilisi (Tiflis) 13.6 0.1 26 -12 7.1 -1.0 43 13 5.7 1.9 16 -5 40080 SYR Damascus 19.0 0.9 10 -2 12.3 0.5 14 -8 9.1 1.9 8 -18 40103 LBN Tripoli 22.0 -0.2 111 40 16.5 -1.8 209 96 15.0 0.9 65 -115 40180 ISR Tel Aviv 23.0 1.0 43 17 18.7 0.7 311 243 16.4 2.6 64 -74 40199 ISR Eilat 27.2 0.5 0 -4 22.1 0.6 0 -3 19.1 2.5 3 -3 40265 JOR Mafraq 19.1 0.0 15 8 13.2 -0.3 30 13 11.4 2.6 34 6 60030 ESP Las Palmas Can. 24.1 1.6 6 -4 21.8 1.4 45 24 19.3 1.0 24 3
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7. References to national reports
Note: Primary information sources are the annual reports of RA VI Members, which are kindly provided by RA VI NMHSs. The names of Members, which contributed to the 2014 edition of the Bulletin, are listed on page 3 above. Many contributions or also additional information may as well be found on the web, see below. Austria: Zentralanstalt für Meteorologie und Geodynamik (ZAMG), Wien, Wetterrückblick Belgium: The Royal Meteorological Institute of Belgium (KMI), Klimatologisch overzicht Bosnia and Herzegovina: Federal Meteorolocical Institute (METEOBIH), Bilten 2014. Croatia: Meteorological and Hydrological Service (DMHZ) Annual reports Czech Hydrometeorological Institute (ČHMÚ) News Denmark: Danish Meteorological Institute (DMI), Vejret i Danmark Estonian Weather Service: Estonian weather events in 2014 Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI) Climate statistics France: Météo-France, Toulouse, Bilan climatiques Germany: Deutscher Wetterdienst (DWD), Klimatologische Jahresübersicht Greece: Hellenic National Meteorological Service, Climatic bulletin Greece: National Observatory of Athens, Meteorological bulletin Hungarian Meteorological Service (OMSZ) Climate retrospective Icelandic Met Office: The weather in Iceland 2014- Climate summary Ireland: The Irish Meteorological Service (MET Éireann), Weather Summary Israel Meteorological Service (IMS): Weather summary in Israel Italy: Servicio Meteo AM, Bolletino annuale - Report Italy Italy: L'Agenzia Regionale per la Protezione dell'Ambiente Ligure (ARPA), Rapporti annuali Latvian Environment, Geology and Meteorology Centre Monthly bulletins Lithuanian hydrometeorological Service (Lhmt) http://www.meteo.lt/lt/web/guest/2015-rugsejis Moldova: State Hydrometeorological Service (SHS), Caracterizarea conditiilor meteorologice si agrometeorologice din anul Montenegro: Hydrological and Meteorological Service of Montenegro Annual reports Netherlands: Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), DeBilt, Jaaroverzicht van het weer in Nederland Norway: Det Norske Meteorologiske institutt (DNMI), Klimatologisk månedsoversikt Poland: Institute of Meteorology and Water Management National Research Institute (IMGW), Monthly climate monitoring bulletin (supplement) Portugal: Instituto portuguesa do mar e da atmosfera (ipma), Bolletim Climatológico Anual Russia: Hydrometeorological Centre of Russia (Roshydromet) Annual bulletin Serbia: Republic Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia (RHMZ) Annual Bulletin for Serbia Slovak hydrometeorological institute (SHMU Slovenský hydrometeorologický ústav) Bulletin Meteorológia a Klimatológia Slovenian Environment Agency (ARSO, Agencija Republike Slovenije za okolje): Mesečni bilten ARSO Spain: Agencia Estatal de Meteorología (AEMET), Resumen anual climatologico Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI), Året (year) Switzerland: Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology MeteoSwiss, Klimabulletin Turkish State Meteorological Service (TSMS), 2014 Yılı İklim Değerlendirmesi United Kingdom: Met Office Climate summaries Annual Bulletin on the Climate in WMO Region VI 2014 05.01.2016 88
8. References
Austria, ZAMG: HISTALP Langzeitklimareihen - Österreich Jahresbericht 2014 Axer T., Bistry T., Klawa M., Müller M., Süßer M., von Bomhard P. 2015: Sturmdokumentation 2014 Deutschland. Ed. Deutsche Rückversicherung http://www.deutscherueck.de/aktuelles/wetterrueckblick-2014/ Blunden, J. and D. S. Arndt, Eds., 2015: State of the Climate in 2014. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 96 (7), S1– S267. Croatia (DMHZ): Century record flood of the Sava River Melita Perčec Tadić (Croatia DMHZ): Short overview of the floods in 2014 The Eastern Mediterranean Climate Centre (EMCC) Haylock, M.R., N. Hofstra, A.M.G. Klein Tank, E.J. Klok, P.D. Jones, M. New. 2008: A European daily high- resolution gridded dataset of surface temperature and precipitation. J. Geophys. Res (Atmospheres), 113, D20119, doi:10.1029/2008JD10201 ICPDR – International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River and ISRBC – International Sava River Basin Commission 2015: Floods in May 2014 in the Sava River Basin. Ireland: Hurricane Debbie 1961 Ireland: Winter Storms 2013/2014 ISPRA, Gli indicatori del CLIMA in Italia nel 2014, Stato Dell’ Ambiente, 57/2015 Jones, P. D., D. H. Lister, T. J. Osborn, C. Harpham, M. Salmon, and C. P. Morice, 2012: Hemispheric and large-scale land surface air temperature variations: An extensive revision and an update to 2010. J. Geophys. Res., 117, D05127, doi:10.1029/2011JD017139. Renwick, J. A., Ed., 2015: Europe and the Middle East [in “State of the Climate in 2014”]. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 96 (7), S191–S199. Rutgers Laboratory: Global Snow Lab (GSL) Schneider, U., T. Fuchs, A. Meyer-Christoffer, and B. Rudolf, 2008: Global precipitation analysis products of the GPCC. Deutscher Wetterdienst, 12 pp. (http://gpcc.dwd.de) van der Schrier, G., van den Besselaar, E. J. M., Klein Tank, A. M. G. and Verver, G. (2013) Monitoring European averaged temperature based on the E-OBS gridded dataset. J. Geophys. Res., 118, 5120-5135, doi:10.1029/2012JD019006 WMO, 2015, WMO statement on the status of the global climate in 2014, WMO-No. 1152 Croatia, Meteorological and Hydrological Service: 2014: Analysis of catastrophic floods affecting Croatia in May 2014. http://meteo.hr Turkish State Meteorological Service, Rainfall Analysis http://www.mgm.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/yagis- raporu.aspx 12 January 2015
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9. Abbreviations
AO Arctic Oscillation (circulation indices) BAMS Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society CLIMAT monthly climatological data provided by the NMHSs via GTS DWD Deutscher Wetterdienst (German Meteorological Service) EA East Atlantic Pattern (circulation indices) EA/WR East Atlantic/West Russia Pattern (circulation indices) ECA&D European Climate Assessment & Dataset, located at Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI) EMCC Eastern Mediterranean Climate Centre E-OBS daily gridded observational dataset for precipitation, temperature and sea level pressure in Europe based on ECA&D information GCC Global Collection Centre run by Deutscher Wetterdienst GPCC Global Precipitation Climatology Centre located at Deutscher Wetterdienst GTS Global Telecommunication System NAO North Atlantic Oscillation (circulation indices) NMHSs national hydro-meteorological services POL Polar/Eurasia Pattern (circulation indices) RCC-CM WMO Regional Climate Centre Network (RA VI) Offenbach Node on Climate Monitoring SCA Scandinavia Pattern (circulation indices) SCE Annual snow cover extent SYNOP surface synoptic or weather observations provided by the NMHSs via GTS WCDMP World Climate Data and Monitoring Programme WMO RA VI WMO Regional Association VI (Europe and Middle East) WMO World Meteorological Organization