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Review of the Biology and Fisheries of the Tanner Crab (Chionoecetes Bairdi)

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Review of the Biology and Fisheries of the Tanner Crab (Chionoecetes Bairdi) C S A S S C C S Canadian Science Advisory Secretariat Secrétariat canadien de consultation scientifique Research Document 2001/160 Document de recherche 2001/160 Not to be cited without Ne pas citer sans permission of the authors * autorisation des auteurs * A Phase ‘0’ review of the biology and fisheries of the Tanner Crab (Chionoecetes bairdi) G.G. Krause1, G. Workman2 and A.C. Phillips2 1807 Stellys X Rd. Brentwood Bay, BC V8M 1J4 2Fisheries and Oceans Canada Pacific Biological Station 3190 Hammond Bay Road Nanaimo, BC V9T 6N7 * This series documents the scientific basis for the * La présente série documente les bases scientifiques des evaluation of fisheries resources in Canada. As such, it évaluations des ressources halieutiques du Canada. Elle addresses the issues of the day in the time frames traite des problèmes courants selon les échéanciers dictés. required and the documents it contains are not intended Les documents qu’elle contient ne doivent pas être as definitive statements on the subjects addressed but considérés comme des énoncés définitifs sur les sujets rather as progress reports on ongoing investigations. traités, mais plutôt comme des rapports d’étape sur les études en cours. Research documents are produced in the official language Les documents de recherche sont publiés dans la langue in which they are provided to the Secretariat. officielle utilisée dans le manuscrit envoyé au Secrétariat. Ce document est disponible sur l’Internet à: This document is available on the Internet at: http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/csas/ ISSN 1480-4883 © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, 2001 © Sa majesté la Reine, Chef du Canada, 2001 Abstract The Tanner crab (Chionoecetes bairdi) may present some potential as a candidate for a largely inshore developmental trap fishery in British Columbia. Significant fisheries targeting Tanner and related crabs have been carried out in Alaska, Japan and the Canadian Maritimes for some years and considerable information on their biology has been accumulated. This document comprises a review of available information on these crabs in the scientific literature. Biological data identified as relevant to the fishery development process by Perry et al. (1999) are summarized, although it should be noted that these data are largely derived from fished Alaskan stocks which are likely considerably different than BC stocks. Biological and catch data for C. bairdi in BC are presented from a number of sources, including exploratory surveys and bycatch data from other fisheries. Tanner crab fisheries appear to follow a ‘typical’ pattern of development as production and effort quickly rise through the exploratory phase, followed by cyclic catch variation over a few decades, followed by a dramatic decline in abundance. This is mediated by a number of factors, including possible environmental and natural abundance variations but, in Alaska at least, the end result has been generally characterized as serial depletion of the stocks, as the fishing effort radiates further from fishing ports onto stocks which have not been exploited as a means to maintain high catch levels. Few affected stocks have recovered once so depleted, highlighting the need for caution as the potential for a sustainable fishery is defined. These crab are widely distributed in BC waters. The data gathered thus far suggest there are significant differences in the biological characteristics of Tanner crab in different areas of BC, supporting the hypothesis that the animals occur primarily as discrete inlet stocks with limited exchange between areas. The information available on the specific biological features of the animals in each area is however limited and data on local abundance(s), growth, maximum size, population structure(s), spatial reproductive scale and continuity, mortality, fecundity, spawning, migration patterns, aggregating behaviours and locations are required. Preliminary exploratory surveys using standardized Tanner crab pots and survey methods are recommended to determine the distribution, biological characteristics, stock structure and relative abundance between areas. Tagging studies to investigate local movement(s) and growth patterns of the crab are also recommended. 2 Résumé Le crabe des neiges du Pacifique (Chionoecetes bairdi) peut présenter un certain potentiel comme cible d’une pêche de développement au casier, surtout côtière, en Colombie-Britannique. D’importantes pêches du crabe des neiges du Pacifique et d’espèces apparentées étant effectuées en Alaska, au Japon et dans les provinces Maritimes du Canada depuis plusieurs années, beaucoup de renseignements sur leur biologie ont été recueillis. Le présent document est un bilan des données sur ces crabes présentées dans des ouvrages scientifiques. Les données biologiques identifiées par Perry et al. (1999) comme pertinentes au processus de développement de la pêche sont résumées, bien que l’on doit noter qu’elles concernent des stocks exploités de l’Alaska, probablement très différents des stocks de la Colombie-Britannique. Des données biologiques et des données sur les prises de C. bairdi recueillies en Colombie-Britannique, issues de diverses sources, y compris des relevés exploratoires et des données sur les prises accessoires récoltées dans le cadre d’autres pêches, sont présentées. Le développement des pêches du crabe des neiges du Pacifique semble suivre une courbe « typique » : la production et l’effort augmentent rapidement tout au long de la phase de pêche exploratoire, puis les prises varient de façon cyclique pendant quelques décennies et enfin l’abondance fléchit de façon spectaculaire. Le tout est modulé par un certain nombre de facteurs, y compris des variations possibles de l’abondance naturelle et des conditions environnementales mais, en Alaska du moins, il en résulte en général un appauvrissement graduel des stocks au fur et à mesure que l’effort de pêche rayonne de plus en plus loin des ports de pêche sur les stocks jusque là inexploités de sorte à maintenir les prises à des niveaux élevés. Peu des stocks affectés se sont rétablis une fois décimés à ce point, ce qui fait valoir le besoin de faire preuve de prudence le moment venu de définir le potentiel d’une pêche durable. Le crabe des neiges du Pacifique est très répandu dans les eaux de la Colombie-Britannique. Les données recueillies jusqu’à maintenant donnent à penser que les caractéristiques biologiques de l’espèce varient fortement d’un endroit à l’autre, ce qui étaye l’hypothèse selon laquelle elle se manifeste surtout sous la forme de stocks homogènes dans les inlets et qu’il y a peu d’échange entre ces endroits. Les données disponibles sur les caractéristiques biologiques particulières des crabes de chaque région étant toutefois restreintes, des données sur l’abondance locale, la croissance, la taille maximum, la structure des populations, la reproduction et la continuité à l’échelle spatiale, la mortalité, la fécondité, la ponte, les habitudes migratoires et les comportements et les lieux de rassemblement sont requises. Nous recommandons d’effectuer des relevés exploratoires préliminaires faisant appel à des méthodes de relevés et des casiers à crabe des neiges du Pacifique normalisés afin d’établir sa distribution, ses caractéristiques biologiques, la structure des stocks et son abondance relative, ainsi que des études d’étiquetage visant à établir les régimes locaux de déplacement et de croissance de l’espèce. 3 Table of Contents ABSTRACT................................................................................................................................................................. 2 RÉSUMÉ ..................................................................................................................................................................... 3 1.0 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................................. 6 2.0 BIOLOGY ............................................................................................................................................................. 7 2.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION ...................................................................................................................................... 7 2.1.1 Ecological Setting....................................................................................................................................... 7 2.2 DISTRIBUTION ..................................................................................................................................................... 7 2.2.1 Migration.................................................................................................................................................... 8 2.2.2 Habitat........................................................................................................................................................ 9 2.3 REPRODUCTION................................................................................................................................................. 10 2.3.1 Spawning .................................................................................................................................................. 11 2.3.2 Fecundity.................................................................................................................................................. 13 2.4 LARVAE ...........................................................................................................................................................
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