Survival in the Sahel an Ecological and Developmental Challenge
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Decomposing Gender and Ethnic Earnings Gaps in Seven West African Cities
DOCUMENT DE TRAVAIL DT/2009-07 Decomposing Gender and Ethnic Earnings Gaps in Seven West African Cities Christophe NORDMAN Anne-Sophie ROBILLIARD François ROUBAUD DIAL • 4, rue d’Enghien • 75010 Paris • Téléphone (33) 01 53 24 14 50 • Fax (33) 01 53 24 14 51 E-mail : [email protected] • Site : www.dial.prd.fr DECOMPOSING GENDER AND ETHNIC EARNINGS GAPS IN SEVEN WEST AFRICAN CITIES Christophe Nordman Anne Sophie Robilliard François Roubaud IRD, DIAL, Paris IRD, DIAL, Dakar IRD, DIAL, Hanoï [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Document de travail DIAL Octobre 2009 Abstract In this paper, we analyse the size and determinants of gender and ethnic earnings gaps in seven West African capitals (Abidjan, Bamako, Cotonou, Dakar, Lome, Niamey and Ouagadougou) based on a unique and perfectly comparable dataset coming from the 1-2-3 Surveys conducted in the seven cities from 2001 to 2002. Analysing gender and ethnic earnings gaps in an African context raises a number of important issues that our paper attempts to address, notably by taking into account labour allocation between public, private formal and informal sectors which can be expected to contribute to earnings gaps. Our results show that gender earnings gaps are large in all the cities of our sample and that gender differences in the distribution of characteristics usually explain less than half of the raw gender gap. By contrast, majority ethnic groups do not appear to have a systematic favourable position in the urban labour markets of our sample of countries and observed ethnic gaps are small relative to gender gaps. -
Winds:Towards Better Weather Forecasts in Africa
WINDS:TOWARDS BETTER WEATHER FORECASTS IN AFRICA. KINYODA G. G Kenya Meteorological Department P.o box 30259, Nairobi. KENYA Tel: 56 78 80/Fax: 56 78 88 ABSTRACT: Poor operational meteorological network in Africa has for a long time continued to make weather forecasting difficult. Data extracted from the operational meteorological satellites is therefore vital information for this region. This paper describes, compares and evaluates the operational use of wind information disseminated via the MDD system to Africa; focussing at the Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre (RSMC), Nairobi, the African Centre of Meteorological Applications for Development (ACMAD), Niamey (Niger) and the Drought Monitoring Centre (DMC) in Nairobi. 1. INTRODUCTION 4. SCOPE In describing and evaluating the use of the wind Meteorological services rely heavily on timely information received via the MDD system, this paper :- dissemination of meteorological observations and derived • Discusses briefly the main weather/climate infuencing products.In many parts of the world telecommunications factors in Africa. This is considered important in the links provided by the WMO Global Telecommunications understanding of how the wind information is analysed, System (GTS), which is also used for interchange of interpreted and incorporated into the weather forecasts. meteorological data are satisfactory. However, extensive • Verifies qualitatively, the analysed wind information areas still suffer from a high degree of unreliability. Africa against the validating "truth" provided by a is particularly affected by the unreliability of the GTS. coresponding Meteosat imagery, over a short period. Fortunately, this region lies within the field of view of the • Finally, the MDD’s mission performance is evaluated Meteosat satellite. -
Analysis of `Miholjday Summer' for Belgrade and Serbia Region
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLIMATOLOGY Int. J. Climatol. 26: 1489–1499 (2006) Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI: 10.1002/joc.1390 ANALYSIS OF ‘MIHOLJDAY SUMMER’ FOR BELGRADE AND SERBIA REGION NEDELJKO TODOROVIC´ a* and DRAGANA VUJOVIC´ b* a Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia, Belgrade, Yugoslavia b Department of Meteorology, Faculty of Physics, Belgrade, Yugoslavia Received 30 May 2006 Revised 14 February 2006 Accepted 11 April 2006 ABSTRACT Typical weather conditions with dry and warm features occur in autumn months, with temperatures above the normal temperatures for this period of the year for the Belgrade and Serbia region. Temperatures have values like the ones for the end of summer. That period of fair weather is called Miholjday (St Michael) summer (MS). An analysis of temperature has been the most important criterion for defining MS. Synoptic situation and temperature conditions during that period are analyzed and typical and atypical MSs are defined for Belgrade and Serbia region. The frequency of MS in the period 1946–2004 for Belgrade region is also analyzed. The general definition (Glossary of Meteorology) is assumed and we gave the specific definition of MS for Belgrade and Serbia region on the basis of real weather for longer series of observations. Copyright 2006 Royal Meteorological Society. KEY WORDS: summer climate variability; weather singularity; weather classification; synoptic climatology 1. INTRODUCTION Miholjday summer (MS) appears in autumn, in the period from the middle of September to the beginning of November. The name is related with Miholjday, the Christian feast celebrated on 12 October in the Orthodox Church (29 September in the Catholic Church). -
ESSENTIALS of METEOROLOGY (7Th Ed.) GLOSSARY
ESSENTIALS OF METEOROLOGY (7th ed.) GLOSSARY Chapter 1 Aerosols Tiny suspended solid particles (dust, smoke, etc.) or liquid droplets that enter the atmosphere from either natural or human (anthropogenic) sources, such as the burning of fossil fuels. Sulfur-containing fossil fuels, such as coal, produce sulfate aerosols. Air density The ratio of the mass of a substance to the volume occupied by it. Air density is usually expressed as g/cm3 or kg/m3. Also See Density. Air pressure The pressure exerted by the mass of air above a given point, usually expressed in millibars (mb), inches of (atmospheric mercury (Hg) or in hectopascals (hPa). pressure) Atmosphere The envelope of gases that surround a planet and are held to it by the planet's gravitational attraction. The earth's atmosphere is mainly nitrogen and oxygen. Carbon dioxide (CO2) A colorless, odorless gas whose concentration is about 0.039 percent (390 ppm) in a volume of air near sea level. It is a selective absorber of infrared radiation and, consequently, it is important in the earth's atmospheric greenhouse effect. Solid CO2 is called dry ice. Climate The accumulation of daily and seasonal weather events over a long period of time. Front The transition zone between two distinct air masses. Hurricane A tropical cyclone having winds in excess of 64 knots (74 mi/hr). Ionosphere An electrified region of the upper atmosphere where fairly large concentrations of ions and free electrons exist. Lapse rate The rate at which an atmospheric variable (usually temperature) decreases with height. (See Environmental lapse rate.) Mesosphere The atmospheric layer between the stratosphere and the thermosphere. -
Emerging Fashion Trends for Autumn Winter Season
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) e-ISSN: 2278-487X, p-ISSN: 2319-7668. Volume 16, Issue 2. Ver. II (Feb. 2014), PP 46-47 www.iosrjournals.org Emerging Fashion Trends for Autumn Winter Season Muhukumar Nair* [Director-Vidya Institute of Fashion Technology, U.P. Technical University, Lucknow, India ] Abstract: This study was describe the values of trends and its need for the designers. Another purpose of the study to identify the duration of demands for the particular design/style. Thus the market value automatically high during the trend season and the merchandising process would across the break even point. Keywords : Color, Material, Market, Season, Stipulation. I. Introduction It's time to wrap up warm for autumn and winter, but there's no need to stop looking fabulous. Fashion trends this winter will let you retain a bit of glam - while also staying warm - and with versatility there's something to suit all styles and body shapes. Fashion trends change frequently keeping retail professionals on their toes. One of the most anticipated fashion trends involves the most popular colors which shift from season to season. Each year Pantone announces its top color often inspiring clothing and accessory designs for winter season, Pantone's top color is emerald green, and the color showed up consistently on the fall and winter runway shows indicating that it will be a mainstay of winter fashion. “During the cold and dark of Arctic winter, sea ice refreezes and achieves its maximum extent, usually in late Feb. or early Mar. According to a NASA analysis, this year the annual maximum extent was reached on Feb. -
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INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image. You will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., was part of the material being photographed the photographer followed a definite method in "sectioning" the material. It is customary to begin photoing at the upper left hand corner of a large sheet and to continue photoing from left to right in equal sections with a small overlap. If necessary, sectioning is continued again — beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. The majority of users indicate that the textual content is of greatest value, however, a somewhat higher quality reproduction could be made from "photographs" if essential to the understanding of the dissertation. -
Sub-Saharian Immigration in France : from Diversity to Integration
Sub-Saharian immigration in France : from diversity to integration. Caroline JUILLARD Université René Descartes-Paris V The great majority of Sub-Saharian African migration comes from West - Africa, more precisely from francophone countries as Senegal, Mali, and into a lesser extent Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Mauritania. There are also migrants from other francophone African countries such as : Zaïre (RDC), Cameroon, Ivory Coast, Niger. Migrants consist mostly of workers and students. I shall speak principally of West-African migration for which sociolinguistic sources are not many. My talk will have three main parts. I General characteristics of this migration. A/ Census data First of all, I will discuss census data. The major trend of immigration to France nowadays comes from Sub-Saharian Africa ; it has tripled between 1982 et 1990 and almost doubled according to the last census of 1999 (Cf. Annexes). According to 1999 census, this migrant population counts more or less 400.000 persons. Official data are multiple and differ from one source to the other. Variations are important. Children born in France from immigrant parents do not participate to the immigrant population and, so for, are not included in the migration population recorded by the national census. They are recorded by the national education services. Moreover, there might be more persons without residency permit within the Sub-Saharian migration than within other migrant communities. I 2 mention here well-known case of “les sans-papiers”, people without residency permit, who recently asked for their integration to France. Case of clandestines has to be mentioned too. Data of INSEE1 do not take into account these people. -
Autumn, the Neglected Season in Climate Change Research
TREE-1899; No. of Pages 8 Review Autumn, the neglected season in climate change research 1 1 2 Amanda S. Gallinat , Richard B. Primack , and David L. Wagner 1 Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA 2 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, 75 North Eagleville Road, U-43 Storrs, CT 06269, USA Autumn remains a relatively neglected season in climate identify five areas ripe for future research, and provide change research in temperate and arctic ecosystems. recommendations for research in those areas. This neglect occurs despite the importance of autumn events, including leaf senescence, fruit ripening, bird and What we know about autumn insect migration, and induction of hibernation and dia- In temperate ecosystems, the autumn phenomena that have pause. Changes in autumn phenology alter the repro- received the most attention in climate change research are ductive capacity of individuals, exacerbate invasions, leaf senescence and migratory bird departures. Insect allow pathogen amplification and higher disease-trans- diapause and fruit ripening have also garnered moderate mission rates, reshuffle natural enemy–prey dynamics, interest. Other autumn phenomena such as amphibian shift the ecological dynamics among interacting species, dormancy and bud formation remain less studied and poorly and affect the net productivity of ecosystems. We syn- understood. thesize some of our existing understanding of autumn Despite the relative neglect of autumn, ecologists have phenology and identify five areas ripe for future climate made important progress in understanding the drivers of change research. We provide recommendations to ad- autumn phenology and the effects of climate change on dress common pitfalls in autumnal research as well as to autumn events (Figure 1). -
Spring Winter Summer Autumn
• Always drive on good, properly inflated issouri is a state of four seasons tires. and each season has its own unique road conditions. Missouri driving • Know and obey all traffic laws. cannot be categorized entirely into spring, summer, autumn, or winter. Nature some- • Be ready to adjust your speed to be ap- times mixes our four seasons together, and propriate for constantly changing driving this can cause problems when we travel. conditions. This brochure has been prepared to give you some tips on how to handle our Finally, let’s all work together, so fewer many varied driving conditions. people will become traffic crash statistics on Missouri’s highways. Spring Buckle Up Missouri! • Never drive when you have been drink- ing alcoholic beverages. Summer • Never ride with someone who has been drinking. • If medication directions indicate you should not drive after taking it, don’t do Feel free to call the it. Road Condition Report Hotline at: Produced by: Public Information and Education Division • Have a good attitude when you drive. Be Published by: Autumn patient with others. 1-888-275-6636 Missouri State Highway Patrol 1510 East Elm Street • Give driving your full attention. Behind Or, check the Patrol’s Jefferson City, MO 65101 the wheel is no place to read, put on 573-751-3313 makeup, or talk on the cell phone. web site at: V/TDD 573-751-3313 email: [email protected] • How about those eyes? Don’t be vain. If www.mshp.dps.mo.gov www.mshp.dps.mo.gov Winter you need glasses, wear them. -
Harmattan Haze and Environmental Health
African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology Vol. 1 (4), November 2007 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/AJEST ISSN 1996-0786 © 2007 Academic Journals Editorial Harmattan Haze and Environmental Health It is the season to cover up. Beginning in November of every year and ending around March, fine particulate matter (typically 0.5 – 10 micrometers) emanating from the Sahara desert blow south, obscuring vision and laboring breathing for everyone (Figure 1). In addition, the dry dusty winds cause a variety of domestic inconveniences because of the lay- ers of dust that envelope everything both outdoors and indoors. This is harmattan season, and it is ingrained in all West Figure 1. The mosque in Abuja Nigeria, seen through the harmattan haze. Photograph by courtesy of Kipp Jones1. Figure 2. Harmattan dust storms from the Sahara desert as captured by NASA’s MODIS satellite reaches across to the Atlantic Ocean in the South, and all the way to South America and the Caribbean islands2. 1 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:MosqueinAbuja.jpg. Figure 3. Distribution of Harm attan dust particles in W est Africa. African cultures as something to look forward to, or to dread, depending on local circumstances. Dust from the Sahara desert has global environmental effects, as documented by NASA’s satellite images showing that the dust reaches as far as South America and the Caribbean3 (Figure 2). Transcontinental and over-seas transport of Sahara dust carries fungal spores, potentially affecting agricultural productivity in distant land, enriching biological diversity. Furthermore, iron-rich Sahara dust is associated with fertilizing the oceans, leading to phytoplankton growth and carbon seq- uestration, and influencing the Earth’s radiative balance4,5,6. -
Maninka Reference Corpus: a Presentation
Actes de la conférence conjointe JEP-TALN-RECITAL 2016, volume 11 : TALAF Maninka Reference Corpus: A Presentation Valentin Vydrin1, 2, 3, Andrij Rovenchak4, Kirill Maslinsky5 (1) INALCO, Paris, France (2) LLACAN-CNRS (UMR-8135), Villejuif, France (3) St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia (4) Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Lviv, Ukraine (5) National research university Higher school of econimic, St. Petersburg, Russia [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] RÉSUMÉ Présentation du Corpus Maninka de Référence Un corpus annoté du maninka de Guinée, Corpus Maninka de Référence (CMR), a été publié en avril 2016. Il comporte deux sous-corpus : l'un contient des textes créés originalement en orthographe latine (792 778 mots), l'autre est composé des textes en alphabet N'ko (3 105 879 mots). La recherche peut être effectuée dans les deux sous-corpus en utilisant soit l'orthographe latine, soit le N'ko. L'outillage utilisé pour le CMR est représenté d'abord par le paquet de logiciel Daba (développé initialement pour le Corpus Bambara de Référence). Le logiciel NoSketchEngine est utilisé comme le moteur de recherche; nous avons adapté ce logiciel au script N'ko, qui s'écrit de droite à gauche. Tous les textes en N'ko ont été obtenu sous format électronique qu'il a fallu normaliser (utilisation de polices pré-Unicode). L'annotation morphologique est basée sur le dictionnaire électronique Malidaba qui est actuellement à une stade itermédiaire d'élaboration; il faut encore beaucoup d'efforts pour l'amener à un état acceptable. ABSTRACT An annotated corpus of Guinean Maninka, Corpus Maninka de Référence (CMR), was published in April 2016. -
Assessment of Chronic Food Insecurity in Niger
Assessment of Chronic Food Insecurity in Niger Analysis Coordination March 2019 Assessment of Chronic Food Insecurity in Niger 2019 About FEWS NET Created in response to the 1984 famines in East and West Africa, the Famine Early Warning Systems Network (FEWS NET) provides early warning and integrated, forward-looking analysis of the many factors that contribute to food insecurity. FEWS NET aims to inform decision makers and contribute to their emergency response planning; support partners in conducting early warning analysis and forecasting; and provide technical assistance to partner-led initiatives. To learn more about the FEWS NET project, please visit www.fews.net. Acknowledgements This publication was prepared under the United States Agency for International Development Famine Early Warning Systems Network (FEWS NET) Indefinite Quantity Contract, AID-OAA-I-12-00006. The author’s views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government. Recommended Citation FEWS NET. 2019. Assessment of Chronic Food Insecurity in Niger. Washington, DC: FEWS NET. Famine Early Warning Systems Network ii Assessment of Chronic Food Insecurity in Niger 2019 Table of Contents Executive Summary ..................................................................................................................................................................... 1 Background .............................................................................................................................................................................