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2008 Fifteenth Issue Journal of Indian History and Culture JOURNAL OF INDIAN HISTORY AND CULTURE September 2008 Fifteenth Issue C.P. RAMASWAMI AIYAR INSTITUTE OF INDOLOGICAL RESEARCH (affiliated to the University of Madras) The C.P. Ramaswami Aiyar Foundation 1 Eldams Road, Chennai 600 018, INDIA September 2008, Fifteenth Issue 1 Journal of Indian History and Culture Editor : Dr.G.J. Sudhakar Board of Editors Dr. K.V.Raman Dr. Nanditha Krishna Referees Dr. A. Chandrsekharan Dr. V. Balambal Dr. S. Vasanthi Dr. Chitra Madhavan Published by Dr. Nanditha Krishna C.P.Ramaswami Aiyar Institute of Indological Research The C.P. Ramaswami Aiyar Foundation 1 Eldams Road Chennai 600 018 Tel : 2434 1778 / 2435 9366 Fax : 91-44-24351022 E-Mail: [email protected] Website: www.cprfoundation.org Layout Design : R. Sathyanarayanan & P. Dhanalakshmi Subscription Rs. 150/- (for 2 issues) Rs. 290/- (for 4 issues) 2 September 2008, Fifteenth Issue Journal of Indian History and Culture CONTENTS PRE – HISTORY AND ANCIENT HISTORY Pre-Historic Settlements in the Krishna Valley - Andhra Pradesh by Dr. D. Mercy Ratna Rani 09 Early Historic Phase in the Central Pennar Basin, Kadapa District, A.P by Dr. P.C. Venkatasubbiah 30 A Jaina Yakshini in the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston by Dr. Nanditha Krishna 63 Lord Jagannnath, the Redeemer of the Fallen by Dr. N.P. Panigrahi 69 Lion-Headed Gods in Mythology by G. Balaji 73 MEDIEVAL HISTORY Burrakatha and the History of Andhra Pradesh by Dr. P. Sumabala 89 Muslim Attacks on the Temple of Lord Jagannath at Puri by Dr. Bhagaban Sahu 101 The Garh – Kataka Concept – Orissa by Dr. Deepak Bhattacharya 117 September 2008, Fifteenth Issue 3 Journal of Indian History and Culture MODERN HISTORY Maharaja Krushna chandra Gajapati : A Tribute 155 by Dr. N.P. Panigrahi Role of Tourism in the Economic development of Nilgiris by Dr. A. Kumaraswamy 163 Memorial for a Missionary by Dr. C. Venkatesan 171 That Loathsome Disease: An Early 19th Century Battle with Smallpox in South India by Dr. J. Daniel White 177 Prohibition Movement in Tamilnadu: An Important Activity of The Congress during the Freedom Movement by Dr. P.N. Premalatha 198 Self Governance in Irrigation - A Study of Traditional Irrigation Institutions in the Periyaru Ayacut of Cumbum Valley by Dr. Gulam Dastagir 217 Book Review - 1 248 Book Review - 2 251 printed on paper made from bagasse, an agricultural waste 4 September 2008, Fifteenth Issue Journal of Indian History and Culture EDITOR’S NOTE The fifteenth issue is a thoroughly refereed one and it has taken time. But, it is worth it for reasons of quality and scholarship. We thank our referees Dr. V. Balambal, Dr. A. Chandra- sekharan, Dr. S. Vasanthi and Dr. Chitra Madhavan for taking time off from their schedule for the sake of our Journal. This issue has brilliant and well researched papers by Dr. P.C. Venkatasubbiah, Dr. P. Sumabala, Dr. J. Daniel White and Dr. Deepak Bhattacharya. Dr. P.N. Premalatha and Dr. K. K. Gulam Dasthagir have provided extremely painstaking work for our readers. Dr. C. Venkatesan’s paper entitled ‘Memorial for a Missionary’ not only assesses the contribution of Rev. Schwartz but also sets standards in English. Orissa scholars have kept the Journal going by their regular contributions. We thank them along with other contributors. We are grateful to Dr. S. Gopalakrishnan and Dr. Chitra Madhavan for reviewing books for us. I thank Dr. Nanditha Krishna & Mrs. Lalitha Ramadurai for taking up the editing in the earlier stages of work for this issue while I was away on lieu at the Dravidian University and Mrs. Malathy for all the continuity that she provides for the Journal by her assistance. Dr. G. J. Sudhakar September 2008, Fifteenth Issue 5 Journal of Indian History and Culture 6 September 2008, Fifteenth Issue Journal of Indian History and Culture PRE – HISTORY AND ANCIENT HISTORY September 2008, Fifteenth Issue 7 Journal of Indian History and Culture 8 September 2008, Fifteenth Issue Journal of Indian History and Culture PRE-HISTORIC SETTLEMENTS IN THE KRISHNA VALLEY - ANDHRA PRADESH Dr. D. Mercy Ratna Rani Assistant Professor Dept. of History, Archaeology & Culture Dravidian University, Kuppam, Andhra Pradesh The present paper deals with the distribution of Paleolithic and Mesolithic cultural sites along the course of river Krishna and its tributaries, based on the documented sources. The river Krishna takes its origin in the Western Ghats at an altitude of 1337m above mean sea level near Mahabaleshwar in the Satara district of Maharashtra. It enters Andhra Pradesh near the village of Tangadigi in Maktal taluk of Mahabubnagar district and its main tributary Tungabhadra forms the northern boundary of Kurnool district and joins the latter beyond Alampur and flows north-east direction till Nagarjunakonda. Its course, in the Srisailam gorge, it is narrow and deep as it cuts through the Cuddapah sedimentary formations and thereafter goes through a trough like valley of Nagarjunakonda. It finally discharges into the Bay of Bengal south of Machilipatnam at Harnsaladivi. Its course in Andhra Pradesh is about 720 kms. The river Krishna, which flows east-west cuts across the Nallamalais. The altitude of this plateau ranges from 200m to 1000m. The Krishna, literally “of black hue”, probably derives its name from the black soil, Krishnabhumi, Karenadu which it moistens with its water. It also has a traditional image of a cow’s mouth in the ancient temple of Mahadeva of Mahabaleshwar. The main tributaries of the river which flow through Andhra Pradesh are the Dindi, the Musi, the Paleru, the Munneru in the north and the Tungabhadra in the south. Of these, the September 2008, Fifteenth Issue 9 Journal of Indian History and Culture Tungabhadra is the main tributary of the Krishna. The rivers Tunga and Bhadra originate in Karnataka join as a single river Tungabhadra and flows into Krishna. The river divides the western part of Andhra Pradesh into Telangana and Rayalaseema. It also has a tributary namely Handri. Musi (Muchikonda) also a tributary of Krishna, flows in the districts of Hyderabad and Nalgonda. In Andhra Pradesh, the river Krishna and its tributaries flow through the districts of Mahabubnagar, Kurnool, Nalgonda, Krishna and Guntur. Brown red sandy loams are the characteristic soil types in the districts of Mahabubnagar, Nalgonda, Kurnool and Guntur. The heavy clay loams are found in two longitudinal strips stretching from the borders of Kurnool and Mahabubnagar to Krishna and Guntur districts. The alluvial soils are found in Krishna district. Rice, Jowar and Bajra are the important food crops grown in the districts of Mahabubnagar, Kurnool, Nalgonda, Krishna and Guntur. The Krishna basin has a monsoonal climate. On the basis of differences in the amount of annual rainfall, temperature, relief and vegetation, the area can be divided into wet, intermediate and semi-arid zones. The tropical evergreen, semi evergreen and moist deciduous forests characterise the wet zone where the average annual rainfall is more than 1250mm. In the intermediate zone occur the dry deciduous forests where the average annual rainfall is between 750 to 1250mm. The thorn and scrub jungle vegetation can be seen in the semi-arid zone and the rainfall is less than 700mm. The greater part of the basin falls in the semi-arid zone. The alluvial tracts of Krishna have tidal forests. They consist of several littoral species. Some important species are Avicennia, Sonneatia, Rhizophora mucronate, Aegiceras cormiculatum, 10 September 2008, Fifteenth Issue Journal of Indian History and Culture Lummifzera racemosa and Excoecoria agallocha. In the Krishna valley, tectona grandis (teak) is an important species. It grows in its natural form in the river basin of Krishna, found extensively in the districts of Mahabubnagar and Kurnool. Dendrocalamus strictus and Bambusa arundinacea occur in Kurnool district. Archaeological investigations were carried out by Bhaskara Murty (Maddur, Guntur-1977; Lower Krishna valley-I987), Chandra Mouli (Kurnool-1988), Foote (Kurnool - 1984), Ghosh (Kurnool-1980), Paddayya (Mahabubnagar-1971), Pappu (Krishna basin-1974, Kurnool-1983), S.N.Rao (Nalgonda-1966), Sankalia (Krishna basin) Sarkar (Nalgonda-1960), Sarma (Kurnool, Mahabubnagar-1967), Sastry (Mahabubnagar-1968), Soundararajan (Kurnool-1952, Nagarjunakonda-1958), Subrahmanyam (Nagarjunakonda and Guntur), Vara Prasada Rao (Krishna and Mahabubnagar-1990), Venkata Siva Sarma (Mahabubnagar-1980) and Venkata Rao (Guntur-1980). The main river Krishna, its tributaries and affluents are enriched with stone- age sites. Investigations in stone-age sites lead to the discovery of numerous Palaeolithic sites which can be divided into three cultural phases such as Lower, Middle and Upper and Mesolithic. Lower Palaeolithic culture In Mahabubnagar district, the Department of Archaeology and Museums carried out excavations at Chagatur situated in between the rivers Krishna and Tungabhadra, as a result of which three cultural periods were brought to light. An interesting feature of the excavation was the existence, immediately below the occupation of period, of an implementiferous deposit yielding a few tools of lower Palaeolithic period. The exploration carried out in the submersible area circle of the Srisailam project September 2008, Fifteenth Issue 11 Journal of Indian History and Culture resulted in the discovery of pebble tools and flakes at Kytur in Alampur taluk. In Mahabubnagar district, the surface explorations led to the discovery of early stone tools and ceramic wares. The evidence of human settlements in this area appears from Palaeolithic period. In Mahabubnagar district the Lower Palaeolithic sites are found at Ayyawarapalli, Chagatur, Chandu, Challapahad, Dindi, Irladinne, Kalwakole, Kandur, Kyaturu, Pasupala, Pusalapadu Pampad, Rangapur, Tenetipadu, Tirumalapalli, Vemkal, Chandraguptapattanam, Burjgundal and Medinankal. The Lower Palaeolithic tools like hardaxes, cleavers and scrapers have been found in Chandraguptapattanam (Yurrapu Cheruvu) Burjgundal and Medimankal. In Nalgonda district a large number of Lower Palaeolithic sites found along the Dindi, Peddavagu, Musi, Paler and Munner rivers.
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