The Texas Observer SEPT. 16, 1966 A Journal of Free Voices A Window to The South 25c

•._ Vote /or Carr 21oeJ not Mahe Sende; 5tvo-Party -7exao Can Re Attained hy 1968

Dispassionately, for we do not propose on the make, and that is what he still is. required in our foreign policies by realities to expend passion on such a melancholy He was willing to make book with the abroad. choice, the Observer expresses its conclu- House liberals long enough to get their Their main general difference in the way sion that as between John Tower and Wag- votes for Speaker; then he sold them out they would probably vote proceeds from goner Carr as the junior senator from Tex- as he became the lobbyists' Speaker. As their different party connections. Tower as, the public good will probably be less attorney general he showed little distinc- has swallowed great gobs 'of humble pie the damaged by Tower. tion. His angle was crime-busting; his myo- last year as he has spoken of "our Presi- We do not endorse Tower. In this race pia was his inability to see crime as an dent," but the fact remains that Tower is the two candidates are both such minuses, effect of social injustice, as well as an evil. a Republican. This has meant that he has such negatives, that to endorse either would He is not especially intelligent and has a been subject to little or no presidential be, for a liberal newspaper, ludicrous. We faltering sense of humor. pressure to vote for liberal domestic re- are called upon in this situation to choose, forms, even as he has urged the President and that is what we do. to greater excesses of violence in Vietnam THE ISSUES, Tower is 'a re- There are five areas of consideration that ON (and Johnson has then appeared to follow influence us: the men, the issues, the po- actionary Republican with moderating ten- his advice). Oarr, a Democrat, would be dencies; Carr is a reactionary Democrat litical parties; consequences in Texas, and somewhat subject to Johnsonian pressure consequences beyond Texas. with moderating tendencies. Both ride for liberal domestic reforms. This is what Tower entered politics as a radical con- events like jockeys hugging close to the Carr is telling us when he speaks favorably servative. His first public image was that necks of their horses. The readers of this of the war on poverty (and against the journal know much better than most Tex- of the purist right-winger. Now he is more waste in it) and supports the elimination ans the details of these men's stands on opportunist, suggesting that perhaps he of the businessmen's investment tax credit public questions. Since the first of the year was always so, and purism was the early (if he's not persuaded to the contrary in form his opportunism took. His education when we published full-length studies of the meantime). But of course he is against included the study of economics in college each man, we have traced the nuances of the 1966 civil rights bill (and any further in England and teaching as a junior faculty their stances as though much depended on civil rights legislation), against a minimum member at a minor college. He is intelligent them. For the most part not much does. wage for farm workers, against . against. Neither has given any substantial evidence and has a cynical wit. He is a tory Texas Democrat, all right. that he understands the basic reforms that Carr has never even seemed to be a On foreign policy until recently Carr was politician of principle. He started out as are required to renovate our crisis-ridden merely a me-'tooer; whatever Johnson says a West Texas lawyer of little background democracy and the radical changes that are about Vietnam is OK with Carr. But recent- ly Oarr has said that if the Joint Chiefs of Staff want to use atomic bombs in Viet- nam, that, too, is all right with him. How THE TEXAS OBSERVER a politician could get any worse than this Texas Observer Co., Ltd. 1966 A Journal of Free Voices A Window to the South on Vietnam escapes us. 60th YEAR — ESTABLISHED 1906 Tower is no dove; he is a hawk. In 1961 he spoke longingly of preventive war. He Vol. 58, No. 17 7eqtk' September 16, 1966 seems to have given that up, but he is still Incorporating the State Observer and the selves written, and in publishing them the edi- reluctant to discuss the wild idea that the East Texas Democrat, which in turn incor- tor does not necessarily imply that he agrees U.S. should bomb China's nuclear installa- ported the State Week and Austin Forum- with them, because this is a journal of free tions with nuclear weapons. In Corpus Advocate. voices. Christi earlier this year he said he didn't We will serve no group or party Out will hew Subscription Representatives: Austin, Mrs. hard to the truth as we find it and the right think it would be wise to resort to nuclear Helen C. Spear, 2615 Pecos, HO 5-1805; Corpus weapons as to Vietnam "currently" and as we see it. We are dedicated to the whole Christi, Penny Dudley, 1224 14 Second St., Tu 4- truth, to human values above all interests, to 1460; Dallas, Mrs. Cordye Hall, 5835 Ellsworth, "under present circumstances," but he add- the rights of man as the foundation of democ- TA 1-1205; Denton, Fred Lusk, Box 8134 NTS; ed: "I am not saying they couldn't be used racy; we will take orders from none but our Fort Worth, Dolores Jacobsen, 3025 Greene in the future if necessary." Given Carr's own conscience, and never will we overlook or Ave., WA 4-9655; Houston, Mrs. Shirley Jay, statement about atomic bombing in Viet- misrepresent the truth to serve the interests 10306 Cliffwood Dr., PA 3-8682; Huntsville, of the powerful or cater to the ignoble in the Jessie L. Murphree, Box 2284 SHS; Lubbock, nam to play with, Tower says now that human spirit. Doris Blaisdell, 2515 24th St.; Midland, Eva he is now against the use of atomic bombs Editor and General Manager, Ronnie Dugger. Dennis, 4306 Douglas, OX 4-2825; Odessa, Enid in the conflict, but Tower would favor our Partner, Mrs. R. D. Randolph. Turner, 1706 Glenwood, EM 6-2269; San Antonio, initial use of tactical nuclear weapons in Associate Editor, Greg Olds. Mrs. Mae B. Tuggle, 531 Elmhurst, TA 6-3583; Business Manager, Sarah Payne. Cambridge, Mass., Victor Emanuel, 33 Aberdeen certain circumstances, such as (we may Associate Manager, C. R. Olofson. Ave., Apt. 3A. justifiably speculate) in the event of a Contributing Editors, Elroy Bode, Bill Bram- The Observer is published by Texas Observer Soviet invasion of Europe. Tower does give mer, Larry Goodwyn, Harris Green, Dave Hic- Co., Ltd., biweekly from Austin, Texas. En- a healthy attention to the possibility — 'the key, Franklin Jones, Lyman Jones, Larry L. tered as second-class matter April 26, 1937, at likelihood — of nuclear retaliation, and he King, Georgia Earnest Klipple, Larry Lee, Al the Post Office at Austin, Texas, under the Act Melinger, Robert L. Montgomery, Willie Morris, of March 3, 1879. Second class postage paid at Greg Olds, James Presley, Charles Ramsdell, Austin, Texas. Delivered postage prepaid $6.00 THE COVER Roger Shattuck, Robert Sherrill, Dan Strawn, a year; two years, $11.00; three years, $15.00. Tom Sutherland, Charles Alan Wright. The cover, a photograph of two Staff Artist, Charles Erickson. Foreign rates on request. Single copies 25c; Contributing Photographer, prices for ten or more for students, or bulk Russell Lee. orders, on request. of the South Texas marchers seated The editor has exclusive control over the edi- torial policies and contents of the Observer. Editorial and Business Offices: The Texas at the Capitol steps on Labor Day, None of the other people who are associated Observer, 504 West 24th St., Austin, Texas 78705. with the enterprise shares this responsibility Telephone GR 7-0746. was taken by Shel Hershorn of with him. Writers are responsible for their own Change of Address: Please give old and new Dallas. work, but not for anything'they have not them- address and allow three weeks. seems to have a sane abhorrence of a ther- be practically unbeatable, just as Cowboy monuclear holocaust, but his policy reck- Bill Blakley would have been had he won WE HAVE HOPED that Carr lessly risks this holocaust. Currently he is in 1958. would not be as bad on foreign policy as still urging the President to bomb Hanoi Worst of all, Carr would use his power Tower is — Tower, who led the suicidal and the port of Haiphong. in Washington to cut at Sen. Ralph Yar- Goldwater movement in 1964! Perhaps For a while Carr seemed to have the borough, the only national Democrat in Carr could have tilted the scales back in edge with liberals on policy issues because Texas who has had the tenacity and dura- his favor by taking a thoughtful, pacific he could be expected to vote about the bility to fight the one-party system in stand on Vietnam. But now it is clear that same as Tower on foreign policy and better Texas and stay in office. Carr's election Carr is at least as bad as Tower on this on domestic policy. But on balance Carr would reduce Texas politics to triviality; subject, and if we take Carr's stupid, cal- booted away his chance to significantly everything would be settled here in favor lous statement on atomic bombs in Vietnam differentiate himself from Tower on the of big business. And Yarborough would be at face value, he is worse. issues when he said it's OK with him to victimized by whatever unwholesome deals In the balance, we choose Tower. Our drop bombs on Vietnam. Domestic issues Carr and his pal Connally might make with public life is already too nearly •a farce to simply do not matter nearly as much as Johnson to Yarborough's, and the coun- send Waggoner Carr to the United States foreign issues in this world of total weapons try's, detriment. Senate. In practice many liberals will vote and imminent mass starvation. for Tower or scratch both Tower and Carr Nationally there has been a decline of or go fishing. We do not argue for one or TO THIS POINT in the discus- political independence under President the other of these courses; the distinctions sion the two men seem to be at a standoff, Johnson. Despite the generally liberal posi- between them are too closely related to the but we have not yet considered the question tions of the Democrats under Johnson on way one feels personally. We argue simply, of parties — the two-party system in Texas poverty and integration, the concentration on the basis of the campaigns to date, that and the United States. of power in the presidency and the emer- a vote for Carr is not wise. The Observer's position on party loyalty gent tendency of the Democrats to become Finally, we •suggest that liberals decline has always been that elected party officials the party of big business, considered along to be baited into energy-wasting recrimi- and nominees are duty-bound (unless they with the President's epochal blunders in nations over this race. We have more im- resign their honors) to vote for their par- Vietnam and Santo Domingo, suggest to portant things to do than to exhaust •ur- ty's nominees and that every other citizen is us the need to be concerned on behalf of selves in bitterness and negativism. We free to vote as he wishes in general elec- the persistence of a two-party country and have voters to register and a governor to tions, regardless of which primary he voted the case for independence of judgment as elect in 1968. We have reforms to devise. in. This is a right so basic to democracy, to the presidency in 1968. We have a movement to go on with. LI no political party, no legislative act, can modify or qualify it. Specifically, any citi- zen who votes in a Democratic primary in the spring is legally and morally free to 5he Marc4: 5riumph, 5aoh pick and choose among the candidates in November, however his conscience tells him The Valley farm workers' march to Aus- have in hand a clear understanding of he should. tin was a triumphant event in Texas why Senator Ralph Yarborough does not Texas is a one-party state. This is sick, history. choose to be one of Governor John Con- unhealthy, and disastrous for democracy. The passage of a minimum wage in the nally's cohorts. The governor went to the There is a case, getting stronger, that Texas next session of the legislature is now in- marchers outside New Braunfels and told liberals should move into the Republican escapably a live and hopeful question. No them that, though they were walking 500 Party en masse and fight the reactionaries Texas politician can get away again with miles, peacefully and respectfully, to see for control of it, and there is also new giving the subject the silent treatment. him, he would not greet them in Austin hope that the one-party system can be The Mexican-Americans of this state even if he was in the Capitol; to tell them broken by 1968, but Connally, Carr, Barnes, have now acted together with pride, that the cause of a minimum wage is not et al., are committed to the control of Texas dignity, and unity in a common social urgent, and he would not call a special by their big-business faction of the Demo- cause. The banners of their different or- session for it; to dodge and duck and slip crats. As long as the national Democrats in ganizations—organizations so often weak- aside rather than give his stand on $1.25, Texas let the tory Democrats use Republi- ened by jealousies and carping — were or any minimum wage at all; and to utter cans to beat the liberals in the spring carried side by side to Austin, and their pompous claims about the dignity of his Democratic primaries and then use the leaders shared the criticism and the honor office. He did not seem to realize that it liberals to beat the Republicans in Novem- of what they did together. is the poor who, calling on the governor, ber, this state's politics will be the politics The churches, particularly but not only would lend him their dignity." He insulted of monopoly, privilege, and worse. If Carr the Catholic Church, gave to the march them and thus insulted us all. We rejoice wins this condition is perpetuated. their blessings and sustenance and gave that Senator Yarborough, seeing this, acted If, on the other hand, Tower wins, he will to the message of Christ that we must on his own to greet the marchers to this, take in with him several congressmen (such love our fellow men a new strength in his home city, and to proclaim before them as George Bush in Houston and Jim Collins Texas. and the watching state the justice and the in Dallas) and a number of state legislators The labor movement is stronger and urgency of their cause; yet we lament that to the detriment of the conservative Demo- prouder. Committed now officially, sub- he had to do it. What a sorry governor. cratic establishment. Thus encouraged, Re- stantially, and actively to organizing farm publicans can hope to have a big primary But so, viva la marcha! There is some- workers, the Texas unions are continuuing thing suggestive of a return to reality in in 1968, just at the time when the liberals to resist the fattening self-interest that will need conservatives to be voting Repub- the days since Labor Day. The Farm Bu- has made Labor seem tired to many of reau and the big growers are braced for an lican instead of Democratic, against the the young and idealistic. liberal Democratic candidates. And thus all-out fight against unions. The small The liberal movement in Texas has ad- farmers are harried by rising costs and one can see a way through to a two-party vanced to a new plateau of interracialism Texas by 1968 if Tower wins. their own economic disorganization and and political coalition. No one gave any powerlessness. The Starr County strike We have not had the slightest doubt that serious thought to the fact that here, sit- it would be better for Texas that Tower must be persisted in, expanded to other ting together with indifference to color on areas, financed, sustained. Smaller farm- return to Washington than that Carr go the steps of the Texas Capitol, were there. Texas is not the nation or the world, ers must be encouraged to organize to pro- Negroes, Mexican-Americans, Anglos, shar- tect themselves so they will be abler to pay there's the rub, but considering just Texas, ing the strength of each in the cause of all. Carr's election would entrench the conser- higher wages; the big farmers must be And for liberalism in Texas the drouth is brought to taw. vative Democrats in their one-party death- over ; the breeze quickens, the air cools. PJ lock on Texas politics. Carr, once in, would At the political level Texas voters finally September 16, 1966 3 The Candidates Open Up Carr Stresses His Party Ties Lubbock added : "You all know my record. I am where). Master of ceremonies Carroll Cobb, Some 2,000 home town and area support- for economy in government and am against a Lubbock attorney, had urged that "each ers, filling only a small portion of Lubbock needless spending. But, I'll tell you this person here tonight can play an important municipal coliseum, last week heard Wag- right now : so long as the federal govern- role. . . . Our show, very frankly, is the goner Carr emphasize his Democratic Party ment is going to spend the money it does, largest of its kind ever staged in West membership as a key reason Texas voters so long as federal defense contracts amount Texas. We must show our enthusiasm. . . should elect him to replace Republican to billions of dollars, so long as federal Let this kick-off rally do the selling job John Tower in the U.S. Senate. grants amount to billions of dollars, so long it was designed to do." Yet many of the "When the views of the Texas govern- as Texans can do as good a job as any other ovations seemed neither hearty nor sincere. mental leaders are to be persuasively stated state, I'll fight to see that Texas gets every High school cheerleaders from Lubbock to the leaders of the federal government," last penny of its share." wielded "cheer" and "stop" signs — the Carr said, "who can do that most effective- latter to stop ovations and conserve air ly, a Texas Democrat who has been a part OVERALL the carefully planned time for Carr's speech. of that government for 15 years and who evening went off well, but Carr backers The challenger entered from the rear of has an unparallelled working relationship must be dismayed to some extent by the the coliseum to the roar of "Seventy-Six with its leaders—or a Republican who has sparse crowd, most of whom were seated Trombones" played by the Lubbock High never been a part of it, not for a single on folding chairs on the building's floor, School Band. He, his wife Ernestine, and day!" with perhaps 200 to 300 in the 8,500 per- their son David, 16, were driven in a Mus- Tower, too, by implication, has acknow- manent seats that ring the arena. In the tang convertible to the speaker's stand. As ledged that he feels this point will influence Lubbock afternoon paper, published only they alighted the band played "The Eyes Texas voters. His signboards in Lubbock a few hours before Carr spoke, his cam- of Texas." and across the state do not bear the word paign leaders were quoted predicting an at- The young minister of one of Lubbock's "Republican," and the same is true of tendance of 10,000. Perhaps the complica- largest chuurches intered the invocation (in Tower's campaign literature seen to date. tions of getting back to the post-summer a "stained glass voice," one spectator was Lieutenant Governor Preston Smith, also routine kept many away, and the campaign heard to remark afterwards). The minister of Lubbock, introducing Carr, likewise has not yet begun in earnest, but if Carr prayed ". . . we thank Thee for Waggoner stressed the theme that a Democrat would can't draw a sizeable crowd in his own Carr and his willingness to serve in the serve the state better in the Senate: "As hometown to a rally widely publicized and Senate." one of two Democratic senators from Tex- for which thousands of free tickets were Many of the preliminaries dwelt on as, Waggoner Carr will be an effective distributed, then he has cause for concern. Carr's West Texas background, suggesting force in the majority party that controls The general reasoning goes that Carr must the advantages for the region in having one the United States Senate. No other candi- excite a large turnout Nov. 8; a light vote of its inhabitants in the Senate. Carr him- date can make that statement." would favor Tower. self began his remarks in this vein, lyrically describing his homeland in solemn, hushed Carr criticized Tower's saying on TV's The evening was to have been a gala "Meet the Press" in 1961, "I do not see it syllables: start for Carr's Senate bid, but the disap- "West Texas is a state of mind, as well as my function in Washington to try to pointing turnout had a somewhat. dampen- secure for Texas the expenditure of as as a geographic area. It is cow ponies and ing effect on the enthusiasm of those who Cadillacs, oil and optimism, sand and much federal money in Texas as possible." were there. Though they interrupted the And, Carr added, in 1965 Tower was quoted smiles. It is confidence in a dusty Stetson, candidate by applause 21 times in 30 min- faith in a pair of faded jeans, and hard in the Fort Worth Star-Telegram saying, utes, this may be attributable to the usual "I don't think it is my function to try to get work in overalls at the end of a long cotton pep talk that preceded the television in four row. Our land is like a freckled nose kid defense contracts for Texas." Carr drew West Texas cities (and taping for show- his loudest ovation of the night when he with a frog in his pocket, a grin on his ings later last week and this week else- lips and a stubborn cowlick of obstinacy as a banner." Carr made no mention of Vietnam nor of any other foreign policy issue. In addi- Reports of Presidential Pressure tion to his compatibility with leaders of the state and national governments, he cited Austin Observer to Yarborough's staff have yield- four other areas of concern, all domestic: The Observer has received substantial ed disclaimers that they know anything reports of the visit by a high U.S. Labor about a presidential threat to Yarborough The need to purify the brackish Department official with Houston Negro 1 on appointments. In Yarborough's speech water that underlies much of 'West Texas leaders in which the federal spokesman on Labor Day he referred to those who had conveyed President Johnson's urgings that so it can be used to meet the growing needs "turned their back" on the marchers at of the region and the state. Carr said he has the Negroes back Waggoner Carr all-out New Braunfels ; he made no exception for for senator against Sen. John Tower. All discussed this project with Interior Depart- Carr, who went to New Braunfels with ment officials and has been assured that but one of the Negroes involved were un- John Connally and Ben Barnes. "an economical and practical solution can derstood to have promised explicit support Carr, who told the marchers to beware be found within the reasonable future." for Carr. The U.S. official, George Weaver, of outside agitators who might cause vio- also reportedly told the Negroes that if lence, evidently went dove-hunting the af t- Sen. Ralph Yarborough did not back Carr ernoon of Labor Day when the marchers 2 Distribution of federal education all-out, there would be no more federal and sympathizers were gathered at Zilker grants on a population basis to give Texas patronage for Yarborough, this word pre- Park for a picnic. A Tower supporter more of a share and enable the colleges of sumably coming from Johnson. Obviously known to be reliable told the Observer he the state to retain their better teachers. this last report is political dynamite. Yar- saw Carr at Holiday House at the airport "An unfortunately increasing factor in borough was given news of the Weaver- in Austin Labor Day about 2 :30 p.m. wear- this," Carr said, "is the role being played by the federal government, which results Negro meeting on the eve of the Valley ing a baseball cap, sunglasses, fatigue march's climax in Austin. Inquiries by the in unequal educational opportunities for pants, and boots. Dove hunting season had one section of the country over another." 4 The Texas Observer just opened. He believes Massachusetts and other East- ern colleges and universities, plus those in that is prevalent among some of our fellow De changed in our legislative halls, not in California, have benefited most from Na- Americans that respect for our laws must, our streets." tional Science Foundation grants. in the final analysis, rest upon the whim of each individual. . . . Selective disobedi- 4 Intensified attention is needed to 3 Respect for law must be advocated water and air pollution, highway deaths, more strongly by government leaders. "We ence of law only leads to anarchy. .. . If traffic congestion, booming population, and cannot permit a continuation of the idea our laws need to be changed, they are to urban growth. G. 0. Tower Talks Things Over Austin "Such an uninformed statement by my sound like a warmonger, I abhor the Republican Senator John Tower is cam- opponent points up his lack of experience thought of a thermonuclear holocaust." paigning relaxed. He makes little use of and knowledge in national and internation- written speeches. He talks easily and in- al affairs. It is graphic evidence to Texans Tower expressed satisfaction that the formally. He knows his themes — they are of the vital need to retain experienced, M-16 rifle, the use of which in Vietnam he themes he has been over many times — responsible representation in the Senate." advocated earlier this year, is now being and he knows, too, he wants to avoid any used there. The M-16, he explained, is a .223 fights he can until the election is over. caliber rifle "that uses a much smaller "We have always known," he told the JUST AS CARR had trouble at- round, but it tumbles, and it tends to frag- airport crowd in Austin at the end of his tracting a crowd at Lubbock, Tower did ment. It's much lighter, you can carry three-day, 3,000-mile campaign opener, for his Dallas opener. Carr had perhaps three times as much ammunition." "that the people who back us are people 2,000 at Lubbock, Tower about as many at He does not think that there has been who are unselfishly motivated ... who seek Dallas. Tower's rip-around-the-state tour "any unnecessary bombing of villages that no favors of government. . . . I am not was designed mostly to get local press cov- was calculated." Viet Cong villages are dominated by any politician, regardless of erage and pep up campaign workers. After perched atop whole networks of tunnels, how powerful, or by any clique. In the it was over Tower, tired but in good spirits, he said. And he added, "Those Viet Cong Senate you have to have independence of answered a few questions for the Observer are killing civilians — they do it for a pur- action, you have to be your own man." at the Forty Acres Club near the campus. pose. It's terrorism." During his tour he persisted in his now He has held forth the possibility that an well-known campaign year postures: Asian nations' conference "just might" lead Inflation and tight money result from to peace, but up close the prospect does HOW ARE THINGS in Washing- too much government spending. The ad- not seem strong to him. "The idea," he said, ton? "I think the trend toward executive ministration is guilty of "orgies of profli- "is that you get the Asian countries together domination of legislative initiative has been gate spending." The open housing provision and attempt to solve the Asians' problems. accelerated," he replied. The Congress re- of the civil rights bill is unconstitutional, Ultimately they've got to solve their own claimed some of its prerogatives this year, an invasion of private property rights. The problems. I don't think you could include however, he said. As for the Republicans' Vietnam war should be prosecuted to a Peking or Hanoi under present circum- 1968 presidential candidate, "I wouldn't successful conclusion. stances. Maybe Peking or Hanoi would even predict. Right now it appears that Tower's opponent, Waggoner Carr, was deal with an all-Asian conference, where- Romney and Nixon are the only two con- quoted in the Houston Chronicle Aug. 18 as they wouldn't deal with Western na- tenders in the field. Other possibilities may that he would approve dropping the atomic tions." emerge after the 1966 elections." Naturally bomb to win the war in Vietnam if the With China acquiring nuclear weapons, a question was asked about Goldwater, but Joint Chiefs of Staff recommend it. "They what long-term view of U.S. relations with Tower took his answer off the record. are the professionals. They should decide," China does Tower have? "I believe that The food for peace program would be he was quoted. we've first got to gain their respect. I fine, he said, if we had food surpluses, but Early Saturday morning in Harlington, think we've got to convince those buzzards they are running out. He has voted for Tower said it's time for this nation to stop that war is too costly an instrument of na- farm support programs that tend to work worrying what other nations think as to tional policy to employ." They must be toward a free market, he explains; origin- our actions in Vietnam — "It is time to convinced of this, Tower said, before they ally he was for an end, on a phasing-out bomb Hanoi and to clog the port of Hai- will be willing "to negotiate anything like basis, to all farm supports. He seems im- phong with bombed shipping." co-existence." U.S. relations with Russia pressed by the cost-price squeeze U.S. farm- But Saturday morning in Houston dur- are relatively tranquil now, he said, al- ers are caught in and by the fact that ing his three-day campaign tour, the sen- though there is much strain because of the world food prices are lower than U.S. ator thrust at Carr on nuclear war: Vietnam war. prices. "The people who need the food can't "My opponent is quoted in recent (Aug. With more nations getting nuclear weap- buy it," he said. "If they could, every one 18) Houston and Galveston papers as say- ons year after year, what kind of a world of us could go into agriculture" and, he ing he would approve dropping atomic does Tower visualize? He thinks a nuclear indicated, make good money. bombs in Vietnam if the Joint Chiefs of non-proliferation treaty would not stop To fight high interest, Tower said, he Staff recommended it. Those of us familiar the bombs from spreading without every- favors cutting government spending — he with military affairs and the international one agreeing to the treaty. "I'll spring for took $150 million out of the mass transit situation know that the decision to use nu- disarmament any day when I think we can program and tried, but failed, to get 8900 clear weapons must remain solely with the get good-faith participation on the part million out of the demonstration cities President of the United States. of the communist sphere," he added. But, project, he mentioned with satisfaction. He "I have been to Vietnam and talked to as to how to avoid a world developing in is opposed to suspending the 7% tax credit our commanders there. I see no need in which many nations have the absolute businessmen are allowed on capital invest- this jungle war of infiltration to use city- weapons, he said he didn't know; some- ments, as President Johnson has proposed. times, he said, you just have to face the busting bombs that would destroy civilian What would Tower propose to help the situations that come up and handle them population. people in the ghettoes of American cities? "Under no circumstances would I ap- day to day. "I think the whole key to it," he said, "is prove the use of nuclear bombs upon au- "I've seen what conventional bombs can in educating those people to find employ- thority of anyone but our President. He do to a city, so I can just imagine what ment." Discrimination in any federal ac- alone has available the information neces- nuclear bombs would do. I've seen the tivity is already prohibited by Title VI of sary to make such a fateful decision — a classified figures on the potential of nu- the 1964 civil rights act, he said. R. D. decision upon which hinges world-wide clear weapons, so this is a horrible, bloody peace or war. thing," Tower said. "However much I may September 16, 1966 5 Labor Day in Austin

A Bad Day for the Establishment

Austin Tuesday after Labor Day, avoided the Despite apparent efforts to blunt the Greg Olds main entrance, which he normally uses. thrust of the Valley farm workers and Instead he was driven to the doorway at their supporters, the movement's initial the march. Said the Rev. Sherrill Smith the capitol's east side, departing the same aim, passage of a state minimum wage bill. of San Antonio: "What Connally did real- way for lunch.9 Monday this week a new ly stirred up the Mexican-Americans. It will at least be considered by the legisla- pair were to take the place of Alaniz and was a slap on the hand, a Great White tuure next year, though passage is doubtful. Travino. Gonzales says the sentries will Father-type of thing. What he thought State Rep. Joe Bernal, Democratic nomi- remain until the legislature convenes and was a politically astute move has back- nee for the State Senate from San An- may stay on until passage of the minimum fired. These marchers just sat down by tonio, plans to introduce such a measure wage law. the side of the road and said 'Let's go.' in the Senate. He predicted that at least They rallied themselves."5 The Rev. James William Kircher, national organizing eleven of the 31 senators and "easily over L. Novarro, co-chairman of the march, director of the AFL-CIO, believes that 50" of the 150 members of the House of agreed. "The politicians came, they saw, Connally may change his apparent position. Representatives would vote for the pro- they spoke, but they have not conquered In California, he related, "on Easter Sun- posal today. "I think that with this big or squelched the courage of the Valley day when a farm workers' march came turnout here today," Bernal said, speak- farm workers."6 to the state capitol in Sacramento to see ing of the Labor Day rally in Austin, "a Governor (Pat) Brown, the governor lot of legislators may decide to go ahead Since the Labor Day rally two of the wasn't there. But now he is being attacked and vote for it. The bill should have a valley marchers have maintained a vigil by a lot of extremists for his congratula- fairly good chance of passing." Bernal on the steps of the State Capitol's main tory statements to the farm workers in said he plans an "across-the-board" mini- entrance. Father Gonzales, the other their victory." Politicians have been mum pay bill, calling for a $1.25 floor in march co-chairmen, told them, "There are known to "change their socks" in public all types of employment, including agri- two million Mexican - American farm without it being too embarrassing, Kirch- culture. Possibly excluded would be stu- workers who are depending on you. And er said.9 dent employees younger than 16.1 you," he said, pointing to Benito Travino, 52, "represent one million of them. And Chavez said to the Observer of Con- A number of representatives of nomi- you," he said to Reyes Alaniz, 62, "repre- nally's absence, at the Labor Day rally, nees to the House and senators or Senate sent the other million." Father Gonzales "This is going to bounce back on Con- nominees met in Austin on the eve of the said he wanted the two men to stand in nally. It erects a fence. You know it's not State Capitol rally to discuss the mini- the sun "because you're farm workers a question of being mad, it's a question mum wage bill. The Rev. Antonio Gon- and you're used to the sun. Don't go in- of being hurt. That goes much deeper, zales, a march co-leader, predicted that 80 being rejected." ,representatives will vote for a minimum Nelson announced that a "middle- wage act next year and added "The Sen- sized" Valley melon grower is about ready ate is no problem." to sign a contract paying $1.25 to $1.55 Cesar Chavez of Delano, Calif., presi- an hour. Nelson spent two days just be- dent of the National Farm Workers Assn., fore Labor Day negotiating the pact with said 15 organizers will be at work in the the grower, whose name he won't yet Valley in a few weeks.2 Chavez told the reveal." Observer, "We have to go back to Rio Grande City and have a victory there — CONNALLY'S ABSENCE from that's the most important thing." the Labor Day festivities did not remove Governor John Connally's meeting of him from the attentions of those on hand. the marchers just north of New Braun- From the first hours of Labor Day morn- fels five days before they reached the Shel Hershorn ing, on through to that night, the gover- capitol for a time appeared to have re- nor's attitude, his roadside rebuff, and tarded the momentum and enthusiasm of Gonzales, Yarborough, and Novarro the absence of other state officials were the movement. This apparently was the in- on the Capitol Steps. discussed in virtually every speech, con- tent, as House Speaker Ben Barnes, who, versation, or comment. The campus at St. with Waggoner Carr, accompanied the gov- side, where the air conditioning is, but Edward's University, where the march- ernor to the roadside rendezvous, has since ers had stayed the night before their indicated. "We did that to show them that stand in the sun with your heads up. If it rains, go to the porch [the protected climactic three-mile march down Congress a march is not the correct way to get things Avenue, was overflowing with people, done," Barnes said Saturday in Dallas. entrance way], but remember you are here representing all those depending on signs ("60 cents an hour—Texas brags?"), Spokesmen conceded that the incident's and a festive air Labor Day morning. effect on their morale was damaging for you." Gonzales says that among the Indians, Golfrey Connally, the governor's liberal a time. Eugene Nelson, mainspring of the brother, a professor at San Antonio Col- movement, called Connally's visit a grand- when a chief ignored payment of a debt to a villager, he would squat outside the lege, was among the thousands who had stand play. "I think this was a maneuver gathered. "It's nice to be here," he said. to try and take the wind out of our sails chief's tent until the debt was paid. Con- nally is the chief in this instance, Gon- Asked if he would march, he said he'd and try to cut down on our crowd Labor be "straggling along somewhere." He was Day in Austin," Nelson said.' But, two zales said.' Travino carried a crucifix ; Alaniz, the aware of the attention his presence days later, Connally's rebuff was being caused, but said nothing provocative about interpreted as having put "new spirit" in flags of the United States and of the Roman Catholic Church. Governor Con- that. 6 The Texas Observer nally, entering the capitol building the Texas AFL-CIO president Hank Brown reported at the breakfast Labor Day wage in Texas — not morning that labor groups had contribut- 'if' and 'when,' the ed $17,539 in cash to the marchers. Other senator replied. organizations gave $4,600. Food and cloth- ing were also donated by a number of From the moment church organizations. Nelson set basic ex- Yarborough joined penses of the march at $150 to $200 daily. the march, the spec- Texas Liberal Democrats leader Chris tators, who had most- Dixie of Houston commented over the ly been watching weekend, "I can remember the day when quietly until then, be- labor leaders didn't give a damn whether Mexicans worked for $1.25 a day. Now gan applauding and they are giving this priority, and this de- shouting, "Viva Yar- serves the same support from liberals." borough!" As the marchers moved a- At 9:40 a.m., as the line streamed out long, Pancho Me- onto the avenue, one man yelled, "Where's drano of Corpus John Connally?" "Big, bad John," another Christi, a steelwork- chimed in. The line was held up 20 min- ers' official, strode a- Shel Hershorn utes as the ranks were rearranged into head in his giant Thousands Jam Capitol's South Steps, Grounds columns of two; finally at 10 a.m., all Mexican hat, pointing were under way, cameras popping, police radios crackling around them: "How far toward the senator and shouting, "Viva man up there in plain clothes also took have the marchers gone?" "Is everything Yarborough!" Indeed, this outcry sounded pictures. Another second floor spectator out more than "Viva la huelga!" or "Viva was Connally's top aide, Larry Temple, OK back there?" "Everything's OK." The la marcha!" line of march stretched out 15 blocks, or as the Valley campesinos near- watching the rally from a window in the 1.2 miles, according to an Austin police- ed their destination. governor's reception room. man's measurement. At Eighth and Congress marchers were Plainclothes officers circulated in the B. T. Bonner of Austin said that there singing "We Shall Overcome," lead by a crowd, but the mood was jubilant and no were about 40 Negroes in the march, young man with a guitar. At Ninth, site trouble makers were on hand, though mostly from Huntsville; he had led a of Waggoner Carr's U.S. Senate campaign John Birch Society handbills were being group in a 200-mile march there to Austin headquarters, marchers gave the "thumbs distributed that day. via Houston. In the main the marchers down" sign. One of them broke from the The marchers were seated on the steps were Mexican-Americans, representatives line, carrying a sign that read "down with of the Capitol's main entrance, behind a of labor unions (laborers in Corpus Christi Connally's Country Clubbers," crossing the speakers' stand. Dignitaries joined them, and Houston, steelworkers from Port La- street and propping the sign up against mostly leaders of Latin organizations and vaca), and miscellaneous liberal support- the headquarters, to the crowd's cheers. church and civil rights groups, plus 14 ers •of every description — teachers, col- Just as he returned across the street to state representatives (or nominees) and lege students, housewives, office workers, rejoin the march a patrol car approached five state senators (or nominees), march even state and federal employees. "Con- and hailed him: another marcher re- leaders, Yarborough, and Cong. Henry B. nally's missing a sight, ain't he?" said one trieved the sign, and the crowd booed. At Gonzalez, San Antonio. Near the speaker's steelworker to another. "Yeah! To hell Tenth, a block from the Capitol, the burro stand was a tall, crudely made banner. with John Connally!" came the reply. named "1.25," which had accompanied the Topped by what must have been a relic Twenty-five Latin people seated on the marchers since Kingsville, deposited a of the 1960 Presidential campaign, a red, steps of the Congress Avenue Baptist large mess on the pavement. Lest Sen. white, and blue skimmer hat with Presi- Church applauded the line as it moved by. Yarborough should step in it, Henry dent Kennedy's picture on top, the banner Jack Keever of Associated Press counted Munoz of the AFL-CIO ran up to the read, "Did he die in vain?" Other signs senator and said, 6,500 marchers as they crossed the Colo- "Cuidado, be careful, said, "Search your soul, governor, this is rado River bridge. Downtown the pace don't step on Connally's platform." 12 the 20th century"; "Remember, we can picked up a bit. The streetside crowds At 11:09 a.m. the Capitol grounds were vote"; "Floydada for the NFWA"; "Bee were fairly good; around the downtown reached by the head of the line. A mile County supports the marchers"; "Main- section the spectators were three and four away the last of the group was just com- land Branch NAACP"; "Steelworkers of deep. And they were mostly Latin-Ameri- ing across the Colorado bridge. The march- Dallas County support the farm workers." cans and Negroes; there were, in fact, ers proceeded up the incline of the south Irish Matthews, Austin labor leader, more members of these minorities down- grounds, under the welcome shade of arch- announced the crowd at 25,000. A gover- town this day that one native of the city ing oak trees that line the walk, amid nor's office spokesman placed the figure has ever seen there at one time before. the applause of several thousand more at 2,000.13 Most newsmen agreed 10,000 At Fifth and Congress a band from the supporters who had been waiting on the would be a good guess. Austin Federation of Musicians, seated Capitol grounds. At the steps of the Capi- tol Yarborough seemed to have tears in Matthews began the program: "Ladies on a flatbed truck, struck up "Darktown and gentlemen, welcome to your state Strutters' Ball." At Sixth, U.S. Sen. Ralph his eyes. The marchers trooped silently behind him, Novarro, Gonzales, and Nel- capitol; I'm sorry you don't have a gov- Yarborough joined the march, simply ernor, a lieutenant governor, or an attor- walking forward to its front line. Laugh- son onto the platform. After 64 days and 468 miles the march that had begun on ney general here to meet you. I under- ing and smiling — indeed, exultant — stand they will meet the Rio Grande City the senator strode out firmly the last five the Fourth of July in Rio Grande City was concluded. Ahead were the festivities. people in Rio Grande City later — when blocks onto the Capitol grounds. He had they're through hunting white wings." hoped his appearance would be a surprise, "Impeach the governor," a man's voice but word had preceded him earlier that THE PROGRAM BEGAN un- sounded in the crowd. morning that he had flown in from Wash- der the watchful eyes of three Austin po- Austin city councilwoman Emma Long ington the night before. As he walked lice officers and two State Highway Pa- said, "Sorry the mayor's out of town; along he said that a state minimum wage trolmen, stationed on the second floor sorry the governor's out of town. I con- will be passed eventually in Texas, and he balcony of• the Capitol Building just over sider it a high privilege . . . to welcome predicted that "a lot of the people who the main entrance, commanding a stra- you." are fighting it about a year from now will tegic view of the speaker's stand and be claiming they thought of it." A report- crowd just below. One officer had a Speaking very briefly, Hank Brown said. er told Yarborough Gov. Connally had walkie-talkie; another, after the speeches "I pledge to you on behalf of the 350,000 said he was for better living conditions had begun, began taking photos of the Texas workers" in unions that "we'll be for the farm workers. "I'm for a minimum scene below with a 4x5 camera; a sixth September 16, 1966 7 In 1960, he recalled, he had campaigned Father Gonzales, discarding his text, "day after day and night after night for moved by the presence of his mother and Fancy Meeting You Here the late beloved John F. Kennedy" and had father, declared "We want these people Sen. Ralph Yarborough intended his heard him say, on a number of occasions: to get enough for their people to eat! participation in the Valley marchers' "One hundred years ago, Abraham Lin- "My mother had 18 children and she Labor Day march to the Capitol to be coln wrote a friend: 'I see the storm com- has been working in the fields for 40 a surprise, but when he arrived at the ing. I know there is a God and that He years. She still works in the fields. She airport the night before he ran into hates injustice. If He has a part and a just came back from Minnesota. Why Speaker of the House Ben Barnes. place for me, I believe that I am ready.' should she have to do that? "Well," he said to an associate as they . . . Now in 1960 we know there is a God. "My father has cancer, yet he is work- went to get their bags, "we blew that We know He hates injustice. And we see ing in the field. Forty years migrating to one. I wonder how long it'll take him the storm coming. But if He has a place look for food is too long. to call John." and a part for us, I believe that we are "The wages in the Valley are not 85 ❑ ready." cents. They are 40 cents, 50 cents, and Yarborough added, "If He has a place for sometimes 60 cents an hour. It's a dis- with the farm workers' union until they me, I am ready." grace — a Texas disgrace and a national win justice on their jobs." disgrace!" Yarborough was then introduced by Just as the voice of God came upon the Matthews as "the greatest senator from E QUALLING the excitement, people of Israel, said Rev. Novarro, "so Texas since Sam Houston, one who re- for the crowd, of Yarborough's talk and the voice has come, I believe, to two men fused to drive in an air-conditioned Lin- presence was a telegram from U.S Sen. in this state, Father Gonzales and Rev. coln and tell these people to go home." Robert Kennedy: "I regret that I am un- Navarro. Divine providence itself, and The senator, obviously enjoying himself, able to accept your invitation to address nothing else, could have linked a Roman began: "Amigos, compadres — fellow the Labor Day rally, but you can be sure Catholic priest and a Baptist minister to- marchers. This is a great day in the his- that I share your aspirations and will con- gether!" tory of Texas and an important day in tinue to try to obtain for all farm workers the history of America. a decent standard of living and the pro- "This is my home city. I love it here in tection governing other workers by Amer- AFTER THE RALLY the scene Austin. Some people have said there would ican law." shifted to Zilker Park in southwest Aus- be no state officials here to welcome you tin for barbecue, beer, speeches, singing, Eugene Nelson opened his speech, and conversation. today. However, as our senior U.S. Sen- "Ladies and gentlemen, and Governor ator, I hold the highest elective office" — Albert Pena, Bexar County commission- Connally, wherever you are . . ." Later er, noted that priests, rabbis, and minis- [here he was interrupted by a thunderous he said, "To the little man who isn't here, 20-second ovation] — "and with all the ters were at the rally, "but where was I ask: what are you hiding from, John John Connally? He thought he was still power and good will which the people Connally? Are you hiding from this gath- of Texas can give . . . I welcome you with on the ranch; he thought he was still the ering that asks only justice? Or are you Anglo foreman talking to those little Mex- open arms and a warm heart to my home hiding from your own conscience? On city of Austin." icans back on the ranch in Wilson County, election day, two years from now, there telling the people to go on back home. Yarborough criticized "thOse who will be no place to hide, governor, for a turned their backs on you and on the But we couldn't go back home, we are sleeping giant has awakened in the farm home. Sometimes I wonder what I am; shoulder of the road at New Braunfels workers of Texas and will never sleep tried to bluff you out of your march." I've decided I'm an American, a Texan, again." a Mexican, and a Catholic radical. I'm Those who had marched 500 miles from The marchers are not going back. to Rio Grande City, he said, were "the heroes an American because I was born here; the Valley to surrender or to starve but I'm a Texan, also because I was born here, of Texas" whose deed marked "the be- to fight, Nelson asserted. ginning of an epoch in farm life and the and I'm gonna stay here; I'm a Mexican lifting of people from poverty in this Cong. Henry Gonzalez, San Antonio, because nobody lets me forget it; and I'm great state." who had not been in San Antonio to greet a Catholic radical because if I were a "I've been to many gubernatorial in- the marchers when they marched through Protestant I'd be a Protestant radical, and augurations," the senator continued, "but that city, said, "Today is really a day of if I were a Jew I'd be a Jewish radical." I never saw this many at the inauguration departure. . . . It is not for those of us Senator Barbara Jordan of Houston of a governor as you have here today for who have not marched to make long told the gathering in the park, "You've the inauguration of justice." speeches," but he wanted to say that even heard enough words today; what you real- Yarborough said that long after the if a necessary state minimum wage law ly want to see is us pass a minimum wage march, those who did not march would was passed, it would be "just a fraction bill. Take heart today, for no one is try- say "I wish I had been there that day," and of what must be done." Specifically, he ing to give you anything but what you those who marched would tell their child- said, unemployment insurance for farm justly deserve. You are not begging for ren and their children's children, "I was workers is just as vital, because they work anything. You are not requesting anything; there." only part of the year. He had come, Gon- you are making your demand." "As King Henry V said on the eve of zalez said, "to share with you your goals SOURCES and objectives." He referred to "many of Agincourt, 'Tomorrow is St. Crispin's Day,' 1San Antonio Express, 9-6-66, 2San Antonio and we in it will be remembered — us who may not be active in the march Express, 9-6-66. 3Jacksonville Daily Progress, 9- but are with you every step of the way." 6-66. 4United Press International in the Dallas We few Kircher brought greetings from George Times-Herald, 9-1-66. 5Associated Press in the We happy few Houston Post, 9-3-66. 6San Antonio Express, Meany and advised the farm workers to 9-1-66. 7Houston Chronicle, 9-7-66. 8Fort Worth We band of brothers "drink in all the signs of warmth and Star-Telegram, 9-7-66. 9Dallas Times-Herald, 9- For he who stands with me today shall support you see here today, because to- 4-66. 10Stuart Long in the Corpus Christi Caller, be my brother 9-5-66. "San Antonio Express, 9-6-66. 12Edin- morrow it's back to the old way of life — burg Daily Review, 9-6-66. 13San Antonio Ex- in the fields at 3 and 4 in the mornings, press, 9-6-66. And Gentlemen in England now abed working under a reactionary segment of Shall think themselves accursed they the community who don't want to see you The Observer, in common with the were not here band together." Kircher pointed out that daily press, has been misspelling Rev. And hold their manhoods cheap, whiles ten per cent of the unorganized workers James Novarro's name as "Navarro." any speaks of the country are in Texas. "I give you Novarro's name card at the Labor Day That fought with us upon St. Crispin's the pledge of 15-million AFL-CIO workers breakfast in Austin was misspelled Day." that from now to eternity we will stay Navarro as he confirmed to us this sad behind you until you obtain the goals you report. 8 The Texas Observer set for yourselves," he concluded. THE CONFRONTATION

Austin the din, confusion, and roar of passing CONNALLY. The door to my office is always Governor John Connally decided on the trucks and cars permit. open for the people of Texas for any confer- ences or meetings that they would like to have morning of Aug. 31 that he would go on Rev. Novarro first extended an invitation with me. I personally am not going to be there, down to the Valley marchers on the high- to the governor to meet with the marchers the attorney general will not, the Speaker will way and tell them he would not meet them at the Capitol, but, says Father Gonzales, not, nor will the lieutenant governor. I talked to them this morning. When I decided to come in Austin. He called Atty. Gen. Waggoner "he didn't answer. At that time I extended down here I called each of these gentlemen to Carr and Speaker of the House Ben Barnes, my hand and greeted hiin." The transcript come. The lieutenant governor could not come, but, uh, I have two very distinct feelings abou. who agreed to go with him, and Lt. Gov. begins: this. Preston Smith, who did not agree to go. GOVERNOR CONNALLY Father Gon- zales, how are you. I am not going to be in Austin; therefore I On extremely short noice the newspaper- [The Father goes close to the governor and will not have an opportunity to see you there, men headquartered in the Capitol rushed puts his arm about his shoulders.] but nevertheless I did not want my absence to the marchers. In the tumultuous scene GONZALES. Governor, the Latins love and re- there to indicate any lack of interest in your spect you. problems. ITh . . . at the same time let me say that ensued on the highway three miles CONNALLY. I know that ... I appreciate that. very frankly to you that if I had been in Austin, north of New Braunfels, there happened to GONZALES. We thought it is time that the I do not think I would have met with you, be a young man standing behind Carr, working men and the little man get up and simply because, uh, my door is open, it has been help you do the tremendous job .. . open since this march started on July 4th, and getting nearly everything that was said CONNALLY. Well, give us, give us a chance to it's gonna continue to be open, Reverend down on a Miranda portable tape-recorder say hello. We have the attorney general here. Novarro and Father, for meetings with you and anyone else about these problems. I'm very that he had rented from Studtman's in GONZALES. Good, good. ATTORNEY GENERAL CARR. How do you aware that, uh, of your sincere desire as spir- Austin that very morning. do. itual leaders of this march to improve the Ken Allen had been working in the CONNALLY. Ben Barnes. working conditions and the living conditions BARNES. How do you do. of the people of South Texas . . . as are the Dallas county welfare department when attorney general and the Speaker. I think this CONNALLY. Give us a chance to say hello to is also true of the lieutenant governor. Uh, I he got a scholarship to come back to school these people. as a graduate student in the School of feel very strongly that, uh- [Some laughter. The line of marchers parts, VOICES. Viva la huelga! Viva! Viva la justicia! Social Work at the University of Texas. and Connally, Carr, and Barnes go down the Viva! middle, shaking hands.] He is doing his master's thesis nn the CONNALLY. —you certainly have the right to Valley farm strike and had taken the tape VOICES. Viva la huelga! . . . Hello, how are do what you've been doing. you. . . . I'm Waggoner Carr. Glad to see you. recorder out onto the highway that morn- . . . Viva la justicia! . . . Ben Barnes. I'm Ben I want to compliment you on having a very ing. As he was marching alongside Father Barnes. Waggoner Carr—how are you? Wag- peaceful, a very orderly march. I hope it will Antonio Gonzales and Rev. James Novarro, goner Carr. Glad to see you, how are you? How remain so, and, uh, I want to ask you today to, are you, senorita? I'm Waggoner Carr, glad to as you proceed, if you, uh, insist on proceeding, interviewing them, reporters arrived say- see you. How are you? How are you, ma'am? with the march, then, uh, I want to ask you ing the governor would be there momen- [A truck passes. Gonzales and Rev. James to be, uh, very careful to see that the march, tarily. "I just changed tapes, put a fresh Novarro speak with reporters. Then Novarro uh, does remain, uh, very orderly. begins a colloquy with Connally.] NOVARRO. That's why Father Gonzales and one on," he says. Following along behind NOVARRO. I feel, Governor Connally, that . . . I are co-chairmen of the march, and this is a Carr, Allen kept the mike right at Carr's you can see in this effort and this march the march for justice, and it is being held on the shoulder throughout the historic con- representation [of the Mexican-American, the principle of human dignity. And honor. frontation. About a third of the way Latin-American population] and you as our CONNALLY. I'm delighted that it is, and again governor would be sensitive to those needs and I want to make it very clear to you as through, Eugene Nelson, the leader of the to that awakening and to the solution of that leaders and to all of those who have marched strikers in Starr County, got there; about great problem that is throughout this state .. . from Rio Grande City, those who have been in two-thirds of the way through, Hank and I'm sure that although you say you will the march, those who have been sympathetic not be able to be with us on the fifth of Sep- with the march along the way, that, uh, my Brown, state president of the Texas AFL- tember on Labor Day, that after that period personal ears or the ears of government are CIO, arrived. The Observer took down as or that time, you will leave the door open for never deaf to the needs of the people of this full a transcript of the tape recording as conferences by all of those involved for further state. We're very aware of—I hope you also consideration. understand, however, that there is always some reluctance on the part of those of us who occupy positions of leadership, it certainly is true of me, that, uh, there are ways and there are methods by which you achieve your ends. Again I recognize fully that you men are spir- itual leaders . . . as Father Gonzales said . . . it's not prepared to discuss the problem of wages as such but which, acting as spiritual leaders, I can't do anything but applaud your concern, for the people of this state, and I do so. I hope you also understand, however, that as governor I'm aware of the fact that things can get out of hand in marches as they have elsewhere in the United States, and that's the last thing we want in Texas- NOVARRO [interrupting]. This march — I want to express appreciation to the Highway Department, to every police department, to the sheriff's department of every county through which we have marched, for their safe—for their courtesy, for taking care of the march, for the protection that they have lent us, and that this group has gone the second mile in, in trying to hold this march on the highest level of human dignity and the quest of justice, and there has been no provocation and will never be by this group of anyone. We will march in silence. We have been marching with dignity and, uh, we have sought and earned the respect of sympathizers and critics as we have marched, and the image of this march over United Press International more than 400 miles is good and has not created any incidents that would in any way Governor Connally with Father Gonzales on the highway outside New Braun- be applied either to our state ... [truck passes]

fels; Barnes and Carr look on. September 16: 1966 9 and we wish your best wishes to arrive safely in Austin. GONZALES. Governor, I wanted to ask another question. I believe that your concern for the state is great and that you flew back to South America to see that these 17 people . . . that died a tragic death. We feel that many more every year die a tragic death of hunger, and we know the Latins all are going to feel that be- cause of this hunger the 17 people that . . . [truck passes] . . . march 400 miles, and if they don't get their reception. . . . How would you answer that to them? CONNALLY. Well, Father, I'm answering it by my presence here today. These are the people as I understand it who have been marching, and you and Rev. Novarro have been leading them, and I'm here today to tell you that I am aware of the problems and I am concerned about the problems, and we've been trying in every way that we know how to do something about it. There's no question but what the prob- lems of the Latin-Americans or the Americans of Latin extraction, uh, have economic prob- lems, there's no question about that; they have wage problems, there's no question about that; they have problems of education, there's no question about that. Now I also want all of these people to know, and people all over Texas to know, that, uh, we have not been sitting idly United Press International by unaware of your problems, Father. We have, we have, uh, through our own state activities, Connally, Barnes, and Carr meet the marchers. and through the federal government programs, have attempted to do everything that we know recognize that there's not any easy solution to tendents into my office. We personally encour- how to do—as you well know in 1963, recogniz- it, either. aged school boards all over this state to use ing that much of the problem emanated from GONZALES. No, I understand, that's why we're those funds, and consequently last year we had a lack of education, we started schools for helping you- more Head Start programs than any state in migrant workers, which were expanded, uh, in CONNALLY. —And that's why we have tried to this union, we had more pupils involved, and 1964, expanded in 1965, [to] where we now have approach it from many different aspects, this we did it at a lower cost per pupil in any 20,000 young people in these schools. is why we've used every available dollar that state in this union. You must know that with the use of poverty we could of the poverty funds—in Head Start Now we're not here to say that we don't have funds that we have engaged in a program of programs, in neighborhood youth corps pro- a problem, I know we do, Father, there's no adult education. As a matter of fact, over 56,000 grams, in preschool programs, in adult educa- question about it, and I want to help you do adults, largely of Latin extraction, are now tion programs, in literacy programs, in pro- something about it, and I'm going to continue engaged in these programs. We have one-fifth grams for the children of migrant workers, to lend my professional efforts and the efforts of all of them in the United States. We're trying to upgrade in every way that we know of my office to bring about some improvements, certainly aware that one of the basic roots how. because, uh, but frankly one of the really basic of the problems, the social problems, the eco- [Gonzales interrupts. Henry Munoz, Jr., equal things as you well know, as anyone else knows nomic problems, revolve around education of opportunities director for the Texas AFL-CIO, that's studied the problem at all, we have to people, and, uh, so we have done everything interrupts over Gonzales' interruption.] start in the foundation of education of these that we know how to do and will continue to do HENRY MUNOZ. I believe the attorney gen- people. it in order to try to upgrade the, uh, the eral doesn't take too kindly to federal interven- MUNOZ. Well, governor, we elected you, we quantity and the quality of education. tion— worked for you, we believe in you. [A truck passes, drowning out the clamor.] GONZALES. We need 231,000 votes in Texas to VOICES [in the background]. Viva! Viva! CONNALLY. These are not all federal funds- decide an election, but we have twice that EUGENE NELSON. Governor Connally, I'm uh—if you will recall we started the schools many. Eugene Nelson. with state funds, solely with state funds, special CONNALLY. Well, I certainly agree that CONNALLY. How are you, Mr. Nelson. schools for the children of migrant workers in whether they had any votes or not is really im- NELSON. We appreciate your being here—I 1963 before there ever was a poverty program. material, because there really is a problem hope you'll be in Austin on Labor Day. MUNOZ. The LULACS-- and I think all of us have to lend our best CONNALLY. No, I, I will not be in Austin on GONZALES. We feel that, uh, I'm for poverty efforts to the solution of the problem whether Labor Day, and that's why I came down today, they have any votes or not. That doesn't have to say that I would not be there. This is Speak- programs, and programs of this nature are to be compared with charity. Charity cannot be anything to do with it. er Barnes, General Carr over here, Waggoner [Confusion. The voice of Father Sherrill Carr. We did, I did not want, nor did the practiced without justice. And we believe it's time for two million people that are underpaid Smith of San Antonio is heard, muffled.] Speaker nor the lieutenant governor, want our CONNALLY. I hope that's not so, Father, we've absence to be interpreted by you or anyone else —anti-poverty programs cannot be implemented without having at least a minimum wage. We —uh—we've, uh, tried as best we know how to as an indication of lack of interest in the prob- educate 'em, to make special schools available have none —we have no protection—no recourse lems of Texas, because we are concerned with to 'em, to make special programs available to 'em, we're concerned with them at all levels, —the working man can work for 35 cents and what can he do?—because he—What do you 'em. . . . and we're going to continue to be concerned FATHER SMITH. Well, what are you doing with 'em. Now as I told Father Gonzales and think? CONNALLY. Well, what are the facts? to keep 'em there? Rev. Novarro a moment ago, I think if I had [More confusion.] been in town, if I did not have a previous com- MUNOZ: The facts are, governor, that, we have CONNALLY. I think obviously by constantly mitment, I still would not have met with you, —these are figures put out by the Department improving their economic status.. . . in all candor and in all frankness—and this is of Education not too long ago, sir . . . the [The words, "$1.25 an hour," are heard in the the only way that I know to speak to people, figure of 167,000 migrant farm workers. This din.] because I don't, I'm not unaware of difficulties again, I quote the Texas Good Neighbor Com- CONNALLY. I understand—again, all I know that have arisen out of marches throughout mission . . . here is the figure of 1965 of 167,000 is from the public press—what you've had in this nation, and, uh, these marches for various people, and increased by 38,000 in one year— mind. I'll be delighted— . . . but I'll be glad to causes have resulted in riots and bloodshed for people making less than $1,000. . . . We are listen to any request that ,you— and loss of life and loss of property. Fortunate- leading the nation in dependent children— [An unidentified San Antonian and Connally ly [truck passes] . . . Nevertheless, I want to because my figures out of the U.S. Department have an incomprehensible exchange.] make it clear that my door has been open of Education—over 350,000 dependent children since July 4th and will continue to be open whose parents make less than $2,000 a year. NELSON. We have marched from the Rio to the leaders of, uh, of any group to talk We lead every state in the nation, including Grande Valley to meet you in Austin on Labor about wages or working conditions or any other Mississippi—and Alabama. Your own figures Day. I think it's appropriate for you to meet problems in this state that, uh, but I do, uh, I from the Texas Education Agency tell us that these farm workers and the other people that do not feel that as governor of this state that we have [figure garbled] functional illiterates. have come to see you on Labor Day: I think it's I should, I should, uh, lend the dignity, the I believe sir, that you made a speech in Dal- a disgrace . . . the farm workers are working prestige, of an office to dramatize, uh, uh—any las. . . . [Shouting. Trucks pass.] . . . 50 cents for 40 cents to 85 cents an hour in this state. particular march, and so I would not have been and 85 cents and they go to work- I think that it's more in accord with the free with you even if I had not had a previous com- private enterprise system to pay a living wage CONNALLY. We recognized this problem long than to try to fight poverty through the war on mitment. I want to make that clear. before you started this march, that's why we But, uh, at the same time, I, I want you all poverty, and that's why I've come to ask for started all these programs that we have in the your help regarding that you take the leader- to know that, uh, I grew up in South Texas, I state and using federal funds, and Father, I think I'm somewhat familiar with the problems, ship and, uh, ask for a minimum wage in the must respectfully disagree with you, I don't state of Texas—will you do that? Father, that you, that you- believe that using all these federal funds is GONZALES. You are not familiar with the two charity. I think we have to use federal funds CONNALLY. Are you asking me, uh, I see from million people- or state funds or anything else we can to meet the press you want me to call a special session? CONNALLY. Yes, sir- what obviously is a serious problem, and that's NELSON. Yes, we do. GONZALES. —that are underpaid. why I've encouraged every community in this CONNALLY. The answer to that is No, L will CONNALLY. I sure am, I sure am, and I state, particularly in South Texas, to organize not. This problem did not recently originate community action programs, to engage in Head nor is it going to be readily solved in the next 10 The Texas Observer Start programs—I personally called superin- few months. I've had many requests for special sessions from many different groups, all of Texas from Mexico. Texas is not the only his- the attorney general, and the Speaker get in whom had real problems. I tell you categoric- tory someone can read in one book, but as a the governor's car. Marchers approach the ally today that I will not call a special session matter of fact it's written in the books that the Lincoln Continental and poke their signs up to for this purpose because I don't think the way the Latins got together to separate Texas the windows. The governor and his associates urgency of it is of such a character that it has because of injustices from Saltillo, and they drive away. Reporters cluster around Hank a compelling nature to it. so the answer to that got stabbed in the back. I think that we're Brown, state president of the Texas AFL-CIO.] is no. coming to you because we have gone to Saltillo, HANK BROWN. I have never seen as much NELSON. I think it's very urgent. People in the now we're going to Austin. We got no reception unity among Mexican-Americans as I see at Rio Grande Valley don't have enough to eat in Saltillo, we got separated and then the this hour in Texas—LULACS, PASO, GI Forum, and don't have decent houses to live in—I say hordes from the North came in and changed every Mexican-American group, and we have it's extremely urgent. the language to English, and there we are, purposely played a back seat, except now that CONNALLY. I'm sure there are people, I'm second rate citizens. We been fighting for this they're chartered under the AFL-CIO banner sure there are people who have substandard cause for over 150 years and it's your turn, we're going to raise more money and feed 'em housing . . . all over this state, all over this Mr. Governor—I wish you would be there. and house 'em and then raise the additional nation, all over this world, and I think there's [A deafening clamor.] money that's necessary . . . in order to organize never been a time in the history of this coun- FATHER SMITH. Did you not say, Mr. Gov- these people—Because the only way this prob- try when government as such at the federal ernor, that you would not meet us even if you lem is ever going to be resolved is to organize, level or the state were more aware of it or happened to be in Austin. Do you think that get a union contract, get a steward to take care attempting to do more about it than we're this is a bad way to come to see you? of the grievances, and then they'll take their doing right today, and I'm grateful for your CONNALLY. Yes, I think basically it is, Father place in the sun with the rest of the workers interest. I think it's appropriate that you are Smith, because of what is occurring elsewhere of the industrial world. . . . A brief meeting concerned about it, and well you might be. Uh, in this land with respect with marches that in the sun between the governor and the Mexi- but, again I hope that we always keep things in have resulted in riots, bloodshed, loss of life can-American farm workers is not going to perspective, and that, uh, that those of you and loss of property. You don't need a march to resolve their problems. . . . who are men of reason and intelligence will not come see me, Father Smith. If you put it in a A REPORTER. One of the speakers made expect the impossible of anybody. posture that you wanted to march for a drama- several references to political implications of NELSON. Governor, we're not expecting the tization of a social problem— this thing. What do you think about— impossible—we're 'just expecting the possible, FATHER SMITH. Which is legitimate in it- BROWN. I think it has grave political implica- a minimum wage of $1.25, which is only reason- self— tions. I think the governor and a candidate for able. CONNALLY. —which is legitimate in itself, the U.S. Senate and another man who's making NOVARRO. Governor Connally, I feel that this that's fine. I'm here so that no one could ever speeches like he is running for an office—it's march represents the aspirations and longings say that you couldn't see me, because I've come been reported that he's seriously considering of the Spanish-speaking people of the State of to see you. running for governor if and when Governor Texas. In order to feel that our undertaking— SMITH. In effect you've cast aspersions on us, Connally moves on to some other reward—the and I believe that this represents the awaken- Governor. . . . mere fact that they took time to come out here ing of people—and I believe that your position CONNALLY. No, sir. in the hot Texas sun and meet with these people and statement as indicated here will invoke SMITH. We're not in the ghetto of Chicago. . . . indicates that they are concerned about the far-reaching political consequences in the state CONNALLY. I understand that. [Confusion] political considerations. The Mexican-American for years to come, and I feel that the march, in . . . the purpose of talking to you. for too long supported candidates with mealy- significant symbolism of it, will extend for a GONZALES. Governor, a hundred years we've mouthed platforms. The time has come when long time to come. The Spanish-Speaking been talking. . . . We don't want talk. We don't they are going to start drawing the historical Americans in Texas, as you know, have been want committees. . . . Governor, you know Travis line and all those that are not willing patient and long-suffering, and this is the first that as well as I do. Why, why pussyfoot? I for a decent living, decent standards, decent symbol of unity and cooperation that has been think that the thing is a problem of hundreds housing—and the only way a man can get found . . . and I wish that you had been. . . . of thousands of Latins. They love you, because those things is through decent wages. And I VOICE. On to Washington! On to Washington! —they already do, 80% of the votes in many don't think he can get 'em even with the mini- NOVARRO.... I hope, sir, you as our governor cities. mum wage, he has to be organized and have can reflect upon this situation and having met CONNALLY. I think they did it because they someone to process his grievances, someone to us and will be able to arrive at more construc- feel that I have a sense of compassion about represent him. The bulk of these people un- tive conclusions as you go back to Austin. . . . I them and their problems, and I do and I'm fortunately have been deprived of a decent believe, sir, that even if you do not call a spe- going to continue to have. education because of our system. cial session of the legislature, that the climate NOVARRO. Do you feel this march represents the aspirations and longings of Mexican- [The reporters leave, and the marchers walk of the new legislature will be far more healthy on toward Austin and the Capitol.] R.D. any sympathetic.. .. Americans? CONNALLY. Rev. Novarro, again let me point CONNALLY. I think this march does represent, out to you that I have attempted to treat all uh, a pent-up emotion of tho Latin-American, of the people of the state with fairness, with there's no question about that— justice, with equality, and I think we've made [Shouting. Much confusion.] greater strides since I've been governor than NOVARRO. Would you commend this march? we've made in a long, long time. Uh, I know CONNALLY. I commend it in the sense that that I have appointed more Mexican-Americans . . . you are using the march in order to point Cesar to positions of responsibility and authority than up a problem that is a real problem . . . beyond any governor in the history of this state. . . . any question. I commend it for its order. I [Shoutings of Viva! in the background] ... over commend it for the peaceful aspects of the three times that many, over 3,300 of 'em work- march. People • have beyond a question a right ing in the state government. . . . to engage in this march. . . . and I hope that Chavez' when you are joined by additional people, that GONZALES. Let me tell you how I feel about you will do everything in your power to see the HemisFair. These Latin-American countries that— to the South of us are cousins and we love [Confusion. Shouting. Music. "Brown for gov- them as much as they love us—We have never ernor!"] Plan spoken out. They always think we are the weakling. They say we're ready, and I say, for CARR. . . . but we don't want violence. I want what? We don't need your help . . . Our prob- you to be prepared for anything that might Austin lem is different from the Negro. We've got al- happen. We're here to compliment you on the way you've conducted your march. But there Cesar Chavez speaks excellent English most a dozen nations to the South of us, and we are others of whom you might not even know think your trips out there would not be of the that have appeared in other states who might and of course excellent Spanish. When he best interest to us, two million people here, the create violence. . . . makes a speech he talks clearly and calmly, Latins, and then this problem here, and then We're not concerned about your people. The saying what he has to say, without his- we didn't originate this problem, you didn't governor stated my position exactly as attorney originate this problem, the problem has been general, we're very complimentary with the trionics or pauses for applause. He is con- born because the last 20 years 40 cents they've way you've done, and we're proud that you and been paying, 50 cents they're paying, I hear fident of his intelligence, and he responds other leaders of the church are here . . . but so quickly that he seems to be saying what some of them are paying 60 cents and 65 cents, I'm just calling to your attention that there 85 cents, but that's nothing to brag about; but, may be others there who may cause problems— he is thinking at the same time he's think- this problem is here, and when you go down as We are interested in keeping that down also, the leader of the state, and these two million ing it ; that is, he is "articulate." He seeks we assure you of that. Be sure to warn your neither the microphone nor the head table, people here, how are you going to say to the people of that so that they may be prepared Latin-American people to the South, come should something happen. nor, in a crowd, the prominent men. He is over here, and then have two million people here. . . . BARNES. And one bad incident could destroy inclined just to be standing somewhere; at the entire preparations of your whole march Zilker Park during the picnic after the CONNALLY. Father, I don't want to get into all these miles, the hundreds of miles that these any dialogue about the relative conditions of people have marched with their true convic- Labor Day rally, he sat on the grass alone people in this state and people in other coun- tries.... tions could be destroyed by an incident in by a bush. People gather around him, and [The governor looked downward, smiling.] Austin on Labor Day- he talks freely and easily to whoever they I've just come back from some of those coun- GONZALES. You have to practice justice- are about whatever they want to talk tries, from Panama and Venezuela and Brazil, CARR. You must be prepared now for outsiders and I assure you that the situations are not who may try to cause violence. . . . even wear- about. He looks like an Indian of the South- comparable, but that doesn't alter the fact that ing uniforms, things of this type. . . . Let's not west, a thick, heavy shock of black hair we can't be satisfied because our conditions let that occur in our state. I've stated before and his placid features and his belly that he here, our wages here, our living conditions here, and I'll state again that I think that these are far superior to those in those countries. . people at 85 cents an hour are getting too low carries easily over his belt. He is at peace GONZALES. A hundred and fifty years ago the a wages. Latins originated the idea of how to separate ["The Eyes of Texas" is sung. The governor, September 16, 1966 11 with himself, one supposes because he is plained about the high grass slowing down doing what he wants to do. He is the man their picking, so "they disced the grass." who started in California what a top auto- In past years a grape picker might be workers' official called, in Austin last week, stung by wasps two or three times a day. a third revolution (the industrial revolution The contract called for spraying the vine- and the unionizing of the thirties, the civil yards against wasps. Now every worker rights revolution, and now the farm work- stung gets medical attention, and the first ers' revolution,) yet it seems to be the week the medical bills were $600. This truest thing to say about him that he is a gave the company an incentive to spray nice man. the vineyards, Chavez says with a gentle In California, as in Texas, the Catholic amusement. The contract called for ice-cold Church has been a vital support for the Barry Cohen water and also plain water, without ice. farm strikers; there as here eight bishops Chavez •says the company put in a 20- endorsed their cause. But Chavez remarks Cesar Chevez at Zilker Park gallon tank of water with five pounds of that it was the Presbyterians who first ice that would not chill that much water, came across with $5,000 that tided them with us. This was very difficult. One woman said she couldn't, and I told her, so the workers would leave the faucets over the crucial first two weeks of the running and then complain there was no strike in Delano, and support came from `You have to.' The way she said it was, 'I can't get my hand to do it.' Then they water, cold or otherwise. After three days countless other sources. "The need is for of this "they got the idea." The contract support without interference," he says. recruited and organized workers outside the company's camps and brought them called for first-aid kits on each trailer and "The farm workers need support, and they each tractor, but at first, Chavez says, will make mistakes, but let the workers into the camps. But we turned 'em around." There were five ethnic groups involved, there was only tape and gauze, "so every make their own decisions. Pick 'em up and morning a number of items were disappear- help along the way." Mexican-Americans, Flipinos, Japanese, Negroes, and Anglos. The Teamsters, ing." When the first-aid kits were provided, Chavez says that he was much impressed this stopped. when, as the marchers entered Austin, B. T. Chavez says, used the racial question with Bonner's East Texas marchers joined them. the Anglos, saying that Chavez' N.F.W.A. Southern Negroes are also farm workers, is "a Mexican union run by Mexicans and IRCHER, who was on the scene you'll lose your jobs." K and they need to be organized, he says, but during the Delano strike, sees some dif- the leaders for this must come from the Despite the 210 dismissals, Chavez says, ferences between Delano and Rio Grande South itself. The night before Labor Day, the N.F.W.A. had about ten supporteis left City. In Sacramento, the state Capitol Chavez and Andrew Young, executive di- inside the four DiGiorgio camps around where the California march climaxed, the rector of Dr. Martin Luther King's South- Delano, including three foremen. "Most of farm workers were in control; here they ern Christian Leadership Conference, met the workers are Catholic. They can enjoin were not. (It was one of the ironies of the at a reception during the Texas Liberal us from picketing, but they couldn't enjoin Labor Day rally that not one campesino Democrats' meeting in Austin. They com- us from worshiping," he says. They •mpro- spoke. They sat silently, taking a few bows, pared notes; they agreed that they must vised a shrine on the back of a 1953 Mer- listening to the speeches of the priests, keep on working. Yet Chavez' movement is cury station wagon (candles, the Virgin, ministers, rabbis, labor leaders, and poli- fundamentally different from the civil the Crucifix,) and held prayer meetings ticians.) Farm workers can be led out of rights movement: Chavez wants labor outside the camps every night. The workers a field, Kircher says, but they must have a unions. The Southern Negroes demonstrate would come out and pray, and "after that structure of a union to carry them forward against discrimination; Chavez and the we'd talk." To say mass, Chavez says, "We then; he doubts that the union in Rio farm workers strike against economic op- had a priest who had an airplane. He was Grande City is as strong as Chavez' in pression. If thds seems too boldly colored a really shuttling back and forth!" Delano. The new AFL-CIO farm workers' contrast to paint, listen to Chavez as he The Teamsters had suggested, through organizing charter is national and thus talks. one of their officers, that they would take authorizes organizing farm workers any- the packing sheds and N.F.W.A. could take where in the U.S. "We are committed to the fields, Chavez recalls. Chavez' response Texas," Kircher says, "but specifically HIS UNION, the National Farm was, What about the AFL-CIO's packing what, we don't know yet." Workers Assn., has just won, 531-331, an house workers? The Teamsters of course It's difficult even to visualize how farm historic representation election against the could care less. "The company invited them workers can be organized. Crops change, so Teamsters to decide which would repre- in. They thought they had it made," he does work ; the workers fnove from one sent the workers at DiGiorgio Corporation. says. Bill Kircher, national organizing di- field to another, they leave the state for "When DiGiorgio felt that they were not rector for the AFL-CIO who was one of work in the north or west. How did Chavez going to get away from a union," Chavez several top U.S. labor leaders in Austin for overcome this? says, "they brought the Teamsters in. The the climax of the Valley march, says the company assigned its own supervisors to Delano newspaper, an ultraconservative "We started in the crop that has the least organize the workers for the Teamsters." sheet, editorialized that the workers should turnover," he says. "You have to be in Admitting he doesn't know that there was join the Teamsters and reprinted a Team- trees, vines, citrus. Lettuce, cantaloupes .. . a deal between the company and the Team- ster leaflet in half tone on its front page. they plow under the field, it disappears sters, Chavez says anyway, "I think the Birch literature was distributed (in one ad- right under your feet, and you have deal was that they would sign a contract mitted case by a Teamster, Kircher says) nothing to picket — you can't picket a for $1.40 an hour and a dime more the sec- saying the Chavez-led strike was tied up vacant field. With real union contracts, we ond year. They [the Teamsters] came in with communists. The Birchers "know can move into the other fields. offering a minimum wage but never said we're Americans and Christians," Chavez "One of the big problems is that there how much. We wanted a $1.75 minimum." says. "They know we're not communists. is so much specialization in crops," he says. Challenged by the powerful Teamsters, What really gripes me is they give the A farmer might go in for strawberries be- Chavez says, "We were scared. We just communists all this credit. I wonder if cause he gets a bigger return. A farmer kept fighting back. There's no National they're not the biggest promoters of com- specializing in grapes must accept a lot Labor Relations Act participation for farm munism." of inactivity the better part of the year as workers, so there's no such thing as unfair Victorious, Chavez' union members last a farmer and for his workers. "One of the labor practices for us. The company fired week had an average work-week of forty things that can be done if the union comes 210 of our workers. They had a super-police and a half hours and an average wage of into power and we have some meeting state. To get hired you had to sign a $148.95. Grape picking is done at piecework ground with the growers," Chavez says, Teamster card, so we had to convince our rates, and "they're weighing the grape "is to encourage crops that can be rotated people to sign Teamster cards and then vote now" and discovering that they have been and keep the workers there. The growers picking a lot more grapes than they thought don't consider the working force now. They 12 The Texas Observer they were, Chavez says. The union corn- (Continued on Page 14) THE TEXAS OBSERVER

Carr ZOyakieJ Waggoner Carr has not held a re- tators who are most likely to provoke could be tied to a tax bill (3/28/59). sponsible position in Texas public life trouble." Carr also hailed the bill to Carr subsequently met secretly in the since 1959. Much, therefore, has been close schools rather than integrate, if Commodore Perry with businessmen forgotten. The Observer wishes to re- there was any threat of violence, as a and lobbyists, including Herman view the record of Carr's support of bill making it clear that the legisla- Brown, Ben Bolt, and S. J. Hay, the big business, racism, and the enemies ture "had rather have no public Observer reported the next week. of Senator Ralph Yarborough, rely- schools at all than to have their chil- Daniel's tax bill, including business ing on back issues of this newspaper dren march to classrooms with bayo- taxes, passed the House in a 1959 with dates cited in parentheses. nets at their backs" (12/13/57). special session despite Carr's efforts Carr owed his election as speaker (Tom Reavley, whom this news- to juggle the rules so it could not come of the House of Representatives in paper has endorsed for attorney gen- up (5/30/59). Carr then stacked the 1957 to moderates and liberals, to eral, told the Texas Press Assn. the House conferees on taxation 3-2 whom he made assurances of fair NAACP registration bill was "nothing against the House's own bill and did play. He had been a member of the but a restriction upon freedom of not even appoint its author, George old "Gas House Gang" in 1951, and speech" (1/31/58). Hinson of Mineola, as required by his assurances were taken on trust. Pool introduced a bill in 1957 re- time-honored custom in the House. He at once appointed reactionary W. quiring a run-off for the Senate elec- His conferees gutted the bill for the S. Heatley chairman of state affairs, tion. A hundred votes were necessary gas lobby by striking out the taxes, to which he sent bills he wanted in the House. One day, the bill had approved by the House, on natural killed. Heatley stuck four lobby con- only 90; the next, 103, with which it gas pipelines and interstate corpora- trol bills in a pro-lobbyist subcom- was rammed through. The switches tions (6/20/59). mittee (3/5/57). Carr appointed a were caused by pressure from Carr Carr's tax bill was defeated by his conference committee on lobby legis- and his floor leaders. ("I did it as a own House, 121-27. The House was lation 4-1 against the stricter con- personal favor to the Speaker," said disgusted with him and rebellious. ception of the bill advocated by Gov. Rep. Malcolm MacGregor.) The Ob- The Observer editorialized, "Carr be- Daniel (11/22/57), then rammed the server editorialized, "Everybody knew trayed his own House, sided with the ensuing bill, a sham, through the on the face of it the bill was meant to Texas Senate and the gas lobby" House. gut Ralph Yarborough." (February, (6/20/59). Answering publicized talk Carr attended a meeting of Hous- 1957.) of impeaching him, Carr histrionically ton's White Citizens' Council, which With Carr's full support, the 1957 told the House, "If it be your desire to paid his expenses there. A picture session doubled state college tuitions oust me, then be at your work," left taken during the meeting showed Gov. (4,'8/57). the chamber, and minutes later re- Marvin Griffin waving, a Confederate In 1959, Carr's revenue and tax turned to a standing ovation from flag in the background, and Carr ad- commit tee was overwhelmingly roughly a third to a half of the mem- vancing behind Griffin, smiling slight- weighted for the sales tax, and he bers (7/18/59). ly (11/1/57). himself endorsed a "gross receipts" The Observer has now fulfilled its Rep. Joe Pool, Dallas, introduced a tax which looked very much like a duty of reminding voters that as bill to require any organization to general sales tax and which, the Ob- Speaker of the House, Carr served the register and furnish a list of its mem- server editorialized, "Gov. Daniel well gas lobby, the supporters of the gen- bers to any county judge who told it named a 'gross deceits' tax." Meeting eral sales tax, the lobbyists who were to do so. This was the anti-NAACP with the appropriations committee in watering down the lobby control law, bill. Carr said, "This is a bill designed secret, Carr tried to forestall all in- and the segregationists. to ferret out sneaky, nefarious agi- creases in state spending until they

Arthur M. Schlesinger quotes JOHN F. KENNEDY: "SOMETIMES PARTY LOYALTY ASKS TOO MUCH" .. . He spoke gloomily about the Massachussetts Democratic Party: "Nothing can be done until it is beaten . . . badly beaten. Then there will be a chance for rebuilding." From A THOUSAND DAYS—John F. Kennedy in the White House (p. 31).

Free copies of this editorial available upon request. Also free upon request, our bumper sticker (This Car NOT for Carr/ "SOMETIMES PARTY LOYALTY ASKS TOO MUCH"—JOHN F. KENNEDY). Write, THE REBUILDING COMMITTEE 1317 South Congress Ave., Room 102, Austin, Texas 78704).

Contributions, large or small, to carry on the work of THE REBUILDING COMMITTEE will be appreciated—and put to good use. (Pd. Pol. Adv.) THE REBUILDING COMMITTEE Archer Fullingim, Kountze, Chairman (Continued from Page 12) spoke only a few words. "I bring all of you Chavez told the Texas crowd of winning consider the market, other costs; if we can very warm and fraternal greetings," he the DiGiorgio contract and that their goal once get them to consider the worker, we said. He told them Governor Pat Brown had been, not $1.25 as in Texas, but $1.75, can change that pattern." had not met them in California at all, and "as a beginning." He concluded: Unions might encourage farmers not to this had so weakened him in California "We have suffered. We have struggled. be wasteful of lower-grade production, that later he helped get an independent We will continue to struggle. We will con- Chavez said. "In a tomato field only Grade arbitrator appointed who set aside an early tinue to suffer. We will, we must, and we A tomatoes are picked. At least 40% of election at DiGiorgio which the N.F.W.A. know in our hearts that we shall over- the crop rots in the field. Once you leave had boycotted and the Teamsters had won. come." R.D. California tomatoes are so damn expensive poor people can't buy them. Why not pick grades 2, 3, even 4, market them and make more money and not have that tremendous waste?" With more money the farmer could pay more wages. Political Intelligence Chavez hopes that small growers and in- dividuals will form councils—it's not a new pattern, there are marketing associations, co-ops, and the like already—to defend Carr's Strategy In Greenville last week, Carr's standard their economic interests. He says that now, attacks on crime included a doctrine deny- they go along with all cost increases— sof Attorney General Waggoner Carr's ing the existence of "civil disobedience." transportation, fertilizer, farm implements, Senate campaign strategy has cleared up As reported in the Dallas News, he said: financing, taxes, water—and these are all in the last few weeks. He is presenting "There is no 'civil disobedience.' If a law passed on to the labor force by keeping the himself as a moderate Democrat while cas- is broken, it is a criminal act. There is wage as it is. "Once the worker is or- tigating John Tower as a Goldwater Re- nothing civil about it. It is criminal, pure ganized," Chavez says, "the first thing the publican. and simple." Of criminals he said, "Oh, growers will do is get together on really President Johnson proposed a 16-month yes, we will protect their constitutional meaningful councils. At first it will be to suspension of the 7% tax credit passed rights . . . but not even the U.S. Supreme protect themselves against the unions, but under Kennedy to give businessmen the Court says we have to be soft on them," in so doing they will protect themselves right to deduct 7% of their capital invest- AP reported. against other costs, strengthening their ment (up to a certain amount) from their Carr is taking Tower's statement that position and so forth. From there it can net income tax. Carr told a Fort Worth "85 cents an hour is better than nothing" be a natural development. press conference that "Unless I am given as a basis for identifying Tower with Re- "That's the theory of it, anyway," he convincing reasons why we should retain publican positions defending depression says. this credit," he would vote to cancel it. prices for wheat, peanuts, and cotton. In On the steps of the Texas Capitol Chavez By this (translating politically), Carr is the Valley and East Texas he has repeated saying he will go along with Johnson on his position that 85 cents is not enough for 14 The Texas Observer some liberal reforms, provided he's not con- farm workers. vinced he shouldn't. This is the stance he In Greenville hitting Tower as "a Re- publican opponent of the far right wing," "In the Heart of has also taken on the war on poverty — a position for it, but against waste in the Car said Tower was "Goldwater's spokes- Downtown Dallas" program. man to the world" in 1964, making a sec- Carr is repeating his opposition to open onding speech for him at the GOP conven- 24-Hour Coffee Shop housing — that is, the 1966 civil rights tion and praising him and condemning bill. He is favoring an increase in the mini- Johnson nationwide. In 1961, Carr recalls, mum wage, but would have voted against Tower said his and Goldwater's political the new minimum wage legislation because philosophies were very close, and in 1964 he opposes applying the minimum wage Tower said Goldwater was "in tune with law to farm workers. He favors agricultur- the times," but now "Tower publishes pic- al support programs to increase farm prof- tures of him and President Johnson to- its out of which he hopes farmers will in- gether and pretends Goldwater doesn't crease wages; if , they didn't, he says, Con- exist." And, Carr taunts, Tower is trying gress could bring farm workers under the to hide his Republicanism by neglecting to minimum wage law. mention it. In Dallas, Carr was quoted as arguing In an interview with the Lubbock Ava- to 50 Democratic precinct chairmen, "If lanche-Journal, Carr said, "The President Tower wins, he will carry many other Re- wants to do whatever we decide he should publican candidates to victory with him. do." Carr said he would not be a yes man; This race will determine the outcome of for instance, he said, he, Carr, is opposed most, if not all, the races in the state." $5.00 up to repeal of 14B. "There's a difference in your outlook when you represent one state No Charge for Children Under 18 instead of 50. The President knows that," Tower's Moves 24-Hour Coffee Shop Carr said. i In a series of moves, Tower (1) asked Radio-Television In a press release, Carr said excessive Sen. Morse's education subcommittee to ap- interest rates "dictated by Republican prove his proposed income tax credit for Completely Air Conditioned bankers in the East" are curbing industrial college expenses; (2) asked Sen. Hill's FREE INSIDE PARKING growth in Texas. He favored legislation labor and welfare committee to approve "permitting the Federal Reserve Board to his proposed enlargement of the Equal Em- order decreases on the interest paid on ployment Opportunity Cmsn. to include

bank certificates of deposit." His state- Latin - American members; (3) asked Sec- HOTEL ment in this release on the 7% tax credit retary of Defense McNamara to stop the ()Atria was very iffy: elimination of the credit if reported "pressuring of our fighting men" it was determined to be overstimulating in Vietnam to buy U.S. savings bonds; and Commerce-Murphy-Main Streets the economy. This release also advocated (4) co-sponsored, with Sen. Ervin (D-N.C.), Telephone: Riverside 2-6431 "reversal of the tendency of Congress to a bill to protect the privacy of federal em- Dallas, Texas increase the overall deficit spending for ployees. This latter bill would outlaw in- non-military purposes." vasion of employees' privacy by question- naires on race, religion, and national ori- organization's president, Charles McManus, candidates. "This is not a conservative gin; requirements to disclose personal fi- challenged Carr to criticize "distinguished Democratic function, nor is it a liberal nances; meetings to indoctrinate employees Texas congressmen" who have high ACA Democratic function," says a spokesman. on matters not job-related; requirements ratings or received the group's distin- to take part in any activities not job-re- guished service award and had its endorse- lated, including political activities; ques- ment in 1964. They are John Dowdy, Omar Gonzalez & Yarborough tioning or psychological or polygraph tests Burleson, Bob Casey, 0. C. Fisher and Joe Cong. Henry Gonzalez, San Antonio, about relationships with relatives, religi- Pool. who once before publicly criticized Sen. ous beliefs, or attitudes and conduct in This year Tower's ACA rating is only Ralph Yarborough on a HemisFair matter, sexual matters; and interrogation without 54% "good." Carr is taking Tower's pre- released to the press a letter to Yarborough the presence of counsel. Sen. Tower also vious 99% ACA rating as proof that he's saying that he was "somewhat shocked" told the Observer, in its interview with an extremist and his 54% this year as by the delivery to him of an amendment him last week, that he has "tacitly" sup- evidence that he's playing the moderate Yarborough has proposed to the $10 million ported legislation to restrict wiretapping, for the election; Carr predicts his oppon- HemisFair bill. but that it has no present chance of pass- ent would be 99% again next year. The amendment would prevent the $10 ing. The campaigns, as businesslike efforts, I/ Tower forces are 'seeking to spawn the million from going to HemisFair unless the are now revved up. Both candidates are Secretary of Commerce was given "satis- suspicion that if elected, Carr would quit using airplanes full-time. "I've bought an the Senate to run for governor in 1968 or factory assurances" that historic structures airplane for the campaign," Carr told the now standing in the HemisFair site will 1970. Lubbock paper, and at the height of the be preserved to the maximum possible ex- Pursuing his theme of economy in drive will be using three of them — the tent. government to stop inflation, Tower told second for advance men, a third one for the Texas Association of Petroleum Re- his wife when campaigning elsewhere or "Although I have asked you on several tailers in Dallas, "We should make no for Sen. H. J. (Doc) Blanchard of Lub- occasions to join with me in support of the new starts," and was promptly asked, as bock, who, Carr said, has been "hired .. . HemisFair bill," Gonzalez said in the letter the Dallas News reported, "Where does as a troubleshooter to go anywhere we to Yarborough, "you have yet to make it 'no new starts' leave the Trinity Canal have a problem." Both candidates are pay- plain that you will or you will not co- project?" That, shot back Tower, "is al- ing transportation costs of reporters being sponsor it in the Senate." Any amendment, ready in the beginning stages, and I con- flown 'around. Gonzalez said, could lead to a harmful de- sider it an existing program." The next big event in the campaign lay in the bill's final passage. In addition, will be Carr's Sept. 19th $25-a-plate fund- he wrote, he was "somewhat shocked" The Poll-Axing • aiser the eve of the state Democratic con- to be given a copy of the amendment a vention in Austin. The Republicans have couple of hours after he had talked with vg Politicians on the down-side of polls their counterpart events in San Antonio Yarborough and the senator had "made seek to spread skepticism about the polls; simultaneously. no mention to me" of the amendment. As- it's their only weapon against them. But in suming Yarborough had received the re- ,V Dallas Democrats plan a "Demo-stra- quest on which he based the amendment Texas skepticism about the Texas Poll tion" Oct. 1, stressing voting the straight is now an accepted part of the standard party ticket. Carr will be there with other September 16, 1966 15 response of insiders to it. The Observer's study documenting the poll's high frequen- cy of wrongness in the light of actual re- turns evidently crystallized a disposition to discount the poll that was already wide- ftewito.acoemoug spread. Nevertheless, the Texas Poll of Sept. 1 showing Carr with 49%, Tower with 33%, and 18% undecided heartened Carr's camp. Carr drew encouragement from the fact Enjoy Luxury at that Tower's percentage had not moved The GUNTER... Inexpensively up since the last poll despite "four-color Downtown—steps from all shopping, newspaper tabloid sections, millions of entertainment and all activities. pieces of direct mail, hundreds of bill- Motor Lobby. Fine food around the clock. 550 rooms with bath, air- boards." Tower responded that "Nobody in conditioning. Finest Convention Texas politics takes the Belden Poll seri- Facilities for groups large or small. ously, because it is so seldom right," hark- ed back to his Kraft poll last May show- ing him about five points ahead of Carr, and promised another Kraft poll later this unter month. I-I CI T E L,

The Texas poll showed Carr 'slipping diu:ve L*42, from 57% in May to 49% in August. Rep. Dick Cory, Carr'• state headquarters office manager, pointed out that the margin went, not to Tower, but to undecided. But this reasoning makes the size of the turnout crucial, as Carr people know: that is, a light turnout would mean that Tower's 7.&zati'Pthyrcounol, hard-core supporters could prevail. 300 Air-Conditioned Rooms, THE According to announced GOP polls, Dining Room and all hotel Tower leads Carr in Dallas. by a wider facilities. Drive- In Entrance. margin than Republican George Bush led BeaUtiful Swimming Pool ROBERT DRISCOLL Sen. Ralph Yarborough in 1964. and Cabanas. Yours for a L Perfect Vacation! HOTE 1/ Americans for Constitutional Action ASSOCIATED FEDERAL HOTELS has taken exception to Carr's statement John B. Mills, Chairman of the Board • LA CONCHA—SAN JUAN that the organization is "extreme right ■ WESTWARD HO—PHOENIX wing . . . these people consider the John Cecil Mills,' President Birch Society too far to the left." The the day before introducing it, Gonzalez went on, "If this is true, I cannot under- stand why the amendment was introduced in such haste and without prior consulta- Politicians with the March tion with the author of the bill or the HemisFair officials." Elected officials joining the valley leading contender. T.L.D. chairman Gonzalez was House-side author of the march in Austin included Sens. Aaron Chris Dixie referred to Schwartz as a same bill that Sen. John Tower introduced (Babe) Schwartz of Galveston and possibility to become "the first Jewish in the Senate. Tower told the Observer he Franklin Spears of San Antonio, who, governor in the history of Texas" (al- asked Yarborough if he was going to in- having run for attorney general and though Schwartz is interested in the troduce the Senate bill, and Yarborough lost last spring, will not be a senator U.S. district attorney's job in Hous- said he had not been asked to. Tower asked next year; Democratic nominees for ton). Don Yarborough of Houston, him if he'd be offended if he, Tower, in- the State Senate Barbara Jordan of twice a candidate for governor, and troduced it, and Yarborough said he would Houston, Chet Brooks of Houston, Joe Stanley Woods of Houston, once, were not, to go ahead. Bernal of San Antonio,- and Oscar much in evidence; Yarborough plans to According to the San Antonio Express, Mauzy of Dallas; State Reps. Bob Vale learn Spanish. Gonzalez said "that Republicans voted over- of San Antonio, Tom Bass of Houston, whelmingly against his bill in the House, and Skeet Richardson of Fort Worth ; Speaking of the march, Spears told and said Tower cannot gain Senate passage Democratic nominees for the Texas T.L.D. that "whoever has put these unaided. Gonzalez also said federal par- House, Frank Lombardino of San An- people together in their natural al- ticipation is dead unless Yarborough pushes tonio, Don Gladden of Fort Worth, liances has performed the greatest the bill in the Senate." Paul Moreno of El Paso, Lauro Cruz, service in Texas in the last 15 years." A delegation of six San Antonians, led Joe Allen, Glenn Vickery, Curtis The march, he said, "far surpasses by HemisFair board chirman H. B. Zach- Graves, Arthur Vance, and Rex Braun anything I've ever thought of and any- ry, called on Yarborough in Washington. of Houuston. thing I've ever done in the legislature." House-side, Cong. H. R. Gross (R.-Ia.) Cruz is the first Latin-American At New Braunfels, he said, the lines called the HemisFair legislation "a raid on elected to the legislature from Hous- were drawn on the minimum wage; the federal treasury." Sen. Tower wrote to ton. Miss Jordan and Graves were Ne- but he had sponsored a minimum wage Sen. William Fulbright, chairman of the groes. Rep. Dewitt Hale of Corpus bill for several sessions, never getting Senate foreign relations committee, asking Christi was also present during the past a committee hearing. He would for early consideration of the bill. Ful- T.L.D. meeting and at the Capitol rally, march with the Valley strikers, he bright has been known to tweak such legis- but did not go forward to the platform. said, "to demonstrate that liberalism lation before. Four possible contenders for the lib- means something beneficial and is a Yarborough was to have introduced Gon- eral Democratic nomination for gov- worthy objective, a high calling." zalez Friday night, Sept. 9, at the appre- ernor in 1968 were present, both in the Schwartz said he, too, came to ciation dinner for Gonzalez, but cancelled march and the day before at a meeting march, "just to add another body to out at the last minute. One explanation of the. Texas Liberal Democrats (at- the Texans who are showing that being given was the prospective presence tended by perhaps 200 partisans of the they are willing to add themselves to of Waggoner Carr and the report that huelguistas). Spears, of course, is a somebody else's cause." Gonzalez would be endorsing him. Gon- zalez' letter to Yarborough might be an- other explanation. ly endorse the concept of an Asian peace are on the books now to achieve the bill's V The San Antonio Express' political conference. Further involvement by the aims. In New York City the Veterans of column, "The Cock Pit," led off Sunday Asians themselves could lead to a peaceful Foreign Wars gave Pool a gold medal, a after the appreciation dinner with the sug- settlement." He pledged to support LBJ special citation, three loud -cheers, a stand- gestion of a Democratic nominee facing when he thinks it's right, but, "the key ing ovation, an indoor parade, and rendi- Republican opposition, "who doesn't figure issue is not who will support President tions of "For He's a Jolly Good Fellow" Henry really faces realistic opposition from Johnson when he is right, but who is free and "God Bless America." Pool told the whatzisname running under the banner of to oppose him when he's wrong." VFW that the HUAC "is now in its greatest the Conservative Party" in November Miller is the Demo nominee after the hour." (Gonzalez has no GOP opponent), that withdrawal this summer of Cong. Walter V State Sen. George Parkhouse, Dallas, Gonzalez "peel a couple of thousand off Rogers, who was renominated in the May facing a tough fight with Republican 0. H. that bundle he collected Friday night" and primary. Miller, 32, was Potter County DA (Ike) Harris, has declined to appear before give it to the Bexar County Democratic and reportedly is a moderate. He was little the endorsement committee of the Dallas effort in November. known outside Amarillo in the district's 30 AFL-CIO Council Sept. 30-Oct. 1. Harris "It doesn't take a computer to figure," counties. may get the nod from labor. Parkhouse the column said, "that the congressman Pool, his political stock boosted in Dallas was honored at a Dallas testimonial dinner, will net around $10,000 from the Friday by his guiding the recent House Un-Ameri- with Lt. Gov. Preston Smith giving the testimonial, a representative testimony. can Activities Committee, is facing attacks principal tribute. Couple that with Henry's annual salary of on the hearings by his Republican oppo- V The looking ahead to 1968 state races $30,000 per and the $8,000 he netted from nent. Collins may get labor's endorsement. continues. The Dallas News says that Lt. last December's cocktail party, and Henry Pool's bill is scheduled for House debate Gov. Preston Smith is saying he will run should have enough to finance a slam-bang next week and Pool says it has "a very for governor then whether John Connally campaign for re-election." good chance of passage," but the Senate seeks reelection or not. Franklin Spears has V Republicans cherish hopes of sweeping probably will vote the measure down, been given a boost for 1968 in a column by the board in the Dallas County legislative should the House pass it. Pool in Dallas H. M. Baggarly of the Tulia Herald, who races, and three Texas GOP congressional said a new group of left-wingers wants to also says Don Yarborough still merits con- entries are given at least even chances: end all U.S. aid to South Vietnam and is sideration despite permitting "overly en- George Bush in Harris County (vs. Frank "preaching disobedience and disunity thusiastic friends to talk him into running Briscoe), Bob Price on the High Plains (vs. among the American people." Assistant at the wrong time" (vs. Connally in 1964). Dee Miller), and Jim Collins in Dallas deputy U.S. attorney general Barefoot San- V Thirteen Texas members of the U.S. County (vs. Cong. Joe Pool). ders said in a Dallas interview that the House have voted more conservatively so In Houston Bush and Briscoe are trying Pool bill is unnecessary and described this far this year than before, according to the to out-conservative each other. Bush offi- assessment as the position of the Justice ratings of the Americans for Constitutional cially opened his campaign saying "I firm- Department. "It's bringing a mighty meat Action. In the Senate John Tower fell to axe to deal with a very tiny problem," he a 54%. ACA rating, compared to 99% for 16 The Texas Observer said of the measure, explaining that laws 1961-65.. Tower tells the Observer that sev- eral key votes this year on which he was terized the meeting as one called by dissi- wanting to turn out the liberal vote . . . rated down include farm measures and dents to take the leadership of the county thus posibly preventing a one-party pull Hemisfair. U.S. Sen. Strom Thurmond was organization away from him and his ap- against Sen. John Tower." Another Con- rated at 53(i- by the ACA. Texans ranged pointed officials. J. J. Fournace, Jr., a servative candidate, Mrs. Myrtle Hance, from a zero rating (by Mrs. Lera Thomas) leader of the dissidents, said "We don't seeking a legislative seat, has protested to 91 (John Dowdy). Other Texans: consider ourselves extremists" and chal- the invitation of Communist nations to par- Ralph Yarborough 6, Earle Cabell 52, Joe lenged Mayor to name as many as a dozen ticipate in HemisFair. Pool 70, Lindley Beckworth 23, Omar Burle- Birch Society members in the group. The V Another right wing splinter party, the son 77, Jack Brooks 12, Bob Casey 36, Kika challenge to Mayor may hurt George Bush Patriotic Party, has endorsed Cong. Pool de la Garza 12, 0. C. Fisher 74, Henry in his bid for Congress, as Bush has not ("100 per cent") during its state organiza- Gonzalez 8, George Mahon 40, Wright Pat- endeared himself to Mayor's critics. tional meeting attended by 35 in Dallas. The man 19, J. J. Pickle 45, W. R. Poage 50, party, formed by Minuteman founder Rob- Graham Purcell 37, Ray Roberts 61, Walter V The Constitution Party will be on the ert DePugh, also endorsed J. B. Holland of Rogers 75, Olin Teague 81, Clark Thompson ballot in November after denial of an in- Houston, Constitution Party candidate for 30, Richard White 36, Jim Wright 22, and junction sought by Bard A. Logan of San Tower's Senate seat. H. L. Helm, Patriotic Antonio, who claimed that the party name John Young 16. Party state chairman, predicts the race be- was registered with the U.S. Patent Office tween Tower and Carr will end in a run- by the Constitution Association U.S.A., of off because of the endorsement of Holland. The State Convention which Logan is president. Logan is the gu- His party will then support Tower, Helm bernatorial candidate of another splinter i.•• Determining credentials of Harris said. County delegates to the Sept. 20 State group, the Conservative Party. He says the V A conservative national organization Constitution Party split in 1963 and re- Democratic Convention .occupied the atten- aimed at counteracting humanism as a tion of a subcommittee on credentials. grouped as the Conservative Party. The substitute for Christianity has been char- Things got a bit noisy when Tom Gordon Conservatives have declared they are a tered at Victoria. The Foundation for Chris- of Abilene, one of the panel's members, took political force to be dealt with, particularly tian Theology will endow chairs of theology exception to liberal Bill Kilgarlin's stated in Bexar County, where Robert C. Moore as well as mission work, according to the belief that the subcommittee was stacked. is running against Henry Gonzalez. The Rev. Paul H. Kratzig, -Episcopal minister in Gordon offered to throw the sizeable Kil- Conservative Party has criticized the Rep- Victoria. Kratzig says the foundation has garlin out of the room, but calm was re- licans for not fielding a candidate against stored. The report of the subcommittee will Gonzalez "on the doubtful strategy of not September 16, 1966 17 be considered by the full state committee immediately before the convention opens. Liberals won the crucial roll call vote at the Harris County convention, but claims have been filed by conservatives that the precinct conventions of liberals were im- proper. Also to be settled are conflicts of groups in Angelina, Denton, and Midland counties, from each of which two sets of county convention minutes were filed, and a protest letter from a woman in Arm- strong County was read. It stated that the county's delegates to the state convention should be voided because some non-resi- dents took part in precinct conventions and minutes of some conventions weren't filed. "We're hearing several things here today that point toward changes in our election laws," commented State Democratic Execu- tive Committee chairman Will Davis. V Republicans in Harris County are hav- ing their intra-party troubles, too. A group described as far-right met last week and elected a party secretary. In the past the chairman named the secretary. The county chairman, Jim Mayor, said of those at the meeting, "I think it's significant they did not get a majority to attend the meeting." Eighty-seven of 189 precinct chairmen at- tended. Mayor did not attend. He charac- BEER A big boost to the economy! Campaign Cards gz Placards az Bumper strips The brewing industry each year contributes over gz Brochures az Flyers gz Letterheads & EnN, elopes az• Vertical Posters tz Buttons az Ribb 1.4 billion dollars in federal, state and local excise ons & Badges & Process Color Work & Art taxes. Wages and salaries in the brewing industry Work & Forms & Newspapers & Political P rinting & Books & Silk Screen Work & Maga- account for almost 500 million dollars, and the a,z'n az ar i.n ov 1 • P' r s purchase of packaging materials from other in- gr ei dustries runs over 550 million. So next time you nt to ti • TURA PRESS ti enjoy a cool, refreshing brew after hard work or 0 • HI 2-8682 play, remember—BEER is good in more ways rs IF a HI 2-2426 than one! ds 111 to 1714 SO. CONGRESS

AUSTIN is al UNITED STATES BREWERS ASSOCIATION, INC. § gz Silk Screen Work & Political Printing & 905 International Life Bldg., Austin 1, Texas r• substantial financial backing. V Showing of the widely-publicized film sund, in a Hill Country savings and loan V The Dallas News' Richard Morehead on JFK, "Years of Lightning — Day of association became an issue in a recent reports that the most school desegregation Drums!" is planned in Dallas, sponsored hearing on the establishment a proposed in Texas history has occurred this fall, with Sept. 21 by the UN Association and Sept. rival firm. Former State Senator Carlos widespread integration of faculties. More 22 by the Greater Dallas Democrats at the Ashley, Sr., appeared for a group hoping than 100,000 Texas Negroes are estimated Festival Theater. The film will later be to establish an association at Llano. Op- attending classes with whites, nearly twice shown commercially there. posing the application was Judge Thomas the estimate of 1965-66. And federal aid is V A big hurdle to construction of the Ferguson of Johnson City, Moursund's law soaring in Texas schools. For the year Kennedy Memorial Plaza in Dallas has been partner. Ferguson asked if Ashley's inter- through Aug. 31 the amount was $106,- cleared with word that a city ordinance est in his proposed enterprise were created 365,000, compared to $22,175,000 the year banning storage of gasoline in basements by rumors that Moursund had purchased before. For 1966-'67 it's estimated that will not apply to the county's parking lot control of a nearby savings association. "I'd the total will be near $139 million, which planned beneath the plaza. Cost estimates heard that he and LBJ owned it," Ashley would be about 11% of the total funds are now being awaited on the garage. replied. Ferguson later denied that either spent by the state's public schools. V The state Parks and Wildlife Commis- Johnson or Moursund has an interest in V Two special schools for girls, at Crock- sioners need not disclose names of contrib- Community Savings and Loan, which has ett and Gainesville, have been integrated. utors to the LBJ State Park, Attorney Gen- assets exceeding $19 million. V Hearings on the Texas Water Plan eral Waggoner Carr has ruled. The fund, have been concluded. Testimony of the 26 Carr's opinion said, is "an operation of Voter Registration hearings will be reviewed before the Water prjvate interests" and not a commission Development Board decides on possible re- operation. Commissioners are serving as 1# Cong. Jake Pickle of Austin, honored visions in its master plan and submits a administrators of the fund "in their indi- at a 15-county barbecue by 2,000 constitu- final version to the governor and the legis- vidual rather than governmental capacity," ents who were offered more than a ton of lature. The board proposes spending $3.7 the opinion said. The ruling contains the beefsteaks, said Congress must urge the billion in the next 50 years to develop state phrase, "under the facts disclosed." Dona- Federal Reserve Board to put regulations water, primarily by an inter-basin system tions now total more than $100,000 to the on interest paid by banks on time deposits. of canals. The Observer will take up this fund. Condemnation proceedings for the Discussing the minimum wage bill, he said matter further. 644 acres of the park are going slowing. he's worked to make the effective date of V The extent of the interest, if any, of the $1.60 provision effective in February, 18 The Texas Observer LBJ and his business associate, A. W. Mour- 1969, instead of 1968 so as not to aggravate inflation. V There is a conspiracy among ostensible civil rights leaders, who are actually work- ing toward the destruction of America, claimed Dr. J. H. Jackson, president of the 5.5 million-member National Baptist Con- AMERICAN INCOME vention, U.S.A. Inc. at the denomination's Dallas convention. Dr. Jackson, who has been called the leading opponent of Dr. Martin Luther King and his demonstra- LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY tions, said the civil rights movement has been set back 50 years by recent civil rights activities in Chicago. He praised the OF INDIANA NAACP as constructive. V Voter registration begins again Oct. 1 and the jousting is under way about pro- cedures. In Dallas County tax assessor-col- lector Ben Gentle says he'll have registra- tion substations set up at fire stations on Underwriters of the American Income Labor a round-the-clock basis, perhaps paying the Firefighters Association 10 or 15 cents for each voter signed up. He doubts he'll set Disability Policy up special registration sections in any par- ticular part of the county. Some Demo- cratic leaders are urging Gentle to have registration be handled at places other than fire stations, places more often fre- quented by the public. Cty. Cmsr. Jim Ty- Executive Offices: son, noting that state money provided for registration is channeled through the com- missioners' court, said "Gentle won't get a dime from me if registrations are only in fire stations." Oscar Mauzy, Democratic P.O. Box 208 candidate for the state Senate, said the question is whether you want to make it

Waco, Texas MEETINGS THE THURSDAY CLUB of Dallas meets each Thursday noon for lunch (cafeteria style) at the Downtown YMCA, 605 No. Ervay St., Dallas. Good discussion. You're welcome. In- Bernard Rapoport, President formal, no dues. ITEMS for this feature cost, for the first entry, 7c a word, and for each subsequent entry, 5c a word. We must receive them one week before the date of the issue in which they are to be published. easy to register or difficult. rates to obtain coverage, reporter Al Prince pense," that he voted for Goldwater in V The new Texas Tech president, Dr. found. 1964, and "I'm a registered Republican." George E. Murray, hopes to put the college Sam Houston Allred once worked on Sen. V Speaker Barnes is reportedly com- back in the good graces of the American Yarborough's staff and was chairman of Association of University Professors. Mur- mitted to annual sessions, and he wants the 1960 Texas Students for Kennedy and ray, in accepting the job, made the removal the state to have a department on urban Johnson committee. of Tech from the AAUP "blacklist" a con- affairs. dition of his employment. Reportedly the The ouster of Vernon A. McGee, legis- A headline from the Dallas Times association is willing to reinstate the col- lative budget director, came about largely Herald: lege if the college reinstates Dr. Byron R. through efforts of House Speaker Ben Abernethy, one of the three professors who Funerals Needed, Barnes. Lt. Gov. Preston Smith voted Psychiatrist Says were fired nine years ago by the Tech board against the removal in a closed session of of regents, apparently for being liberal the • legislative budget board. Barnes said September 16, 1966 19 Democrats. some legislators felt that McGee was exer- cising authority which belonged to the law- 1■•■■••■•■••■•■••■• spwssoia•■■•■•■>■.•■•••■■ et■slemmoamo emu fro The Belden Poll reported approval of r makers and was a protest against the grow- Texas Society 74% among Texans interviewed for Presi- ing practice of appropriations bill confer- dent Johnson's Vietnam policy; 55% feel ence committees inserting "riders" which the U.S. should go all out to win; 19% say neither the House nor Senate had consid- to Abolish we should continue present policies. Calling ered. for a pull-out are 14% with 12% having Capital Punishment no opinion. A :son of the late Gov. Jimmy Allred, memberships, $2 up V "An obvious omission of Negroes and Sam Houston Allred, now 29, has be- Latins" on Harris County draft boards hiS come an actor in New York. He told the P.O. Box 8134, Austin, Texas 78712 been attacked by two Democratic nominees Dallas News, while in that city to play in LEM 0.1•1•0•1■04111111.00•11.1 ■U■11■41,11■ 0411111110•11111.8■01•11■0■41■11. for the legislature, Curtis M. Graves and Dallas Summer Musicals' "Half a Six- Lauro Cruz. Two Negroes and one Latin serve among 47 members on 11 Houston Lu Mitchell Sings boards and one in Baytown. MARTIN ELFANT V The Houston Post reported that many "RHYTHM AND BLUES with Harris County Negroes with good driving CARDINAL SPELLMAN" records can't buy auto policies from some Sun Life of Canada insurance companies because of discrimi- . . . and 11 other irreverencies in her nation. Some Negroes must pay excessive 1001 Century Building 2nd 1p album SING IN WITH LU Houston, Texas Professors: $5.00—Lu Mitchell Records, 2922 Eric, Dallas 34, Texas Your. students can receive a semes- CA 4-0686 ter's subscription to The Texas Ob- ••••■••••••1141/4••••••••••••■••••••#•44*•• server, if ten or more of them sub- scribe and the papers can be delivered in one packet to you, for the special classroom price of $1.50 per student. As a special bonus as long as the sup- Subscribe to the Observer ply lasts, the two issues published ear- lier this year on John Tower and Wag- goner Carr. Subscribe for a Friend Send your orders to Sarah Payne, Business Manager, Texas Observer, 504 The Observer "is the conscience of the "Although we disagree completely .. . West 24th St., Austin. (Adv.) political community" in Texas. — An- we strongly recommend the Observer as drew Kopkind in the New Republic, Nov. one of the best sources of state political news available." — Official Publication 20, 1965. of the Young Republican Clubs of Texas, The Observer "has a stable of gifted 1965. GARNER & SMITH writers and kindred spirits who con- The Observer "voices dissent to al- tribute to its pages."—"Copies find their most every power bloc or politician of BOOKSTORE way to the desks of the mighty and even consequence in the state, from far left into the White House."—St. Louis Post- to far right. . . . Time and again since 2116 Guadalupe, Austin, Texas Dispatch, July 25, 1965. its first appearance in 1954, the Ob- Mail order requests promptly .filled server has cracked stories ignored by "Despite its shortcomings, the Texas the state's big dailies, and has had the Observer is needed in Texas. Texans satisfaction of watching the papers fol- would miss its publication . . ."—Texas low its muckraking lead."—Newsweek, POLECAT MOUNTAIN is AFL-CIO News, Nov. 15, 1965. March 7, 1966. a new community in the Ozark lake Send $6 for each year's subscription to Sarah Payne, Business Manager, The country. We have homesites in several Texas Observer, 504 W. 24th St., Austin, Texas. price ranges and sizes. Interested? Write: NAME NAME TIGER TUCKER ADDRESS ADDRESS Polecat Mountain, Incorporated CITY STATE CITY STATE ...... P.O. Box 524, Rogers, Arkansas 72756 Zip Code Zip Code what lived down their image of being ego crushers (human crushers) in boot camp. But all military life tends to overlook the individual, especially the raw recruit .. . Let us not forget that the founders of the U.S. recognized the military for what they are, hired killers, and denied them the right to vote . . . J. E. Bourland, Sam Rafael 290, Chapa- Whitman Hostile to Negroes Memories of a 1935 March lita, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico. After numerous re-readings of my com- It occurs to me that the following may ments regarding Charlie Whitman (as quot- be of interest in connection with the Farm The Places of Liberalism ed in part in the August 19th Observer) Workers march Labor Day. Texas liberals, like Texas Birchers, bray and after having been reminded of certain On January 29, 1935, unemployed citizens together. And of course we know, those facts by close mutual friends, I feel obliged of Dallas, Houston, San Antonio, Waco, Ft. who bray together stay together. It was a to make an amendment to my previous Worth, Eastland, Abilene, Paris, Temple, relief to read the perceptive comments statement. Although Charlie and I were Bryan, Georgetown, Amarillo, and Austin which Henry Gonzalez had the courage to good friends in 1961 and 1962, it is quite met in the capitol city and marched from write [Obs. Aug. 5]. The word "liberal" is possible that we would not have remained the river up Congress Avenue to present an becoming synonymous with group-think friends in subsequent years. Our friend- 18-point program for unemployment relief and exclusiveness, hardly the definition of ship would have been strained, possibly to the legislature, then in session. The num- true liberalism. to the breaking point, by what was in my ber was estimated by the local press at There are no baddies from whom we opinion Charlie's single prominent character between 200 and 300. goodies can piously separate ourselves and flaw. He was extremely prejudiced, espe- The answer of Governor James Allred thus save the. world. We share the human cially toward Negroes. He was overtly hos- to questions by reporters about the march condition whether we care to admit it or tile in this sense, but he didn't seem to was that "they were uninvited and should not. The liberal spirit can be found in search out situations in which to vent this go home." (He might have added, "and slop strange places and most often outside the hostility. It was primarily vocal. Regret- the hogs," as did another governor, except self-styled liberal establishment. Let us ably, this type of hostility was not and is that he knew we had no hogs—we'd have et unite with this spirit wherever we find it not yet so uncommon in Texas or elsewhere them if we'd had any.) He refused requests and release the creative energy which is the to attract particular interest in the indi- for food by the state for the marchers, but condition of true liberalism. vidual expressing. it. said he would contribute personally. He Svea Sauer, 704 W. 25th St., Austin, Tex. David A. Pratt, 5th Replacement Bn., posted Texas Rangers and highway officers We Need 'Black Power' APO New York 09058. around the Capitol grounds to keep the A black man with power is one who is (The report of the governor's panel on unemployed from sleeping there. He did not see the unemployed delegation. in a position to influence the decisions that Whitman revealed nothing new except the affect him. A simple concept. "Black pow- cancerousness of the tumor in Whitman's The unemployed chose George Clifton Edwards, Jr., field secretary of the League er" should not be mistaken for and-white brain, which the panel said could have been power. It merely means representation in a cause of what Whitman did or could have for Industrial Democracy and an S.M.U. graduate, who was visiting in Dallas, as the power structure of an appreciably large been a secondary influence. The governor and well circumscribed segment of Ameri, said portions of what the panel found out their spokesman. As chairman of the Cen- tral Unemployed and Workers Council of can society. Black power does not indeed were kept secret. That, from the panel's "commend itself any more than 'white report, was obvious.—Ed.) Dallas, I presented the request for a hear- ing before the legislature. Rep. Sarah power'," [Observations, Aug. 5] but white 20 The Texas Observer Hughes of Dallas (now a federal district power, like union, AMA, and industrial judge) joined with three other members in powers, is a given, and as long as there are moving that the request be granted. She more than two people in this country, level relinquished her time for Edwards to speak. heads or no, alignments will move the gov- His remarks and the resolution he pre- erning body. White power is with us. Black sented on behalf of 21 Texas organizations power is not. Let's get some. for unemployed relief by the legislature G. C. Bagby, Baylor University College were printed in the House Journal of Jan. of Medicine, Houston, Texas. 29. The House took no further action. George Edwards has had a distinguished A Special Reprint public career • since and is now a member of the Sixth District Court of Appeals of the U.S. Government, with headquarters in The Observer has published a spe- Cincinnatti, 0. Recently he was awarded cial 24-page reprint of our coverage of the honorary degree of L.L.D. by his alma the Valley farm workers strike and mater. march from June through September. It's entitled "The Strike and the Carl Brannin, 5614 Ridgedale St., Dallas, March" and carries the Rio Grande Tex. City strikers all the way north to their (Mr. Brannin, who contributed $100 to confrontation at New Braunfels and the Starr County strikers, was one of the their climactic meetings in Austin. Or- marchers in Austin on Labor Day.—Ed.) der your copy of this historic record now. Unstable Marines Thank you for publishing the letter by One copy 50 cents by Dr. Alfred Schild. My only regret is Two to ten copies 35 cents each that likely not every man, woman and child will read it. Ten to 100 copies 20 cents each With all our personality testing, the BULK ORDERS ON REQUEST Marines can still easily recruit potentially unstable people by high pressure recruit- Send your order to Sarah Payne, ing tactics that imply "no one has looked Business Manager, the Texas Oboserv- up to you yet, but put on our uniform and er, 504 W. 24th St., Austin, Texas. they will." . . . The Marines have some-