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ROTARY DRILLING diving and equipment third edition unit v • LeSSOn 5 Petroleum Extension-The University of Texas at Austin ROTARY DRILLING SERIES Unit I: The Rig and Its Maintenance Lesson 1: The Rotary Rig and Its Components Lesson 2: The Bit Lesson 3: Drill String and Drill Collars Lesson 4: Rotary, Kelly, Swivel, Tongs, and Top Drive Lesson 5: The Blocks and Drilling Line Lesson 6: The Drawworks and the Compound Lesson 7: Drilling Fluids, Mud Pumps, and Conditioning Equipment Lesson 8: Diesel Engines and Electric Power Lesson 9: The Auxiliaries Lesson 10: Safety on the Rig Unit II: Normal Drilling Operations Lesson 1: Making Hole Lesson 2: Drilling Fluids Lesson 3: Drilling a Straight Hole Lesson 4: Casing and Cementing Lesson 5: Testing and Completing Unit III: Nonroutine Operations Lesson 1: Controlled Directional Drilling Lesson 2: Open-Hole Fishing Lesson 3: Blowout Prevention Unit IV: Man Management and Rig Management Unit V: Offshore Technology Lesson 1: Wind, Waves, and Weather Lesson 2: Spread Mooring Systems Lesson 3: Buoyancy, Stability, and Trim Lesson 4: Jacking Systems and Rig Moving Procedures Lesson 5: Diving and Equipment Lesson 6: Vessel Inspection and Maintenance Lesson 7: Helicopter Safety Lesson 8: Orientation for Offshore Crane Operations Lesson 9: Life Offshore Lesson 10: Marine Riser Systems and Subsea Blowout Preventers PetroleumCover photo Extension-The University of Texas at Austin Grit blasting Photo by Brian Derby Figures vi Foreword ix Contents Preface xi About the Authors xiii Acknowledgments xv Units of Measurement xvi Diving History 1 To summarize 7 Underwater Physics 9 Buoyancy 9 Heat Loss 10 Pressure 11 Liquid Pressure 12 Gas Laws 13 Partial Pressure and Dalton’s Law 15 Light Properties 16 Sound Properties 17 To summarize 18 Underwater Physiology 19 Subsurface Pressure 19 Effects of Squeeze 20 Embolism 21 Nitrogen Narcosis 22 Oxygen Toxicity 23 Decompression Sickness 23 Carbon Dioxide 25 High-Pressure Nervous Syndrome 25 To summarize 26 Diving Equipment 27 Self-Contained Equipment 27 Surface-Supplied Diving Equipment 29 Surface Diving Equipment 29 Air and Gas Supplies 33 Surface-Supplied Air Diving 38 Shallow Air 38 Intermediate Air 39 Deep Air 39 Surface Mixed-Gas Diving Equipment 40 Mixed-Gas Diving Control Panel 40 Wet Bell 41 PetroleumHelium Extension-The Unscrambler 42 University of Texas at Austin Hot Water Machine 42 iii High-Pressure Mixed-Gas Cylinder Racks 43 Saturation Diving Systems 44 Diving Bell 46 Dive Control 49 Deck Decompression Chambers 50 Gas Reclaim System 54 To summarize 55 Underwater Photo and Video Equipment 57 Digital Still Cameras 57 Underwater Video Cameras 58 Remotely Operated Vehicles 59 ROV Tasks 60 ROV Tools 61 Divers and ROVs 62 To summarize 63 Diving Services 65 Diving Operations 65 Diving Platforms 68 Dive-Support Vessels 68 Surveys and Inspections 77 Fixed-Platform Inspections 77 Pipeline Surveys 79 Pipeline Repair 80 Valve Maintenance 81 New Construction 82 Platform Installations 82 Pipeline Installations 82 Pipeline Terminations 83 Salvage and Removals 88 Platform Removals 89 Pipeline Abandonments 90 Downed Structures 90 Drilling Support 94 Underwater Cutting and Welding 94 Nondestructive Testing 98 To summarize 100 Diving Training 101 In-House Training 104 Diver Medic 104 Nondestructive Testing 104 Underwater Welding and Cutting 104 Rigging 106 Life-Support Technician 107 Petroleum Extension-TheDive Supervisor University 107 of Texas at Austin To summarize 107 iv Diving Regulations and Standards 109 To summarize 111 Appendix 113 Glossary 117 Review Questions 129 Index 129 Answers 137 Petroleum Extension-The University of Texas at Austin v About the Authors John Herren Senior Director Epic Divers and Marine Services ohn Herren began his career in Jthe commercial diving industry in 1990 after graduating from the Col- lege of Oceaneering in Los Angeles, California. He moved to the Gulf of Mexico and joined SubSea International where he worked as a tender, diver, and saturation diver in the Gulf of Mexico and West Africa. In 1997, Herren worked as a freelance diver and Saturation Supervisor in the United States. Since 1998, he has worked for EPIC Divers and Marine where he supervised divers until he entered management in 2001. He has held positions as Operations Manager, Project Manager, and Director of Diving and is currently Senior Director of Operations. In addition to his commercial diving credentials, Herren has been certified as a Diving Medical Technician by the National Board of Diving and Hyperbaric Medical Technology, a certified Underwater Bridge Substructure Technician, and is certified by The American Society of Nondestructive Testing in magnetic particle and ultrasonic testing methods. He has a Bachelor’s degree in Busi- ness Administration from Northwood University and a Master of Business Administration from Tulane University. Petroleum Extension-The University of Texas at Austin xiii Gene Lo Conte Diving Superintendent Epic Divers and Marine Services ene Lo Conte has been a leader in Gthe commercial diving industry for over 20 years. After finishing dive school at City College in Santa Barbara, California, he began his career as a tender with SubSea International in the Gulf of Mexico. He quickly transitioned from tender to diver and started freelancing domestically and internationally. Lo Conte’s diving freelance work took him from Africa to Venezuela and included domestic work in the Gulf of Mexico and on the east and west U.S. coasts. In 1999, he joined EPIC Divers and Marine as a diver/ supervisor and has been a Diving Superintendent since 2003. In addition to his work with EPIC, Lo Conte has presented on the subject of commercial diving at oil and gas industry con- ferences, written articles for trade publications, and taught com- mercial diving at the Divers Academy in New Jersey. Lo Conte has also acted as subject-matter expert for the development of a subsea-specific Department of Transportation operator qualifica- tion program. Moreover, he has consulted with the Association of Diving Contractors International on the development of its diving supervisor certification program. Lo Conte has a Bachelor’s degree in History and Political Sci- ence from Mount St. Mary’s University and an Associate’s degree in Marine Technology from Santa Barbara City College. Petroleum Extension-The University of Texas at Austin xiv Units of Measurement hroughout the world, two systems of measurement domi- Tnate: the English system and the met ric system. Today, the United States is one of only a few countries that employs the En- glish sys tem. The English system uses the pound as the unit of weight, the foot as the unit of length, and the gallon as the unit of capacity. In the En glish system, for example, 1 foot equals 12 inches, 1 yard equals 36 inches, and 1 mile equals 5,280 feet or 1,760 yards. The metric system uses the gram as the unit of weight, the metre as the unit of length, and the litre as the unit of capacity. In the metric system, 1 me tre equals 10 decimetres, 100 centimetres, or 1,000 millimetres. A kilometre equals 1,000 me tres. The metric system, un like the English system, uses a base of 10; thus, it is easy to convert from one unit to another. To convert from one unit to an other in the English system, you must memorize or look up the val ues. In the late 1970s, the Eleventh General Conference on Weights and Measures de scribed and adopted the Système International (SI) d’U nités. Conference participants based the SI system on the metric system and de signed it as an interna tional stan dard of measurement. The Rotary Drilling Series gives both English and SI units. And because the SI sys tem employs the British spelling of many of the terms, the book follows those spelling rules as well. The unit of length, for ex ample, is metre, not me ter. (Note, however, that the unit of weight is gram, not gramme.) To aid U.S. readers in making and understanding conversion to the SI system, we in clude the following table. Petroleum Extension-The University of Texas at Austin xvi English-Units-to-SI-Units Conversion Factors Quantity Multiply To Obtain or Property English Units English Units By These SI Units Length, inches (in.) 25.4 millimetres (mm) depth, 2.54 centimetres (cm) or height feet (ft) 0.3048 metres (m) yards (yd) 0.9144 metres (m) miles (mi) 1609.344 metres (m) 1.61 kilometres (km) Hole and pipe di ame ters, bit size inches (in.) 25.4 millimetres (mm) Drilling rate feet per hour (ft/h) 0.3048 metres per hour (m/h) Weight on bit pounds (lb) 0.445 decanewtons (dN) Nozzle size 32nds of an inch 0.8 millimetres (mm) barrels (bbl) 0.159 cubic metres (m3) 159 litres (L) gallons per stroke (gal/stroke) 0.00379 cubic metres per stroke (m3/stroke) ounces (oz) 29.57 millilitres (mL) Volume cubic inches (in.3) 16.387 cubic centimetres (cm3) cubic feet (ft3) 28.3169 litres (L) 0.0283 cubic metres (m3) quarts (qt) 0.9464 litres (L) gallons (gal) 3.7854 litres (L) gallons (gal) 0.00379 cubic metres (m3) pounds per barrel (lb/bbl) 2.895 kilograms per cubic metre (kg/m3) barrels per ton (bbl/tn) 0.175 cubic metres per tonne (m3/t) gallons per minute (gpm) 0.00379 cubic metres per minute (m3/min) Pump output gallons per hour (gph) 0.00379 cubic metres per hour (m3/h) and flow rate barrels per stroke (bbl/stroke) 0.159 cubic metres per stroke (m3/stroke) barrels per minute (bbl/min) 0.159 cubic metres per minute (m3/min) Pressure pounds per square inch (psi) 6.895 kilopascals (kPa) 0.006895 megapascals (MPa) °F - 32 Temperature
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