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Golden Fleece Expedition Fine Scaling of the Marine Management Area project First inshore expedition report Southern Falkland Islands expedition on board of the Golden Fleece Author: Dr Ander M. de Lecea, Project Manager South Atlantic Environmental Research Institute Fine Scaling of the Marine Management Areas Project (DPLUS071) Contents Logistics 2 Vessel 2 Dates 2 Team members 2 Main equipment 3 Priority goals brief description (see objectives section below for full details) 3 Overview 3 Objectives 4 Photographic journey of the expedition 4 Methodology 5 Survey sites 5 Non-SCUBA surveys 6 Environmental data 6 Side-scan sonar 6 Deep-water Camera 6 SCUBA survey 7 Mobile animal counts 7 Quadrant photography 7 JNCC habitat types 7 Collaborators 8 Preliminary Analyses 9 Oceanographic data 9 Side-scan sonar 9 Deep-water camera 10 SCUBA transects 11 Mobile Animal Surveys 11 Photographic quadrats 13 Data 15 Acknowledgments 15 Bibliography 15 Appendix 1: Event log of the expedition 17 Appendix II: A photo journey to the expedition 21 1 Fine Scaling of the Marine Management Areas Project (DPLUS071) Logistics Vessel Golden Fleece – Skipper Dion Poncet Dates 15th April 2019 – 22nd April 2019 Team members ● Golden Fleece Crew: Dion Poncet and Julliette Hennequin ● Steve Cartwright (SMSG/Contractor) – Expedition leader ● Ander de Lecea (SAERI/MMA Project Manager) – Scientific Leader ● Marina Costa (SAERI/MMA Project Officer) ● Ness Smith (SAERI/Volunteer) – Dive officer ● Thomas Ferrugia (Fisheries Department/Volunteer) ● Lauren Shea (SAERI/Intern) Team members of the expedition 2 Fine Scaling of the Marine Management Areas Project (DPLUS071) Main equipment ● MMA project: o Conductivity, Temperature, Depth (CTD) + fluorometer o Deep-water camera o Side-scan sonar (stations to be decided) ● SMSG: o Underwater cameras (1 x macro and 2 x wide angle) o Various diving equipment items Priority goals brief description (see objectives section below for full details) ● High priority work areas were: o To obtain, with divers, quadrat photography and video of the sea floor o To obtain photography from >30m using the deep-water camera ● Medium priority o CTD deployment ● Medium-low priority o Side-scan sonar o Sample collection (benthic organisms, algae, genetics) Overview This was the first inshore work conducted towards the Fine Scaling of the Marine Management Areas (MMA) project. This Darwin-Plus funded project (DPLU071) lead by the South Atlantic Environmental Research Institute (SAERI) builds on previous work of the Marine Spatial Planning within the Falkland Islands, which was first explored during 2014-2018. Following its successful conclusion Falkland Island Government appointed SAERI to undertake a second phase (MSP Phase II; July 2017 to December 2017) which covered three key aspects including an Assessment of Fishing Closure Areas as Sites (AFCAS) as potential marine management areas (MMAs) against international criteria for Marine Protected Areas. Three areas were identified including the Burdwood Bank (offshore), Beauchêne Island and the inshore waters. In order to consider their implementation, the current Darwin-Plus MMA project sets out to conduct key baseline work required for their effective design and management. The current expedition aimed at expanding on the inshore knowledge gathered over the years by SAERI and the Shallow Marine Surveys Group (SMSG). One of the goals of the expedition was to collect benthic data in the southern part of the Falkland Islands, including Bird Island, an area highlighted in the AFCAS report. The expedition served as a twofold; on the one hand, it helped the MMA project to gather subtidal data in different regions of the island, including those highlighted in the AFCAS report. This will allow the project to obtain a more in depth picture of benthic diversity patterns along the island shallow marine waters. On the other hand, it allowed us to increase on the data gathered over the years by SMSG. Such combination of effort, could work towards allowing us to understand the benthic diversity baseline around the islands. Prior to the current expedition, there was little benthic information available for the region surveyed here. In the north of Eagle Passage (Fig. 1), some data has been gathered for a prospective salmon aquaculture facility. However, the data collected is mainly from the deeper regions of the passage, where the currents 3 Fine Scaling of the Marine Management Areas Project (DPLUS071) are faster, while little to no information existed prior to this expedition from the subtidal region. Similarly, the Arch Islands were surveyed over a decade ago by SMSG, and back then only semi-quantitative data were collected and not compatible with transect data collect from other areas, while Bird Island has been surveyed in the past, but no transect data were collected. As such, the gathered data will help towards our understanding of benthic biodiversity patterns within the subtidal region of the islands. Objectives ● The main objective of the expedition was to collect benthic information for the MMA project of areas not well studies previously by SMSG. This should fill in knowledge gaps for the benthic ecosystem distribution around the Falklands Islands. ● In line with these, the objectives were: o To survey the marine flora and fauna of Eagle Passage, Arch Islands and Bird Island quantitatively and qualitatively in order to make direct comparisons, at a community level, with other sites surveyed on previous SMSG expeditions o To gain information on species distributions and relative abundance, geographically, around the Falkland Islands o To collect deep-water photography and video in order to further understand biodiversity below diving depth o To collect side-scan data in order to understand seafloor sedimentary composition o To collect physico-chemical data using a CTD o To collect specimens for the reference collection housed in the Fisheries Department o To collect specimens for collaborators from other institutions Photographic journey of the expedition For those interested on knowing more about what life was aboard of the Golden Fleece, or seeing the pictures of the different regions of the Falkland Islands, please go to Appendix III. Alternatively, a popular blog can be read here: https://www.south-atlantic-research.org/diving-from-east-to-west-falkland- aboard-the-golden-fleece-april-15-22-2019/ 4 Fine Scaling of the Marine Management Areas Project (DPLUS071) Methodology Survey sites Under the Conservation of Wildlife and Nature Ordinance 1999: Section 9, all sampling and collection conducted during this field trip was done under the Research Licence 48/2018 issues by the Environment Officer, Falkland Islands Government. A total of 15 sites were surveyed using SCUBA (Fig. 1). At each site two different depths were sampled, these were shallower than 10m (‘shallow’ transect) and deeper than 10m (‘deep’ transect) spanning the range available, depending on the profile. Additionally, in four stations a dive team was dedicated to either animal collection or macro photography. A full expedition even log is available in Appendix I In addition to the SCUBA effort, the deep-water camera was deployed 56 times, with depths ranging from 19.7m to 49m (with one trial station being at 13m). Over 14 kms of side-scan data were also collected, these happened in Arch Island and Eagle Passage, while due to weather none happened around Bird Island. CTD data collection only occurred in one location due to instrument malfunction. Figure 1. Sampling area location. 5 Fine Scaling of the Marine Management Areas Project (DPLUS071) Non-SCUBA surveys Environmental data The aim was to collect CTD data with fluorimeter data using a ValePort FastCTD. However, the instrument did not function correctly during the expedition and consequently, except for one location, no environmental data was collected. Side-scan sonar A total of 14km were scan in the Eagle Passage as well as in the Arch Islands. No side-scan sonar was conducted on Bird Island due to weather conditions. For this, a Tritech StarFish 452F Pro System was used. Deep-water Camera A deep-water camera was used in stations deeper than permitted diver depths. This consisted of a GitUP in a GroupBin Passive Video Basic Underwater Housing kit, with two programmable underwater video lights, Nautilux, all housings are rated to a depth of 1750m. In order to deploy the camera, a locally based engineer had to assemble a frame and tripod legs, which would allow the camera to sit 80cm above the seafloor, photographing an area of 1.0 x 1.0 m, with the legs sitting on the seafloor at 1.22m from each other. This expedition was the first chance to test the system. The camera was deployed a total of 56 times. Figure 2. Deep-water camera assembling and final product on board of the ship and under the water. Lobster krill picture on the bottom right is an example of a picture taken by the camera at 49 m depth. 6 Fine Scaling of the Marine Management Areas Project (DPLUS071) SCUBA survey In addition to the fieldwork risk assessment, for all SCUBA surveys, the SMSG Diver code of Conduct and risk assessment were used. Mobile animal counts At each site, three 20 m transects were conducted. All mobile animals greater than 5 cm in length and lying within 1m either side of the transect were counted and recorded on an underwater slate. In addition to the mobile animals the number of kelp stipes within the 40 m2 area were also counted. Quadrant photography At each site and on each transect a photograph was taken of a 0.25 m2 quadrat placed every meter along the 20 m transect. The photographs were taken with a Nikon D90 and Nikon D700 in Ikelite housings respectively with dome ports and wide angle lenses, and a single Ikelite strobe. Individual animals will be counted in the quadrats and percent area cover will be determined using PhotoQuad software.
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