List of Sources

General Bolivia La Paz, Altmir, 0., The Extent of Poverty in Latin America. Bird Working Anuario Geografico. Estadistico de La Republica de Bolivia. Paper 522, Washington, 1982. 1988. Blackmore, H.&: Smith, C.T. Latin America. London, Methuen, 1983. Area Handbook Series: Bolivia - A Country Study. The American Bulterworth, D., Latin American Urbanization. Cambridge, Cambridge University, Washington D.C. University Press, 1981. Dummerley, J., Rebellion in the Veins, Political Struggle in Bolivia Butland, G.J., Latin America. John Witey &: Son. N.Y., 1966. I95I-I982. Verso, 1984. Central Intelligence Agency, The World Factbook I990. Washington Fifer, J.V., Bolivia: Land, Location and Politics Since I825. California D.C. University Press, 1972. Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc., I987 Britannica World Data. Chicago, Chile 1987. Anuario Estadistico. lnstituto Nacional de Estadistica. Santiago, 1988. Economic Relations between Europe and Gleich, A., The Political and Area Handbook Series: Chile - A Country Study. The American 1983. Latin America. I.E.I. Hamburg, Universtiy. Washington D.C. Oxford, 1990. Heinemann Educational, Geographical Digest I990-9I. Militar, Atlas Geografico de Chile, para Ia Agostini I990. lnstituto Geogratico lnstituto Geografico de Agostini, Calendario At/ante De Educacion. Santiago, 1985. Novara, 1989. T.X., &: Alvarado, E.Z., Geografia de Chile, Editoria 1969. Olivares, Jones, Preston E., Latin America. 3rd Ed. London, Cassel, Universitaria, 1984. Lambert, D.C., Ameriques Latines. Declins et Decollages, Ed. Economica, Paris, 1984. Argentina Morris, A.S., Latin America Economic Development and Regional Area Handbook Series: Argentina - A Country Study. The American Differentiation. Totowa, N.J., Barnes and Noble, 1981. University, Washington D.C. Morris, A., South America. Totowa, N.J., Barnes and Noble, 1987. Bridges, E. L., Uttermost Part of the Earth: Tierra del Fuego. Hodden Pearce, E. A., and C. G. Smith, The World Weather Guide. London, &: Stoughton, London, 1948. 1990. Ediciones Nauta, S. A., Geografia y Atlas de Argentina y el Mundo. United Nations Publications, Statistical Yearbook for Latin America Barcelona, 1985. and the Caribbean. 1988. Grand Enciclopedia Argentina. Santillan. D.A. (Edit.), Buenos Aires, Unite et diversite de /'Amerique Latine, CNRS, Bordeaux, 1983. 1956-64. Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations, Americas. New York, 1988. Rock, D., Argentina I5I6-I982. London, 1986. Hoddesdon, 1986. Atlases and Maps Wynia, G.A., Argentina, Aguilar, Gran Atlas Aguilar. Madrid, 1969. Paraguay Beradt Publication (England). "Kevin Healey's Contemporary Anuario Estadistico de Ia Repulica del Paraguay. Asuncion, 1987. Reference Map of South America" (1981), Scale= 1:5,000,000. Area Handbook Series: Paraguay - A Country Study. The American Der Grosse Welt Atlas. R.V. Verlag, 1989 University, Washington D.C. Encyclopaedia Britannica, Britannica Atlas. Chicago, 1989. Maybury, L. D., and Howe, J., The Indian Peoples of Times Books, The Times Atlas of the World. London, 1985. Paraguay. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Westermann, Diercke Weltatlas. Braunschweig, 1988. 1980. Uruguay Regional Area Handbook Series: Uruguay - A C. untry Study. The American Venezuela University, Washington D.C. Finch, M.H.J., A Political Economy of Uruguay since I870. London, Anuario Estadistico de Venezuela. Caracas, 1989 1981. Country Study. The American Area Handbook Series: Venezuela - A Government of Uruguay, Annual Statistical Report. 1988 University. Washington D.C. Ewell, J., Venezuela, A Country of Changes. London.• 1989 Brazil Ministerio de obras publicas, Atlas de Venezuela. Venezuela, 1969. Anuario Estatistico do Brazil. Fundacao lnstituto Brasileiro de 1989. Colombia Geografie e Estatistico, Rio de Janeiro, Azevedo, Brasil a terra e o homen. Sao Paulo, 1964. 1988. Aroldo de Anuario General de Estadistica de Colombia. Bogota, W., Industrialization and Economic Development in Study. The American Baer, Area Handbook Series: Colombia - A Country Brazil. Irwin, 1965. University, Washington D.C. Morvan de Melo Moreira, Brazil a Country Profile. Population Atlas de Colombia. Bogota, 1969. Council N.Y., 1978. (1988), Scale= 1:25,000. Cartur (Bogota). "Plano de Bogota" Pauwels, P. G. J., Atlas Geografico Melhoramentos. Sao Paulo, 1968. Hartlyn, J. The Politics of Coalition Rule in Colombia. California University Press, 1988. Guyana Study. The American Ecuador Area Handbook Series: Guyana - A Country University, Washington D.C., 1969. Study. The American Area Handbook Series: Ecuador - A Country Baber, C. and H. B. Jeffrey, Guyana: Politics, Economics and Society. University, Washington D.C. London, 1986. Bradt Publications (England). "The Galapagos Islands" (1988), Scale= I :500,000. Suriname Martz, Y. D., Politics and Petroleum in Ecuador. New Brunswick, The General Bureau of Statistics, Suriname in Figures. Paramaribo, 1987. 1987. Peru French Guiana Anuaro Estadistico del Peru. Lima, 1988. Papy, L., La Guyane Franraise: Les Cahiers d'Outre Mer. Vol. 8. Area Handbook Series: Peru - A Country Study. The American Paris, 1955. University, Washington D.C., 1981. Thorpe, R. &: Bertran, G. Peru- I890-I977: Growth and Policy in an Falkland Islands Open Economhy. London, 1978. Phipps, C., What Future for the Falklands? London, 1977. Times Books, Past Worlds, The Times Atlas of Archaeology. London, Shackleton, E., Falkland Islands: Economic Study I982. HMSO, 1988. London, 1982.

131 Annotated Bibliography prepared by Linda S. Vertrees

THE REGION. The book that first popularized interest in South America Latin America by Enrique Dussel (Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1981). This is John Gunther's Inside South America (Harper & Row Publishers, 1966). is a comprehensive history of the formation, growth, and change of the It is an aging but still excellent introduction to the people, geography, and Catholic tradition in South America from 1492 to 1979. politics of the region. The best and most comprehensive history of South David Bushnell and Neill MacAulay's The Emergence of Latin America America is the Cambridge History of Latin America, 8 volumes (Cambridge in the Nineteenth Century (Oxford University Press, 1988) is a history of University Press, 1985-). Handbook of South American Indians, 7 volumes, the political changes of the 1800's. John Lynch's The Spanish American edited by Julian H. Steward (Smithsonian Institution Press, 1944-1957), is Revolutions 1808-1826, 2d edition (Norton & Co., 1986), is an excellent the definitive work on South American Indians. It explores all aspects of survey of the subject. Lawrence A. Clayton's The Bolivarian Nations Indian tribal life and presents the information in an understandable manner. of Latin America (The Forum Press, 1984) presents a collective history J. H. Parry's The Discovery of South America (Taplinger Publishing Co., from independence to the 1980's for Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, 1979) is an excellent overview of the discovery and exploration of South and Venezuela. They are called the Bolivarian nations because the great America. It contains many black-and-white illustrations and maps and liberator, Simon Bolivar, declared their independence. Two very good uses original documents whenever possible. See also John A. Crow's one• biographies of Bolivar are Donald E. Worchester's Bolivar (Little, Brown, volume history The Epic of Latin America (University of California Press, 1977), and Bolivar the Liberator by Lauran Paine (Roy Publishers Inc., 1980). It covers pre-Columbian history and culture through the modern-day 1970). Bolivar was a criollo born in 1783 in Caracas, Venezuela. His dream relationships of the South American countries. Sakai Sariola's Power and of uniting Ecuador, Colombia, and Venezuela into Gran Colombia did Resistance (Cornell University Press, 1972) studies the patterns of social not succeed, once each country's regionalism became apparent. Selected and political life in Latin America from the conquest to independence. Writings of Bolivar, 2 volumes, compiled by Vicente Lecuna (Colonial Press, Alexander von Humboldt's Personal Narrative of Travels to the Equinoctial 1951), presents another interesting aspect of Simon Bolivar. His letters, Regions of America, 3 volumes (George Bell & Sons, 1900), is the personal proclamations, and speeches provide insight into this very turbulent time story of the exploration of the waters around South America. While the in South American history. Admirable Warrior: Marshal Sucre. Fighter style is somewhat difficult, it provides a fascinating account of his voyages for South American Independence by John P. Hoover (Blaine Ethridge between 1799 and 1804, especially of the scientific instruments used. James Books, 1977) is a fine biography of Antonio Jose de Sucre, a contemporary Colnett's A Voyage to the South Atlantic and Round Cape Horn into the of Bolivar and San Martin. Pacific Ocean (N. Israel & DaCapo Press, 1968) is the story of the voyage Struggle for a Continent by Glen Barclay (New York University Press, of the Royal Navy ship Rattler in 1798. Included are excellent foldout 1972) is a diplomatic, economic, and military history of the South American reproductions of the charts used by Captain Colnett. countries after World War I. The roles played during World War II are an Indian Art in South America by Frederick J. Dockstader (New York intriguing aspect of their independence. For an excellent general history, Graphic Society Publishers Ltd., 1967) covers pre-Columbian art throughout read Modern Latin America by Thomas Skidmore (Oxford University South America. It includes many excellent color and black-and-white Press, 1984). It puts the events of the 1980's into the context of preceding photographs and brief descriptions of the archaeological areas and their years and includes separate chapters for Argentina, Chile, Brazil, and Peru. histories. The Copper and Bronze Ages in South America (AMS Press, Robert L. Scheina's Latin America: A Naval History 1810-1987 (Naval 1979) is a highly technical analysis of weapons and farm implements made Institute Press, 1987) discusses the navies of the coastal countries and their of copper and bronze in South America, including many photographs various assignments. There is an overview of nineteenth-century activity, and line drawings. Edward J. Goodman's The Explorers of South but the twentieth century is presented in greater detail. Latin America: America (Macmillan, 1972) is an excellent summary of 450 years of Perspectives on a Region, edited by Jack W. Hopkins (Holmes & Meier, exploration. It supplements the personal accounts of the explorers with 1987), is a collection of essays on the background and foundations of writings by noted historians. David Hatcher Childress's Lost Cities & Latin American development. Contemporary problems and relationships Ancient Mysteries of South America (Adventures Unlimited Press, 1986) is are examined closely. An interesting general biography is The Legacy of a personal travelogue of the ancient cities and regions of South America. Che Guevara by Donald C. Hodges (Thames and Hudson, 1977). His The photographs and maps supplement an enjoyable narrative. impact on liberation movements in many South American countries is Peoples and Cultures of Native South America, edited by Daniel R. Gross discussed. George Philip's The Military in South American Politics (Croom (Doubleday, 1973), is a collection of short articles discussing the social and Helm, 1985) is a scholarly analysis of military involvement in South economic development of the local Indian tribes. The importance of natural American politics. This analysis covers individual countries as well as South geologic features and climate and their relationship to the evolution of the America in general. Jeffrey W. Barrett's Impulse to Revolution in Latin tribes is presented. Three classic works by Claude Levi-Strauss are The America (Praeger, 1985) discusses the reaction to economic, social, and Raw and the Cooked (Harper Colophon Books, 1975), which provides a political problems presented by the events of the twentieth century. Also careful analysis of myths as well as showing the interaction between different discussed is how the countries evaluate themselves as they relate to other tribes; From Honey to Ashes (Harper & Row, 1973), which discusses the peoples. Liberalization and Redemocratization in Latin America, edited roles of honey and tobacco in local customs; and The Origins of Table by George Lopez and Michael Stohl (Greenwood Press, 1987), presents a Manners (Harper & Row, 1978), which extends the study of myths and series of essays on the major changes in the "authoritarian" regimes. Some the importance of food to North American tribes. Native South American Central American countries are analyzed as well as Peru, Brazil, Uruguay, Ethnology of the Least Known Continent, edited by Patricia J. Lyon (Little, Chile, and Argentina. Churches and Politics in Latin America, edited by Brown, 1974), is a collection of articles on the Indians' relationships to Daniel H. Levine (Sage Publications, 1980), is an interesting analysis of natural resources, the supernatural, outside influences, and their own tribe. the relationship of the church and governments in South America. These The Mythology of South America by John Bierhorst (Morrow, 1988) is essays discuss the changes in the church and their effects on politics. See a scholarly study of mythology as it relates to various tribes. There are also Levine's Religion and Political Conflict in Latin America (University many illustrations and maps locating the tribes that have preserved this of North Carolina Press, 1986), which examines the relationships between aspect of their culture. South American Mythology by Harold Osborne various countries' political and social communities and the Catholic Church. (Hamlyn Publishing Group Ltd., 1968) emphasizes pre-Columbian beliefs. Desperados: Latin Drug Lards, U.S. Lawmen, and the War America It is a coffee-table book with many color and black-and-white photographs Can't Win by Elaine Shannon (Viking, 1988) is a very interesting account of and line drawings. After the Spanish conquest, Indian mythology blended the international drug problem. "Desperados" refers to U.S. agents in Latin with Christian motifs. The only comprehensive history of ·south American America, not drug dealers. The difficulty of the U.S. role in Latin America religions is Lawrence E. Sullivan's Icanchu's Drum: An Orientation to is fully discussed. Rensselaer W. Lee's The White Labyrinth (Transaction, Meaning in South American Religions (Macmillan, 1987). 1989) approaches the drug problem from the economic and political realities New Iberian World, 5 volumes (Time Books, 1984), presents a that make cocaine profitable. documentary history of the discovery and settlement of Latin America. Economies and Societies in Latin America by Peter R. Odell and David This interesting set covers the Caribbean, Mexico, and Central America A. Preston (Wiley & Sons, 1973) is an interesting if somewhat dated account as well as South America to the early 1600's. Earl Parker Hanson's South of the economic and social conditions of South America. Trade, Stability, from the Spanish Main (Delacorte Press, 1967) is a general history of the Technology, and Equity in Latin America, edited by Moshe Syrquin and exploration of South America. Included are interesting biographies of Simon Teitel (Academic Press, 1982), is a series of essays covering 1960 Alexander von Humboldt, Charles Darwin, and Henry W. Bates. Clarence to the 1980's economic development in South America as it relates to, for Haring's The Spanish Empire in America (Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, example, international trade, technology, stability, and growth. Jonathan 1947) covers the period from 1492 to the wars of independence. It discusses Kandell's Passage Through ElDorado (Morrow & Co., 1984) is a personal the transfer of old-world ideas, government, and society to the new world account of life at the Petroleum Exploration Zone as well as traveling and their eventual decay leading to the independence movement. Early through the Amazon Basin. The author provides some insights into the Latin America by James Lockhard and Stuart B. Schwartz (Cambridge developing economy of the countries visited. Latin America by James University Press, 1983) is an excellent single-volume history of colonial Petras et a!. (Rowman & Littlefield, 1986) is a series of essays on the global Spanish America and Portuguese Brazil. To understand the importance of implications of economic development in South America. Included is a the Catholic Church in South America, read A History of the Church in discussion of the relationship between the United States and Latin America

132 in light of the reassertion of democracy in many of the countries. John Basin. Exploring the Amazon by Helen and Frank Schreider (National Sheahan's Patterns of Development in Latin America (Princeton University Geographic Society, 1970) begins in Cuzco at the beginning of the Amazon. Press, 1987) uses the topical approach to the assessment of. economic It contains many illustrations of birds, fish, plant life, and local tribes. The conditions in the late 1980's. The possibility of a role for the United States problems of tribal economy and development are discussed. Joe Kane's in future economic development in South America is suggested. For a Running the Amazon (Knopf, 1989) is the adventure story of eleven people general history on the economic development in South America, see Latin who began the 4,200-mile trip down the Amazon; only four finished. The American Development: Geographical Perspectives, edited by David Preston author tells of the effects of development, drug traffic, and personal and (Longman Scientific & Technical, 1987), which contains a series of essays team accomplishments. Redmond O'Hanlon's In Trouble Again (Atlantic covering developments from the colonial times to the present. Rural as well Monthly, 1989) is the often amusing story of a four-month journey to as urban changes are presented. Howard J. Wiarda's Latin America at the Venezuelan Amazonia. Who Goes Out in the Midday Sun? by Benedict Crossroads (Westview, 1987) is an analysis of current social, political, and Allen (Viking, 1986) recounts an Englishman's entertaining exploits with eccnomic trends, including a discussion of relationships with the United animals, insects, Indians, and gold miners in the Amazon. States. Artt.ur P. Whitaker's The United States and the Southern Cone (Harvard ANDES. An Ancient World Preserved by Frederic Andre Engel (Crown Univers;ty Press, 1976) is a study of Argentina, Uruguay, and Chile, Publishing, Inc., 1976) is a scholarly presentation of excavating in the Andes known collectively as the Southern Cone. The historical development of from the Antilles to Tierra del Fuego. It portrays the social, economic, and these cou.1tries both individually and as a group is analyzed. Geopolitics political lives of the Andean peoples over the last I 0,000 years and includes of the Southern Cone and Antarctica, edited by Philip Kelly and Jack excellent maps and photographs. Ancient Civilizations of the Andes by Child (Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1988), is a collection of scholarly essays Philip Ainsworth Means (Gordian Press, 1973) presents an archaeological analyzing the feasibility of regional economics and politics, potentials history and geography of Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. John Hyslop's The for conflict within the Southern Cone, and Brazil's influence in the area. lnka Road System (Academic Press, 1984) is an excellent archaeological Philip O'Brien and Paul Commack edited Generals in Retreat (Manchester and historical study of the 14,000 miles of Inca roads, which tied Inca l.J niversity Press, 1985), a contemporary analysis of this area plus Brazil. society together through transportation, communication, and administration For an economic analysis, see Joseph Ramos's Neoconservative Economics from the governing cities of Cuzco and Machu Picchu. Heinrich Ubbelohde• in the Southern Cone of Latin America, 1973-1983 (The Johns Hopkins Doering's On the Royal Highways of the Inca (Praeger, 1966) discusses and University Press, 1986). A separate analysis of each country is presented as illustrates pre-Inca culture and artifacts. Journey along the Spine of the well as an analysis of the region. Andes by Christopher Portway (The Oxford Illustrated Press, 1984) is an Latin America and the United States, edited by Robert Bacon and James interesting personal adventure in Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, and Colombia. The Brown Scott (Cambridge University Press, 1917), contains the collected Route of the Incas (Viking Press, 1976) is a beautifully photographed coffee• addresses and papers of Elihu Root, Secretary of War, Secretary of State, table book with many illustrations of artifacts, landscapes, and people. Tony and U.S. Senator. These documents represent U.S. policy through the Morrison's Land above the Clouds: Wildlife of the Andes (Universe Books, turn of the century. For an excellent and thoughtful presentation of U.S. 1972) includes many color and black-and-white photographs of wildlife and policy toward Latin America prior to the Cuban revolution, read Milton S. geography. Eisenhower's The Wine is Bitter (Doubleday, 1963), which discusses how the Magnus Miirner's The Andean Past (Columbia University Press, 1985) Alliance for Progress, the Act of Bogota, and the Charter of Punta del Este provides an economic history of the Andean region. It covers Peru, can be used as a framework for better relations between the United States Ecuador, and Bolivia from the time of the Incas through the conquest and and South America. Partners in Conflict by Abraham F. Lowenthal (The colonization by Spain to the establishment of independent countries. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987) provides an analysis of U.S. policy since 1960. Finding Our Way?, edited by Howard J. Wiarda (American VENEZUELA. A good general history is Venezuela by John V. Lombard Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1987), contains essays on (Oxford University Press, 1982). It reflects the evolutionary nature of the current U.S. economic policy and its future. country's development, with sections on land resources and people as well as The Giant's Rival: The USSR and Latin America by Cole Blasier political history from colonialism to the 1980's. Judith Ewell's Venezuela: A (University of Pittsburgh Press, 1987) is a general discussion of Soviet Century of Change (Stanford University Press, 1984) covers the 1890's to the relations with Latin America. It provides insight into Soviet and Latin 1980's. It concentrates on politics and the effect of oil on the economy. Also American economic ties, for example, as they relate to Argentina's and provided are short biographies of the rulers during this time. Brazil's export of grain to the USSR. See also The USSR and Latin Irving Rouse's and Jose M. Cruxent's Venezuelan Archaeology (Yale America: A Developing Relationship, edited by Eusebio Mujal-Leon (Unwin University Press, 1963) is a useful overview, including a number of line Hyman, 1989). drawings and black-and-white photographs. The Headman and I by Jean Lives on the Line, edited by Doris Meyer (University of California Paul Dumont (University of Texas Press, 1978) is the personal story of an Press, 1988), contains essays that represent the development of Latin anthropologist among the Panare Indians and how they came to accept one American literature from 1960 to 1986. Since nearly all major writers other. The same author's Under the Rainbow (University of Texas Press, are represented, this is an excellent introduction to contemporary Latin 1976) is a scholarly analysis of the cultural and economic systems of the American literature. Marie-Lise Gazarian Gautier's Interviews with Latin Panare Indians. It emphasizes daily life. A more recent anthropological American Writers (Dalkey Archive, 1989) is a series of fifteen interviews study is The Panare by Paul Henley (Yale University Press, 1982). He found with contemporary writers. Issues discussed range from private emotions that the Panare have been able to retain their social and cultural traditions to Latin America's literary productions to politics and protest. For an even in close proximity to civilization. Survivors of El Dorado by Johannes understanding of contemporary art, read Drawing the Line by Oriana Wilbert (Praeger Publishers, 1972) discusses four Indian societies and their Baddeley and Valerie Fraser (Verso, 1989). refuge from the Spanish conquerors in the desert, jungle, and swamps of the region. AMAZON BASIN. Thomas L. Sterling's The Amazon (Time-Life The Conquest and Settlement of Venezuela by Don Jose de Oviedo y International, 1975) contains many beautiful color photographs of the flora Baiios (University of California Press, 1987) was first printed in 1723 and and fauna and people who live in the Amazon Basin. It includes a special is considered a classic on early Venezuelan history. For an analysis of section on Henry Bates, the young, self-taught naturalist who spent the years Spain's colonial policies, see Stephen Stoan's Pablo Morillo and Venezuela 1848-1859 in the Amazon. The Fate of the Forest: Developers. Destroyers 1815-1820 (Ohio State University Press, 1974). Morillo was the commander and Defenders of the Amazon by Susanna Hecht and Alexander Cockburn of the Spanish Expeditionary Army during that time. Gunboat Diplomacy (Verso, distributed by Routledge, 1989) puts current concerns in historic 1895-1905 by Miriam Hood (A. S. Barnes & Co., 1977) is the story of and economic perspective. The settling of the area, the rubber industry, and the involvement of Great Britain, Germany, and the United States in the other damaging development policies of the governments and industries have development of Venezuela. After Cipriano Castro seized control of the all contributed to the deterioration of the Amazon forest. Dennis Werner's government in 1899, Britain and Germany, who had many large investments Amazon Journey (Simon & Schuster, 1984), based on research among the there, blockaded the country. Castro demanded that the United States Mekranoti, describes the methods a modern anthropologist uses to collect intercede by upholding the Monroe Doctrine. and analyze data. Amazon Frontier by John Hemming (Macmillan, 1987) is For recent history, see Winfield J. Burggraaffs The Venezuelan Armed a scholarly work that provides an extensive chronological listing of scientists Forces in Politics. 1935-1959 (University of Missouri Press, 1972). This and artists and the Indian tribes they studied. Explorers of the Amazon by book provides a clear understanding of the nature of military involvement Anthony Smith (Viking, 1990) is a history of the Amazon River Basin and in national politics from the death of General Juan Vicente Gomez in the people who explored it, beginning at the headwaters in Ecuador in 1541 1935 to the presidency of Romulo Betancourt in 1959. Democracy and with a Spanish expedition and ending in 1913 with the evils of the rubber Dictatorship in Venezuela. 1945-1958 by Glen L. Kolb (Connecticut College industry exposed. in association with Archon Books, 1974) is a concise presentation of events A Narrative of Travels on the Amazon and Rio Negro by Alfred Russel after the October revolution in 1945 to the fall of the dictator Perez Jimenez Wallace (Haskell House Publishers, Ltd., 1969) is a reprint of the 1853 in 1958. Robert J. Alexander's Romulo Betancourt and the Transformation classic. On a joint expedition of the Amazon with Henry Bates, Wallace of Venezuela (Transaction Books, 1982) is an excellent biography of continued his journey up the Rio Negro to the upper waters of the Orinoco Betancourt ( 1908-1981 ), the first president to be elected and to be succeeded Jungle Paths and Inca Ruins by William M. McGovern (The Century Co., by another democratically elected president. His political career was devoted 1927) is a personal account of the exploration of the northwest Amazon to turning Venezuela into a democratic nation. An interesting study of

133 Venezuelan foreign policy development is Diplomacy and Dependency by in Bogota. Fifteen other ambassadors were also held by Marxist terrorists. Sheldon B. Liss (Documentary Publications, 1978), which analyzes how Structural Change in a Developing Economy by Richard R. Nelson, T. power politics as practiced by North and South American countries have Paul Schultz, and Robert L. Slighton (Princeton University Press, 1971) is affected Venezuela. a scholarly analysis of Colombia's economy. This work attempts to show Two interesting but technical books on the oil industry are The Politics the relationship among economic development, rapid population growth, of Oil in Venezuela by Franklin Tugwell (Stanford University Press, 1975) and policymaking as a government response to a changing society. Vinod and The Nationalization of the Venezuelan Oil Industry by Gustavo Coronel Thomas's Linking Macroeconomic and Agricultural Policies for Adjustment (Lexington Books, 1983). with Growth (The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1985) is an excellent economic analysis of the factors that have contributed to the long-term COLOMBIA. There are two excellent books on cocaine trafficking development of the Colombian economy. Essays on Industrialization in between Colombia and the United States. Paul Eddy, Hugo Sabogal, and Colombia, edited by Albert Barry (Arizona State University Press, 1983), Sara Walden's Cocaine Wars: Murder, Money, Corruption, and the World's provides a general introduction to the economic history of Colombia. Most Valuable Commodity (Norton, 1988) is an in-depth investigation of the drug cartel's activities from the jungle through the refining process ECUADOR. For a beautiful coffee-table book with many color and eventual shipment to the United States. Kings of Cocaine: Inside the photographs, see Ecuador: Island of the Andes by Kevin Kling (Thames Medellin Cartel by Guy Gugliotta and Jeff Leen (Simon and Schuster, & Hudson, 1988). Betty J. Meggers's Ecuador (Praeger, 1966) is an 1989) is based on the authors' prize-winning series in the Miami Herald. It archaeological study with many black-and-white photographs, maps, and analyzes the complex hierarchy of the cartel and its terrorist methods. line drawings of artifacts. An excellent history is Colombia before Columbus by Armand J. Labbe The Jivaro: People of the Sacred Waterfalls by Michael J. Harner (an Americas Foundation Book in association with the Bowers Museum, (Doubleday/Natural History Press, 1972) is an account of the only tribe Rizzoli, 1986). Gold of El Dorado, a coffee-table book, published by to revolt successfully against the Spanish and remain unconquered in the Abrams in 1979 provides a short history of the legend of El Dorado, forest east of the Andes. The Jivaro were fierce warriors and kept shrunken including maps indicating where the artifacts were found and discussion of head trophies of their enemies. Sacha Runa by Norman E. Whitten, Jr. individual pieces. (University of Illinois Press, 1976), is a scholarly ethnohistory of the area Michael Taussig's Shamanism, Colonialism, and the Wild near Puyo, a town in the Quichua jungle, with photos, line drawings, and Man (University of Chicago Press, 1987) is an interesting anthropological maps. The sequel, Sicuanga Runa (University of Illinois Press, 1985), study based on many years of personal observation. It provides insight discusses the myths present in the everyday life of these tribes. A more into the role of myth and magic in colonial violence and healing practices. traditional approach to anthropological study is Whitten's Class, Kinship, Another anthropological study is The Shaman and the Jaguar by G. and Power in an Ecuadoran Town (Stanford University Press, 1965). Reichel-Dolmatoff (Temple University Press, 1975), describing the use It discusses the construction of a rail line in 1957 linking the highlands of hallucinogenic plants in the practice of native religions, creation with the port town San Lorenzo and how the community coped with myths, and initiation rites by the many Northwest Amazon Indian tribes. the resulting economic changes. Mary J. Weismantel's Food, Gender, LeRoy Gordon's Human Geography and Ecology in the Sinu Country of and Poverty in the Eucadoran Andes (University of Pennsylvania Press, Colombia (Greenwood Press, 1977) describes this region and provides a 1988) is a study of the economic, social, and cultural changes affecting the history of the peoples who use it, both past and present. This work shows Zumbagua in the early 1980's. the influence of land on development by the inhabitants as well as the The Kingdom of Quinto in the Seventeenth Century by John Leddy influence of the inhabitants on the land. Phelan (University of Wisconsin Press, 1967) is an informative history of the For an illustration of the importance of the frontier in Spanish Colombia, bureaucratic politics of the Spanish empire in Ecuador. Frank MacDonald see A Tropical Plains Frontier by Jane M. Rausch (University of New Spindler's Nineteenth-Century Ecuador: A Historical Introduction (George Mexico, 1984). This work traces the history of the Llanos region of Mason University Press, 1987) provides a basic history from pre-Columbian Colombia from 1531 to 1831. The Darien Disaster by John Prebble times through the beginning of the twentieth century. Each presidential (Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1968) is the story of a Scots colony from its term from 1830 to 1912 is analyzed, and short biographies of the influential establishment in 1698 to 1700 when the Spanish drove the settlers off the people of each administration are presented. The Process of Political continent. Domination in Ecuador by Agustin Cueva (Transaction Books, 1982) is a Gerhard Masur's Simon Bolivar (University of New Mexico Press, concise history of Ecuador since independence from Spain, emphasizing the 1948) is an excellent biography of the great liberator and his plans for a political history of the twentieth century. For an excellent history of modern Gran Colombia. Narifio: Hero of Colombian Independence by Thomas Ecuador, see David W. Schodt's Ecuador (Westview Press, 1987). It presents Blossom (University of Arizona Press, 1967) is a summary of the struggle the diverse aspects of the geography, people, and economy in an informative for independence in Colombia as well as the other South American narrative. The importance of cacao, bananas, and petroleum to the economy countries against the corrupt Spanish system. Antonio Nariiio was a is analyzed. Ecuador by David Corkill (Oxford University Press, 1989) is wealthy, educated, creole leader who was instrumental in the fight for another good general history and provides an excellent bibliography. independence. James William Park's Rafael Nunez and the Politics of Edward Whymper's Travels amongst the Great Andes of the Equator with Colombian Regionalism. 1863-1886 (Louisiana State University Press, additional color photographs and a new introduction by Loren Mcintyre 1985) concentrates on the period of Colombia's history when regionalism (Gibbs M. Smith Inc., 1987), was originally published in 1879. It describes predominated over national disintegration. Nuiiez presided over the the methods of travel and mountain climbing in the late 1800's. A more establishment of the national constitution in 1886 that began a period recent travel book is Two Wheels & a Taxi by Virginia Urrutia (The of political stability, economic recovery, and industrial development. Mountaineers, 1987). The author's personal experiences while on a bicycle Charles W. Bergquist's Coffee and Conflict in Colombia, /886-19/0 (Duke trip through the Ecuadoran Andes with only a taxi as her "support vehicle" University Press, 1978) presents an excellent analysis of economy and is very entertaining. Rhoda and Earle Brooks's The Barrios of Manta (New politics after resurgence of central rather than regional control. Gaitim American Library, 1965) is the story of a husband-and-wife team of Peace of Colombia by Richard E. Sharpless (University of Pittsburgh Press, Corps volunteers and their experiences in Ecuador. 1978) is a biography of Jorge Eliecer Gaitan, a populist leader during the Gahipagos Islands. There are many different editions of Charles Darwin's 1930's and 1940's. This is a detailed account of his political career and the classic works The Voyage of H. M. S. Beagle and On the Origin of Species. frustrations of both the rural and urban working class. The Assassination of New York University Press has produced the complete 29-volume set titled Gaitan by Herbert Braun (University of Wisconsin Press, 1985) deals with Works of Charles Darwin. For the general reader, David W. Steadman and his assassination in 1948 and subsequent events. Hundreds of people died Steven Zousmer's Galapagos: Discovery on Darwin's Islands (Smithsonian in a riot in Bogota, and the political compromise between the liberals and Institution Press, 1988) is superbly illustrated. It provides a description of conservatives disintegrated. the natural and human history of the islands as well as presenting a theory Mid-twentieth century Colombian history is marred by extensive violence. on their formation. Also, see John Hickman's The Enchanted Islands: When Colombia Bled by James D. Henderson (University of Alabama The Galapagos Discovered (Longwood Publishing Group, 1985). Subtidal Press, 1985) is a general history of the from the mid 1940's through the mid Galapagos: Exploring the Waters of Darwin's Islands by James Cribb 1960's during which time an estimated 150,000 to 200,000 people were killed. (Camden House Publishers, 1986) concentrates on the unusual marine life Evelio Buitrago Salazar's Zarpazo the Bandit (University of Alabama Press, in the surrounding waters. There are many color photographs and maps of 1977) tells the story of this conflict fought mostly in the interior highlands. this fascinating area. My Father's Island: A Galapagos Quest by Johanna It is a thought-provoking insight into this time period from the soldiers' Angermeyer (Viking Press, 1989) is told from the perspective of the people point of view. Camilo Torres by Walter J. Broderick (Doubleday and Co., who settled on the islands in the 1930's. It provides an interesting look at Inc., 1975) is the biography of a priest-revolutionary killed in 1966. He had the reality of living in "paradise." become a symbol of Christian commitment and resistance to oppression. Jonathan Hartlyn's The Politics of Coalition Rule in Colombia (Cambridge PERU. One of the most intriguing geophysical aspects of Peru is Nazca University Press, 1988) provides an interesting discussion of Colombian and its "lines". Evan Hadingham's Lines to the Mountain Gods (Random politics and government. House, 1987) challenges many of the wildest theories. He presents Maria Diego and Nancy Asencio's Our Man Is Inside (Atlantic Monthly Press, Reiche and her theory of a huge calendar pointing to the sun and stars 1982) is the suspenseful account of the U.S. ambassador to Colombia's and discusses new clues and theories. Pathways to the Gods by Tony sixty-one days of captivity in 1980 at the Dominican Republic's Embassy Morrison (Harper & Row, 1978) discusses the lines and their relationship to

134 astronomy and religion. Both books have many illustrations, line drawings, Illinois University Press, 1978) provides a brief history from the pre• and photographs of the Nazca lines. Columbian period to 1914. It concentrates on twentieth-century events. Inca Architecture by Graziano Gasparini and Luise Margolies (Indiana Watt Stewart's Chinese Bondage in Peru (Duke University Press, 1951) University Press, 1980) is a well-illustrated book with maps, many black• tells the story of the use of cheap Chinese labor in Peru in the middle of and-white photographs, and line drawings representing the architecture of the nineteenth century. Revolution in Peru: Mariategui and the Myth by the Incas. Susan A. Niles's Callachaca (University of Iowa Press, 1987) is a John M. Baines (University of Alabama Press, 1972) is a biography of Jose nicely illustrated architectural study of an Inca settlement near Cuzco. The Carlos Mariategui (1895-1930). It discusses not only his political ideas but use of natural features such as caves, springs, and rock outcrops in the site also his ideas for social change. The Japanese and Peru 1873-1973 by C. designs is discussed. Pouery Style and Society in Ancient Peru by Dorothy Harvey Gardiner (University of New Mexico Press, 1975) discusses the Menzel (University of California Press, 1976) presents the archaeology of history of diplomatic relations between Japan and Peru. Peru was the first the lea Valley with many black-and-white photographs and line drawings of South American country with which Japan established diplomatic relations. the artifacts. Henri Stierlin's Art of the Incas (Rizzoli, 1984) is a beautiful Peru has a large number of Japanese immigrants. coffee-table book. It concentrates on the aesthetic creativity of the pre• The Politics of the Miraculous in Peru by Fredrick B. Pike (University Columbian artisans. of Nebraska Press, 1986) is a biography of Victor Raul Haya de Ia For an enjoyable history of the Inca Empire, read Loren Mcintyre's The Torre, the founder of the APRA political party. Steve Stein's Populism Incredible Incas (National Geographic Society, 1975). History of the Inca in Peru (University of Wisconsin Press, 1980) is a good history of twentieth• Empire by Bernabe Cobo (University of Texas Press, 1979) is a classic century Peru. The politics of social control and the APRA political party history published in the early 1600's. This is a comprehensive study of are presented. The Peruvian Experiment Reconsidered, edited by Cynthia Inca culture, character, style of dress, social institutions, and legends. Peru McClintock and Abraham F. Lowenthal (Princeton University Press, before Pizarro by George Bankes (Phaidon, 1977) presents a picture of 1983), contains a series of essays discussing the military government's life in ancient Peru as it was shaped by elevation, terrain, and climate. economic and political perspectives during their regime from 1968 to This account covers environment, social system, religion, and economics. 1980. For an excellent contemporary history, see Raul P. Saba's Political Another excellent history is The Incas, edited by Alain Gheerbrant (Orion Development and Democracy in Peru (Westview Press, 1987), which Press, 1961 ). It presents different kings and their social, economic, legal, discusses politics, economics, and ideology under the military regime and and architectural accomplishments. Royal Commentaries of the Incas by the civilian government. Of current concern is Cocaine: White Gold Rush Garcilaso de Ia Vega (University of Texas Press, 1966) is an account of in Peru by Edmundo N. Morales (University of Arizona Press, 1989). Many Inca history from the perspective of a contemporary Inca. Burr Cartwright possible options to eliminate drug trafficking are presented, from military Brundage's Empire of the Inca (University of Oklahoma Press, 1963) intervention to buying crops of cocoa leaves and destroying them. discusses territorial expansion as a function of religious beliefs. The empire Pedro-Pablo Kuczynski's Peruvian Democracy under Economic was called Tahuantinsuyo ("the Four Quarters') by the Incas. Stress (Princeton University Press, 1977) analyzes the economic and political The classic work on Inca life is William H. Prescott's History of the policies of the Belaunde administration (1963-1968). Rapid economic and Conquest of Peru, 2 volumes (Phillips, Sampson & Co., 1859). It narrates social expansion caused a serious economic crisis and eventual military the social, religious, economic, and political aspects of Inca culture. The coup in 1968. The Political Economy of Peru 1956-78 by E.V.K. Fitzgerald Conquest of the Incas by John Hemming (Harcourt, Brace Jovanovich, Inc., (Cambridge University Press, 1979) is a scholarly analysis of the economic 1970) is an excellent study of the relationship between the Spaniards and growth of Peru since 1956. The effect of this economic growth on different the Indians. All levels of Inca society from royalty to peasants and miners social classes is also discussed. Stephen B. Brush's Mountain, Field, and are presented in detail. For the perspective of the conqueror, read Pedro Family (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1977) is an interesting analysis of Pizarro's Relation of the Discovery and Conquest of the Kingdoms of Peru, the resources of an Andean valley and its continued economic and cultural 2 volumes (The Cortes Society, 1921), a translation of Pizarro's own account development. A brief history of the valley from the Spanish conquest is also of the conquest of Peru. The Last Inca Revolt 1780-1783 by Lillian Estelle presented. Fisher (University of Oklahoma Press, 1966) is the story of the uprising led by the Inca noble Tupac Amaru II. BOLIVIA. Bolivia's early history is tied to Peru and the Inca empire. Lords of Cuzco by Burr Cartwright Brundage (University of Oklahoma Simon llolivar declared the country's independence, and was honored when Press, 1967) is a chronology of the city of Cuzco from 1532 to 1572. Cuzco it took his name on August 25, 1825. Bartolome Arzans de Orsua y Vela's was the community of households in support of the sacred kings. Also by Tales of Potosi (Brown University Press, 1975) is a good description of Brundage is Empire of the Inca (University of Oklahoma Press, 1963). Inca Spanish daily life in colonial South America. Potosi has one of the richest culture was totally engulfed by religion, and when religion began to fail, and silver deposits in the world. Bolivia: Land, Location, and Politics since the Spanish invaded, the empire collapsed. 1825 by Valerie J. Fifer (Cambridge University Press, 1972) examines Hiram Bingham's Lost City of the Incas (Atheneum, 1979) is an account the related aspects of location, accessibility, and boundary changes. Also of the discovery of the royal city of Vilcapampa in 1911. The city was presented are the effects of being one of two landlocked countries in lost for 300 years after the death of the last Inca ruler and is now called South America. Charles W. Arnade's The Emergence of the Republic of Machu Picchu after the nearby mountain. Portrait of an Explorer: Hiram Bolivia (Russell & Russell, 1970) is a good general history to the early Bingham, Discoverer of Machu Picchu by Alfred M. Bingham (Iowa State 1950's that discusses the problems of the development of a new nation. University Press, 1989) is mostly about the discovery and exploration of Also discussed are the problems of agriculture at very high elevations. Machu Picchu and includes many of the first pictures of the city. Machu Christopher Mitchell's The Legacy of Populism in Bolivia (Praeger, 1977) Picchu by John Hemming (Newsweek, 1981) is a coffee-table book with is a general political history of the mid-twentieth century. It discusses the many color photographs of the city, surrounding landscape, and artifacts. It change from civilian populism to military rule and the influence of the is an excellent companion for Lost City of the Incas. Nationalist Revolutionary Movement (MNR), the most important populist Terrence Grieder's The Art and Archaeology of Pashash (University of party. Texas Press, 1978) is an account of the discovery and excavation of the Beyond the Revolution: Bolivia since 1952, edited by James M. Malloy richest pre-Columbian burial cite in Peru. The treasures discovered provide and Richard S. Thorn (University of Pittsburgh Press, 1971 ), is a series new perspectives on the meaning of Andean funerary practices. Peasants of essays on the revolution, economic transformation, land reform, and in Transition by Ted Lewellen (Westview Press, 1978) is a scholarly study Bolivia's relations with the United States. A popular revolution overturned of the Aymara Indians of the Lake Titicaca Basin and their transition the military junta and reinstated Victor Paz Estenssoro as president. James from subsistence agriculture to a money economy. Changes in the social, Dunmerley's Rebellion in the Veins: Political Struggle in Bolivia (Verso, religious, and kinship structures are also discussed. The Flocks of the 1984) is a scholarly study of Bolivian society since the 1952 revolution. It Wamani by Kent V. Flannery and Joyce Marcus (Academic Press, Inc., presents an analysis of the general problems of the economy, politics, and 1989) is an anthropological study of the Llama herders on the Punas of society as well as of the military dictatorships from 1964 to 1982. Modern Ayacucho basin. Their current lives represent the survival of an ancient way Day Bolivia, edited by Jerry R. Ladman (Center for Latin American of life. Paul T. Baker's Man in the Andes (Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross, Studies, Arizona State University, 1982), is a collection of scholarly essays Inc., 1976) is a scholarly study of the effects of high-altitude living on an dealing with Bolivian history since 1952. It covers political and economic Andean community. Billie Jean Isbell's To Defend Ourselves (University development, foreign influence and relations, and social and economic of Texas Press, 1978) is an ethnographic study, similar in approach to change. An interesting presentation of modern history is Revolution and Baker's, of a south-central Andean community. Barbara Bode's No Bells Reaction: Bolivia, 1964-1985 by James M. Malloy and Eduardo Gamarra to Toll (Scribner, 1989) is the story of the earthquake in 1970 that claimed (Transaction Books, 1988). It analyzes the politics and economy of military 75,000 lives. The author visited the area one year later and again after ten rule from the overthrow of President Victor Paz Estenssoro in 1964 to his years to reassess her study. return in 1985. Chronicle of Colonial Lima by Josephe de Mugaburu and Francisco de For a personal and unique perspective on U.S. relations with Bolivia, Mugaburu (University of Oklahoma Press, 1975) is the cooperative diary see My Missions for Revolutionary Bolivia 1944-1962 by Victor Andrade of Spanish soldier-brothers covering the years 1640 to 1697; it provides (University of Pittsburgh Press, 1976). The author was the Bolivian insights into the history, conditions, and religion of Lima. Clements R. ambassador to the United States at various times from 1944 to 1962. See Markham's A History of Peru (Greenwood Press, 1968) is a comprehensive also The Great Rebel: Che Guevara in Bolivia by Luis J. Gonzalez and history including discussions of sociology, natural resources, and literature Gustavo A. Sanchez Salazar (Grove Press, Inc., 1969). as well as politics and government. Peru by David P. Werlich (Southern Erick D. Langer's Economic Change and Rural Resistance in Southern 135 Bolivia 1880-1930 (Stanford University Press, 1989) is a scholarly history The Growth and Structure of the Chilean Economy by Markos J. of economic development in southern Bolivia around the silver mines Mamalakis (Yale University Press, 1976) is a technical study of the of Potosi. The rural economy of the other provinces that make up the historic and economic developments from 1840 to 1973. Sergio Bitar's southern part of Bolivia are also analyzed. A History of the Bolivian Labor Chile (Institute for the Study of Human Issues, 1986) is an excellent Movement 1848-1971 by Guillermo Lora (Cambridge University Press, 1977) economic and political analysis of the Allende regime from the perspective provides an interesting history of the labor movement and the economy that of a former minister in his cabinet. See also Barbara Stallings's Class centered on the silver mines of Potosi. Lawrence F. Salmen's Listen to the Conflict and Economic Development in Chile, 1958-1973 (Stanford People (World Bank by Oxford University Press, 1987) is an evaluation of University Press, 1978). World-Bank-assisted urban development projects in LaPaz, Bolivia, and Guayaquil, Ecuador. The author was a participant-observer of the projects Easter Island. Thor Heyerdahl has written a number of books on Easter in both cities. Island, the most famous and fascinating is Aku-Aku (Rand McNally & Co., 1958), a personal account of the archaeological exploration. Also CHILE. Junius B. Bird's Travels and Archaeology in South by Heyerdahl is Art of Easter Island (De Boekerij Baarn, 1975), which Chile (University of Iowa Press, 1988) is a classic study of archaeological concentrates on non-archaeological discoveries, including a brief history excavation in Chile in 1936 and 1937. It includes black and white of Easter Island and its discovery. It is illustrated with many black-and• photographs, graphs, and line drawings of various artifacts. The description white and some color photographs of the artifacts found on the island. of each site includes a diary of daily activity, climate, and finds. Chile, Heyerdahl's Easter Island: The Mystery Solved (Random House, 1989) was edited by Andrea T. Merrill (USGPO, 1982), provides basic information on written after his return to the island after thirty years. Rapa Nui Tradition the history, society, economy, government, and national security of Chile. and Survival by Grant McCall (University Press of Hawaii, 1980) is an Two excellent histories of Chile are Harold Blakemore's Chile (Oxford excellent anthropological study of the people of Easter Island. Information University Press, 1989), which has a good bibliography, and Out of the on the relationship with the other Polynesian islands is presented in an Ashes, by James R. Whelan (Regnery Gateway, 1989), which provides a interesting narrative. Another history is Easter Island by Peggy Mann (Holt, chronology of events from 1833 to the present. Rinehart & Winston, 1976). Island of Secrets by Jacek Machowski (Robert Pedro de Valdivia: Conqueror of Chile by R. B. Cunninghame Graham Hale, 1975) provides a concise history of Easter Island and the explorations (Milford House, 1973) describes the early life of Valdivia in Spain and his of the last 250 years. Thomas S. Barthel's The Eighth Land (University success as a soldier in Venezuela and Peru. He marched south to Chile Press of Hawaii, 1978) is a scholarly presentation and the most detailed in 1541 where he established the settlement of Santiago and was killed in analysis of the myths and legends of Easter Island. a battle with the Mapuches natives in 1554. Eugene H. Korth's Spanish Policy in Colonial Chile (Stanford University Press, 1968) is a study of ARGENTINA. David Rock's Argentina 1516-1982 (University of Spanish rule from 1535 to 1700. It provides information regarding the many California Press, 1985) is an excellent general history from Spanish struggles between the Spanish colonists and the Indians and the eventual colonization to the Falklands War. It discusses the impact of the Spanish emancipation of all Indian slaves in 1674. Two good books on Bernardo regime on the development of Argentina. Tierra Del Fuego: The Fatal O'Higgins are Jay Kinsbruner's Bernardo O'Higgins (Twayne Publishers, Lodestone by Eric Shipton (Charles Knight & Co., 1973) is the story of the Inc., 1968) and Stephen Clissold's Bernardo O'Higgins and the Independence exploration of the area at the southernmost tip of South America and the of Chile (Praeger, 1968). O'Higgins was the illegitimate son of the viceroy channel islands. Throughout the early years many missionaries attempted of Peru and a Chilean mother. In 1810 he led the revolt against Spain that to settle in the region only to be driven out by either the Indians or the lasted seven years and led to Chilean independence in 1817, when he became climate. San Martin by Ricardo Rojas (Doubleday, Doran & Co., 1945) dictator supreme. is a biography of General Jose de San Martin. Educated as an officer in Simon Collier's Ideas and Politics of Chilean Independence the Spanish army, in 1810 he fought for the independence of Argentina, /808-/833 (Cambridge University Press, 1967) describes the development which was declared in 1816. Later, he led his army across the Andes to of political ideas and attitudes of the revolutionary Chilean creole leaders. assist Bernardo O'Higgins in the fight for Chilean independence. Robert The Civil Wars in Chile by Maurice Zeitlin (Princeton University Press, Weisbrot's The Jews of Argentina (The Jewish Publication Society of 1984) analyzes the historical significance and the events leading up to each America, 1979) is the story of the development of Jewish communities in of the civil wars in Chile in 1851, 1859, and 1891. William F. Sater's The Argentina from the Inquisition to Peron. Argentina has the fifth largest Heroic Image in Chile: Arturo Prot, Secular Saint (University of California Jewish population in the world after the United States, USSR, Israel, and Press, 1973) is a study of the naval career of Arturo Prat, killed in 1879 France. during the war in the Pacific with Peru. While this is basically a biography, Argentine Dictator Juan Manuel de Rosas 1829-1852 by John Lynch it also provides insights into the creation of heroes by society in general. (Clarendon Press, 1981) is a biography of the landowner, rural caudillo, Frederick M. Nunn's The Military in Chilean History (University of New and governor of Buenos Aires from 1829 to 1852. Richard W. Slatta's Mexico Press, 1976) is an analysis of the military and its relationship with Gauchos and the Vanishing Frontier (University of Nebraska Press, 1983) the government from 1810 to 1973. is a history of the gauchos in the rural Rio de Ia Plata area (Pampas). A The Tragedy of Chile by Robert J. Alexander (Greenwood Press, 1978) House Divided by Eduardo Crawley (St. Martin's Press, 1984) is a study attempts to describe and explain how the governmental crisis developed covering the growth and change in Argentine ideology from 1880 to 1980. in the early 1970's. Edward Boorstein's Allende's Chile (International Donald Hodges's Argentina, 1943-1987 (University of New Mexico Publishers, 1977) provides general background to the election of Salvador Press, 1988) is a history of Argentine politics since World War II and the Allende as president and his Unidad Popular (UP) government. An country's relations with other South American countries. It also provides analysis of his term and the social and economic problems that led to the a study of Juan Peron and the Peronist movement. Two of the best overthrow of his government is presented. Crisis in Allende's Chile by Edy biographies of Peron are Peron by Joseph A. Page (Random House, 1983) Kaufman (Praeger, 1988) is a scholarly analysis of Allende's Unidad Popular and Robert D. Crassweller's Peron and the Enigmas of Argentina (Norton, government and offers some new and different explanations of his downfall. 1987), which puts Peron into the larger context of the instability of Also discussed are Chilean and international politics. One of the more Argentine government, economy, social values, and politics. Two interesting interesting presentations concerning the period of 1971 to 1973 is The Last biographies of Eva Peron are John Barnes's £vita: First Lady (Grove Press, Two Years of Salvador Allende by Nathaniel Davis (Cornell University, 1978) and Eva Peron by Nicholas Fraser and Marysa Navarro (Norton, 1985). 1980). Disaster in Chile, edited by Les Evans (Pathfinder Press, 1974), is a For a history of modern Argentina, read Gary W. Wynia's Argentina: series of essays on the Chilean revolution and its aftermath. Also published lllusions and Realities (Holmes & Meier, 1986), which covers the time from by Pathfinder Press in 1974 is Jose Yglesias' Chile's Days of Terror: Peron's death in 1974 through the South Atlantic conflict with Great Britain Eyewitness Accounts of the Military Coup. Samuel Chaukin's The Murder in 1982. Between 1976 and 1979, the most oppressive of military rules of Chile (Everest House, 1982) is a collection of personal experiences after resulted in about 30,000 disappearances. Argentina: Political Culture and the coup. Approximately 30,000 people were killed and 100,000 jailed. Instability by Susan and Peter Calvert (University of Pittsburgh Press, 1989) Genaro Arriagada's Pinochet: The Politics of Power (Unwin Hyman, presents historic and contemporary causes of Argentine political instability. 1988) is an informative political biography of General Augusto Pinochet Daniel Poneman's Argentina (Paragon House, 1987) examines that country's Ugarte from 1973 to 1988. Fear in Chile: Lives under Pinochet by Patricia political system after military defeat in the South Atlantic and the 1983 Politzer (Pantheon, 1989) discusses the accounts of continuous killings, election of the Union Civica Radical party candidate Dr. Raul Alfonsin to disappearances, and police brutality under the regime of Pinochet. Chile: the presidency. Death in the South by Jacobo Timerman (Knopf, 1987) is a vivid and Prisoner without a Name, Cell without a Number (Knopf, 1981) is the interesting description of the oppression that has grown in Chile since personal story of newspaper publisher Jacobo Timerman's imprisonment the overthrow of Salvador Allende in 1973. Gabriel Garcia Marquez's during the "dirty war" against dissidents. It is a fascinating account of his Clandestine in Chile (Henry Holt and Co., 1986) is the author's account survival and eventual release. Another book on the same subject is Alicia of his impersonation of a Uruguayan businessman while shooting a film in Partnoy's The Lillie School (Cieis Press, 1986). It portrays the daily life of Chile under Pinochet. fear, terror, and torture in a military concentration camp called "The Little Brian H. Smith's The Church and Politics in Chile (Princeton University School". Press, 1982) provides an excellent analysis of twentieth-century Chilean Patagonia: Windswept Land of the South by Roger Perry (Dodd, politics and the Catholic church. Mead & Co., 1974) is a study of an area of extreme contrasts in climate

136 and geological conditions. Some of the area designated as Patagonia in great detail the landscape, flora and fauna, and customs of the different is actually in Chile, although most is in Argentina. Bruce Chatwin's In ethnic groups in an easy, entertaining style. It includes a section on Patagonia (Summit Books, 1977) is an exciting, personal account of the legendary historical and folk heroes as well as a review of Brazilian history. author's travels throughout Patagonia. Brazil (Time-Life Books, 1986) is a wonderful photographic study, in color, Buenos Aires, edited by Stanley R. Ross and Thomas F. McGann of the varied historical, cultural, and economic regions of this country. (University of Texas Press, 1982), is a collection of essays covering 400 Edited by Richard F. Nyrop, Brazil: A Country Study (USGPO, 1983) years in the history of one of the most interesting and dynamic cities in the profiles Brazil in the early 1980's, providing introductory information on Americas. George Reid Andrews's The Afro-Argentines of Buenos Aires, history, society, economy, government, politics, and national security. 1800-1900 (University of Wisconsin Press, 1980) is a scholarly history of Vital Souls by Jon Christopher Crocker (University of Arizona Press, blacks in Argentina, specifically Buenos Aires. Richard J. Walter's The 1985) is an ethnographic study for the general reader. It describes Bororo Province of Buenos Aires and Argentine Politics 1912-1943 (Cambridge ideas regarding social institutions, shamans, and cosmology. The author University Press, 1985) analyzes Argentina's wealthiest, largest, and most expresses concern as to whether the Bororo will be able to adapt as their populous province. With 25 percent to 40 percent of the votes, this province world changes or die out as a tribe. Another interesting anthropological is the key to many major national elections. analysis is The Tenetehara Indians of Brazil: A Culture in Transition by The Argentine Economy by Aldo Ferrer (University of California Charles Wagley and Eduardo Galvao (AMS Press, 1969). It discusses how Press, 1967) is an historical analysis of the development of the Argentine this tribe's culture has adapted after more than 300 years of contact with economy from the sixteenth century. Eduardo R. Conesa's The Argentine outside cultures. Adrian Cowell's The Tribe That Hides from Man (Stein Economy: Policy Reform for Development (University Press of America, and Day Publishers, 1973) is an anthropological study of the Kreen-Akrore. 1989) presents a short discussion of the economy from 1930 to the mid A classic study of the conquest and exploitation of the Indians is Red 1980's. William C. Smith's Authoritarianism and the Crisis of the Argentine Gold by John Hemming (Howard University Press, 1978). From 1500 to Political Economy (Stanford University Press, 1989) is a scholarly analysis 1760 Europeans exploited the land and demoralized the tribes through of the economy and the effects of the Argentine military on it. forced removal from their homelands. Additionally, the introduction of European diseases caused many deaths among the native peoples. PARAGUAY. Adalberto Lopez's The Revolt of the Comufieros, C. R. Boxer's The Dutch in Brazill624-1654 (Archon Books, 1973) is 1712-1735 (Schenkman Publishing Co., 1976) studies the events that a scholarly study of the Dutch West India Company (founded in 1621) led to the independence movements in South America. This is the first and Brazil. This is a fascinating aside to early colonial life in Portuguese book in English to present a detailed account of this revolt. Paraguay's Brazil and how the Dutch were finally driven out. A section deals with the Autonomous Revolution 1810-1840 by Richard Alan White (University conquests of John Maurits. Conflicts and Conspiracies: Brazil and Portugal of New Mexico Press, 1978) is a scholarly analysis of the causes of the 1750-1808 by Kenneth R. Maxwell (Cambridge University Press, 1973) Paraguayan revolution. is a study of the shifting relations among Portugal, England, and Brazil. Madam Lynch and Friend by Alyn Brodsky (Harper & Row, 1975) is Special emphasis is placed on the Minas Conspiracy of 1788 to 1789 and the story of Eliza Alicia Lynch and Francisco Solano Lopez, the oldest its social, economic, and political impact. Royal Government in Colonial son of the dictator Carlos Antonio Lopez, and their rise and fall from Brazil by Dauril Alden (University of California Press, 1968) presents the power. An excellent book on the War of the Triple Alliance is Tragedy problems the viceroy faced governing Brazil during the Portuguese War of Paraguay by Gilbert Phelps (St. Martin's Press, 1975). It discusses the with Spain. Colonial Roots of Modern Brazil, edited by Dauril Alden early history of Paraguay and the events that led to the war. More than half (University of California Press, 1973), is a collection of essays highlighting the population of Paraguay died during the war; fewer than 28,000 men the political themes and economic background of modern Brazil. From and 180,000 women survived. Paraguay and the Triple Alliance by Harris Colony to Nation, edited by A. F. R. Russell-Wood (The Johns Hopkins Gaylord Warren (Institute of Latin American Studies, University of Texas University Press, 1975), covers the time from 1775 to 1825. Political, social, Press, 1978) studies the postwar decade from 1869 to 1878. This is a detailed and cultural aspects of independence as well as Brazil's relationship with the account of Paraguay's political, economic, and social problems after the United States and Portugal are well presented. War of the Triple Alliance and how the country survived the occupation. The Brazilian Monarchy and the South American Republics 1822-1831 by See also Warren's Rebirth of the Paraguayan Republic (University of Ron Seckinger (Louisiana State University Press, 1984) examines the Pittsburgh Press, 1985), an analysis of the recovery of the country from 1878 relationships of the newly independent South American countries. How the to 1904. countries defined and defended their national borders and the beginnings Paul H. Lewis' Paraguay under Stroessner (University of North Carolina of international economic relations are discussed in detail. Dom Pedro by Press, 1980) is a study of the man and his politics. General Alfredo Neill Macaulay (Duke University Press, 1986) is a biography of the first Stroessner has governed since he seized power in 1954. Paraguay: A monarch of Brazil. He declared independence from Portugal and set forth Country Study, edited by Dennis M. Hanratty and Sandra W. Meditz a new constitution. Harry Bernstein's Dom Pedro II (Twayne Publishers, (USGPO, 1990), includes sections on society, environment, economy, 1973) treats the second monarch, who ruled until 1889. Dom Pedro the government, politics, and national security. Magnanimous by Mary Wilhelmine Williams (Octagon Books, Inc., 1966) is a reprint of the 1937 edition. This biography covers Dom Pedro Il's URUGUAY. An interesting study of how a major Latin American accomplishments in the fields of education, communication, agriculture, reform leader gained and consolidated power is Jose Batlle y Ordonez law and order, and international relations. Emilia Viotti da Costa's The of Uruguay: The Creator of His Times 1902-1907 by Milton I. Vanger Brazilian Empire: Myths and Histories (University of Chicago Press, 1985) is (Harvard University Press, 1963). Batlle rise through the ranks to become a study of the powerful segments of the population and how they influenced leader of the Colorado Party and his election as president in 1903 are the political, economic, and social structure of nineteenth-century Brazil. presented. Uruguay became a stable democracy during this time. See The Life of Joaquim Nabuco by Carolina Nabuco (Greenwood Press, 1968) also Vanger's The Model Country (University Press of New England, is a biography of one of the foremost leaders of Brazil at the end of the 1980), which continues the study of Batlle. Based on his private papers, nineteenth century. For a slightly different look at nineteenth-century Brazil, government documents, and other sources, this book focuses on his second see Frederick Luebke's Germans in Brazil (Louisiana State University Press, term as president. 1987), which presents the history of the German settlement from 1818 to Major Carlos Wilson's The Tupamaros: The Unmentionables (Branden 1918 and the social and cultural institutions developed during that time. The Press, 1974) attempts to explain the actions and reasons for this group book concentrates on the attempts of the German community to keep Brazil of successful urban guerrillas who challenge capitalist government. The out of World War I and the results of Brazil's declaring war on Germany. Tupamaros by Maria Ester Gilio (Seeker & Warburg, 1972) tells the history Scott Mainwaring's The Catholic Church and Politics in Brazil of the development of the group from 1965 to 1970. 1916-1985 (Stanford University Press, 1986) is an excellent analytical history Uruguay: The Politics of Failure by Martin Weinstein (Greenwood Press, of the Catholic church and Brazilian politics. The church's relationship with 1975) is a concise history of Uruguay in the twentieth century, analyzing the state changed dramatically after the beginning of the military regime the ideology and development of political institutions. Also by Weinstein is in 1964. Politics in Brazil, 1930-1964: An Experiment in Democracy by Uruguay: Democracy at the Crossroads (Westview Press, 1988), an excellent Thomas Skidmore (Oxford University Press, 1967) is an analysis of political history of the twentieth century and how the country moved from Batllismo and economic policy-making during this period. The problems that led (welfare state) to collapse and political and economic crisis (1960's-1970's) to the overthrow of the Joao Goulart government by the military in 1964 through military rule ( 1973-1984) to the current redemocratization and began just after World War II. Another look at this turbulent period is economic stability. offered by Carlos E. Cortes in Gaucho Politics in Brazil (University of The Area Handbook for Uruguay (USGPO, 1971) needs revising, but the New Mexico Press, 1974). Castello Branco: The Making of a Brazilian introductory history and the information on the natural resources is still President by John W.F. Dulles (Texas A&M University Press, 1978) is an good. For a good economic history, see A Political Economy of Uruguay informative biography of General Humberto de Alencar Castello Branco since 1870 by M. H. J. Finch (St. Martin's Press, 1981). It provides an up to his becoming president in 1964. Also by Dulles is President Castello analysis of the population and society, land and farming, exports and Branco, Brazilian Reformer (Texas A&M University Press, 1980), which imports, public utilities, and other aspects of economic and political life. deals with his presidential years. His views of nationalism, law, and justice led to a series of economic and political reforms that saw the stabilization BRAZIL. Roberta C. Wigder's Brazil Rediscovered (Dorrance & Co., of Brazil's government. State and Opposition in Military Brazil by Maria 1977) is the personal account of the author's return to Brazil. It describes Helena Moreira Alves (University of Texas Press, 1985) is an in-depth

137 analysis of the military rule from 1964 to 1984, covering the political, SURINAME. John Gabriel Stedman's Narrative of a Five-Year economic, and social systems developed under the influence of military Expedition against the Revolted Negroes of Surinam (The Johns Hopkins power. Also discussed is the development of opposition political parties and University Press, 1988) is a classic with more than twenty editions in their growing influence in the government. The Politics of Military Rule in six languages. Within the chronological structure of his diaries, written Brazil/964-1985 by Thomas Skidmore (Oxford University Press, 1988) is during the late 1700's, are descriptions of the flora and fauna, slave life, another look at this time period. The author picks up where he left off in the relationships between slaves and planters, military campaigns against his previously cited book, presenting a fine analysis of this important era. rebel slaves, his relationship with other soldiers, and his romance with a Additionally, he presents a thoughtful assessment of the new democratically slave. This is one of the most interesting and informative books on South elected government of Jose Sarney. America. Soldier in Paradise by Louise Collis (Harcourt, Brace, World, John Dickenson's Brazil (Longman, 1982) treats economic development 1965) is a biography of Captain John Stedman and nicely compliments his and includes maps and landscape photographs. Victims of the Miracle by narrative. Shelton H. Davis (Cambridge University Press, 1977) emphasizes the First- Time by Richard Price (The Johns Hopkins University Press, political and economic factors that are changing Brazil's economy. The 1983) presents the story of the Saramaka, descendants of African slaves seriousness of the economic changes on the human and ecological systems of who worked the sugar, timber, and coffee plantations in seventeenth- and the Amazon Basin is staggering. The Economic Growth of Brazil by Celso eighteenth-century Dutch Guiana. The history of their escape and fight for Furtado (University of California Press, 1963) is a good, general history freedom (won in 1762) has been passed down through storytellers to their of the economic growth of Brazil from the colonial era to the twentieth descendants and is presented here as a series of interviews with the tribe's century. Winston Fritsch's External Constraints on Economic Policy in elders. I Sought My Brother by S. Allen Counter and David L. Evans (MIT Brazil, 1889-1930 (University of Pittsburgh Press, 1988) concentrates on Press, 1981) is the account of the authors' meeting with a tribe living deep in the exportation of coffee. The Roots of State Intervention in the Brazilian the jungle whose African culture remained intact. Peter Riviere's Marriage Economy by Gustavo Maia Gomes (Praeger, 1986) is a technical discussion among the Trio (Clarendon Press, 1969) is an excellent anthropological beginning with the development of the agrarian economy and including the study of the Trio tribe and their culture that concentrates on the ritual of development of industry. marriage. Donald Pierson's Negroes in Brazil (Southern Illinois University Press,.. Edward Dew's The Difficult Flowering of Surinam (Martinus Nijhoff, 1967) is a classic sociological study of race relations. Brazil's national policy 1978) is a study of the multi-ethnic, cultural and political aspects of society of assimilation of blacks rather than segregation offers a different approach in the 1970's. Surinam by Henk E. Chin and Hans Buddingh (Frances to race relations than that of the United States. Neither Black Nor White by Pinter, 1987) presents an analysis of the social, political, and economic Carl N. Degler (University of Wisconsin Press, 1986) is a comparative developments that led to the military coup in February 1980. J. H. Adhin's study of the history of slavery in the United States and Brazil. The historic Development Planning in Surinam (H.E. Stenfert Kroese N.V., 1961) similarity ends after slavery is abolished. The striking differences in the presents many graphs and tables in the analysis of the economic history of cultural evolution in contemporary racial patterns between the United States Surinam. Its sections on the ten-year plan and future development planning and Brazil are analyzed. and analysis are somewhat dated. Douglas Botting's Rio de Janeiro (Time-Life Books, 1977) is a coffee-table book with color photographs. While it is somewhat dated, this short history FRENCH GUIANA. Hassoldt Davis's The Jungle and the of Rio de Janeiro and its relationship with Portugal is useful. Samba by Damned (Little, Brown, 1952) is the story of a trip inland along the Maroni Alma Guillermoprieto (Knopf, 1990) presents the social conditions and River. Behind the Lianas by Henry Larson and May Pellaton (Oliver & customs of areas in Rio as teams of Samba dancers prepare for the annual Boyd, 1958) is a story of exploration and travel, illustrated with many Carnival. black-and-white and a few color photos. The Petroglyphs in the Guianas and Adjacent Areas of Brazil & Venezuela by C. N. Dubelaar (Institute GUYANA. Charles Waterton's Wanderings in South America (Oxford of Archaeology, University of California Press, 1986) is a highly technical University Press, 1973) was first published in 1825. Another personal inventory of the rock inscriptions and paintings in Surinam, Guyana, and account is Climb to the Lost World by Hamish Macinnes (Hodder & French Guiana. It contains many photographs and maps with site locations Stoughton, 1974). indicated. On the Trail of the Arawaks by Fred Olsen (University of Oklahoma French Guiana was used as a penal colony by France from 1852 to 1954. Press, 1974) is an account of the author's search for the first Indians Of the 70,000 prisoners sent to French Guiana only one in ten survived. encountered by Christopher Columbus. It offers insight into Arawak George John Seaton's Isle of the Damned (Farrar, Straus and Young, 1951) society, including their religion, thunderstones, tools and weapons, and is the story of the imprisonment and escape from Devil's Island by the their ballgame. Two books by Mary Noel Menezes provide information author. The Man from Devil's Island by Colin Rickards (Stein and Day, regarding Guyana. The first, The Amerindians in Guyana 1803-1873: 1968) tells the story of a convicted murderer and his twenty-one years of A Documentary History (Frank Cass, 1979), is a scholarly presentation imprisonment. It also provides a good history of French Guiana. Daniel of a series of documents concerning the natives and Great Britain. Her de Ia Ravadiere claimed the area in 1604 for France. Felix Milani's The other book, British Policy towards the Amerindians in British Guiana Convict (St. Martin's Press, 1975) is the personal account of a small-time 1803-1873 (Oxford University Press, 1977) is an excellent history of crook sent to the French Guiana penal colony in 1931, his nearly twenty-five Guyana from the time the British took over the Dutch settlement in 1803. years in prison, and his six escape attempts. Papil/on by Henri Charriere It discusses the tribes and their relations with the government, the economy (Morrow & Co., 1970) is the story of a fourteen-year imprisonment, escape (sugar, coffee, and cotton), customs and culture, and the role of Great to British Guiana, and eventual settlement in Venezuela. Alexander Miles's Britain in Guyana. Cultural Pluralism and Nationalist Politics in British Devil's Island: Colony of the Damned (Ten Speed Press, 1988) discusses the Guiana by Leo A. Despres (Rand McNally & Co., 1967) is an account of history of French Guiana and the penal settlements. Interviews with the last Guyanese society and its development during the last years of British rule. of the survivors and other residents of French Guiana are illuminating. It is an anthropological study of the different ethnic groups and how they function together politically and socially. FALKLAND ISLANDS. Sovereignty in Dispute: The Guyana Emergent by Robert H. Manley (G.K. Hall & Co., 1979) Falklands/ Malvinas, 1493-1982 by Fritz L. and Olga Mingo Hoffmann is a concise history of the first ten years after independence in 1966. (Westview Press, 1984) relates the long and complex history of these islands Guyana's role in the Caribbean and the British Commonwealth is also and provides information on the climate, wildlife, vegetation, society, and discussed. Thomas J. Spinner's A Political and Social History of Guyana, economy. Argentina lost the Falklands in 1833 to Britain and used force 1945-1983 (Westview Press, 1984) is a scholarly study based on original to try to regain them in 1982. For an account of the diplomacy leading up documents of the post-World War II development of a racially diverse to the war, see Michael Charlton's The Little Platoon: Diplomacy and the country. Chaitram Singh's Guyana (Praeger, 1988) presents a short Falklands Dispute (Basil Blackwell, 1989). Martin Middlebrook's Operation introductory history of British Guiana as background information to the Corporate: The Falklands War, 1982 (Viking, 1986) is an excellent military recent history. history although the perspective is British because the Argentine documents Sugar without Slaves by Alan H. Adamson (Yale University Press, 1972) and personnel were not available for consultation. The Falklands War, is an excellent history of political and economic life in British Guiana in the edited by Alberto R. Coli and Anthony C. Arend (George Allen & nineteenth century. The importance of sugar to the economy and of slavery Unwin, Press 1985), is a scholarly collection of articles that enumerates to governing the villages is presented in a thought-provoking manner. the challenges presented to international law; to diplomatic relations with Kampe R. Hope's The Post- War Planning Experience in Guyana (Arizona Great Britain, the United States, and the other South American countries; State University, 1978) is a short analysis of economic planning. The and future implications of the Falklands War to the military and political development of public-works projects is described and their progress climate in Argentina. War in the Falklands (Harper & Row Publishers, analyzed. Hope's Development Policy in Guyana: Planning, Finance, and 1982) is based on the Times of London's coverage of the war with additional Administration (Westview Press, 1979) builds on his previous book. Guyana information provided by many participants after the war. It discusses how Politics, Economics and Society by Colin Baber and Henry B. Jeffrey many key decisions were made by the men in the field. Simon Winchester's (Frances Pinter, 1986) is a comprehensive study of Guyana. The emphasis Prison Diary, Argentina (Chatto & Windus, The Hogarth Press, 1983) is is on the twenty-year Marxist regime of Forbes Burnham, which ended With the personal account of his imprisonment in Argentina during the Falklands his death in 1985. There is a short section on the future of Guyana after War. Burnham.

138 Glossary Selection of terms which appear in the maps: in Portuguese (P), and in Spanish (S). aculha ( P) needle cordillera (S) mountain chain mar (P, S) sea rio ( P) river alecre (P, S) gay, lively costa (S} coast, shore, beach monte (P, S) mountain rio (S) river alto/a (P. S) high cruz (P} cross naclonal ( P. S) national roca ( P, S) rock, cliff arroyo (S) rivulet cuchillas (S) chain of mountains necro/a (P. S) black salado (S} salt asuncion (S} assumption cuenca (S} deep valley nevado/a (S} snowy salar (S) salt pan avenida (S) avenue dios (S) god norte (P, S) north, northern salto (P. S) waterfall bahia (S} bay embalse (S) reservoir novo/a (P) new san (S) saint baia (P) bay estacion (S} station nudo (S} knot santo/a (P. S) saint bajo/a (S} low estado (P. S) state nuevo/a (S) new sio ( P) saint bello/a (S) beautiful estero (S} inlet, estuary; swamp ojo (S} eye; spring selva (S) wood, forest blanco/a (S} white estrecho (S) strait oro (S) gold seco/a (S} dry boa (P} good fortin (S} small fort pals ( P) land serra ( P) mountain range boca (P, S) mouth foz (P} mouth parque (S) park, zoo serrania (S} mountain range boreal (S) north, northern franco/a (S) free paso (S} pass, strait sierra (S} mountain range branco/a (P} white frontera (S} frontier pedra (P) stone sui ( P) south, southern bravo/a (S) brave; intractable, savage frio (S) cold peila (S} cliff, rock sur (S) south, southern bueno/a (S) good fuerte (S) sort pico (S) peak, high mountain territorio (S) territory cabo (P, S) cape, headland golfo (S} bay, gulf playa (S} beach tierra (S} earth, land, territory caliente (S) warm, hot grosso ( P) big plaza (S} square vale (P} valley campo (P, S) field hermoso/a (S} beautiful ponta (P} point, cape valle (S} valley casa (P. S) house ilha ( P) island ponte ( P) bridge velho/a (P) old catarata (S) cataract, waterfall isla (S) island porto ( P) port verde ( P, S) green cayo (S) rock, islet jardin (S) garden puerto (S} harbor viejo/a (S} old cerro (S} hill, peak lago ( P. S) lake puna (S) desert plateau villa (S} country house, town chaco (S) jungle region Ia goa ( P) lagoon punta (S} point, promontory, cape y (S) and cludad (S} town, city lacuna (S} lagoon real ( P, S) royal zona (P. S) zone, area colorado/a (S} red, colored llano (S) prairie ribeirio ( P) great river

Index of Place Names

A Amuay (Venezuela) 41 B2 Arica (Chile) 73 I Bl Barra (Brazil) II C3 Abai (Paraguay) 91 C3 Amuku Mts. (Guyana) 115 B5 Arica (Colombia) 45 06 Barranca (Peru) 59 C4 Abancay (Peru) 59 05 Anaco (Venezuela) 37 02 Arica (Peru) 59 C I Barrancabermeja (Colombia) 45 C3 Abingdon, I. see Pinta, I. Anapolis (Brazil) 105 03 Arimu Mine (Guyana) 115 B2 Barranqueras (Argentina) 91 B4 Abuna, R. (Brazil) 10 C3 Ancash, department (Peru) 64 II Aripuana, R. (Brazil) 10 02 Barranquilla (Colombia) 45 C2 Acaray, R. (Paraguay) 91 C3 Ancohuma, Nev. de (Bolivia) 67 B3 Armenia (Colombia) 45 B4 Barreiras (Brazil) 105 03 Acari (Peru) 64 B3 Anc6n (Peru) 64 B3 Arroyos-y Esteros (Paraguay) 91 B3 Barren I. (Falkland Is.) 128 C2 Acarigua (Venezuela) 37 B2 Anc6n de Sardinas, B. de (Ecuador) 53 Bl Artigas (Uruguay) 97 Bl Barrington, I. see Santa Fe, I. Acegua (Uruguay) 97 Cl Andagoya (Colombia) 45 C4 Artigas, department (Uruguay) 100 Bartica (Guyana) 115 B2 Achacachi (Bolivia) 67 B3 Andes 9 Aruba, I. (Lesser Antilles) 37 B I Bartolome, I. (Galapagos Is.) 54 B2 Achacachi, G. de (Bolivia) 68 Cl Andoas (Peru) 59 Cl Ascension (Bolivia) 67 C3 Baruta (Venezuela) 43 I B I Achar (Uruguay) 97 B2 Angel, Saito del (Venezuela) 37 E4 Asunci6n (Paraguay) 91 B3 Batavia (Suriname) 121 C2 Aconcagua, Cerro (Argentina) 81 A3 Angel Falls see Saito del Angel Asunci6n, department (Paraguay) 94 Baudo, Serrania de (Colombia) 45 B3 Acora (Peru) 68 B I Annai (Guyana) 115 B4 Atacama Desert (Chile) 73 I C3 Bauru (Brazil) 105 04 Acre, state (Brazil) Ill Anna Regina (Guyana) 115 B2 Atacama, region (Chile) 78 Beauchene Is. (Falkland Is.) 128 C2 Adam, Mt. (Falkland Is.) 128 Cl Ansina (Uruguay) 97 Cl Atico (Peru) 59 06 Beaver I. (Falkland Is.) 128 Bl Adventure Sd. (Falkland Is.) 128 C2 Antarctica 34 Atlantico, department (Colombia) 50 Behague, Pointe (Fr. Guiana) 125 Cl Affobakka (Suriname) 121 C2 Antarctic Pen. 34 Atlantic Ocean 9 Bela Vista (Brazil) 91 C2 Agraciada (Uruguay) 97 A2 Antioquia, department (Colombia) 50 Atrato, R. (Colombia) 45 B3 Belem (Brazil) 105 02 Aguja, Punta (Peru) 59 A2 Antisana, Cerro (Ecuador) 53 B2 Aucanquilcha, volcano (Chile) 13 C5 Belen (Paraguay) 91 B2 Agulhas Negras, mt. (Brazil) 105 04 Antofagasta (Chile) 73 I B2 Aurora (Suriname) 121 C2 Belen (Uruguay) 97 Bl Ahu Akivi (Easter 1.) 74 A2 Antofagasta, region (Chile) 78 Auyan Tepui, mt. (Venezuela) 37 E4 Belen, Cuchilla de (Uruguay) 97 B2 Aigua (Uruguay) 97 C3 Antofalla, mt. (Argentina) 13 C5 Auzangate, Nev. (Peru) 59 E5 Belford Boxo (Brazil) 113 AI Aiquile (Bolivia) 67 C4 Anzoategui, state (Venezuela) 42 Avellaneda (Argentina) 81 03 Belizon (Fr. Guiana) 125 Bl Aisen del General Carlos lbailez del Apa, R. (Brazil/Paraguay) 91 C2 Ayacucho (Peru) 59 05 Bellaco (Uruguay) 97 B2 Campo, region (Chile) 78 Apaporis, R. (Colombia) 45 05 Ayacucho, department (Peru) 64 11 Bella Uni6n (Uruguay) 97 Bl Aishalton (Guyana) 115 B4 Apatou (Fr. Guiana) 125 AI Ayanganna, mt. (Guyana) 115 B3 Bella Vista (Paraguay) 91 C2 Akoumenaye (Fr. Guiana) 125 B2 Apipe Grande, I. (Argentina) 91 C4 Ayaviri (Peru) 64 C3 Bello (Colombia) 45 B3 Alagoas, state (Brazil) Ill Apoera (Suriname) 121 B2 Azogues (Ecuador) 53 B3 Belo Horizonte (Brazil) 105 03 Alagoinhas (Brazil) 105 E3 Apolo (Bolivia) 67 B2 Azuay, province (Ecuador) 57 I Beni, department (Bolivia) 71 I Albemarle, I. see Isabela, I. Apoquindo (Chile) 79 I Bl Azul (Argentina) 81 04 Beni, R. (Bolivia) 67 B2 Albemarle, Punta (Galapagos Is.) 54 AI Apoteri (Guyana) 115 B4 Azul, Cerro (Galapagos Is.) 54 A2 Benjamim Constant (Brazil) II A2 Alberdi (Paraguay) 91 B3 Approuague, R. (Fr. Guiana) 125 B2 Berbice, R. (Guyana) 115 B3 Albina (Suriname) 121 C2 Apure, R. (Venezuela) 37 C3 8 Berkeley, C. (Galapagos Is.) 54 A I Albuquerque, Cayos de (Colombia) 45 A6 Apure, state (Venezuela) 42 Babahoyo (Ecuador) 53 B2 Berkeley Sound (Falkland Is.) 128 Dl Alejandro Selkirk, I. (Chile) 73 II B2 Apurimac, department (Peru) 64 II Bachaquero (Venezuela) 41 B3 Bermejo, R. (Argentina) 81 02 Alfaro (Ecuador) 53 B3 Apurimac, R. (Peru) 10 B3 Baeza (Ecuador) 53 C2 Bertrand, Cerro (Argentina/Chile) 82 AI Algorta (Uruguay) 97 B2 Aquidauana (Brazil) 91 Cl Bage (Brazil) 105 C5 Bienvenue (Fr. Guiana) 125 B2 Alicoto (Fr. Guiana) 125 B2 Arabelo (Venezuela) 37 04 Bahia (Brazil) 29 see also Salvador Biloku (Guyana) 115 B5 Alliance (Suriname) 121 C2 Arabop6, R. (Venezuela) 115 A3 Bahia, state (Brazil) Ill Bindloe, I. see Marchena, Isla Alta Gracia (Argentina) 81 C3 Aracaju (Brazil) 105 E3 Bahia Blanca (Argentina) 81 C4 Bio-Bio, region (Chile) 78 Altamira (Brazil) 10 02 Aracanguy, Mts. de (Paraguay) 91 C3 Bahia de Caraquez (Ecuador) 53 A2 Black Pt. (Falkland Is.) 130 11 Altiplano, plateau (Peru/ Bolivia) 67 A3 Aragua, state (Venezuela) 42 Bahia Negra (Paraguay) 91 B I Blanca, Bahia (Argentina) 81 C4 Alto Paraguay, department (Paraguay) 94 Araguacema (Brazil) 10 E2 Baja, Pta. (Easter I.) 74 A2 Blanco, C. (Argentina) 81 B6 Alto Parana, department (Paraguay) 94 Araguaia, R. (Brazil) 105 C2 Bajo Nuevo, I. (Colombia) 45 A6 Blanqilla, I. (Venezuela) 37 02 Amaila Falls (Guyana) 115 B3 Arakaka (Guyana) 115 A2 Baltra, I. (Galapagos Is.) 54 B2 Blanquillo (Uruguay) 97 C2 Amambay, department (Paraguay) 94 Arapa, L. de (Peru) 68 A I Balzar (Ecuador) 53 B2 Bleaker I. (Falkland Is.) 128 C2 Amantani, I. (Peru) 68 Bl Arapey (Uruguay) 97 Bl Bandeira, Pico da (Brazil) 105 04 Bloomestein, Prof. W.J. van Res. Amapa (Brazil) 10 Dl Arauca (Colombia) 45 03 Bandeirantes, Praia dos (Brazil) 113 A3 (Suriname) 121 C2 Amapa, territory (Brazil) Ill Arauca, intendancy (Colombia) 50 Banks, B. (Galapagos Is.) 54 A2 Blumenau (Brazil) 105 04 Amazonas, commissariat (Colombia) 50 Araucania, region (Chile) 78 Baquerizo Moreno (Galapagos Is.) 54 C2 Boa Vista (Brazil) 105 Bl Amazonas, department (Peru) 64 II Araure (Venezuela) 41 C3 Baramanni (Guyana) 115 B2 Boca do Acre (Brazil) II A2 Amazonas, R. (Brazil) 105 C2 Araya, Pen. de (Venezuela) 37 02 Barcelona (Venezuela) 37 02 Bogota (Colombia) 45 C4 Amazonas, state (Brazil) Ill Arequipa (Peru) 59 E6 Barcelos (Brazil) 105 B2 Bogota, R. (Colombia) 51 I AI Amazonas, territory (Venezuela) 42 Arequipa, department (Peru) 64 11 Barinas (Venezuela) 37 B3 Bogota, Sabana de (Colombia) 51 I A I Ambato (Ecuador) 53 B2 Argentina, republic 9 Barinas, state (Venezuela) 42 Bolados, Cerro (Chile) 82 A2 Ampato, Nev. de (Peru) 59 E6 Argentino, L. (Argentina) 81 A 7 Barquisimeto (Venezuela) 37 B2 Bolivar, Cerro (Venezuela) 37 03

139 Bolivar, department (Colombia) 50 Carlos Reyles (Uruguay) 97 82 Ciudad Ojeda (Venezuela) 37 82 Cuiiapiru (Uruguay) 97 Cl Bolivar, Pico (Venezuela) 37 83 Carmela (Uruguay) 97 A2 Ciudad Piar (Venezuela) 37 D3 Cundinamarca, department (Colombia) 50 Bolivar, province (Ecuador) 57 I Carmen (Uruguay) 97 82 Clement (Fr. Guiana) 125 82 Cura~ao, I. (Lesser Antilles) 37 81 Bolivar, state (Venezuela) 42 Carmen del Parana (Paraguay) 91 C4 Clevelandia do Norte (Brazil) 125 C2 Curic6 (Chile) 73 I 85 Bolivia, republic 9 Carolina (Brazil) 105 D2 Coari (Brazil) 105 82 Curitiba (Brazil) 105 D4 Bolognesi (Peru) 59 D3 Caroni, R. (Venezuela) 37 E3 Cobija (Bolivia) 67 81 Cururuni, Pta. (Peru) 68 81 Bonair, I. (Lesser Antilles) 37 Cl Carora (Venezuela) 37 82 Coca (Ecuador) 53 C2 Cusibamba (Peru) 64 82 Bonete, Cerro (Argentina) 81 82 Carrao, R. (Venezuela) 37 E3 Cochabamba (Bolivia) 67 83 Cuyabemo (Ecuador) 53 D2 Boquer6n, department (Paraguay) 94 Carrasco (Uruguay) 97 83 Cochabamba, department (Bolivia) 71 I Cuyuni, R. (Guyana) 115 82 Boquer6n, Tune! (Venezuela) 43 I 81 Cartagena (Colombia) 45 82 Cochon I. (Falkland Is.) 130 II Cuzco (Peru) 59 E5 Borja (Paraguay) 91 C3 Cartago (Colombia) 45 84 Cocos, I. (Costa Rica) 53 C3 Cuzco, department (Peru) 64 II Borja (Peru) 59 C2 Caruaru (Brazil) 105 E2 Cocuy, Sa. Nevada del (Colombia) 45 C3 Boscamp (Suriname) 121 C2 Carupano (Venezuela) 37 D2 Codera, C. (Venezuela) 37 D2 D Boslanti (Suriname) 121 C2 Casanare, intendancy (Colombia) 50 Coelho da Rocha (Brazil) 113 AI Dabajuro (Venezuela) 41 82 Boto-Pasi (Suriname) 121 C2 Caseros (Argentina) 89 I AI Coeroeni, R. (Suriname) 121 83 Dadanawa (Guyana) 115 84 Boyaca, department (Colombia) 50 Casigua (Venezuela) 41 A3 Coihaique (Chile) 73 I 87 Damelstown (Guyana) 115 82 Braams Purt (Suriname) 121 C2 Casiquiare, Canal (Venezuela) 37 C5 Coipasa, Salar de (Bolivia) 67 84 Daphne, Is. (Galapagos Is.) 54 82 Bragan~a (Hrazil) II C2 Castilla (Peru) 59 82 Cojedes, state (Venezuela) 42 Darwin, I. see Culpepper, I. Branco, R. (Brazil) 105 81 Castillos (Uruguay) 97 D3 Cojimies (Ecuador) 53 AI Darwin, mt. (Chile) 13 C8 Brasilia (Brazil) 10:5 D3 Catacaos (Peru) 59 82 Colombia, republic 9 Darwin, Vol. (Galapagos Is.) 54 A2 Brava, Punta (Uruguay) 101 I AI Catamarca (Argentina) 81 82 Col6n (Argentina) 97 A2 Daudet, Cerro (Chile/ Argentina) 82 A2 Bravo, mt. (Peru) 13 83 Catamarca, province (Argentina) 88 Col6n (Uruguay) 101 I AI Daule, R. (Ecuador) 53 82 Brazil, republic 9 Catia La Mar (Venezuela) 43 I AI Col6n, Archipielago de see Galapagos, Decou Decou, Massif (Fr. Guiana) 125 81 Brazilian Highlands (Brazil) 105 D3 Cauca, department (Colombia) 50 Islas De Goeje Mts. (Suriname) 121 C3 Brokopondo (Suriname) 121 C2 Cauca, R. (Colombia) 45 83 Colonia, department (Uruguay) I 00 Delices (Fr. Guiana) 125 81 Brokopondo, district (Suriname) 123 I Caxias (Brazil) 105 D2 Colonia del Sacramento (Uruguay) 97 83 Delta Amacuro, territory (Venezuela) 42 Drum (Uruguay) 97 81 Caxias do Sui (Brazil) 105 C4 Colonia Lavalleja (Uruguay) 97 81 Demerara, R. (Guyana) 115 83 Bruzual (Venezuela) 37 83 Cayambe (Ecuador) 53 81 Colonia Suiza (Uruguay) 97 83 Desaguadero (Peru) 68 82 Bucaramanga (Colombia) 45 C3 Cayambe, Vol. (Ecuador) 53 Cl Colorado, R. (Argentina) 81 C4 Desaguadero, R. (Bolivia) 67 83 Buenaventura (Colombia) 45 84 Cayenne (Fr. Guiana) 125 81 Commewijne, district (Suriname) 123 I Deseado, R. (Argentina) 81 86 Buenos Aires (Argentina) 81 D3 Cayenne, arrondissement (Fr. Guiana) 125 Comodoro Rivadavia (Argentina) 81 86 Deseado (Argentina) 81 86 Buenos Aires, province (Argentina) 88 81 Concei~lio (Brazil) 10 D2 Desmochados (Paraguay) 91 84 Buga (Colombia) 45 84 Cayenne, Riviere de (Fr. Guiana) 127 Concepci6n (Bolivia) 67 D3 Devil's I. see Diable, I. du Buxton (Guyana) 115 82 Ceara, state (Brazil) 111 Concepci6n (Chile) 73 I 85 Diable, I. du (Fr. Guiana) 125 81 Cebollati (Uruguay) 97 D2 Concepci6n (Paraguay) 91 82 Diamantino (Brazil) 105 C3 c Cebollati, R. (Uruguay) 97 C2 Concepci6n, department (Paraguay) 94 Diego Lamas (Uruguay) 97 81 Caacupe (Paraguay) 91 83 Celica (Ecuador) 53 84 Concepci6n del Uruguay (Argentina) 81 Diego Ramirez, I. (Chile) 73 II C3 Caaguazu, department (Paraguay) 94 Central, Cordillera (Colombia) 45 85 D3 Djoemoe (Suriname) 121 C3 Caaguazu (Paraguay) 91 C3 Central, Cordillera (Peru) 59 C3 Conchillas (Uruguay) 97 83 Dolores (Uruguay) 97 A2 Caapucu (Paraguay) 91 83 Central, department (Paraguay) 94 Concordia (Argentina) 81 D3 Dolphin, C. (Falkland Is.) 128 Cl Caatingas, region (Brazil) 105 D2 Cerro Chato (Uruguay) 97 C2 Constituci6n (Uruguay) 97 81 Dome Hill (Guyana) 115 C4 Caazapa (Paraguay) 91 C3 Cerro de Pasco (Peru) 59 C4 Copacabana (Bolivia) 68 82 Dom Pedrito (Brazil) 97 Cl Caazapa, department (Paraguay) 94 Cerro Guido (Chile) 82 82 Copacabana (Brazil) 113 82 Domuyo, mt. (Argentina) 13 86 Caballococha (Peru) 59 E2 Cerro Largo, department (Uruguay) 100 Copiap6 (Chile) 73 I 83 Dos Bahias, C. (Argentina) 81 85 Cabimas (Venezuela) 37 82 Cesar, department (Colombia) 50 Coppename, R. (Suriname) 121 82 Douglas, C. (Galapagos Is.) 54 A2 Cacao (Fr. Guiana) 125 81 Chacao (Venezuela) 43 I 81 Coquimbo (Chile) 73 I 83 Dr. Pedro P. Peiia (Paraguay) 91 A2 Caceres (Brazil) 105 C3 Chachapoyas (Peru) 59 C3 Coquimbo, region (Chile) 78 Duida, Cerro (Venezuela) 37 D4 Cachimbo (Brazil) II 82 Chaco, department (Paraguay) 94 Corantijn, R. (Suriname) 121 82 see Duitama (Colombia) 45 C4 Cachoeira do Sui (Brazil) 97 D I Chaco, province (Argentina) 88 also Courantyne, R. Duncan, I. see Pinz6n, I. Cajamarca (Peru) 59 83 Chaco Boreal, plain (Paraguay) 91 A2 Corcovado, mt. (Brazil) 113 82 Duque de Caxias (Brazil) 105 E5 Cajamarca, department (Peru) 64 II Chacoli (Paraguay) 95 I Corcovado, V. (Chile) 73 I 86 Durazno (Uruguay) 97 82 Calabozo (Venezuela) 37 C3 Chajari (Uruguay) 97 81 Cordillera, department (Paraguay) 94 Durazno, department (Uruguay) 100 Calafate (Argentina) 82 82 Chancay (Peru) 59 C4 C6rdoba (Argentina) 81 C3 Calama (Chile) 73 I C2 Chan Chan (Peru) 64 82 C6rdoba, department (Colombia) 50 E Calamar (Colombia) 45 C2 Chapicuy (Uruguay) 97 81 C6rdoba, province (Argentina) 88 Eagle Passage (Falkland Is.) 128 C2 Calamar (Colombia) 45 C5 Charity (Guyana) 115 82 C6rdoba, Sierras de (Argentina) 81 C3 East Berbice, region (Guyana) 118 I Caldas, department (Colombia) 50 Charles, I. see Santa Maria, I. Cormontibo (Fr. Guiana) 125 A2 East Demerara, region (Guyana) 118 I Caldwell, I. (Galapagos Is.) 54 83 Chatham, I. see San Crist6bal, I. Corneliskondre (Suriname) 121 82 Easter I. see Pascua, Isla de Cali (Colombia) 45 84 Chavin (Peru) 28 I Coro (Venezuela) 37 82 East Falkland I. (Falkland Is.) 128 Dl Callao (Peru) 59 C5 Chepen (Peru) 59 83 Corocoro (Bolivia) 67 83 Ecuador, republic 9 Camana (Peru) 59 D6 Chiclayo (Peru) 59 83 Coroico (Bolivia) 67 83 Eilerts de Haan Mts. (Suriname) 121 83 Camiri (Bolivia) 67 C4 Chico, R. (Argentina) 81 85 Coronel (Chile) 73 I 85 Eirunepe (Brazil) 104 A2 Camopi (Fr. Guiana) 125 82 Chico, R. (Argentina) 81 86 Coronel Oviedo (Paraguay) 91 C3 El Callao (Venezuela) 37 E3 Campana (Argentina) 81 D3 Chile, republic 9 Coronie, district (Suriname) 123 I El Cerro (Bolivia) 67 D3 Campina Grande (Brazil) 105 E2 Chilecito (Argentina) 64 C4 Coropuna, Nudo (Peru) 59 D6 El Choch6n (Argentina) 86 Campinas (Brazil) 105 D4 Chillan (Chile) 73 I 85 Corrientes, province (Argentina) 88 El Cortijo (Chile) 79 I AI Campo de Diauarum (Brazil) 10 D3 Chiloe, I. de (Chile) 73 I 86 Corrientes (Argentina) 81 D2 El Encanto (Colombia) 45 C6 Campo Duran (Argentina) 81 Cl Chimborazo, mt. (Ecuador) 53 82 Corriverton (Guyana) 115 C3 El Hatillo (Venezuela) 43 I 81 Campo Esperanza (Paraguay) 91 82 Chimborazo, province (Ecuador) 57 I Corumba (Brazil) 105 C3 El Misti, mt. (Peru) 59 E6 Campo Grande (Brazil) 105 C4 Chimbote (Peru) 59 84 Costa, Cordillera de Ia (Chile) 73 I 83 El Nevado, mt. (Colombia) 13 82 Campo Grande (Paraguay) 91 83 Chincha Alta (Peru) 59 C5 Cotacachi (Ecuador) 53 81 El Oro, province (Ecuador) 57 I Campoi, R. (Fr. Guiana) 125 82 Chiquinquira (Colombia) 45 C4 Cotopachi (Bolivia) 64 C3 El Tabacal (Argentina) 67 C5 Campos (Brazil) 105 E4 Chocca, mt. (Peru) 13 84 Cotopaxi, province (Ecuador) 57 I El Tigre (Venezuela) 37 D3 Campos Elyseos (Brazil) 113 B I Choc6, department (Colombia) 50 Cotopaxi, volcano (Ecuador) 53 82 El Turbio (Argentina) 81 A7 Caiiar, province (Ecuador) 57 I Choele Choel (Argentina) 81 84 Cottica (Suriname) 121 C3 Embarcaci6n (Argentina) 67 C5 Canelones (Uruguay) 97 83 Choiseul Sound (Falkland Is.) 128 Cl Courantyne, R. (Guyana) 115 83 see Empedrado (Argentina) 91 84 Canelones, department (Uruguay) 100 Chone (Ecuador) 53 A2 also Corantijn, R. Encarnaci6n (Paraguay) 91 C4 Canendiyu, department (Paraguay) 94 Chonos, Archipielago de los (Chile) 73 I Cravo Norte (Colombia) 45 D3 Enmore (Guyana) 115 C2 Canister Falls (Guyana) 115 83 86 Crist6bal, Pta. (Galapagos Is.) 54 A2 Enterprise (Guyana) 115 82 Canoas (Brazil) 105 C4 Chorrilos (Peru) 59 C5 Crist6bal Col6n, Pico (Colombia) 45 C2 Entre Rios, province (Argentina) 88 Capitan Dado (Paraguay) 91 C2 Chosica (Peru) 59 C4 Cruzeiro do Sui (Brazil) 104 A2 Envigado (Colombia) 45 83 Caqueta, department (Colombia) 50 Chubut, province (Argentina) 88 Cuareim, R. (Uruguay) 97 81 see Epira (Guyana) 115 C3 Caqueta, R. (Colombia) 45 D6 Chubut, R. (Argentina) 81 85 also Quarai, R. Escoma (Bolivia) 68 81 Caraballeda (Venezuela) 43 I 81 Chucuito (Peru) 64 83 Cuaro (Uruguay) 97 B I Escondida (Chile) 73 I C2 Carabobo, state (Venezuela) 42 Chucuito, G. de (Peru) 68 81 Cucuta (Colombia) 45 C3 E.S.E., Cayos del (Colombia) 45 A6 Caracarai (Brazil) 37 E5 Chui (Brazil) 97 D2 Cuenca (Ecuador) 53 83 Esmeralda (Venezuela) 10 Cl Caracas (Venezuela) 37 C2 Chulucanas (Peru) 59 82 Cuiaba (Brazil) 105 C3 Esmeraldas (Ecuador) 53 B I Caraguatay (Paraguay) 91 C3 Chuma (Bolivia) 68 Cl Cuidado, Pta. (Easter 1.) 74 82 Esmeraldas, province (Ecuador) 57 I Carapegua (Paraguay) 91 83 Chuquicamata (Chile) 73 I C2 Culpepper, I. (Galapagos Is.) 53 C4 Espanola, I. (Galapagos Is.) 54 C3 Carauari (Brazil) II A2 Chuquisaca, department (Bolivia) 71 I Cumana (Venezuela) 37 D2 Esperanza (Peru) 10 82 Carcass I. (Falkland Is.) 128 81 Cienaga (Colombia) 45 C2 Cumana, I. (Bolivia) 68 C2 Espinal (Colombia) 45 C4 Carchi, province (Ecuador) 57 I Citron (Fr. Guiana) 125 81 Cumbal, volcano (Colombia) 13 82 Espinha~o. Serra do (Brazil) I 05 D3 Cardona (Uruguay) 97 82 Ciudad Bolivar (Venezuela) 37 D3 Cumbre Pass (Chile/ Argentina) 13 C6 Espirito Santo, state (Brazil) Ill Caribbean Sea 9 Ciudad Guayana (Venezuela) 37 E3 Cummings, C. (Easter 1.) 74 82 Esquel (Argentina) 81 AS

140 Essequibo, region (Guyana) 118 I Gardner, I. (Galapagos Is.) 54 B3 Huarmey (Peru) 59 B4 Juazeiro do Norte (Brazil) 105 E2 Essequibo, R. (Guyana) 115 B3 Gare Tigre (Fr. Guiana) 125 B I Huascariln, Nev. de (Peru) 59 C4 Juiz de Fora (Brazil) 105 E4 Essequibo Islands, region (Guyana) 118 I General Aquino (Paraguay) 91 C3 Hudson, volcano (Chile) 13 B7 Jujuy see San Salvador de Jujuy Essex, Pta. (Galapagos Is.) 54 A2 General Artigas (Paraguay) 91 C3 Huila, department (Colombia) 50 Jujuy, province (Argentina) 88 Estados, I. de los (Argentina) 81 C7 General Eugenio A. Garay (Paraguay) 91 Huila, Nev. de (Colombia) 45 B4 Juli (Peru) 68 B2 Esteros (Paraguay) 91 A2 AI Huinaimarca, L. de (Peru/ Bolivia) 68 C2 Juliaca (Peru) 59 E6 Este Sudeste, Cayos del see E.S.E., Cayos General San Martin (Argentina) 89 I A I Humaita (Brazil) 10 C2 Juliana Top (Suriname) 121 B3 del Genovesa, I. (Galapagos Is.) 54 Cl Humaita (Paraguay) 91 B4 Jundiai (Brazil) 105 D5 Everton (Guyana) 115 C2 George I. (Falkland Is.) 128 C2 Junin (Argentina) 81 C3 Georgetown (Guyana) 115 B2 see Junin, department (Peru) 64 II F also Stabroek Ibague (Colombia) 45 B4 Jura, R. (Brazil) 45 E7 Facatativa (Colombia) 45 C4 Girardot (Colombia) 45 C4 Ibarra (Ecuador) 53 B I Jurua (Brazil) II A2 Falcon, state (Venezuela) 42 Goddo (Suriname) 121 C2 Iberia (Peru) II A3 Jurua, R. (Brazil) 104 B2 Falkland Is. (U.K.) 128 B2 Goiania (Brazil) 105 D3 lea (Peru) 59 C5 Juruena, R. (Brazil) 105 C3 Falkland Sound (Falkland Is.) 128 C2 Goiils (Brazil) lOS C3 lea, department (Peru) 64 II Feira de Santana (Brazil) 105 E3 Goiils, state (Brazil) Ill I~a. R. (Brazil) 10 C2 K Fernandina, I. (Galapagos Is.) 54 A2 Goiii (Uruguay) 97 B2 )~ana (Brazil) 104 B I Kaieteur Falls (Guyana) 115 B3 Fernando de Ia Mora (Paraguay) 91 B3 Goose Green (Falkland Is.) 128 Cl lgatimi (Paraguay) 91 C3 Kalkuni (Guyana) 115 B3 Fernando de Noronha, I. (Brazil) 105 E2 Governador, Ilha do (Brazil) 113 B I lgua~u. R. (Brazil) 105 C4 Kamakusa (Guyana) 115 B3 Ferreilafe (Peru) 59 B3 Governador Valadares (Brazil) 105 D3 lgua~u Falls (Brazil) 105 C4 see Kamaria Falls (Guyana) 115 B2 Filadelfia (Paraguay) 91 A2 Gramankondre (Suriname) 121 C2 also lguazu, Cataratas del Kamoa Mts. (Guyana) 115 B5 Fitzroy, mt. (Chile/ Argentina) 13 B7 Gran Chaco, region (Argentina/paraguay) lguatu (Brazil) 105 E2 Kanaima Falls (Guyana) 115 A2 Floreana, I. see Santa Maria, I. 81 C2 Iguazu, Cataratas del (Argentina) 81 E2 Kangaruma (Guyana) 115 B3 Florencia (Colombia) 45 B5 Grande, Bahia (Argentina) 81 B7 lguazu Fails see lguazu, Cataratas del Karanambo (Guyana) 115 B4 Florencio Sanchez (Uruguay) 97 B2 Grande, Cuchilla (Uruguay) 97 C2 Ilave (Bolivia) 68 B2 Karaudanawa (Guyana) 115 B4 Flores, department (Uruguay) 100 Grande, I. (Brazil) 105 E5 Ilave, R. (Bolivia) 68 B2 Kartuni (Guyana) 115 B2 Floriano (Brazil) 105 D2 Grande, R. (Bolivia) 10 C3 Ilheus (Brazil) 105 E3 Katiki, hill (Easter I.) 74 B2 Florianopolis (Brazil) 105 D4 Grande, R. (Brazil) 105 C3 Iliniza, Cerra (Ecuador) 53 B2 Kaw (Fr. Guiana) 125 Bl Florida (Uruguay) 97 B3 Grand Santi (Fr. Guiana) 125 AI lllampu, Nev. de (Bolivia) 67 B3 Kayser Mts. (Suriname) 121 B3 Florida, department (Uruguay) 100 Great Fall (Guyana) 115 A3 lllescas (Uruguay) 97 C2 Keppel I. (Falkland Is.) 128 Bl Fonte Boa (Brazil) 104 B2 Grenada, I. (West Indies) 37 E I lllimani, Nev. de (Bolivia) 67 B3 Keweigek (Guyana) 115 A3 Formosa (Argentina) 81 D2 Groningen (Suriname) 121 C2 Ilo (Peru) 59 E6 Kidney I. (Falkland Is.) 130 II Formosa, province (Argentina) 88 Guadalupe (Peru) 59 B3 Imbabura, province (Ecuador) 57 I King George B. (Falkland Is.) 128 Bl Fortaleza (Brazil) 105 E2 Guainia, commissariat (Colombia) 50 lmbaimadai (Guyana) 115 A3 King George VI Falls (Guyana) 115 A3 Fortaleza Santa Teresa (Uruguay) 97 D2 Guainia, R. (Colombia) 45 D5 liiapari (Peru) 59 E2 Koriabo (Guyana) 115 B2 Fortin Avalos Sanchez (Paraguay) 91 A2 Guaira (Brazil) 91 C3 Indefatigable, I. see Santa Cruz, Isla Kourou (Fr. Guiana) 125 Bl Fortin Boqueron (Paraguay) 91 B2 Guaira, department (Paraguay) 94 Inini (Fr. Guiana) 125 B2 Kroetoe, mt. (Suriname) 121 B2 Fortin Capitan Demattei (Paraguay) 91 Guairil falls see Sete Quedas, Saito das Ipiales (Colombia) 53 CI Kumaka (Guyana) 115 B4 A2 Guaire, R. (Venezuela) 43 I Bl lquique (Chile) 73 I B2 Kurupukari (Guyana) 115 B3 Fortin Carlos Antonio Lopez (Paraguay) Guajaril Mirim (Brazil) 104 B3 Iquitos (Peru) 59 D2 Kwakoegron (Suriname) 121 C2 91 B2 Guajira, Pen. de (Colombia) 45 Dl Iracoubo (Fr. Guiana) 125 Bl Kwakwani (Guyana) 115 B3 Fortin Coronel Bogado (Paraguay) 91 Bl Gualaceo (Ecuador) 53 B3 lrala (Paraguay) 91 C3 Fortin Corrales (Paraguay) 91 A2 Gualaquiza (Ecuador) 53 B3 Iriri, R. (Brazil) 105 C2 L Fortin Falcon (Paraguay) 91 B2 Guanabara, Baia de (Brazil) 113 Cl Isabel, Bahia (Galapagos Is.) 54 A2 La Asuncion (Venezuela) 37 D2 Fortin Galpon (Paraguay) 91 Bl Guanare (Venezuela) 37 B2 Isabela, Isla (Galapagos Is.) 54 A2 Lab rea (Brazil) II A2 Fortin General Caballero (Paraguay) 91 Guapore, R. (Bolivia) 67 D2 I sere, Pointe (Fr. Guiana) 125 B I La Cisterna (Chile) 79 I A2 B3 Guaqui (Bolivia) 67 B3 lsherton (Guyana) 115 B4 La Cruz (Uruguay) 97 B2 Fortin General Diaz (Paraguay) 91 A2 Guaranda (Ecuador) 53 B2 Isla Cabellos (Uruguay) 97 Bl La Dorada (Colombia) 45.C4 Fortin General Diaz (Paraguay) 91 B2 Guarico, state (Venezuela) 42 Ismael Cortinas (Uruguay) 97 B2 Ladrillero, mt. (Chile) 13 B8 Fortin General Mendoza (Paraguay) 91 Guarulhos (Brazil) 105 D5 Issano (Guyana) 115 B3 La Forestiere (Fr. Guiana) 125 AI AI Guasdualito (Venezuela) 37 B3 Isseneru (Guyana) 115 A2 La Fria (Venezuela) 41 A3 Fortin Hernandarias (Paraguay) 91 A2 Guassu, R. (Brazil) 93 C2 Ita (Paraguay) 91 B3 La go Agrio (Ecuador) 53 C I Fortin Infante Rivarola (Paraguay) 91 A2 Guaviare, commissariat (Colombia) 50 ltabru Falls (Guyana) 115 B3 La Granja (Chile) 79 I B2 Fortin Juan de Zalazar (Paraguay) 91 B2 Guaviare, R. (Colombia) 45 D4 Itabuna (Brazil) 105 E3 La Guaira (Venezuela) 37 C2 Fortin Lagerenza (Paraguay) 91 A I Guayaquil (Ecuador) 53 B3 Itacoatiara (Brazil) II B2 La Guajira, department (Colombia) 50 Fortin Leonardo Britos (Paraguay) 91 A2 Guayaquil, Golfo de (Ecuador) 53 A3 Itacurubi del Rosario (Paraguay) 91 C3 Lagunillas (Bolivia) 6 7 C4 Fortin Leonida Escobar (Paraguay) 91 A2 Guayas, province (Ecuador) 57 I Itaimbey, R. (Paraguay) 93 B2 Lajes (Brazil) 105 C4 Fortin Linares (Paraguay) 91 A2 Guayas, R. (Ecuador) 53 B2 Itaipu, L. de (Brazil) 113 C2 La Libertad, department (Peru) 64 II Fortin Madrejoncito (Paraguay) 91 Bl Guiana, region 119 I Itaipu Dam (Paraguay) 91 C3 Lambare (Paraguay) 95 I Fortin Madrejon (Paraguay) 91 B I Guiana Highlands 9 Itaituba (Brazil) 10 D2 Lambayeque (Peru) 59 B3 Fortin May Alberto Garde! (Paraguay) 91 Guichon (Uruguay) 97 B2 Itambe, Pico de (Brazil) 105 D3 Lambayeque, department (Peru) 64 II A2 Guisanbourg (Fr. Guiana) 125 Cl Itany, R. (Fr. Guiana) 125 A2 see La Mere, I. (Fr. Guiana) 125 Cl Fortin Nueva Asuncion (Paraguay) 91 AI Guri, Embalse (Venezuela) 37 E3 also Litani, R. Lanin, V. (Chile/ Argentina) 73 I B5 Fortin Presidente Ayala (Paraguay) 91 B2 Guyana, republic 9 Itapebi (Uruguay) 97 B I Lanus (Argentina) 89 I B2 Fortin Rojas Silva (Paraguay) 91 A3 Itapua, department (Paraguay) 94 La Oroya (Peru) 59 C4 Fortin Teniente Agripino Enciso H Ituni (Guyana) 115 B3 La Paloma (Uruguay) 97 C3 (Paraguay) 91 A2 Haedo, Cuchilla de (Uruguay) 97 B2 lturbe (Paraguay) 91 C3 La Pampa, province (Argentina) 88 Fortin Teniente Americo Picco (Paraguay) Hanga Pico (Easter I.) 74 A2 La Paya (Argentina) 64 C4 91 Bl Hanga Roa (Easter 1.) 74 A2 J La Paz (Bolivia) 67 B3 Fortin Teniente Juan E. Lopez (Paraguay) Harbours, B. of (Falkland Is.) 128 C2 Jacareacanga (Brazil) II B2 La Paz (Uruguay) 97 B3 91 A2 Helena (Guyana) 115 C2 Jacarepagua, L de (Brazil) 113 A2 La Paz (Venezuela) 41 B2 Fortin Teniente Montania (Paraguay) 91 Hendrik Top (Suriname) 121 B2 Jacui, R. (Brazil) 105 C5 La Paz, department (Bolivia) 71 I B2 Hernandarias (Paraguay) 91 C3 Jaen (Peru) 59 B2 La Pedrera (Colombia) 45 D6 Fortin Teniente Rojas Silva (Paraguay) 91 Holmia (Guyana) 115 B3 Jaguarao (Brazil) 97 D2 La Perouse, B. (Easter 1.) 74 Bl B2 Hood, I. see Espanola, I. James, I. see San Salvador, Isla La Plata (Argentina) 81 D3 Fort Wellington (Guyana) 115 C2 Hookers Pt. (Falkland Is.) 130 II Japura (Brazil) 10 C2 La Plata, I. (Ecuador) 53 A2 Foz do lgua~u (Brazil) 93 B3 Horn, C. see Hornos, C. de Japura, R. (Brazil) 10 C2 La Puntilla, cape (Ecuador) 53 A3 Fraile Muerto (Uruguay) 97 C2 Hornos, C. de (Chile) 73 I C9 Jari, R. (Brazil) 10 D I La Quiaca (Bolivia) 67 C5 Francia (Uruguay) 97 B2 Horqueta (Paraguay) 91 B2 Jason Is. (Falkland Is.) 128 Bl Lara, state (Venezuela) 42 Francisco de Orellana (Ecuador) 53 C2 Horse Pt. (Falkland Is.) 130 II Jauja (Peru) 59 C4 La Rioja (Argentina) 81 B2 Fray Bentos (Uruguay) 97 A2 Hossororo (Guyana) 115 B I Javari, R. (Brazil/ Peru) 10 B2 La Rioja, province (Argentina) 88 Fray Marcos (Uruguay) 97 C3 Huacho (Peru) 59 C4 Jequie (Brazil) 105 D3 Las Adjuntas (Venezuela) 43 I Bl Frederick Willem IV Falls (Suriname) 121 Huailillas, mt. (Peru) 13 B3 Jervis, I. see Rabida, I. La Serena (Chile) 73 I B3 B3 Huallaga, R. (Peru) 59 C3 Jiparana (Brazil) II A3 Las Piedras (Uruguay) 97 B3 French Guiana, department 9 H uancane (Peru) 68 B I Jipijapa (Ecuador) 53 A2 Las Rejas (Chile) 79 I AI Friendship (Suriname) 121 B2 Huancavelica (Peru) 59 C5 Joao Pessoa (Brazil) 105 E2 Latacunga (Ecuador) 53 B2 Frio, C. (Brazil) 105 E5 Huancavelica, department (Peru) 64 II Johi (Guyana) 115 B5 La Tortuga, I. (Venezuela) 37 D2 Fuerte Olimpo (Paraguay) 91 B2 Huancayo (Peru) 59 C4 Jose Batlle-y-Ord6iiez (Uruguay) 97 C2 Lauca, R. (Bolivia) 67 B4 Fundao, I. do (Brazil) 113 B2 Huilnuco (Peru) 59 C5 Jose Enrique Rod6 (Uruguay) 97 B2 Laureles (Paraguay) 91 B4 Huanuco, department (Peru) 64 II Jose Pedro Varela (Uruguay) 97 C2 Lauricocha, L. (Peru) 10 B3 G Huilnuco Pampa (Peru) 64 B2 Juan Fernandez, Archipielago (Chile) 73 Lautaro, volcano (Chile) 13 B7 Galan, mt. (Argentina) 13 C5 H uaral (Peru) 59 C4 II B2 Lavalleja, department (Uruguay) 100 Galapagos, Islas (Ecuador) 53 C3 Huarilz (Peru) 59 C4 Juan Lacaze (Uruguay) 97 B3 Lawa, R. (Suriname) 121 C2 Gallinas, Punta (Colombia) 45 Dl Huari (Peru) 28 I J uilzeiro (Brazil) 105 D2 Lazcano (Uruguay) 97 C2

141 Leguan I. (Guyana) 115 B2 Manta (Ecuador) 53 A2 Mossoro (Brazil) 105 E2 Ouaqui (Fr. Guiana) 125 B2 Lely Mts. (Suriname) 121 C2 Mantiqueira, Serra da (Brazil) 105 05 Motu lti, I. (Easter 1.) 74 A2 Ovalle (Chile) 73 I B4 Leon, Cerro (Paraguay) 91 A I Mapocho, Rio (Chile) 79 I AI Motu Nui, I. (Easter I.) 74 A2 Overo, volcano (Argentina) 13 B6 Leoncito (Argentina) 64 C4 Mar, Serra do (Brazil) 105 05 Motu Tautara, I. (Easter 1.) 74 A2 Oyapock, Baie d' (Fr. Guiana) 125 Cl Lethem (Guyana) 115 B4 Mara (Guyana) 115 C3 Moura (Brazil) II A2 Oyapock, R. (Fr. Guiana) 125 B2 see Leticia (Colombia) 45 07 Mara (Venezuela) 37 B2 Moyobamba (Peru) 59 C3 also Oiapoque, R. Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins, Mara, R. (Fr. Guiana) 125 Bl Muisne (Ecuador) 53 Bl region (Chile) 78 Maraba (Brazil) 105 02 Murallon, Cerro (Chile) 73 I B7 p Lima (Paraguay) 91 C2 Maracaibo (Venezuela) 37 B2 Pacaraima, Serra (Brazil) 37 04 Lima (Peru) 59 C5 Maracaibo, Lago de (Venezuela) 37 B2 N Pacasmayo (Peru) 59 B3 Lima, department (Peru) 64 II Maracay (Venezuela) 37 C2 Napo, province (Ecuador) 57 I Pacific Ocean 9 Linares (Chile) 73 I B5 Marahuaca, Cerro (Venezuela) 37 04 Napo, R. (Peru) 59 01 Paine, mt. (Chile) 13 B8 Linden (Guyana) 115 B3 Marajo, I. de (Brazil) 105 C2 Narborough, I. see Fernandina, I. Pakaraima Mountains (Guyana) 115 A3 Litani, R. (Suriname) 121 C3 see Maranhao, state (Brazil) Ill Nariiio, department (Colombia) 50 Palmar, Punta del (Uruguay) 97 03 also ltany, R. Maraiion, R. (Peru) 59 C3 Natal (Brazil) 105 E2 Palmira (Colombia) 45 B4 Litoral, Cordillera del (Venezuela) 43 I Bl Marchena, Isla (Galapagos Is.) 54 Bl Nauta (Peru) 59 02 Paloemeu, R. (Suriname) 121 C3 Lively I. (Falkland Is.) 128 C2 Marcona (Peru) 59 C6 Nazare (Brazil) 10 02 Pampas, plains (Argentina) 81 C4 Llaima, volcano (Chile) 13 B6 Mar del Plata (Argentina) 81 04 Nazca (Peru) 59 05 Pamplona (Colombia) 45 C3 Llallagua (Bolivia) 67 B4 Margarita, I. de (Venezuela) 37 02 Neblina, Pico da (Brazil) 104 Bl Panama (Panama) 45 A3 Llanos, plain 37 02 Mariano R. Alonso (paraguay) 95 I Necochea (Argentina) 81 04 Panama, republic 9 Llullaillaco, volcano (Chile; Argentina) 81 Marie Byrd Land 34 iileembucu, department (Paraguay) 94 Panama Canal Zone (Panama) 45 A2 Bl Marienburg (Suriname) 121 C2 Negra, Punta (Peru) 59 A3 Pan de Azucar (Uruguay) 97 C3 Lobos, I. (Uruguay) 97 C3 Maringit (Brazil) 105 C4 Negro, R. (Argentina) 81 C5 Pando (Uruguay) 97 C3 Lobos d~ Tierra, I. (Peru) 59 B3 Maripasoula (Fr. Guiana) 125 AI Negro, R. (Brazil) 104 B2 Pando, department (Bolivia) 71 I Loja (Ecuador) 53 B3 Mariscal Estigarribia (Paraguay) 91 AL Negro, R. (Uruguay) 97 B2 Plio de A~ucar, mt. (Brazil) 113 C2 Loja, province (Ecuador) 57 I Marisco, Ponta do (Brazil) 113 B3 Neiva (Colombia) 45 B5 Paqueta, I. de (Brazil) 113 Cl Lomde (Argentina) 97 A3 Marlborough (Guyana) 115 B2 Neuquen (Argentina) 81 B4 Para, district (Suriname) 123 I Londrina (Brazil) 105 C4 Maroni, R. (Fr. Guiana) 125 AI see Neuquen, province (Argentina) 88 Para, state (Brazil) Ill Lorenzo Geyres (Uruguay) 97 B2 also Marowijne, R. Neves (Brazil) 113 C2 Paradise (Guyana) 115 C3 Loreto (Paraguay) 91 B2 Marowijne, district (Suriname) 123 I New Amsterdam (Guyana) 115 C2 Paraguana, Pen. de (Venezuela) 41 C2 Loreto, department (Peru) 64 II Marowijne, R. (Suriname) 121 C2 see New I. (Falkland Is.) 128 Bl Paraguari (Paraguay) 91 B3 Los Angeles (Chile) 73 I B5 also Maroni, R. Nickerie, district (Suriname) 123 I Paraguari, department (Paraguay) 94 Los Oos Caminos (Venezuela) 43 I Bl Mato Grosso (Brazil) 10 03 Nickerie, R. (Suriname) 121 B2 Paraguay, R. 105 C3 Los Lagos, region (Chile) 78 Mato Grosso, state (Brazil) Ill Nico Perez (Uruguay) 97 C2 Paraguay, republic 9 Los Rios, province (Ecuador) 57 I Mato Grosso do Sui, state (Brazil) Ill Nieuw Amsterdam (Suriname) 121 C2 Paraiba, R. (Brazil) 105 05 Los Roques, Is. (Venezuela) 37 C2 Matthews Ridge (Guyana) 115 A2 Nieuw Jacobkondre (Suriname) 121 C2 Paraiba, state (Brazil) Ill Los Taques (Venezuela) 41 B2 Maturin (Venezuela) 37 02 Nieuw Nickerie (Suriname) 121 B2 Paramaribo (Suriname) 121 C2 Los Teques (Venezuela) 37 C2 Matuveri (Easter I.) 74 A2 Nilopolis (Brazil) 113 AI Paramillo, mt. (Colombia) 13 B2 Lota (Chile) 73 I B5 Maule, region (Chile) 78 Niteroi (Brazil) 105 E5 Paramonga (Peru) 59 C4 Louren~o (Brazil) 125 C2 Mayo, Cerro (Chile/ Argentina) 82 A2 Norte, C. (Easter I.) 74 AI Parana (Argentina) 81 C3 Low, Mt. (Falkland Is.) 130 II Mayor Pablo Lagerenza (Paraguay) 91 AI Norte de Santander, department Parana (Brazil) 105 03 Luepa (Venezuela) 37 E4 Mazaruni, R. (Guyana) 115 A2 (Colombia) 50 Parana, R. 105 C4 Lujan (Argentina) 81 B3 Mazaruni-Potaro, region (Guyana) 118 I North West, region (Guyana) I 18 I Parana, state (Brazil) Ill Luna, I. de Ia (Bolivia) 68 B2 Medellin (Colombia) 45 B3 Nova Friburgo (Brazil) 105 E4 Paranagua (Brazil) 105 04 Lurin (Peru) 59 C5 Meerzorg (Suriname) 121 C2 Nova lgua~u (Brazil) 105 E5 Paranaiba (Brazil) 105 C3 Melo (Uruguay) 97 C2 Nueva Asuncion, department (Paraguay) Paranam (Suriname) 121 C2 M Menafra (Uruguay) 97 B2 94 Paranoa, Lagoa (Brazil) 112 BI Mabaruma (Guyana) 115 Bl Mendoza (Argentina) 81 B3 Nueva Esparta, state (Venezuela) 42 Paraque, Cerro (Venezuela) 37 C4 Macapa (Brazil) 105 Cl Mendoza, province (Argentina) 88 Nueva Germania (Paraguay) 91 C2 Paria, Pen. de (Venezuela) 37 02 Macas (Ecuador) 53 B3 Mennonite Colony (Paraguay) 91 A2 Nueva Helvecia (Uruguay) 97 B3 Parima, Serra (Brazil) 37 04 Macbride Hd. (Falkland Is.) 128 01 Menquera Pt. (Falkland Is.) 130 II Nueva Palmira (Uruguay) 97 A2 Pariiias, Punta (Peru) 59 C4 Maceio (Brazil) 105 E2 Mercedario, Cerro (Argentina) 81 A3 Nuevo Berlin (Uruguay) 97 A2 Parnaiba, R. (Brazil) II C2 Machala (Ecuador) 53 B3 Mercedes (Argentina) 81 B3 Nuevo Rocafuerte (Ecuador) 53 02 Pasado, C. (Ecuador) 53 A2 Machu Picchu (Peru) 59 05 Mercedes (Uruguay) 97 A2 Pasaje (Ecuador) 53 B3 Macuje (Colombia) 45 C5 Meredith, C. (Falkland Is.) 128 B2 0 Pasco, department (Peru) 64 II Macuto (Venezuela) 43 I Bl Merida (Venezuela) 37 B3 Obelisco, Cerro (Chile) 82 B2 Pascua, Isla de (Chile) 73 II A2 Madeira, R. (Brazil) 105 B2 Merida, Cordillera de (Venezuela) 37 B3 6bidos (Brazil) 105 C2 Paso de los Toros (Uruguay) 97 B2 Madre de Oios, department (Peru) 64 II Merida, state (Venezuela) 42 Ocaiia (Colombia) 45 C3 Paso de Patria (Paraguay) 91 B4 Madre de Oios, R. (Bolivia) 67 Bl Mesquita (Brazil) 113 AI Occidental, Cordillera (Bolivia) 67 A3 Passage Is. (Falkland Is.) 128 Bl Magallanes, Estrecho de (Chile) 73 I C8 Meta, department (Colombia) 50 Occidental, Cordillera (Colombia) 45 B5 Passo Fundo (Brazil) 105 C4 Magallanes y de Ia Antitrtica Chilena, Meta, R. (Colombia) 45 04 Occidental, Cordillera (Peru) 59 C4 Pastaza, province (Ecuador) 57 I region (Chile) 78 Milagro (Ecuador) 53 B3 O'Higgins, C. (Easter I.) 74 B2 Pastaza, R. (Peru) 59 C2 Magangue (Colombia) 45 C2 Minas (Uruguay) 97 C3 Oiapoque (Brazil) 125 C2 Pasto (Colombia) 45 B5 Magdalena (Bolivia) 67 C2 Minas Cue (Paraguay) 91 B2 Oiapoque, R. (Brazil) 125 B I see Patagonia, region (Argentina) 81 A 7 Magdalena, department (Colombia) 50 Minas de Corrales (Uruguay) 97 Cl also Oyapock, R. Patia, R. (Colombia) 13 B2 Magdalena, R. (Colombia) 45 C3 Minas Gerais, state (Brazil) Ill Ojos del Salado, mt. (Chile) 73 I C3 Patience (Fr. Guiana) 125 B2 Magellan, Str. of see Magallanes, Estrecho Miraflores (Colombia) 10 Bl Olavarria (Argentina) 81 C4 Pativilca (Peru) 59 C4 de Miranda, state (Venezuela) 42 Olinda (Brazil) 105 E2 Patos (Brazil) 105 E2 Maguarinho, C. (Brazil) 10 E2 Mirim, Lagoa (Brazil/Uruguay) 97 02 Olivares, mt. (Chile/ Argentina) 13 C6 Patos, Lagoa dos (Brazil) 105 C5 Mahaicony (Guyana) 115 C2 Misiones, department (Paraguay) 94 Omai (Guyana) 115 B3 Paulo Afonso Falls (Brazil) 105 E2 Mahdia (Guyana) 115 B3 Misiones, province (Argentina) 88 Onverwacht (Suriname) 121 C2 Paysandu (Uruguay) 97 A2 Maicao (Colombia) 45 C2 Mitaraca, mt. (Fr. Guiana) 125 A2 Oritn (Argentina) 81 C I Paysandu, department (Uruguay) 100 Maipu (Chile) 79 I AI Mitu (Colombia) 45 05 Orange, C. (Brazil) 125 CI Peaima Falls (Guyana) 115 A2 Maipures (Colombia) 37 C4 Moche (Peru) 28 I Oranje Mts. (Suriname) 121 C3 Pebas (Peru) 59 E2 Maipuri Landing (Guyana) 115 B3 Mocoa (Colombia) 45 B5 Orchila, I. (Venezuela) 37 C2 Pebble I. (Falkland Is.) 128 CI Maiquetia (Venezuela) 37 C2 Moengo (Suriname) 121 C2 Orealla (Guyana) 115 C3 Pedro Juan Caballero (Paraguay) 91 C2 Makarapan Mt. (Guyana) 115 B3 Moho (Peru) 68 Bl Organabo (Fr. Guiana) 125 Bl Peine Tampu (Chile) 64 C4 Mal Abrigo (Uruguay) 97 B3 Mojos, Llanos de (Bolivia) 67 C2 6rglios, Serra dos (Brazil) 105 E4 Pelotas (Brazil) 105 C5 Malali Rapids (Guyana) 115 B3 Mollendo (Peru) 59 06 Oriental, Cordillera (Bolivia) 67 B3 Pembroke, C. (Falkland Is.) 128 01 Malavate (Fr. Guiana) 125 B2 Monagas, state (Venezuela) 42 Oriental, Cordillera (Colombia) 45 B5 Peiialolen (Chile) 79 I Bl Maldonado (Uruguay) 97 C3 Monteagudo (Bolivia) 67 C4 Oriental, Cordillera (Peru) 59 C2 Penas, G. de (Chile) 73 I A7 Maldonado, department (Uruguay) 100 Monte Caseros (Argentina) 97 B I Orinduik (Guyana) 115 A3 Pereira (Colombia) 45 B4 Malmanoury (Fr. Guiana) 125 Bl Monteria (Colombia) 45 B3 Orinoco, R. (Venezuela) 37 03 Pergamino (Argentina) 81 C3 Malpelo, I. de (Colombia) 45 A7 Montero (Bolivia) 67 C3 Orito, crater (Easter 1.) 74 A2 Perija, Sierra de (Venezuela) 37 A2 Malvinas, Islas see Galapagos, Islas Montes Claros (Brazil) 105 03 Orongo (Easter I.) 74 A2 Perito Moreno Glacier (Argentina) 82 A2 Mamore, Llanos de see Mojos, Llanos de Montevideo (Uruguay) 97 B3 Oronoque (Guyana) 115 C4 Pernambuco, state (Brazil) Ill Mamore, R. (Bolivia) 67 C2 Montevideo, Bahia de (Uruguay) 101 I AI Oruro (Bolivia) 67 B4 Peru, republic 9 Mana (Fr. Guiana) 125 Bl Montevideo, department (Uruguay) 100 Oruro, department (Bolivia) 71 I Petare (Venezuela) 37 C2 Manabi, province (Ecuador) 57 I Montsinery (Fr. Guiana) 125 Bl Osasco (Brazil) 105 05 Peters Mine (Guyana) I I5 B2 Manaus (Brazil) 105 C2 Moquegua (Peru) 59 E6 Oscar (Fr. Guiana) 125 B2 Petr6polis (Brazil) 105 E4 Mangueira, L. (Brazil) 97 02 Moquegua, department (Peru) 64 II Osorno (Chile) 73 I B6 Piaui, state (Brazil) Ill Manicore (Brazil) 105 B2 Morawhanna (Guyana) 115 Bl Osorno, volcano (Chile) 13 B7 Pichincha, Cerro (Ecuador) 53 B2 Manizales (Colombia) 45 B4 Moron (Argentina) 89 I A I Otavalo (Ecuador) 53 B I Pichincha, province (Ecuador) 57 I Manoa (Bolivia) 67 CI Morona-Santillgo, province (Ecuador) 57 I Ouanary (Fr. Guiana) 125 Cl Pickersgill (Guyana) 115 B2

142 Piedras, Punta (Argentina) 97 B3 Puerto San Lorenzo (Paraguay) 91 C3 Roncador Cay (Colombia) 45 A6 San Lorenzo (Ecuador) 53 B I Piedra Sola (Uruguay) 97 B2 Puerto Santa Cruz (Argentina) 81 B7 Rondonia (Brazil) 67 Dl San Lorenzo (Paraguay) 9 I B3 Pilar (Paraguay) 91 B3 Puerto Sastre (Paraguay) 9 I B2 Rondonia, state (Brazil) Ill San Lorenzo, C. (Ecuador) 53 A2 Pilcomayo, R. 105 B4 Puerto Suarez (Bolivia) 67 E4 Rondon6polis (Brazil) II B3 San Lorenzo, Cerro (Chile/ Argentina) 73 Pii\era (Uruguay) 97 B2 Puerto Ybapobo (Paraguay) 9 I B2 Roosevelt, R. (Brazil) 10 C3 I B7 Pinta, I. (Galapagos Is.) 54 B I Puesto Estrella (Paraguay) 91 A2 Roraima, Mt. (Guyana) 115 A3 San Luis (Argentina) 81 B3 Pinzon, I. (Galapagos Is.) 54 B2 Puki, hill (Easter I.) 74 A2 Roraima, territory (Brazil) Ill San Luis, province (Argentina) 88 Piquiri, R. (Brazil) 93 C2 Pulacayo (Bolivia) 67 B4 Rosa, C. (Galapagos Is.) 54 A3 San Martin, department (Peru) 64 II Piracicaba (Brazil) I 05 D4 Pumpu (Peru) 64 B3 Rosalia, Pta. (Easter 1.) 74 Bl San Matias, G. (Argentina) 81 C5 Pirara (Guyana) 115 B4 Puna, Isla (Ecuador) 53 A3 Rosario (Argentina) 81 C3 San Miguel de Tucuman (Argentina) 81 Piraraja (Uruguay) 97 B2 Punapau (Easter 1.) 74 A2 Rosario (Paraguay) 91 B3 B2 Piratininga, L. de (Brazil) 113 C2 Puno (Peru) 59 E6 Rosario (Uruguay) 97 B3 San Nicolas (Argentina) 81 C3 Piriapolis (Uruguay) 97 C3 Puno, department (Peru) 64 II Rosario do Sui (Brazil) 97 Cl San Pedro (Paraguay) 91 B3 Pisac (Peru) 64 B3 Punta Arenas (Chile) 73 I B8 Rose Hall (Guyana) 115 C2 San Pedro, department (Paraguay) 94 Pisco (Peru) 59 C5 Punta Cardon (Venezuela) 4 I B2 Rosignol (Guyana) 115 C2 San Pedro, mt. (Chile) 13 C5 Pitt, Pta. (Galapagos Is.) 54 C2 Punta del Este (Uruguay) 97 C3 Roura (Fr. Guiana) 125 Bl San Pedro del Parana (Paraguay) 91 C3 Piura (Peru) 59 B2 Punto Fijo (Venezuela) 37 B2 Ruiz, volcano (Colombia) 45 B4 San Rafael (Argentina) 81 B3 Piura, department (Peru) 64 II Purace, volcano (Colombia) 13 B2 Rupununi, region (Guyana) 118 I San Ram6n (Uruguay) 97 C3 Plata, Rio de Ia (Argentina/Uruguay) 81 Purus, R. (Brazil) 104 B2 Ruropolis Medicilandia (Brazil) II B2 San Salvador, Isla (Galapagos Is.) 54 B2 D4 Putumayo (Ecuador) 53 D I San Salvador de Jujuy (Argentina) 81 Bl Pokigron (Suriname) 121 C2 Putumayo, intendancy (Colombia) 50 s San Silvestre (Venezuela) 41 C3 Pomata (Bolivia) 68 B2 Putumayo, R. (Colombia) 45 C6 Sabana (Suriname) 121 C2 Santa (Peru) 59 B3 Ponta Grossa (Brazil) 105 C4 Puyo (Ecuador) 53 C2 Sabanalarga (Colombia) 45 C2 Santa Ana (Bolivia) 67 B3 Ponta Pora (Brazil) 91 C2 Sacha (Ecuador) 53 C2 Santa Ana (Bolivia) 67 C2 Pontoetoe (Suriname) 121 C3 Q Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni, arrondissement Santa Biubara (Venezuela) 37 C4 Poopo, L. de (Bolivia) 67 B4 Quarai (Brazil) 97 BI (Fr. Guiana) 125 AI Santa Catarina, state (Brazil) Ill Popayan (Colombia) 45 B5 Quarai, R. (Brazil) 97 B I see Sajama, Nevado (Bolivia) 67 B4 Santa Clara de Olimar (Uruguay) 97 C2 Porlamar (Venezuela) 37 D2 also Cuareim, R. Salado, R. (Argentina) 81 B4 Santa Clotilde (Peru) 59 D 1 Portachuelo (Bolivia) 67 C3 Quebracho (Uruguay) 97 Bl Salado, R. (Argentina) 81 C2 Santa Cruz (Bolivia) 67 C3 Port Darwin (Falkland Is.) 128 Cl Queen Charlotte B. (Falkland Is.) 128 BI Salay G6mez, I. (Chile) 73 II A2 Santa Cruz, department (Bolivia) 71 I Port Kaituma (Guyana) 115 B2 Queen Maud Land 34 Salinas (Ecuador) 53 A3 Santa Cruz, Isla (Galapagos Is.) 54 B2 Porto Alegre (Brazil) I 05 C5 Queguay Grande, R. (Uruguay) 97 B2 Salta (Argentina) 81 B I Santa Cruz, province (Argentina) 88 Porto dos Gauchos (Brazil) II B3 Quequen (Argentina) 8 I D4 Salta, province (Argentina) 88 Santa Elena (Ecuador) 53 A3 Porto Franco (Brazil) 105 D2 Quevedo (Ecuador) 53 B2 Saito (Uruguay) 97 Bl Santa Elena (Venezuela) 37 E4 Port of Spain (Trinidad & Tobago) 37 E2 Quibdo (Colombia) 45 B4 Saito, department (Uruguay) 100 Santa Fe (Argentina) 8 I C3 Porto Nacional (Brazil) 105 D3 Quiindy (Paraguay) 9 I B3 Saito del Guaira (Paraguay) 91 C3 Santa Fe, I. (Galapagos Is.) 54 B2 Porto Trombetas (Brazil) II B2 Quillabamba (Peru) 59 D5 Salut, Is. du (Fr. Guiana) 125 Bl Santa Fe, province (Argentina) 88 Porto Velho (Brazil) 104 B2 Quillacollo (Bolivia) 67 B3 Salvador (Brazil) 105 E3 Santa Lucia (Uruguay) 97 B3 Portoviejo (Ecuador) 53 A2 Quilpue (Chile) 75 San Ambrosio, I. (Chile) 73 II C2 Santa Lucia, R. (Uruguay) 97 B3 Port Salvador (Falkland Is.) 128 Cl Quindio, department (Colombia) 50 Sanandita (Bolivia) 67 C5 Santa Maria (Brazil) 105 C4 Port Stephens (Falkland Is.) 128 B2 Quito (Ecuador) 53 B2 San Andres, I. de (Colombia) 45 A6 Santa Maria, C. (Uruguay) 97 C3 Portuguesa, state (Venezuela) 42 Quixeramobim (Brazil) 105 E2 San Andres and Providencia, intendancy Santa Maria, Isla (Galapagos Is.) 54 B3 Porvenir (Uruguay) 97 B2 Quyquyo (Paraguay) 9 I B3 (Colombia) 50 Santa Marta (Colombia) 45 C2 Posadas (Argentina) 81 D2 San Antonio (Chile) 73 I B4 Santa Marta, Sa. Nev. de (Colombia) 45 Potaro, R. (Guyana) 115 B3 R San Bernardino (Paraguay) 91 B3 C2 Potosi (Bolivia) 67 C4 Rabida, I. (Galapagos Is.) 54 B2 San Bernardo (Chile) 73 I B4 Santana, Coxilha de (Brazil) 97 C 1 Potosi, department (Bolivia) 71 I Rafaela (Argentina) 8 I C3 San Borja (Bolivia) 67 B2 Santana do Livramento (Brazil) 97 Cl Pouso Alegre (Brazil) 67 EI Rancagua (Chile) 73 I B4 San Carlos (Paraguay) 91 B2 Santander, department (Colombia) 50 Pozo Colorado (Paraguay) 91 B2 Rano Aroi, crater (Easter I.) 74 A2 San Carlos (Uruguay) 97 C3 Santarem (Brazil) 105 C2 Presidencia Roque Saenz Pei\a Rano Kau, crater (Easter 1.) 74 A2 San Carlos (Venezuela) 37 C2 Santa Rita (Venezuela) 41 B2 (Argentina) 91 A3 Rano Raraku, crater (Easter 1.) 74 A2 San Carlos de Bariloche (Argentina) 81 Santa Rosa (Argentina) 81 C4 Presidente Hayes, department (Paraguay) Rawson (Argentina) 81 B5 A5 Santa Rosa (Ecuador) 53 B3 94 Real, Cordillera (Bolivia) 68 C2 San Carlos del Zulia (Venezuela) 37 A2 Santa Rosa (Paraguay) 91 C3 Presidente Prudente (Brazil) 105 C4 Recife (Brazil) 105 E2 San Crist6bal (Venezuela) 37 A3 Santa Rosa (Venezuela) 37 C5 Principe da Beira (Brazil) 67 C2 Reconquista, R. (Argentina) 89 I A I San Crist6bal, Isla (Galapagos Is.) 54 C2 Santa Rosa de Cabal (Colombia) 45 B4 Providencia, I. de (Colombia) 45 A6 Redonda, Roca (Galapagos Is.) 54 A I Sandia (Peru) 59 E5 Santa Vitoria do Palmar (Brazil) 97 D2 Provincia, Cerro de Ia (Chile) 79 I CI Regina (Brazil) 125 C2 San Diego, C. (Argentina) 81 B7 Santiago (Chile) 73 I B4 Pucallpa (Peru) 59 D3 Regina (Fr. Guiana) 125 BI San Estanislao (Paraguay) 91 C3 Santiago (Paraguay) 91 C4 Pucara de Andegala (Argentina) 64 C4 Remire (Fr. Guiana) 125 BI San Felipe (Chile) 73 I B4 Santiago, I. see San Salvador, Isla Pucarani (Bolivia) 67 B3 Resistencia (Argentina) 81 D2 San Felipe (Colombia) 45 E5 Santiago de Cao (Peru) 59 B3 Pudahuel, Aeropuerto de (Chile) 79 I AI Retamosa (Uruguay) 97 C2 San Felipe (Venezuela) 37 C2 Santiago del Estero (Argentina) 81 C2 Puente Alto (Chile) 73 I B4 Reyes (Bolivia) 67 B2 San Felix, I. (Chile) 73 II B2 Santiago del Estero, province (Argentina) Puerto Acosta (Bolivia) 68 B I Riachuelo, R. (Argentina) 89 I Bl San Fernando (Argentina) 81 D3 88 Puerto Adela (Paraguay) 91 C3 Ribeirao Preto (Brazil) 105 D4 San Fernando (Chile) 73 I B4 Santiago Vazquez (Uruguay) 97 B3 Puerto Aisen (Chile) 73 I B7 Riberalta (Bolivia) 67 Bl San Fernando (Trinidad & Tobago) 37 E2 Santo Andre (Brazil) 105 D5 Puerto Antequera (Paraguay) 91 B3 Rimae, Rio (Peru) 65 I San Fernando de Apure (Venezuela) 37 Santo Domingo de los Colorados Puerto Asis (Colombia) 45 B5 Rincon del Bonete, reservoir (Uruguay) 97 C3 (Ecuador) 53 B2 Puerto Ayacucho (Venezuela) 37 C4 C2 San Fernando del Valle de Catamarca Santos (Brazil) 105 D5 Puerto Ayora (Galapagos Is.) 54 B2 Riobamba (Ecuador) 53 B2 see Catamarca San Valentin, Cerro (Chile) 73 I B7 Puerto Baquerizo Moreno see Baquerizo Rio Branco (Brazil) 104 B3 San Francisco, C. de (Ecuador) 53 AI Sao Bernardo do Campo (Brazil) 105 D5 Moreno Rio Branco (Uruguay) 97 D2 San Gabriel (Ecuador) 53 CI Sao Con~alo (Brazil) 113 Cl Puerto Bolivar (Ecuador) 53 A3 Rio Cuarto (Argentina) 81 C3 San Gallan, I. (Peru) 59 C5 Sao Francisco, R. (Brazil) 105 D3 Puerto Cabello (Venezuela) 37 C2 Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) 105 D4 Sangay, Vol. (Ecuador) 53 B3 Sao Francisco, R. (Brazil) 93 C2 Puerto Carreno (Colombia) 45 E3 Rio de Janeiro, state (Brazil) Ill San Gregorio (Uruguay) 97 C2 Sao Gabriel (Brazil) 97 C 1 Puerto Casado (Paraguay) 91 B2 Rio Gallegos (Argentina) 81 B7 San Ignacio (Bolivia) 67 D3 Sao Gabriel da Cachoeira (Brazil) II A2 Puerto Chicama (Peru) 59 B3 Rio Grande (Argentina) 81 B7 San Ignacio (Paraguay) 9 I B3 Sao Gon~alo (Brazil) 105 E5 Puerto Cooper (Paraguay) 9 I B2 Rio Grande (Brazil) 105 C5 San Isidro (Argentina) 97 A3 Sao Joao de Meriti (Brazil) 105 E5 Puerto Cumarebo (Venezuela) 41 C2 Rio Grande do Norte, state (Brazil) Ill San Javier (Bolivia) 67 D3 Sao Joao de Meriti, R. (Brazil) 113 Dl Puerto Guarani (Paraguay) 9 I B2 Rio Grande do Sui, state (Brazil) Ill San Joaquin (Paraguay) 9 I C3 Sao Jose do Rio Preto (Brazil) 105 D4 Puerto lnirida (Colombia) 45 E4 Riohacha (Colombia) 45 C2 San Jorge, G. (Argentina) 81 B6 Sao Jose dos Campos (Brazil) 105 D5 Puerto La Cruz (Venezuela) 37 D2 Rio Negro, department (Uruguay) 100 San Jose, department (Uruguay) 100 Sao Luis (Brazil) 105 D2 Puerto Lequizamo (Colombia) 45 C6 Rio Negro, province (Argentina) 88 San Jose de Chiquitos (Bolivia) 67 D3 Sao Paulo (Brazil) 105 D4 Puerto Maldonado (Peru) 59 E5 Rio Tercero (Argentina) 86 San Jose del Guaviare (Colombia) 45 C5 Sao Paulo, state (Brazil) II I Puerto Maria Auxiliadora (Paraguay) 91 Rio Tigre (Ecuador) 53 C2 San Jose de Mayo (Uruguay) 97 B3 Sao Roque, C. de (Brazil) 105 E2 B2 Risaralda, department (Colombia) 50 San Juan (Argentina) 81 B3 Sao Sebastiao, I. de (Brazil) 105 D5 Puerto Mihimovich (Paraguay) 91 Bl Rivera (Uruguay) 97 Cl San Juan, province (Argentina) 88 Sao Tome, C. de (Brazil) 105 E4 Puerto Montt (Chile) 73 I B6 Rivera, department (Uruguay) 100 San Juan, Pta. (Easter 1.) 74 AI Sapper Hill (Falkland Is.) 130 II Puerto Natales (Chile) 73 I B8 Robinson Crusoe, I. (Chile) 73 II C2 San Juan, R. (Colombia) 45 B4 Saramacca, district (Suriname) 123 I Puerto Nuevo (Paraguay) 91 BI Rocha (Uruguay) 97 C3 San Juan Bautista (Paraguay) 9 I B3 Saramacca, R. (Suriname) 121 C2 Puerto Paez (Venezuela) 37 C3 Rocha, department (Uruguay) 100 San Juan de los Morros (Venezuela) 37 Sarandi del Vi (Uruguay) 97 C2 Puerto Pinasco (Paraguay) 91 B2 Rochambeau (Fr. Guiana) 125 Bl C2 Sarandi Grande (Uruguay) 97 B2 Puerto Portillo (Peru) 59 D4 Rockstone (Guyana) 115 B3 San Justo (Argentina) 89 I A2 Sarmiento (Argentina) 81 B6 Puerto Presidente Stroessner (Paraguay) Rodrigo de Freitas, L. (Brazil) 113 B2 San Lazaro (Paraguay) 91 B2 Sauia (Brazil) 10 D2 91 C3 Roggeveen, C. (Easter 1.) 74 B2 San Lorenzo (Argentina) 8 I C3 Saul (Fr. Guiana) 125 B2

143 Saunders I. (Falkland Is.) 128 Bl Talca (Chile) 73 I B5 Tulcan (Ecuador) 53 Cl Villa Rey (Paraguay) 91 B3 Saveretik (Guyana) 115 B3 Talcahuano (Chile) 73 I B5 Tulua (Colombia) 45 B4 Yillarrica (Paraguay) 91 C3 Schoon Ord (Guyana) 115 B2 Taltal (Chile) 73 I B3 Tumaco (Colombia) 45 AS Villarrica, volcano (Chile) 13 B6 Sea Lion Is. (Falkland Is.) 128 C2 Tambo, R. (Peru) 10 B3 Tumatumari (Guyana) 115 B3 Villa San Jose (Argentina) 97 A2 Seal Pt. (Falkland Is.) 130 II Tambo Colorado (Peru) 64 B3 Tumbes (Peru) 59 B2 Villasboas (Uruguay) 97 B2 Segovia Highlands (Venezuela) 37 B2 Tambores (Uruguay) 97 Bl Tumbes, department (Peru) 64 II Villavicencio (Colombia) 45 C4 Selvas, region (Brazil/ Peru) 9 Tampoc, R. (Fr. Guiana) 125 B2 Tumereng (Guyana) 115 A2 Villazon (Bolivia) 67 B3 Sena Madureira (Brazil) 104 B2 Tandil (Argentina) 81 D4 Tumuc Humac Mountains (Fr. Villeta (Paraguay) 91 B3 Sergipe, state (Brazil) Ill Tandil, Sa. del (Argentina) 81 C4 Guiana/ Brazil) 125 B2 Vii\a del Mar (Chile) 73 I B4 Serrana Bank (Colombia) 45 A6 Tapajos, R. (Brazil) 105 C2 Tumucumaque, Serra see Tumuc Humac Vitacura (Chile) 79 I Bl Sete Pontes (Brazil) 113 C2 Tapanahoni, R. (Suriname) 121 C3 Mountains Vitarte (Peru) 59 C5 Sete Quedas, Saito das (Brazil/ Paraguay) Tapaua (Brazil) 10 C2 Tungurahua, province (Ecuador) 57 I Vitoria (Brazil) 105 D4 91 C3 Tapirapeco, Sierra (Venezuela) 37 D5 Tunja (Colombia) 45 C4 Vitoria da Conquista (Brazil) 105 D3 Sevilla (Colombia) 45 B4 Tapurucuara (Brazil) 10 C2 Tupiza (Bolivia) 67 C5 Volta Redonda (Brazil) 105 E4 Seymour, I. (Galapagos Is.) 54 B2 Taraco, G. de (Bolivia) 68 C2 Tupungato, mt. (Chile/ Argentina) 81 B3 Volunteer Pt. (Falkland Is.) 128 DI Shea (Guyana) 115 B4 Tarapaca, region (Chile) 78 Tuquerres (Colombia) 53 Cl Vreed en Hoop (Guyana) 115 B2 Sicasica (Bolivia) 67 B3 Tarapoto (Peru) 59 C3 Tuutapu, crater (Easter 1.) 74 A2 Sillillica, volcano (Chile) 13 C4 Tarija (Bolivia) 67 C5 w Sincelejo (Colombia) 45 B2 Tarija, department (Bolivia) 71 I u Wageningen (Suriname) 121 B2 Sinnamary (Fr. Guiana) 125 Bl Tarma (Peru) 59 C4 Uaupes (Brazil) 104 B2 Waini Pt. (Guyana) 115 Bl Sogamoso (Colombia) 45 C4 Tartagal (Argentina) 81 CI Uberaba (Brazil) 105 D3 Wakenaam I. (Guyana) 115 B2 Sol, I. del (Bolivia) 68 B2 Taubate (Brazil) 105 D5 Uberlandia (Brazil) 105 D3 Washabo (Suriname) 121 B2 Soledad (Colombia) 45 C2 Tebicuary (Paraguay) 91 B3 Ucayali, department (Peru) 64 II Waterloo (Suriname) 121 B2 Solimoes, R. (Brazil) 45 E7 see Tefe (Brazil) 104 B2 Ucayali, R. (Peru) 59 D4 Weddell!. (Falkland Is.) 128 Bl also Amazonas, R. Teles Pires, R. (Brazil) 105 C2 Uncia (Bolivia) 67 B4 Weddell Sea 34 So rata (Bolivia) 68 C I Temuco (Chile) 73 I B5 Union (Paraguay) 91 C3 Wellington, I. (Chile) 73 I A7 Soriano (Uruguay) 97 A2 Tena (Ecuador) 53 C2 Upata (Venezuela) 37 E3 Wenman, I. (Galapagos Is.) 53 C4 Soriano, department (Uruguay) 100 Tequendama, Saito de (Colombia) 45 C4 Uraba, Golfo de (Colombia) 45 B3 West Berbice, region (Guyana) 118 I Sorocaba (Brazil) 105 D4 Teres ina (Brazil) I05 D2 U raricoera, R. (Brazil) I 0 C I West Demerara, region (Guyana) 118 I South Georgia, I. (U.K.) 128 B2 Terevaka, hill (Easter 1.) 74 AI Urubamba, R. (Peru) 10 B3 West Falkland, I. (Falkland Is.) 128 Bl South Orkney Is. (U.K.) 128 B2 Tiahuanaco (Bolivia) 67 B3 Uruguaiana (Brazil) 105 C4 Wilcock, Peninsula (Chile) 82 A2 South Sandwich Is. (U.K.) 128 B2 Tiboku Falls (Guyana) 115 B3 Uruguay, R. 105 C4 William, Port (Falkland Is.) 130 II South Shetland Is. (U.K.) 128 B2 Tierra del Fuego (Chile/ Argentina) 73 I Uruguay, republic 9 Wolf, I. see Wenman, I. Speedwell I. (Falkland Is.) 128 C2 C8 Osborne, Mt. (Falkland Is.) 128 Cl Wolf, Vol. (Galapagos Is.) 54 AI Spring Garden (Guyana) 115 B2 Tierra del Fuego, territory (Argentina) 88 Ushuaia (Argentina) 81 B7 Woodford, C. (Galapagos Is.) 54 B2 Stabroek (Guyana) 119 I, see Tijuca, Pico da (Brazil) 113 B2 Uyuni (Bolivia) 67 B4 also Georgetown Tilcara (Argentina) 64 C4 Uyuni, Salar de (Bolivia) 67 B4 X Stanley (Falkland Is.) 128 Dl Timehri (Guyana) 115 B2 v Xambioa (Brazil) 10 E2 Stanley Harbour (Falkland Is.) 130 II Tingo Maria (Peru) 59 C4 Vaihu (Easter I.) 74 A2 Xingu, R. (Brazil) 105 C2 Steeple I. (Falkland Is.) 128 B I Titicaca, L. (Peru/ Bolivia) 67 A3 Valdes, Pen. (Argentina) 81 C5 y St. Elie (Fr. Guiana) 125 Bl Tobago, I. (West Indies) 37 E2 Valdivia (Chile) 73 I B5 St. Georges (Fr. Guiana) 125 C2 Tocantins, R. (Brazil) 105 D2 Valencia (Venezuela) 37 C2 Yacireta, I. (Paraguay) 91 C3 St. Ignatius (Guyana) 115 B4 Tocopilla (Chile) 73 I B2 Valera (Venezuela) 37 B2 Yacuiba (Bolivia) 67 C5 St. Jean (Fr. Guiana) 125 AI Tolima, department (Colombia) 50 Valle, department (Colombia) 50 Yanahuanca, mt. (Peru) 13 B3 St. Laurent (Fr. Guiana) 125 AI Tolima, volcano (Colombia) 45 B4 Valle de Ia Pascua (Venezuela) 37 D2 Yapukarri (Guyana) 115 B4 St. Marcel, Mt. (Fr. Guiana) 125 B2 Tomas Gomensoro (Uruguay) 97 Bl Valledupar (Colombia) 45 C2 Yaracuy, state (Venezuela) 42 Sucre (Bolivia) 67 C4 Tome (Chile) 73 I B5 Valle Grande (Bolivia) 67 C4 Yarumal (Colombia) 45 B3 Sucre, department (Colombia) 50 Tomebamba (Ecuador) 64 B2 Vallenar (Chile) 7 3 I B3 Ybycui (Paraguay) 91 B3 Sucre, state (Venezuela) 42 Tonate (Fr. Guiana) 125 Bl Valparaiso (Chile) 73 I B4 Yegros (Paraguay) 91 C3 Suddie (Guyana) 115 B2 T oq uepala (Peru) 59 E6 Valparaiso, region (Chile) 78 Yerupaja, mt. (Peru) 59 C4 Sugar Loaf see Pao de At;ucar Tortuga, I. (Galapagos Is.) 54 B2 Vaupes, commissariat (Colombia) 50 YhU (Paraguay) 91 C3 Sullana (Peru) 59 B2 Totness (Suriname) 121 B2 Vaupes, R. (Colombia) 10 Bl Yi, R. (Uruguay) 97 B2 Sur, C. (Easter 1.) 74 A2 Towakaima (Guyana) 115 B2 Velasco Ibarra (Galapagos Is.) 54 B3 Yopal (Colombia) 45 C4 Suriname, district (Suriname) 123 I Tower, I. see Genovesa, I. Velazquez (Uruguay) 97 C3 Young (Uruguay) 97 B2 Suriname, republic 9 Tranqueras (Uruguay) 97 Cl Venezuela, Golfo de (Venezuela) 37 B2 Ypacarai (Paraguay) 91 B3 Suriname, R. (Suriname) 121 C2 Treinta-y-Tres (Uruguay) 97 C2 Venezuela, republic 9 Ype-Jhu (Paraguay) 91 C2 Treinta-y-Tres, department (Uruguay) 100 Ventana, Sa. (Argentina) 81 C4 Ypoa, L. (Paraguay) T 91 B3 Trelew (Argentina) 81 B5 Vera, L. (Paraguay) 91 B3 Yumbo (Colombia) 45 B4 Tabatinga (Brazil) II A2 Tres Arboles (Uruguay) 97 B2 Verde, R. (Paraguay) 91 B2 Yungas, region (Bolivia) 67 C3 Tabatinga (Brazil) 105 D4 Tres Arroyos (Argentina) 81 C4 Vergara (Uruguay) 97 D2 Yurimaguas (Peru) 59 C2 Tachira, state (Venezuela) 42 Tres Cruses, mt. (Chile) 13 C5 Vicente Lopez (Argentina) 89 I A I Yuty (Paraguay) 91 C3 Tacna (Peru) 59 E6 Trinidad (Bolivia) 67 C2 Yichada, commissariat (Colombia) 50 Tacna, department (Peru) 64 II Trinidad (Paraguay) 91 C4 Vichadero (Uruguay) 97 CI z Tacora, volcano (Chile) 13 C4 Trinidad (Uruguay) 97 B2 Victorica (Argentina) 81 B4 Zamora (Ecuador) 53 B4 Tacuaras (Paraguay) 91 B3 Trinidad, I. (West Indies) 37 E2 Yiedma (Argentina) 81 C5 Zamora-Chinchipe, province (Ecuador) 57 Tacuarembo, department (Uruguay) 100 Trinidad & Tobago, nation (West Indies) Vilcashuaman (Peru) 64 B3 I Tacuarembo, R. (Uruguay) 97 Cl 37 E2 Yilhena (Brazil) II A3 Zai\a (Peru) 59 B3 Tacuarembo (Uruguay) 97 BI Trombetas, R. (Brazil) 105 Cl Villa Angela (Argentina) 91 A4 Zanderij (Suriname) 121 C2 Tacuati (Paraguay) 91 C2 Tronador, mt. (Chile/ Argentina) 81 AS Villa Constitucion (Argentina) 81 C3 Zapaleri, Cerro (Chile/ Bolivia) 67 B5 Tacutu, R. (Brazil) 10 CI Trujillo (Peru) 59 B3 Villa Florida (Paraguay) 91 B3 Zapican (Uruguay) 97 C2 Tafelberg, mt. (Suriname) 121 B3 Trujillo (Venezuela) 37 B2 Villa Franca (Argentina) 91 B3 Zarate (Argentina) 81 D3 Taitao, Pen. de (Chile) 73 I A 7 Trujillo, state (Venezuela) 42 Villa Hayes (Paraguay) 91 B3 Zaraza (Venezuela) 37 D2 Tala (Uruguay) 97 C3 Tucum{m see San Salvador de Tucuman Villa Maria (Argentina) 81 C3 Zipaquira (Colombia) 45 C4 Talara (Peru) 59 A2 Tucuman, province (Argentina) 88 Villamil (Galapagos Is.) 54 B2 Zulia, state (Venezuela) 42 Talavera, I. (Paraguay) 91 C4 Tucupita (Venezuela) 37 E3 Villa Montes (Bolivia) 67 C5 Zumba (Ecuador) 53 B4 Index of Persons Alessandri, Arturo 78 Columbus, Christopher 41, 117, 122 Mendoza, Pedro de 87 Pinzon, Vicente Yanez 117, 122, 126 Alfonsin, Raul 88 Costa, Lucio 112 Menem, Carlos Saul 88 Pizarro, Francisco 29, 56, 63, 64, 65 Allende, Salvador 78 Dreyfus, Alfred 127 Mitre, Bartolome 87 Quesada, Gonzalo Jimenez de 51 Alvarado, Juan Velasco 63 Falkland, Lord 129 Niemeyer Soares Filho, Oscar 95, 112 Rodrigues, Andres 94 Angeloz, Eduardo Cesar 88 Fonseca, Hermes da Ill O'Higgins, Bernardo 78 Roggeveen, Jacob 74 Azocar, Patricio Aylwin 78 Fujimori, Alberto Keinyo 64 Ojeda, Alonso de 41, 126 San Martin, Jose de 78 Batlle y Ordonez, Jose 100 George III 118 Oliveira, Juscelino Kubitschek de Ill, 112 Solis, Juan Diaz de 87 Belaunde-Terry, Fernando 63 Gomez, Juan Vicente 42 Paez, Jose Antonio 42 Stroessner, Alfredo 94 Bolivar, Simon 31, 41, 42, 70 Guzman Blanco, Antonio 42 Pedro I, Dom Ill Strong, John 129 Burnham, Forbes 117 Hoyte, Desmond 117 Pedro II, Dom Ill Sucre, Antonio Jose de 70 Cabot, Sebastian 87, 94 Jagan, Dr. Cheddi 117 Perez, Carlos Andres 42 Trujillo, Cesar Gavira 50 Cabral, Pedro Alvares 110 John (Joiio) VI, Dom Ill Perez, Jose Joaquin 78 Vargas, Getulio Dornelles Ill Castilla, Ramon 63 Losada, Diego de 43 Peron, Isabel 87 Vespucci, Amerigo 117, 122 Cavallos, Rodrigo Borja 56 Mello, Fernando Collor de 112 Peron, Juan Domingo 31, 87 Weerdt, Sebald van 129 Cerruti, Francisco Morales Bermudez 63 Mendoza, Alonso de 71 Pinochet, Augusto 78 Zamora, Jaime Paz 71

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