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Bougainville, Lévis, Vaudreuil : Trajets Dans Les Historiographies De La Guerre De Sept Ans»

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Bougainville, Lévis, Vaudreuil : Trajets Dans Les Historiographies De La Guerre De Sept Ans» Université de Montréal «Bougainville, Lévis, Vaudreuil : trajets dans les historiographies de la guerre de Sept Ans» par Andréanne JALBERT Département d’histoire Faculté des arts et des sciences Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l’obtention du grade de Maître ès arts (M.A.) en histoire septembre 2015 © Andréanne Jalbert, 2015 ii Résumé Les études sur la mémoire, qui connaissent une grande popularité depuis les années 1980, ont mené à un intérêt pour l’histoire de l’histoire et pour la création de figures héroïques. Ce mémoire de maîtrise s’inscrit dans ces courants de recherche en étudiant le sort qu’une historiographie plurinationale a réservé à trois officiers français du théâtre nord-américain de la guerre de Sept Ans. Nous observerons comment les ouvrages britanniques, français, américains, canadiens-anglais et canadiens-français ont traité de Vaudreuil, Bougainville et Lévis. Nous pourrons ainsi exploiter la richesse de l’historiographie relative à cette guerre, qui date du XVIIIe siècle jusqu’à aujourd’hui. Il s’agira de suivre les regards croisés que les historiens des différentes époques et allégeances nationales ont porté sur nos personnages. C’est que ces trois hommes incarnent trois postures que l’historiographie interprétera de façon variable. En effet, comme cette production historique est surtout marquée par des rivalités entre les personnages qui prennent des allures de conflits nationaux, nos héros seront surtout jugés selon une perspective nationale. Vaudreuil, le gouverneur canadien né dans la colonie y devient donc le champion de son «pays», Bougainville, le métropolitain critique des conditions coloniales, futur navigateur et homme des Lumières, est jugé en fonction de ses propos sur le Canada, alors que Lévis, le métropolitain discret dans ses écrits, sera surtout jugé en fonction de sa victoire à Sainte-Foy en 1760. Mots clés : Louis-Antoine de Bougainville, Pierre de Rigaud de Vaudreuil de Cavagnial, François-Gaston de Lévis, historiographie, identités nationales, mémoire, guerre de Sept Ans. iii Abstract Very popular since the 1980s, studies on collective memory have stimulated interest in historiography and especially in the construction of heroic figures. The thesis follows this trend in studying how a multinational historiography treated three French officers of the Seven Years’ War’s North American theatre. We observe how Vaudreuil, Bougainville and Lévis have fared at the hands of historians from Great Britain, France, the United States and English and French Canada, from the eighteenth century to the present. The purpose of the study is to isolate the varying perspectives from which historians of different times and national allegiance have examined the three figures. In the end, the three men were seen to incarnate three contrasting, variously interpreted postures. Since historians were particularly sensitive to what they saw as national conflicts, they judged their heroes accordingly. Vaudreuil, the Canadian-born governor of Canada, thus became the champion of his “country”; Bougainville, French-born future navigator and protagonist of the Enlightenment who wrote disparagingly about the colony, was judged on these opinions; while Lévis, a Frenchman who was more discreet in his writings, was evaluated above all as the victor of the battle of Sainte-Foy in 1760. Keywords: Louis-Antoine de Bougainville, Pierre de Rigaud de Vaudreuil de Cavagnial, François-Gaston de Lévis, historiography, national identities, memory, Seven Years’ War. iv Table des matières Résumé…………………………………………………………………………………..…….ii Abstract………………………………………………………………………………….…….iii Table des matières………………………………………………………………………..…...iv Remerciements………………………………………………………………………..……….vi INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………..........................………1 CHAPITRE 1 : Vaudreuil dans l’historiographie………………………………..……20 Les historiens britanniques aux XVIIIe et XIXe siècles………..………………..20 L’historiographie canadienne et le loyalisme britannique……………….………23 L’après-Rébellions patriotes : nationalisme canadien-français…………….….…28 Les historiens français de la deuxième moitié du XIXe siècle……………….….35 L’historiographie américaine : Francis Parkman…………………………...……41 Impérialisme et loyalisme au Canada………………………………………..…..46 Nationalisme canadien-français et québécois……………………………………55 Les années 1960 au Canada anglais : un nouveau nationalisme canadien…….....64 Nouvelle histoire militaire……….…………………………………………….…70 CHAPITRE 2 : Bougainville dans l’historiographie………………………..…………74 Les historiens britanniques aux XVIIIe et XIXe siècles…………………...…….74 Les historiens français de la deuxième moitié du XIXe siècle……….………….77 États-Unis : Parkman et la civilisation……………………………………….…..79 Canada français au XIXe siècle : Henri-Raymond Casgrain…….…………..…..81 Réponse à Casgrain : René de Kerallain…………………………………...…….87 Les Canadiens anglais du début du XXe siècle……………………………..…..92 Les Britanniques du début du XXe siècle : histoire navale et R. H. Mahon……..96 Biographies françaises de Bougainville ………………………………………..100 Canada anglais : les critiques de Wolfe…………………………………………101 Histoire culturelle : tactiques de guerre……………….……………………...…105 Histoire populaire et nationale……………………………………………...…..108 En France………………………………..………………………………110 Aux États-Unis……………………………….…………………………112 Au Canada anglais………………………………………………………113 Au Québec…………………………………………..…………………..115 Histoire culturelle : analyse du discours………………………..………………117 CHAPITRE 3 : Lévis dans l’historiographie…………………………………………120 Les historiens britanniques aux XVIIIe et XIXe siècles………………..………121 Loyalisme canadien-anglais………………………………………………….…122 v Loyalisme canadien-français………………………………………………..…..124 L’après-Rébellions patriotes : nationalisme canadien-français…………………126 Les historiens français de la deuxième moitié du XIXe siècle………...……….129 Historiographie américaine : Francis Parkman…………………………...…….132 Nationalisme canadien-français : Henri-Raymond Casgrain………...…………134 France : biographies de Lévis…………………………………………………..138 Canada : impérialisme et loyalisme…………………………………………….140 Historiographie américaine, XXe siècle………………………………………..147 Historiographie britannique, XXe siècle……………………………..…………148 Canada français au milieu du XXe siècle : Lionel Groulx et Guy Frégault…....149 Canada anglais au milieu du XXe siècle………………………………………..150 Histoire culturelle militaire……………………………………………………..154 Histoire militaire populaire…………………………………………….……….155 En France : Gérard Saint-Martin……………………………………….……….157 CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………………...…………161 BIBLIOGRAPHIE…………………………………………………………………...…...…171 vi Remerciements Je tiens d’abord à remercier les Fonds de recherche du Québec – Société et culture (FRQSC) de leur appui financier indispensable à la réalisation de cette recherche. Mes remerciements vont ensuite à mon directeur, M. Thomas Wien, pour sa grande confiance en mes capacités et sa patience. Ses commentaires, toujours pertinents, ont su rendre ce mémoire à la hauteur de ce qu’il devait être. Un gros merci à mes proches, amis et compagnons d’étude, qui se sont intéressés à ce projet et à cette matière mystérieuse qu’est l’historiographie. Nos discussions ont sans doute contribué à enrichir ma pensée. Un tel projet génère nécessairement quelques moments de découragement. Merci à ceux qui ont su me supporter dans ces passages plus difficiles. Merci de m’encourager et de me rassurer quand je doute de moi-même. Merci à mon frère, mon premier lecteur, surtout pour les rires et les distractions. Mes derniers remerciements vont à mes parents, pour leur appui financier, mais surtout pour leur support moral indéfectible. Merci de m’encourager dans tout ce que j’entreprends et de toujours être les premiers à croire en moi. Introduction De 1754 à 1760, l’Amérique du Nord fut le théâtre où s’affrontèrent deux puissances européennes, la France et la Grande-Bretagne. Outre les troupes envoyées par ces deux pays, d’autres combattants participèrent aux batailles en Amérique, à commencer par les milices coloniales, provenant du Canada ou des colonies anglo-américaines. Des Amérindiens se battirent également en tant qu’alliés dans les deux camps, suivant leurs propres intérêts stratégiques. Dans le camp français, les troupes de la métropole et les miliciens canadiens étaient soumis à l’autorité du gouverneur de la Nouvelle-France, Pierre de Rigaud de Vaudreuil. Le commandement des troupes régulières françaises était assuré par le marquis de Montcalm, son aide-de-camp Louis-Antoine de Bougainville et le commandant en second François-Gaston de Lévis. L’acte final de cette guerre est bien connu; les forces françaises seront défaites sur les plaines d’Abraham en 1759 et le gouverneur Vaudreuil signera la capitulation à Montréal en 1760. Mais, c’est moins le destin de ces officiers français durant la guerre qui nous intéresse que leur carrière après la mort. C’est que, sous la plume des historiens, ces personnages se sont parfois transformés en véritables héros ou anti-héros. Notre mémoire de maîtrise aura pour sujet la manière dont les différentes études historiques ont traité Bougainville, Lévis et Vaudreuil. Historiographie L’histoire de la mémoire, considérée comme un sous-domaine de l’histoire culturelle, a pour pionnier Maurice Halbwachs, le premier à définir le concept de « mémoire collective » dès 2 1925. Pour lui, la mémoire collective correspondait à un ensemble de souvenirs impersonnels des membres d’un groupe, qui en retirent un sentiment d’appartenance. Pour Halbwachs, le passé ne réapparaît pas tel
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