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Gender Equality Observatory of Latin America and the Caribbean

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Gender Equality Observatory of Latin America and the Caribbean ISSN 2308-748X Gender Equality Observatory of Latin America and the Caribbean ANNUAL REPORT 2012 A look at grants SUPPORT AND BURDEN FOR WOMEN Alicia Bárcena Executive Secretary Antonio Prado Deputy Executive Secretary Sonia Montaño Chief, Division for Gender Affairs Ricardo Pérez Director, Documents and Publications Division This document was prepared under the supervision of Alicia Bárcena, Executive Secretary of the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC). The work was carried out under the direct responsibility of Sonia Montaño, Chief of the Division for Gender Affairs. The substantive inputs were prepared by Paulina Pavez, Corina Rodríguez and Alejandra Valdés, with contributions from Jimena Arias, María Cristina Benavente and Patricio Olivera. This report was made possible by the contributions of the member countries of the Presiding Officers of the Regional Conference on Women in Latin America and the Caribbean, which have provided official information on a regular basis to the Gender Equality Observatory for Latin America and the Caribbean since 2007 for the construction of indicators. The authors would like to express their gratitude to the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN- Women), the Ibero-American Secretariat (SEGIB), the Spanish Agency for International Development Cooperation (AECID) and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation of Spain. United Nations Publications ISBN: 978-92-1-121832-9 • ISSN 2308-748X LC/G.2561 • 2013-107 Copyright © United Nations 2013 Printed in Santiago, Chile - United Nations Applications for the right to reproduce this work, either in whole or in part, should be sent to the Secretary of the Publications Board, United Nations Headquarters, New York, N.Y. 10017, U.S.A. Member States and their governmental institutions may reproduce this work without prior authorization, but are requested to mention the source and inform the United Nations of such reproduction. ECLAC A look at grants: support and burden for women Contents Foreword .........................................................................................................................................7 I. Women’s autonomy: a closer look ..........................................................................................9 A. Introduction .....................................................................................................................9 B. The body: disputed territory ..........................................................................................10 1. Women’s deaths at the hands of their intimate partner or former partner ...................................................................................................11 2. The statistical weaknesses of administrative records ...........................................14 3. Surveys on violence ..............................................................................................16 4. Reproductive health indicators .............................................................................17 5. Teenage mothers: dimensions of inequality .........................................................19 6. Women’s control over their sexual and reproductive lives ....................................22 C. Parity: a long time coming ............................................................................................24 1. Ministers ................................................................................................................26 2. Legislators .............................................................................................................30 3. Local authorities ....................................................................................................32 4. Judges ..................................................................................................................34 5. Signature and ratification of the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women ..................................36 D. Income poverty and time poverty .................................................................................36 1. Own income ..........................................................................................................39 2. Total work time ......................................................................................................44 II. Cash transfer programmes, social protection, economic autonomy and women’s work .................................................................................................................49 A. Introduction ...................................................................................................................49 B. CCTs in Latin America: the state of the situation ..........................................................52 1. The main characteristics of CCTs .........................................................................52 2. Performance of the CCT programmes ................................................................55 3. Implicit values in the CCTs and some controversies ............................................58 C. CCTs and women: one step forward, two steps back? .................................................59 1. Women’s programmes, but… for women? ............................................................60 2. Social maternalism and the organization of caregiving: more of the same ..........61 3. Women’s work: an unresolved question ...............................................................67 D. From CCTs to integrated, homogeneous and inclusive social protection systems ......68 3 ECLAC A look at grants: support and burden for women Bibliography ...................................................................................................................................71 Appendixes ....................................................................................................................................77 Index of tables Table I.1 Forms and manifestations of violence against women in different spheres of life as classified by the United Nations, 2006 .....................................11 Table I.2 Date of first appointment of a woman as parliamentary speaker in national parliament .............................................................................................................31 Table II.1 Mexico and Ecuador: women with and without children under the age of 15 years, by CCT beneficiary status, 2010 .......................................................63 Table II.2 Ecuador: employment status of women beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries, 2010 ........................................................................................64 Table II.3 Mexico and Ecuador: women beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries, by area of residence .............................................................................................65 Table II.4 Mexico and Ecuador: women beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries, by poverty status, 2010 .........................................................................................66 Table A.1 Latin America (10 countries), the Caribbean (4 countries) and Haiti: women killed by intimate partner or ex-partner, 2006-2011 .................................78 Table A.2 Latin America, the Caribbean and the Iberian Peninsula: maternal mortality ratio, 1990-2010 ......................................................................79 Table A.3 Latin America (15 countries) and the Caribbean (4 countries): unmet demand for family planning, 2000-2010 ...................................................80 Table A.4 Latin America (18 countries), the Caribbean (2 countries), Haiti and Portugal: adolescent mothers age 15 to 19 years, 1997-2010 .............................................81 Table A.5 Latin America, the Caribbean and the Iberian Peninsula: share of women in ministerial cabinets, last three presidential periods, December 2011 ...............82 Table A.6 Latin America, the Caribbean and the Iberian Peninsula: women’s share of national parliamentary seats, single or lower chamber, 1990-2012 .................85 Table A.7 Latin America, the Caribbean and the Iberian Peninsula: share of women on the highest court of justice, 1998-2011 .................................87 Table A.8 Latin America, the Caribbean and the Iberian Peninsula: local power – women mayors, 1998-2011 ............................................................88 Table A.9 Latin America, the Caribbean and the Iberian Peninsula: local power – share of councilwomen, 1998-2011 ................................................90 Table A.10 Latin America: population with no personal income, by sex and area of residence, 1990-2010 round ..................................................92 Table A.11 Latin America: population with no personal income, by sex and age group, 2010 round .......................................................................94 Table A.12 Latin America (9 countries): average work time of the employed population age 15 years or older, by sex, 2006-2010 ...........................................95 Table A.13 Latin America (9 countries): average work time of the unemployed population age 15 years or older, by sex, 2006-2010 ...........................................96 Table A.14 Latin America: main characteristics of conditional cash transfer
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