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Download Thesis This electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from the King’s Research Portal at https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/ Negotiated rationalities, politicised identities Intergenerational relations, water conflicts and mining in Chiu–Chiu, Chile Molina Camacho, Francisco Javier Awarding institution: King's College London The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without proper acknowledgement. END USER LICENCE AGREEMENT Unless another licence is stated on the immediately following page this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ You are free to copy, distribute and transmit the work Under the following conditions: Attribution: You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Non Commercial: You may not use this work for commercial purposes. No Derivative Works - You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you receive permission from the author. Your fair dealings and other rights are in no way affected by the above. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 09. Oct. 2021 NEGOTIATED RATIONALITIES, POLITICISED IDENTITIES: INTERGENERATIONAL RELATIONS, WATER CONFLICTS AND MINING IN CHIU–CHIU, CHILE Francisco Molina Camacho Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Geography (Arts) Research Department of Geography King’s College London 2014 TABLE OF CONTENTS GLOSSARY .............................................................................................................. 6 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ........................................................................................... 9 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................. 11 1.1 ENVIRONMENTAL CONFLICTS IN LATIN AMERICA: A POLITICAL ECOLOGY VIEW ............................................................................................................................... 11 1.2 COMPETING RATIONALITIES WITHIN ENVIRONMENTAL CONFLICTS ............. 13 1.3 CONTRIBUTIONS TO KNOWLEDGE AND RESEARCH QUESTIONS .................. 15 1.4 THESIS STRUCTURE .............................................................................................. 17 CHAPTER 2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ....................................................... 19 2.1 POLITICAL ECOLOGY: GENERAL APPROACHES ................................................ 19 2.2 SOCIAL INTERACTIONS WITH NATURE: A MULTIDISCIPLINARY VIEW ............ 22 2.3 DIALECTIC BETWEEN GLOBAL AND LOCAL DEVELOPMENT ........................... 26 2.4 POST-STRUCTURALISM AND NEOLIBERAL PERSPECTIVES IN LATIN AMERICA ........................................................................................................................ 29 2.5 DEFINITIONS OF NATURE: TERRITORIALITIES AND COMPETING RATIONALITIES ............................................................................................................. 32 2.6 INTERGENERATIONAL ANALYSIS WITHIN AN INDIGENOUS COMMUNITY ..... 35 2.7 SUMMARY ................................................................................................................ 38 CHAPTER 3. METHODOLOGY ............................................................................. 40 3.1 WHY WATER CONFLICTS IN THE CHILEAN ALTIPLANO? .................................. 40 3.2 CASE STUDY APPROACH ...................................................................................... 41 3.2.1 Single case study ............................................................................................... 42 3.3. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH ..................................................................................... 44 3.3.1 Definitions and characteristics ............................................................................ 44 3.3.2 Ethical considerations ........................................................................................ 45 3.4 DATA COLLECTION ................................................................................................ 47 3.4.1 Ethnography ....................................................................................................... 47 3.5 FRAMEWORK OF ANALYSIS .................................................................................. 52 3.6 FIELDWORK REFLECTIONS .................................................................................. 54 3.7 SUMMARY ................................................................................................................ 56 CHAPTER 4. INDIGENOUS PEOPLE AND CHILEAN WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT ...................................................................................................... 57 4.1. POLITICAL ECONOMY OF CHILE ......................................................................... 57 4.2 POST-COLONIAL WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT IN CHILE .................... 63 4.3. INDIGENOUS GROUPS IN CHILE ......................................................................... 67 4.4. CODELCO’S PROFILE AND CHUQUICAMATA PROJECT ................................... 73 4.5. PROFILE OF THE INDIGENOUS COMMUNITY OF CHIU-CHIU ........................... 77 4.6. SUMMARY ............................................................................................................... 81 2 CHAPTER 5. INTERGENERATIONAL DYNAMICS AND LOCAL DEVELOPMENT .................................................................................................... 82 5.1 DEVELOPMENT PLANS AND RATIONALITIES ......................................................... 82 5.1.1 The old days were better: ‘Land preparation’ ..................................................... 85 5.1.2 Against the odds: ‘Searching for new benefits’ .................................................. 89 5.1.3 The crucial position of the younger generation .................................................. 94 5.2 ECONOMIC PRIORITIES AND LABOUR EXPECTATIONS ........................... 98 5.2.1 Beyond economic growth: the role of agriculture ............................................. 100 5.2.2 Mixing and matching: Agriculture, tourism and mining ..................................... 103 5.2.3 Urban education: opportunities beyond the village .......................................... 106 5.3 THE ROLE OF CULTURE: HERITAGE AND TRANSMISSION .................... 109 5.3.1 The roots of the ancianos’ heritage .................................................................. 110 5.3.2 The lost generation ........................................................................................... 114 5.3.3 Reviving tradition through art ........................................................................... 117 5.4 SUMMARY .............................................................................................................. 120 CHAPTER 6. INTERGENERATIONAL DYNAMICS AND ‘EXTERNAL’ POLITICAL NEGOTIATIONS .............................................................................. 122 6.1 TYPES OF NEGOTIATION AND ARTICULATION OF DEMANDS ....................... 122 6.1.1 Community leaders should represent the Assembly’s will ............................... 125 6.1.2 The important role of the leaders ..................................................................... 128 6.1.3 More ideas, less participation ........................................................................... 131 6.2 COMMUNITY COHERENCE AND COLLECTIVE FRAGMENTATION .................. 134 6.2.1 Water rights and the role of CONADI ............................................................... 135 6.2.2 Us and them: The role of the Aymara in the community .................................. 138 6.2.3 Urban and rural dynamics: Shadows of Calama and San Pedro de Atacama . 143 6.3 ‘EXTERNAL’ ADVANTAGES OF INTERNAL COMMUNITY SCHISMS ................ 147 6.3.1 Trapping ancianos: Codelco’s interaction with water ....................................... 149 6.3.2 Weakening middle-aged adults: Sustainability of projects depends on leaders .................................................................................................................................. 151 6.3.3 Attracting the young: addressing effects instead of causes ............................. 154 6.4 SUMMARY .............................................................................................................. 156 CHAPTER 7. INTERGENERATIONAL DYNAMICS AND COMMUNITY OUTCOMES 158 7.1 PERCEIVED COSTS AND BENEFITS OF OUTCOMES LINKED TO UNEQUAL POWER RELATIONS ................................................................................................... 158 7.1.1 Ancianos: Chronicle of a death foretold ........................................................... 160 7.1.2 Middle-aged adults: It’s now or never ............................................................... 164 7.1.3 The younger generation: Increasing benefits and possibilities ......................... 167 7.2 UNEQUAL DISTRIBUTION OF EXTERNAL OUTCOMES: GENDER RELATIONS ...................................................................................................................................... 170 7.2.1 Older Women: Transmission
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