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The Jewish Settlement in Pomeroon/Pauroma (Guyana) 1657-1666

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The Jewish Settlement in Pomeroon/Pauroma (Guyana) 1657-1666 Mordechai ARBELL Ben-Zvi Institute, Jerusalem THE JEWISH SETTLEMENT IN POMEROON/PAUROMA (GUYANA) 1657-1666 In what is today the Republic of Guyana, on the northern coast of South America, was the colony of British Guyana. This part of the Wild Coast in the 17th century was in Dutch hands. It consisted of three colonies — Berbice, Demerara, and Essequibo. Essequibo is a large tract of land located between the Essequibo River in the east to the Orinoco River in Venezuela in the west (the exact border is the subject of dispute between Venezuela and Guyana). The Pomeroon region, sometimes called Pauroma, is the part of the Essequibo colony between the Pomeroon River and the Orinoco. In the 17th century beside the interest of the Dutch in settling the Wild Coast in order to cultivate tropical produce, the proximity to Spanish-held America could be beneficial to promoting trade with the Spanish colonies — legal or illicit. The Dutch had made several attempts at settling parts of the Venezuelan coast and establishing commercial outposts. However, owing to Spanish resistance these attempts were unsuccessful and had to be terminated after short — and sometime, longer — periods of time. One of the centers of competition between the Dutch and the Spanish were the salt deposits of Araya (salt was a very important commodity in the first American colonies). The Dutch were defeated there in 1622 and had tried unsuccessfully to return several times. In 1628 there was a Dutch attempt to settle in Matanzas and in 1629 on the Orinoco. They repeated their attacks in 16371. Simultaneously to all of these efforts, the Dutch traders established a depot for goods on the Pomeroon River and built a fort named «New Zealand»2. 1. Carlos Felice Cardot, “Algunas acciones de los Holandeses en la region del Oriente de Venezuela — Primera mitad de siglo XVII”, in: Boletin de la Academia Nacional de la His- toria, XLV, no. 179, Sept. 1962 (Caracas; pp. 349-372). 2. James Rodway, Chronological History of the Discovery and Settlement of Guyana 1493-1668, Georgetown, 1888, pp. 14-16. Revue des Etudes juives, CLIV (3-4), juillet-décembre 1995, pp. 343-361 344 THE JEWISH SETTLEMENT IN POMEROON/PAUROMA and those of the Essequibo in Guyana". London 1809 Map of Essequibo as done by Henry Bolingbroke “A voyage to the Demerary containing account settlements there THE JEWISH SETTLEMENT IN POMEROON/PAUROMA 345 In 1613 the Nederlander Joost van der Hooge established a colony on the Essequibo River, called Nova Zeelandia, and founded a fort with the descriptive name “Kyk-over al” (“Looks over all”), which was located on a strategic hillside overlooking the traffic of three rivers: Essequibo, Mazorony, and Cayony. By 1648 attempts were made to strenghten and revive the settlement on the Pomeroon River. Efforts which were not crowned with success. The loss of the Dutch possessions in Brazil in 1654 led to a crisis in the Dutch West India Company, and it found it difficult to assist its colonies on the Wild Coast. There was pressure within the Company to abandon the Essequibo settlements. The chambers of the cities Middelburg, Vlissingen, and Vere decided to combine forces in order to support the colony and to raise sufficient funds to support settlement in the Essequibo and Pomeroon regions. On 24 December 1657 an agreement was signed between the Burgomas- ters of Middelburg, Vlissingen, and Vere, on the one side, and the West India Company on the other, defining the rules and regulations of the colony. Aert Adriansen van Groenwegel was a trader and sea captain who had reached the Wild Coast with three ships sailing from Zealand in 1616. He had served and traded with the Spaniards, dealt with the Indians, and negotiated with the English in Barbados. This experienced trader was nominated “Commandeur” of Essequibo, to be governed from Fort Kykoveral. His deputy Cornelius Goliath was to govern the Pomeroon region3. As the mouth of the Essequibo River was difficult for ships navigating from the Atlantic and since the land around the fort was not very suitable for agri- cultural development, Pomeroon was chosen as the site of the new settlement. Through the mouth of the Pomeroon River large ships could enter into the in- terior of the country, its land was more suitable for plantations, and its location was nearer Spanish America4. Parallel to this, efforts were made to mobilize suitable settlers who would be of benefit for the colony. Preference and priority was given to those Por- tuguese Jews who had fled Dutch Brazil and had experience in the region and its conditions. They had specialized in growing sugar cane as well as refining sugar and were also considered experts in several kinds of tropical produce. Moreover, the Spanish-Portuguese Jews had a facility for languages which allowed for commerce with the Spanish colonies in America. It was also an accepted fact that the merchants in Spanish America were in many 3. Edgar Mittelholzer, Children of Kaywana, London, 1952, p. 377. 4. James Rodway, Guiana: British, Dutch and French, New York, 1912, p. 60. 346 THE JEWISH SETTLEMENT IN POMEROON/PAUROMA cases people living there as marranos, and in some instances were related to the Jews settling in the Dutch American colonies. In Amsterdam, the influential Jewish refugee from Brazil, David Nasi, was contacted and arrangements concluded with him to transport Jews from the Netherlands, to settle them on the Wild Coast, and to provide them with free land and slaves from Africa to work the sugar cane fields which would be obtained on credit. (At a later stage David Nassi was accused by some Jews settling in Pomeroon of losing interest in the colony and taking more care of the Jewish settlement of Remire on the Cayenne island where he was nominated “Patroon” of the settlement and where he himself settled). As in other Dutch possessions settlers were discouraged from taking servants with them, and the company reserved its right to supply the slaves. In the case of Pomeroon, if the settler purchased two slaves in cash, credit could be given for another two5. The Dutch quest for Spanish speaking Jews had reached countries out- side the Netherlands. In the state papers of the British secretary of state, John Thurloe, there is a 1657 report from Leghorn, written by the British agent there, Charles Longland, in which we find: It seems that the States of Holland are making a plantation between Surinam and Cartagena in the West Indies, wherein they go very wisely and politikly to work, aiming chiefly at a trade there with the Spanyard; for which purpose they have sent hether to invyte many families of Jews and granted them many privileges and immunities. Spanish is become now the Jews mother tongue, not only in these parts, but throughout the Turkish dominions. In which respect they will be very useful to the Dutch in their plantation; and many opportunities may present them to converse with the Spanyard... for which purpose they were sending thither twenty-five families of Jews6. The year (1657), the purpose of the colony, and the need of Jewish settlers from Leghorn who were mostly Spanish-speaking, show us without any doubt that the colony mentioned by the British agent in Leghorn should have been Pomeroon. This is also confirmed in the “Proceedings of the committee for the three Walchern cities, Middleburg, Flushing and Vere, the colony of “Nova Zeelandia” 1658-1663”, where we see deliberations on transporting Leghorn Jews to Pomeroon. We also see the Paulo Jacomo Pinto acting on behalf of Jewish colonists, dealing mainly with Leghorn Jews, handling numerous applications. Phillipe de Fuentes, a refugee from Brazil, acted on behalf of his fellow refugees to 5. Rodway, Guiana, p. 60. 6. David MacPherson, Annals of Commerce, London, 1805, v. II, p. 472; Adam Anderson, Origin's of Commerce, London, 1790, v. II, p. 585. THE JEWISH SETTLEMENT IN POMEROON/PAUROMA 347 Carte des “Entrées des Rivieres de Demerary et d'Essequite" as done by S. Bellin Description geographique de la Guyane-Contenant les possessions et les Etablisse- ments des Francois, des Espagnols, des Portugais, des Hollandais dans ces Vastes Pays Paris 1763 348 THE JEWISH SETTLEMENT IN POMEROON/PAUROMA arrange for their settlement in Pomeroon, and “four of five ships with many Jews went thither”7. If we follow the different accounts of ships sailing to Pomeroon, this seems to be the right number. On 2 February 1658, the first ship carrying Jews, the Joannes, left Flushing8. On 12 May 1658 the d'Eendract, also known as Concordia, sailed from Middelburg to Pomeroon. This journey is described thoroughly in the narrative of Jeosua Nunes Netto and Joseph Pereira written in September 1657 in Pomeroon. It was published by the eminent Surinamese Jewish historian Jap Meijer, based on the material compiled in the Archives of the Poruguese Jewish community in The Hague9. In the narrative they describe that they have left Middelburg on 12 May, that the ship carried not only Jewish passengers but also French (usually French Huguenots who preferred to live under the rule of Protestant Neder- lands) and Dutch ones. The leaders of the Jewish passengers were Messrs David Vaz and Elissa Abbas, and although descendants of marranos they were very religious. Two examples prove this point. Due to errors of navigation the ship suffered a lack of water which even endangered the life of the passengers in mid-Atlantic. Netto and Pereira describe the situation as follows: On this day, the event of Tisabab 10 o'clock at night (7 August, eve of the start of the fast of the 9th day of the Hebrew month of Ab commemorating the two destruction of the Temple of Jerusalem and the date of the edit of expulsion of the Jews from Castille), it rained heavily and with the aid of sheets we gathered much water, which we saved until the next evening, the end of the fast.
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