Book

Molecular Imaging of Small Animals: Instrumentation and Applications

ZAIDI, Habib (Ed.)

Reference

ZAIDI, Habib (Ed.). Molecular Imaging of Small Animals: Instrumentation and Applications. New York : Springer, 2014

DOI : 10.1007/978-1-4939-0894-3

Available at: http://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:40404

Disclaimer: layout of this document may differ from the published version.

1 / 1 Molecular Imaging of Small Animals

Habib Zaidi Editor

Molecular Imaging of Small Animals

Instrumentation and Applications Editor Habib Zaidi Department of Radiology & Medical Informatics Geneva University Hospital Geneva , Switzerland

ISBN 978-1-4939-0893-6 ISBN 978-1-4939-0894-3 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4939-0894-3 Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London

Library of Congress Control Number: 2014939119

© Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifi cally for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein.

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Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Contents

1 Scintillation Detectors for Small-Animal Imaging ...... 1 Tom K. Lewellen and Robert Miyaoka 2 Solid-State Detectors for Small-Animal Imaging ...... 23 Paolo Russo and Alberto Del Guerra 3 Photon Detectors for Small-Animal Imaging Instrumentation ...... 83 Dieter Renker and Eckart Lorentz 4 Design Considerations of Small-Animal SPECT Cameras ...... 135 Steven R. Meikle, Peter L. Kench, and Jianyu Lin 5 Design Considerations for Small Animal PET Scanners ...... 163 Virginia Ch. Spanoudaki and Craig S. Levin 6 Design Considerations of Small-Animal CT Systems ...... 189 Erik L. Ritman 7 Small-Animal MRI Instrumentation...... 211 Andrew M. Blamire 8 Preclinical Optical Molecular Imaging ...... 241 Yujie Lu and Ge Wang 9 Advances in Radiotracer Development for Molecular Imaging ...... 275 Yongjian Liu and Michael J. Welch 10 Image Registration for Multimodality Small-Animal Imaging ...... 319 Pat Zanzonico 11 Dual-Modality Preclinical SPECT/PET Instrumentation ...... 337 Alberto Del Guerra and Nicola Belcari 12 Dual-Modality Preclinical SPECT/CT Instrumentation ...... 351 Youngho Seo and Carina Mari Aparici

v vi Contents

13 Dual-Modality Preclinical PET/CT Instrumentation ...... 367 Andrew L. Goertzen and Habib Zaidi 14 Dual-Modality Preclinical SPECT/MRI Instrumentation ...... 387 Douglas J. Wagenaar, Dirk Meier, and Bradley E. Patt 15 Dual-Modality Preclinical PET/MRI Instrumentation ...... 409 David Schlyer and Bosky Ravindranath 16 Dual-Modality Preclinical PET-OI Concepts and Instrumentation ...... 447 Jörg Peter 17 Quantifi cation of Small-Animal Imaging Data ...... 467 Habib Zaidi 18 Animal Handling and Preparation for Imaging ...... 495 David B. Stout 19 Applications of Small-Animal Imaging in Neurology and Psychiatry ...... 517 Cindy Casteels, Habib Zaidi, and Koen Van Laere 20 Applications of Molecular Small-Animal Imaging in Cardiology ...... 547 Ravi Marfatia, Sina Tavakoli, and Mehran M. Sadeghi 21 Applications of Molecular Small-Animal Imaging in Oncology ...... 585 Marybeth A. Pysz and Jürgen K. Willmann 22 Applications of Molecular Small-Animal Imaging in Infl ammation and Infection ...... 637 Alberto Signore, Eri F.J. de Vries, Filippo Galli, and Gaurav Malviya 23 Applications of Small-Animal Molecular Imaging of Gene Expression ...... 685 June-Key Chung, Hyewon Youn, Joo Hyun Kang, and Keon Wook Kang 24 Applications of Small-Animal Molecular Imaging in Drug Development ...... 715 Gang Niu and Xiaoyuan Chen 25 Multimodality Molecular Imaging: A Futuristic Outlook ...... 753 Habib Zaidi and Abass Alavi About th e Editor

Habib Zaidi, Ph.D., is Chief Physicist and head of the PET Instrumentation & Neuroimaging Laboratory at Geneva University Hospital and faculty member at the Medical School of Geneva University. He is also a Professor of Medical Physics at the University Medical Center of Groningen (The Netherlands) and visiting Professor at Ecole Nationale Supérieure d’Electronique et de ses Applications (ENSEA, France). He received a Ph.D. and habilitation (PD) in medical physics from Geneva University. Dr. Zaidi is actively involved in developing imaging solu- tions for cutting-edge interdisciplinary biomedical research and clinical diagnosis in addition to lecturing undergraduate and postgraduate courses on medical physics and medical imaging. His research centres on modelling nuclear medical imaging systems using the Monte Carlo method, dosimetry, image correction, reconstruction and quantifi cation techniques in emission tomography as well as statistical image analysis in molecular brain imaging, and more recently on novel design of dedi- cated high-resolution PET and combined PET-MRI scanners. He was guest editor for seven special issues of peer-reviewed journals and serves as Deputy Editor for the British Journal of Radiology , Associate editor and member of the editorial board of many scientifi c journals including Medical Physics, the International Journal of Biomedical Imaging , Nuclear Medicine Communications, Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, and serves as scientifi c reviewer for leading journals in medical imaging. He is a senior member of the IEEE and liaison representative of the International Organization for Medical Physics (IOMP) to the World Health Organization (WHO) in addition to being affi liated to several International medical physics and nuclear medicine organisations. He is involved in the evaluation of research proposals for European and International granting organisations and par- ticipates in the organisation of International symposia and top conferences as mem- ber of scientifi c committees. His academic accomplishments in the area of quantitative PET imaging have been well recognized by his peers and by the medi- cal imaging community at large since he is a recipient of many awards and distinc- tions among which the prestigious 2003 Young Investigator Medical Imaging Science Award given by the Nuclear Medical and Imaging Sciences Technical Committee of the IEEE , the 2004 Mark Tetalman Memorial Award given by the

vii viii About the Editor

Society of Nuclear Medicine , the 2007 Young Scientist Prize in Biological Physics given by the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP ), the presti- gious (100,000$) 2010 kuwait Prize of Applied sciences (known as the Middle Eastern Nobel Prize) given by the Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences (KFAS ) for “ outstanding accomplishments in Biomedical technology ”, the 2013 John S. Laughlin Young Scientist Award given by the American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM) and the 2013 Vikram Sarabhai Oration Award given by the Society of Nuclear Medicine (India). Dr. Zaidi has been an invited speaker of many keynote lectures at an international level, has authored over 400 publications, including ~180 peer-reviewed journal articles (h-index = 31), confer- ence proceedings and book chapters and is the editor of three textbooks including this volume. E-mail: [email protected]; Web: http://pinlab.hcuge.ch/ Contributors

Abass Alavi Division of Research, Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , PA , USA Carina Mari Aparici Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging , San Francisco and Nuclear Medicine Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California , San Francisco , CA , USA Nicola Belcari Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pisa, and INFN Sezione di Pisa , Pisa , Italy Andrew M. Blamire Newcastle Magnetic Resonance Centre, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK Cindy Casteels Nuclear Medicine Department , Leuven University Hospital , Leuven , Belgium Xiaoyuan Chen National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH) , Bethesda , MD , USA June-key Chung Department of Nuclear Medicine , Cancer Research Institute, Tumor Micro-environment Global Core Research Center, College of Medicine, Seoul National University , Seoul , South Korea Eri F.J. de Vries Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands Alberto Del Guerra Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pisa, and INFN Sezione di Pisa, Pisa , Italy Filippo Galli Nuclear Medicine Unit, II Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, ‘Sapienza’ University of Rome, St. Andrea Hospital , Rome , Italy Andrew L. Goertzen Department of Radiology , University of Manitoba , Winnipeg , MB , Canada

ix x Contributors

Joo Hyun Kang Molecular Imaging Research Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Science , Seoul , South Korea Keon Wook Kang Department of Nuclear Medicine , Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University , Seoul , South Korea Institute of Radiation Medicine, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University , Seoul , South Korea Peter L. Kench Faculty of Health Sciences, Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney , Sydney , NSW , Australia Craig S. Levin Departments of Radiology, and by courtesy, Physics, Electrical Engineering, and Bioengineering; Molecular Imaging Instrumentation Laboratory (MIIL); Stanford Molecular Imaging Scholars (SMIS) Program; Stanford Center for Innovation in In-Vivo Imaging (SCI3); Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS); Division of Nuclear Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford , CA , USA Tom K. Lewellen Department of Radiology , University of Washington , Seattle , W A , U S A Jianyu Lin Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Curtin University, Perth , WA , Australia Yongjian Liu Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis , MO , USA Eckart Lorenz Max Planck Institute for Physics , Munich , Germany Eidg. Technische Hochschule , Zurich , Switzerland Yujie Lu Center for Molecular Imaging, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health, Science Center at Houston , Houston, TX, USA Gaurav Malviya Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen , University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen , The Netherlands Ravi Marfatia Cardiovascular Molecular Imaging Laboratory , Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , CT , USA Dirk Meier Integrated Detector Electronics AS, Fornebu, Norway Steven R. Meikle Faculty of Health Sciences , School of Medical Radiation Sciences, University of Sydney , Sydney , NSW , Australia Robert Miyaoka Department of Radiology , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA Gang Niu National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), NIH , Bethesda , MD , USA Contributors xi

Bradley E. Patt Gamma Medica-Ideas (USA) , Northridge , CA , USA Jörg Peter Division of Medical Physics in Radiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) , Heidelberg , Germany Marybeth A. Pysz Departments of Radiology and MIPS , Stanford University , Stanford , CA , USA Bosky Ravindranath Biomedical Engineering Department , SUNY Stony Brook , Stony Brook , NY , USA Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO , USA Dieter Renker Paul Scherrer Institute , Villigen , Switzerland Erik L. Ritman Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering , Mayo Clinic College of Medicine , Rochester , MN , USA Paolo Russo Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Napoli Federico II, and INFN Sezione di Napoli , Napoli , Italy Mehran M. Sadeghi Cardiovascular Molecular Imaging Laboratory , Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , CT , USA David Schlyer Biosciences Department , Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton , NY , USA Youngho Seo UCSF Physics Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging , University of California , San Francisco , CA , USA Alberto Signore Nuclear Medicine Unit, II Faculty of Medicine and Surgery , ‘Sapienza’ University of Rome, St. Andrea Hospital , Rome , Italy Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging , University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands Virginia Ch. Spanoudaki Department of Radiology , Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Massachusetts , CA , USA The David Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , MA , USA David B. Stout Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California , Los Angeles , CA , USA Sina Tavakoli Cardiovascular Molecular Imaging Laboratory , Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , CT , USA Koen Van Laere Division of Nuclear Medicine , Leuven University Hospital , Leuven , Belgium Douglas J. Wagenaar Gamma Medica-Ideas (USA) , Northridge , CA , USA xii Contributors

Ge Wang Biomedical Imaging Cluster, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy , NY , USA Jürgen K. Willmann Departments of Radiology and MIPS , Stanford University , Stanford , CA , USA Hyewon Youn Department of Nuclear Medicine , Cancer Research Institute, Tumor Micro-environment Global Core Research Center, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul , South Korea Cancer Imaging Center, Seoul National University Hospital , Seoul , South Korea Habib Zaidi Department of Radiology & Medical Informatics, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva , Switzerland Pat Zanzonico Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , New York , NY , USA