Technical Assistance Consultant’s Report

Project Number: TA 4848 October 2008

Cambodia: Preparing the Water Resources Management (Sector) Project (Cofinanced by the Government of France)

Prepared by

TEAM Consulting Engineering and Management Co., Ltd

TEAM Consulting Engineering and Management () Co., Ltd

For Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorology, Royal Government of Cambodia

This consultant’s report does not necessarily reflect the views of ADB or the Government concerned, and ADB and the Government cannot be held liable for its contents. All the views expressed herein may not be incorporated into the proposed project’s design.

SUBPROJECT PROFILE PREPARATION (Extension Phase of TA No. 4848-CAM, WRMSP)

FINAL SUBPROJECT PROFILE REPORT

Submitted to

Asian Development Bank

Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorology, Royal Government of Cambodia

October 2008

By

TEAM Consulting Engineering and Management Co., Ltd. and

TEAM Consulting and Management (Cambodia) Co., Ltd.

TEAM Consulting Engineering & RGC / MOWRAM TEAM Consulting and Management Management Co., Ltd. Asian Development Bank (Cambodia) Co., Ltd.

ABBREVIATIONS

ADB Asian Development Bank ADF Agence’ Development Française ADRA Activist Development and Relief Agency Cm (cm) Centimeter ECOSORN Economic and Social Relaunch of Northwest FHH Female Headed Household FWUC Farmer Water User Community Ha (ha) Hectare Hh (hh) Household K Potassium (an element of chemical fertilizer) Kg (kg) Kilogram Km (km) Kilometer M (m) Meter MAFF Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries MCM Million Cubic Meters MHH Male Headed Household MOWRAM Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorology MRD Ministry of Rural Development N Nitrogen (an element of chemical fertilizer) NGO Non-Governmental Organization NWISP Northwest Irrigation Sector Project OFID OPEC Fund for International Development O&M Operation and Maintenance P Phosphorous (an element of chemical fertilizer) PDWRAM Provincial Department of Water Resources and Meteorology PPTA Project Preparatory Technical Assistance PRA Participatory Rural Appraisal RGC Royal Government of Cambodia TA Technical Assistance WUG Water User Group

TEAM Consulting Engineering & RGC / MOWRAM TEAM Consulting and Management Management Co., Ltd. Asian Development Bank (Cambodia) Co., Ltd. i

CONTENTS

I. INTRODUCTION 1 II. SCOPE OF THE PROJECT 2 A. Terms of Reference 2 B. Subprojects under Study 2 C. Work Plan 2 D. Reporting 3 III. SUMMARY OF PROJECT ACTIVITIES 3 A. Project Co-ordination 3 B. Field Work 3 C. Review of Candidate Subprojects 4 D. Progress Reports 5 E. Final Subproject Profiles Report 5 IV. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 10 A. General 10 B. Remarks on Pending Issues 10

APPENDICES

1 Terms of Reference 2 PDS 3 Work Plan 4 Final-list of the 24 Candidate Subprojects 5 Profiles of the 24 Subprojects 5-1. Profile of O Chhalong 5-2. Profile of Dam Bok Yuan 5-3. Profile of Tumnub Krahamkor 5-4. Profile of Tumnub O Andeng 5-5. Profile of Tumnub O Neak Takair 5-6. Profile of Tumnub O Chik 5-7. Profile of Tumnub Kbal khmauch 5-8. Profile of Prolay Me Banteay Stoung 5-9. Profile of Prolay Me Prasart 5-10. Profile of Tumnub Spean lok 5-11. Profile of Tumnub Kray 5-12. Profile of Tumnub Somrong 5-13. Profile of Tumnub Ta Chan 5-14. Profile of Tumnub Yeiy Naiy 5-15. Profile of Tumnub Boeng Prey Knhey 5-16. Profile of Tumnub Ksak 5-17. Profile of Tumnub Prolay 5-18. Profile of Tumnub Tronum Khoek 5-19. Profile of Tumnub Spean Kmeng 5-20. Profile of Tumnub Lok 5-21. Profile of Tumnub Kampong Tkov

TEAM Consulting Engineering & RGC / MOWRAM TEAM Consulting and Management Management Co., Ltd. Asian Development Bank (Cambodia) Co., Ltd. 5-22. Profile of Prolay Donkaiy Thmei 5-23. Profile of Spean Sraeng (Upper Area) 5-24. Profile of Prasart Pram

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Newly Proposed Subprojects and Rationale 4 Table 2: Summary Features of the 24 Subprojects 8 Table 3: Name-list of subprojects, per groups of priority and commencement dates 9

LIST OF FIGURE

Figure 1: Location map of the subprojects understudy 12

TEAM Consulting Engineering & RGC / MOWRAM TEAM Consulting and Management Management Co., Ltd. Asian Development Bank (Cambodia) Co., Ltd.

I. INTRODUCTION

1. The Asian Development Bank (ADB) has awarded a service contract to TEAM Consulting Engineering and Management Co. Ltd. of Thailand (TEAM), as the International Consultant and Lead Firm, and S.D.C. Consulting Co. Ltd. of Cambodia (SDC: the local firm) to implement technical assistance (TA) No. 4848-CAM: Water Resources Management (Sector) - Part A - executed by the Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorology (MOWRAM) during March 2007 and January 2008. Among other things, the consortium has completed feasibility studies of three (3) subprojects1 and a 6-year Sector Investment Program (SIP) for possible and subsequent financial assistance from the Asian Development Bank (ADB) and the Agence France de Development (AFD).2

2. A total of 27 subprojects has been recommended in the SIP and as three (3) of the 27 have already been studied at the feasibility study (F/S) level, ADB agreed to engage TEAM Consulting Engineering and Management Co., Ltd. of Thailand and TEAM Consulting and Management (Cambodia) Co., Ltd., the Consultant, to prepare “profiles” of the remaining 24 subprojects (Subproject Profile Preparation -SPP-, the Project) with the principal objective to have a more complete set of basic information covering technical, social, economic and environmental aspects of each subproject collected and presented.

3. In May 2008, the service Contract for this assignment between ADB (the Employer) and the Consultant was finalized3 and as advised by the Bank, the Project was commenced on 2 June 2008 when the 6-member study team of the Consultant started its work in . Throughout the month of June, the Consultant completed its first field visit to selected subproject areas in Kampong Thom, and Bantey Meanchey provinces. The project’s field work was temporarily suspended from July until mid-August 2008 due to the rainy season and the national election in Cambodia.

4. The Consultant, however, continued compiling the Progress Report and other preparatory work at the head office of TEAM in Bangkok. The Report covering draft profiles of three (3) subprojects, namely, Tumnub O Chik, Tumnub Kampong Takov and Spean Sraeng (Upper Area), was completed and submitted to the Bank and the parties concerned as required on 1 August 2008.

5. The Consultant’s study team members resumed their second field mission on 18 August, to continue their work at the Project Office in MOWRAM’s compound, Phnom Penh. During 20 August and 5 September, they undertook to complete their visits to all the remaining subproject areas and as scheduled, completed profiles of another 11 subprojects towards the end of September. Taking into consideration the comments previously obtained, the draft of these 11 subproject profiles, in the form of the Draft Subproject Profiles Report (DSPs), was submitted to the Bank and the same parties concerned on 30 September 2008,.

6. This present document is the Final Subproject Profile Report (FSP). It presents a summary of all the key project activities carried out during the project period and most importantly, “profiles of all the 24 subprojects” under study. According to the established work plan, the Report could be completed and submitted to the Bank, MOWRAM and AFD on 31 October 2008.

1 Namely, O Mean, O Touk and Trapeang Ambel-Spean Sraeng subprojects. 2 Later, the prospective funding agencies included also the OPEC Fund for International Development (OFID). 3 As a variation of the existing Contract for TA No. 4848-CAM, so=called TA No. 4848-CAM (Phase II).

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II. SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

A. Terms of Reference

7. As mentioned, the principal objective of this Project is to prepare profiles of candidate subprojects recommended in the Sector Investment Program (SIP), TA No. 4848-CAM: Water Resources Management (Sector) Project. Elaborated terms of reference (TOR) are appended to this report as Appendix 1.

8. Based on the TOR, key information required to be collected and presented by the Consultant for outlining “profile” of each subproject include: (a) preliminary data and information on subproject location, physical condition of the existing irrigation infrastructure; (b) a preliminary assessment of institutional organizations of the local community, irrigation system operation and maintenance, estimation of the rehabilitation costs, and prospect for economic development; (c) a description of present agricultural practices, crop yields, socio- economic conditions, including poverty and food sufficiency of the farmers; and (d) an assessment of resettlement and environmental issues likely to be encountered. Apart from the general estimation of the anticipated rehabilitation/reconstruction costs, the Consultant was expected to provide statements in a broad term on “anticipated benefits” and “resettlement and environmental aspects” of each subproject. These information were to be compiled and presented in the form of a project data sheet (PDS, see Appendix 2) which was previously proposed by the Consultant and subsequently, endorsed by the Bank.

9. It was an intention from the outset that a detailed economic analysis of each subproject would not be required at this stage.

B. Subprojects under Study

10. According to the original TOR, profiles of 24 candidate subprojects in the SIP (see attachment of Appendix 1) were to be prepared. However, as a task of priority, the Consultant was asked to reconfirm validity of these subprojects by means of joint reviews and discussions with relevant provincial and district-level staff on the existing list and possibly, those newly proposed subprojects with rationale for the selection and development thereof.

11. It was understood however that number of the candidate projects should remain unchanged, i.e., 24 in total.

C. Work Plan

12. The original TOR suggested a continuous project timeframe of three (3) calendar months. Due to the late commencement of the project (i.e., beginning of June against the original plan of January/February) and the anticipated difficulties in carrying out field works in June and July 2008: the start of rainy season in Cambodia and the national election scheduled to take place in the country,4 the Consultant proposed a new work plan of 5- month timeframe with two separated periods of activities (as shown in Appendix 3). The plan was finally endorsed by the Bank and eventually, acknowledged by the designated counterpart official at MOWRAM.

4 It was advised by government officials that the Consultant refrained from carrying out their field work in July till mid-August 2008, which has already been scheduled for the national election (28 July), the related campaigns and ballot counting. In addition, heavy rain was also seen as a major obstacle for the Consultant’s field work if to be carried out during the same period.

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13. Appendix 3 also reflects the final working schedule of individual study team members, which has been adjusted slightly during the process in compliance with the improved work plan. Man-month inputs of respective individual consultants, however, were not changed.

D. Reporting

14. Also as shown in the Appendix 3, three (3) reports were required to be prepared and submitted by the Consultant as following:

(i) Progress Report, in July 2008, to ADB, AFD and MOWRAM for their review and comment. Among other things, the Report would present the first set of project data sheets (PDSs) describing profiles of the subprojects duly completed in June; (ii) Draft Subproject Profiles (DSP, a kind of mid-term report covering the second set of completed PDSs), in September 2008, also to ADB, AFD and MOWRAM for review and comment; and (iii) Final Subproject Profile Report (FSP) covering PDSs of all the subprojects under study, by end of October 2008. The FSP would cover also a summary of the work done, comments obtained to date and overall recommendations of the Consultant.

15. For each Report, a hard copy and the corresponding electronic file were to be submitted to ADB and AFD. To MOWRAM, however, four hard copies and an electronic file were required.

III. SUMMARY OF PROJECT ACTIVITIES

A. Project Co-ordination

16. Upon the arrival of the Consultant at Phnom Penh in June 2008, H.E. Mr. Lim Kean Hor, Minister of MOWRAM, designated H.E. Mr. Veng Sakhon as the responsible officer in charge of the project. With the active and full support from MOWRAM, the Consultant could work in close collaborations with the designated official and his staff throughout the project period.

17. Excellent cooperation has also been obtained from all the responsible Directors of Provincial Department of Water Resources and Meteorology (PDWRAM) at Kampong Thom, Siem Reap and Bantey Meanchey, making field work of the Consultant a high success despite the difficult period of rainy season in Cambodia.

18. During the project’s timeframe, the Consultant had also obtained necessary suggestion and advice from both the representative of AFD-Phnom Penh and its seconded experts at MOWRAM. A meeting between the staff concerned and the Consultant to exchange information on their respective work/projects could also be organized. It was noted that AFD was assisting MOWRAM to develop a so-called Cambodia Irrigation Schemes Information System (CISIS) and in view of this, the information being compiled by the present project was also of their interest.

B. Field Work

19. During the project’s timeframe, study team members of the Consultant carried out their work basically at the Project Office located in MOWRAM’s compound, Phnom Penh, with an exception of the discussed suspension period (July-mid August) that the international

TEAM Consulting Engineering & RGC / MOWRAM TEAM Consulting and Management Management Co., Ltd. Asian Development Bank (Cambodia) Co., Ltd. 4 Final Subproject Profile Report consultants continued their work at their head office in Bangkok. Regarding the field work, the Consultant made visits to the subproject areas in two periods:

- Firstly, from 9 to 15 June 2008, covering three subproject areas; and - Secondly, from 28 August to 5 September 2008, covering the remaining 21 subprojects.

20. To fulfill their assignment, the Consultant had a large number of consultation meetings with key stakeholders and at the various levels, including the counterpart officials at MOWRAM and PDWRAMs, representatives from the related districts and communities, commune chiefs and farmer leaders. While the lists of all the persons met have already been presented in the Progress Report (July 2008) and the Draft Subproject Profile Report (September 2008), names of “key informants” at each subproject are also given in each profile report (Project Data Sheet) appended to this document.

C. Review of Candidate Subprojects

21. Following the TOR, immediately after the project was commenced in June 2008, the Consultant undertook a review of the 24 candidate subprojects and subsequently, organized consultation meetings with officials of MOWRAM and respective PDWRAMs at Kampong Thom, Siem Reap and Bantey Meanchey, aiming at having the list finalized at an early date.

22. From the documented records, it was understood that all the parties concerned have already reviewed and agreed in principle on the inclusion of these candidate subprojects (referred to in the TOR) as potential projects covered by the Sector Investment Program (SIP) to be supported by ADB, AFD and OFID. 5 After the Final Report of WRMSP (TA 4848-CAM) has been submitted in January 2008, however, several developments have been taken place in the provinces and locations of these candidate subprojects. As the outcome of subsequent consultations, six (6) subprojects were suggested for substitution. Table 1 shows a summary of the proposed changes with a brief remark on reasons behind.

Table 1: Newly Proposed Subprojects and Rationale

Subproject Newly proposed Proposed by (in the original list) subproject No. PDWRAM Remarks on reasons given to be replaced at - A - - B - 1 Tumnub Ta Ur Tumbub Kray Kampong Thom Anticipated greater availability of water resources for B. 2 Tumnub O Romcheik Tumnub Dam Bok Kampong Thom B is expected to help improve Yuan benefits from the existing O Chhlong project, assisted previously by ADB. 3 Tumnub Krours Krom Tumnub O Chhalong Kampong Thom Due to intervention of private sector at A, B was suggested for other needed area. 4 Tumnub Cheiboo Tumnub Prolay Siem Reap A is too small (<100 ha), compared to the proposed B which is about 1,900 ha, expected to receive water from Tumnub Makak rehabilitated in 2007 by RGC.

5 At the National Workshop organized by MOWRAM in November 2007, at Phnom Penh, under the framework of TA No. 4848-CAM: WRMSP. Participants of the Workshop included key stakeholders from PDWRAMs, related government agencies and representatives from funding agencies in Phnom Penh.

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Subproject Newly proposed Proposed by (in the original list) subproject No. PDWRAM Remarks on reasons given to be replaced at - A - - B - 5 Tumnub O Tumnub Spean Siem Reap A is considered a part of Thmongkanchus Khmeng Trapeang Ambel project (being developed) and therefore, B was newly proposed. 6 Tumnub Chhes Chann Tumnub Tronum Siem Reap A is not in priority list now. Khoek The newly proposed B has high potential and, is easier to access.

23. The proposed changes were reviewed and endorsed by the designated Project Director at MOWRAM on 19 June, for further completion by the Consultant.

24. In addition to above, it was suggested by PDWRAM at Kampong Thom that to avoid unnecessary confusion, Tumnub “Beung Prang” subproject in the original list be renamed as Tumnub “O Chick”, as there are already two other subprojects located in the same Prasat that share the same name (of Beung Prang). Accordingly, final list of the 24 subprojects can be summarized again, as shown in Appendix 4. Locations of these 24 subprojects are shown in Figure 1: Location Map of Subprojects.

D. Progress Reports

25. In accordance with the TOR and the established work plan, prior to the submission of this Final Report, the Consultant had already submitted the following reports:

1) Progress Report (July 2008), submitted on 1 August 2008, presenting the draft of three (3) subproject profiles, one subproject each in Kampong Thom, Siem Reap and Bantey Meanchey; and

2) Draft Subproject Profile Report (September 2008), on 30 September 2008, presenting the draft of 11 other subproject profiles, i.e., four (4) subprojects in Kampong Thom, six (6) in Siem Reap and one (1) in Bantey Meanchey.

26. The Reports have been submitted to ADB, AFD and MOWRAM for their review and comments.

E. Final Subproject Profile Report

27. This Final Subproject Profiles Report (FSP) presents a summary record of all the key project activities carried out during the project period and the completed “profiles of all the 24 subprojects” under study.

28. In addition to the general profile, the Consultant attempted to propose an implementation schedule for all individual subprojects, based on their relative potential which could be assessed from their respective (i) water resources and availability, (ii) environment and resettlement aspects, (iii) cost of the required rehabilitation and/or re-construction and (iv), potential for the development of irrigated agricultural. For ready references, supplementary explanations on these aspects are provided hereunder.

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1. Water Resources and Availability

29. The Consultant undertook a further study on sources of water resources (including rainfall) of each subproject area or river-basin where the subproject(s) is/are located, to reconfirm initially “availability” of water for the required irrigation and related development. In terms of water availability, a subproject is considered “highly potential”, classified as “A” denoting adequate water. Otherwise, the subproject is classified “B ( likely adequate)” or, “C (inadequate/questionable)”.

30. From technical points of view, for those subprojects which are located within the same sub (river) basin, the Consultant recommend that to the extent possible, their future studies are carried out simultaneous or, at about the same period of time to be effective.

2. Environment and Resettlement Aspects

31. Following the existing ADB Guidelines, environmental conditions of each subproject has been assessed initially, based on actual field observations. A subproject is more desirable for rehabilitation/reconstruction if it is classified under category “C” (no significant environmental impact anticipated). For those classified under categories “B” or “A”, a careful consideration will be required. Some candidate subprojects which are located in the Transitional Zone of Tonle Sap Biosphere, for example, they are classified under either category B or category A, meaning the requirement for IEE or EIA at the next stage of study.6

32. Accordingly, a subproject is relatively more desirable for an early rehabilitation/reconstruction if it is classified under category “C”. For the candidate subprojects which are located in the Transitional Zone of Tonle Sap Biosphere, as they are classified under either category B or category A, therefore, more time to investigate/study their potential environmental impacts should be required.

33. On the resettlement aspect, a subproject is most desirable for early rehabilitation/reconstruction if it does not involve with any resettlement/compensation. On the contrary, for a subproject that requires a short resettlement plan (RSP) or a full resettlement plan (FRP) due to the resettlement/compensation problem, it should require more time to complete the leading study.

3. Cost for Rehabilitation and/or Re-construction

34. For each subproject, the Consultant have identified “irrigation structures” that should be rehabilitated, re-constructed or, newly constructed, based on the present conditions and

6 According to the ADB Guidelines, a project can be classified as one of the following environmental categories: (i) Category A: Projects with potential for significant adverse environmental impacts. An environmental impact assessment (EIA) is required to address significant impacts. (ii) Category B: Projects judged to have some adverse environmental impacts, but of lesser degree and/or significance than those for category A projects. An initial environmental examination (IEE) is required to determine whether or not significant environmental impacts warranting an EIA are likely. If an EIA is not needed, the IEE is regarded as the final environment assessment report. (iii) Category C: projects unlikely to have adverse environmental impacts. No EIA or IEE is required, although environmental implications are still reviewed. In addition, projects are classified as category FI if they involve a credit line through a financial intermediary or an equity investment in a financial intermediary. The financial intermediary must apply and environmental management system, unless all subprojects will result in insignificant impacts. However, none of the subprojects under study fall into this category.

TEAM Consulting Engineering & RGC / MOWRAM TEAM Consulting and Management Management Co., Ltd. Asian Development Bank (Cambodia) Co., Ltd. Final Subproject Profile Report 7 future development requirements. Unit prices of different construction types and activities were drawn from different sources7 to make an estimate of per hectare “incremental cost” required for the work. A subproject with low incremental cost is considered having a higher potential for implementation than that of a higher cost.

35. It should be added that per hectare cost of US$2,000 has been used by the Consultant as one of the major criteria for their initial assessment. However, for a subproject of high incremental cost (over US$2,000/ha) but with significant anticipated benefits to be secured, it could also be recommended for early implementation.

4. Potential for Agricultural Development

36. In the present study, potential for developing irrigated agriculture at each subproject area was studied, taking into consideration soil characteristics in the subproject area and farmers’ desire for the development. A reference on soil group identification manual: Technology Implementation Procedure on Soil Classification for Rice Production in Cambodia,a developed in 2006 by the Department of Agricultural Extension in association with Cambodian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (author: Dr Seng Vang) has been used throughout the exercise.

37. Figures on rice yields of without and with project were obtained from the commune officers and/or the key farmers who have been interviewed, based on their practical experiences and knowledge on the subject. Again based on the average farm-gate rice price that the farmers have obtained in 2007, anticipated benefits in terms of the increase in agricultural production (paddy equivalent in tons) and in US$ terms of each subproject could be estimated for reference.

38. Based on these studies, features of the 24 candidate subprojects can be summarized and presented in Table 2: Summary Features of the Subprojects. It should be understood that many of the figures in the Table are only indicative, based only on a limited set of information that were made available to the study team during the field visits and observations.

7 They included references provided by MOWRAM (2006-present) and F/S Reports of the three (3) subprojects under TA 4848-CAM (January 2008) carried out by the same Consultant. For O&M costs, experience from Thailand (i.e., 10% of canal construction cost) was applied.

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Table 2: Summary Features of the 24 Subprojects Management Co.,Ltd. Management & Engineering Consulting TEAM

Summary of Features 5

Recommended Work 8 Area Water Resource1 Environmental Class2 Resettlement/Compensation3 Infrastructure Cost Anticipated Benefit Present No. Sub-project Name Future Irrigated Increase Potential Area Total Cost Production4 Income Report Profile Subproject Final Area (W+D) in ABCABC SRPFRP US$/ha Income P/F F/S F/S + DD in (W) in (ha) (US$) (t/yr) (US$/hh) (ha) (US$/hh) 1 O Chhalong 385 462 √√ √1,051,240 2,730.49 850 210 750 √ 2 Dam Bok Yuan 2,300 2,760 √√√ 1,152,850 501.24 5,520 570 1,000 √ 3 Tumnub Krahamkor 380 460 √√√618,140 1,626.68 840 380 455 √ 4 Tumnub O Andeng 490 590 √√√876,790 1,789.37 1,080 440 456 √ 5 Tumnub O Neak Takair 250 300 √√√479,500 1,918.00 500 450 456 √ 6 Tumnub O Chik 280 340 √√√ 163,700 584.64 450 260 457.5 √ 7 Tumnub Kbal Khmauch 250 300 √√√ 231,000 924.00 540 470 500 √ 8 Prolay Me Banteay Stoung 1,800 2,160 √√√1,148,728 638.18 3,600 410 637 √ 9 Prolay Me Prasart 1,400 1,680 √√√1,172,180 837.27 2,540 260 375 √ 10 Tumnub Spean Lok 1,040 1,250 √√√632,722 608.39 2,190 540 500 √ 11 Tumnub Kray 480 580 √√ √ 984,200 2,050.42 770 550 500 √

Asian Development Bank Bank Asian Development 12 Tumnub Somrong 200 240 √√ √562,860 2,814.30 450 340 375 √ 13 Tumnub Ta Chan 300 360 √√√692,200 2,307.33 620 730 375 √ G ORM Management and Consulting TEAM RGC /MOWRAM 14 Tumnub Yeiy Naiy 170 200 √√√ 303,200 1,783.53 340 650 375 √ 15 Tumnub Boeng Prey Knhey 390 470 √√ √ 155,760 399.38 660 600 375 √ 16 Tumnub Ksak 350 420 √√ √ 1,894,895 5,413.99 630 360 600 √ 17 Tumnub Prolay 3,000 3,600 √√√2,392,519 797.51 6,720 750 455 √ 18 Tumnub Tronum Khoek 1,930 2,140 √√ √ 2,244,190 1,162.79 3,650 830 625 √ 19 Tumnub Spean Kmeng 1,240 1,490 √√ √ 2,976,540 2,400.44 4,480 700 365 √ 20 Tumnub Lok 100 120 √√√144,890 1,448.90 190 930 410 √ 21 Tumnub Kampong Tkov 1,600 1,920 √√√1,354,500 846.56 3,680 300 1,350 √ 22 Prolay Donkaiy Thmei 850 1,000 √√√215,500 253.53 4,480 700 300 √ 23 Spean Sraeng (Upper Area) 1,500 1,800 √√√3,877,790 2,585.19 1,950 600 360 √ 24 Prasart Pram 1,100 1,230 √√ √2,193,350 1,993.95 2,530 1,270 626 √

1 Water Resource: A = Adequate, B = Likely adequate, C = Questionable 2 Environment Class: A = With anticipated significant environmental impact, B = Likely to have some environmental impact, C = Unlikely to have any environmental impact 3 Resettlement/Compensation: SRP = Short Resettlement Plan with limited compensation, FRP = Full Resettlement Plan with medium to full compensation 4 Paddy equivalent (Cambodia) Co., Ltd. (Cambodia) 5 Recommended Work, P/F = Pre-Feasibility Study, F/S = Feasibility Study, F/S + DD = Feasibility Study + Detailed Design

Final Subproject Profile Report 9

5. Recommended Implementation Plan

39. Based on the assessment of the facts and figures just explained, the 24 subprojects may be classified into four groups: Group I-IV, in accordance with their combined potential for early implementation. Group I is a group of “highest” potential subprojects that should be implemented firstly and at an early date. Implementation of Groups II, III and IV should then follow in sequential order, to ensure an optimum use of the resource and greatest benefits being generated by the subprojects. Table 3 shows name-list of subprojects per groups of priority, with indicative suggested commencement dates.

Table 3: Name-list of subprojects, per groups of priority and commencement dates Group Suggested Subproject name Referenced of commencement and appendix priority date Potential Area (ha) I Mid-2009 - Tumnub Prolay (3,000) Appendix 5-17 - Tumnub Kampong Tkov (1,600) Appendix 5-21 - Tumnub Krahamkor (380) Appendix 5-3 - Tumnub O Neak Tkair (250) Appendix 5-5 - Tumnub Lok (100) Appendix 5-20

II Start of 2010 - Tumnub O Andeng (490) Appendix 5-4 - Prolay Me Banteay Stoung (1,800) Appendix 5-8 - Tumnub Spean Lok (1,040) Appendix 5-10 - Tumnub Tachan (300) Appendix 5-13 - Prolay Donkaiy Thmei (850) Appendix 5-22 - Spean Sraeng (Upper Area, 1,500) Appendix 5-23

III Mid-2010 - Prolay Me Prasart (1,400) Appendix 5-9 - Prasart Pram (1,100) Appendix 5-24 - Dam Bok Yuan (2,300) Appendix 5-2 - Tumnub O Chik (280) Appendix 5-6 - Tumnub Kbal Khmauch (250) Appendix 5-7 - Tumnub Somrong (200) Appendix 5-12 - Tumnub Yeiy Naiy (170) Appendix 5-14 - Tumnub Tronum Khoek (1,930) Appendix 5-18

IV Start of 2011 - Tumnub Kray (480) Appendix 5-11 - Tumnub Boeng Prey Knhey (390) Appendix 5-15 - Tumnub Ksak (350) Appendix 5-16 - O Chhalong (385) Appendix 5-1 - Tumnub Spean Kmeng (1,240) Appendix 5-19

40. Also from Table 2, it may be added that feasibility studies (F/S) and detailed design (D/D) were recommended to be carried out simultaneously in one package for those subprojects of highest potential, i.e., generally small in size, adequate availability of water resources, limited environmental impacts, small involvement of resettlement/compensation and low investment costs (generally lower than US$2,000/ha).8

8 With an exception to the cases of Tumnub Tachan and Spean Sraeng subprojects whose investment costs are higher than US$2,000/ha but were recommended for F/S+D/D costs due to their anticipated greater benefits.

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41. On the contrary, for those subprojects with relatively high investment costs and other unfavorable factors, only studies at pre-feasibility study level were recommended. For the rest of subprojects of high potential but several aspects remain to be reconfirmed, studies at feasibility level are recommended for effective use of the resources.

42. Completed profiles of all the 24 subprojects, each with the detailed recommendation on its implementation plan, are appended to this Final Report as Appendices 5-1~5-24.

IV. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

A. General

43. All the work of the Consultant have been fully completed with a high success and in accordance with the established work plan, thanks to the excellent cooperation and support from all the key stakeholders and parties concerned.

44. Profiles of all the 24 subprojects could be completed with considerably good set of first hand data/information obtained from field studies and observations by individual experts, supported by a large number of face-to-face interviews with officials at provincial and district levels, commune and village chiefs as well as farmer leaders involved in respective subproject areas.

45. As a result of their studies, the Consultant felt that a “stage-wise approach” should be adopted for the next stage of SIP implementation, due basically to the different status of each subproject and other supporting technical factors. While majority of the subprojects were recommended for feasibility studies, a few were recommended only for “pre-feasibility studies”. Furthermore, for those which are obviously justified for further stage of development, “feasibility studies and detailed designs” were simultaneously recommended for effective use of available resources.

B. Remarks on Pending Issues

46. Regarding the Tumnub Kray, Tumnub Beong Prey Knhey and Tumnub Tronum Khoek subprojects which were suggested by the authorities concerned to be covered by the present study, as they are located in the Transitional Zone (closing to Multiple Use Zone) of the Tonle Sap Biosphere, the Consultant continued to complete a careful assessment of the existing situation at each subproject area. Development requirements for these subprojects could be confirmed but, EIA should be implemented at the next stage of their studies.

47. In implementing Tumnub Dam Bok Yuan subproject, a close coordination should be made with the responsible authority of the Stung Chhinit Scheme. It is important to ensure that water management of this upstream scheme is done comprehensively and in such a manner that water from the Stung Chhinit can be allocated or made available too for the Tumnub Dam Bok Yuan subproject which is located downstream.

48. For the Tumnub Spean Kmeng subproject, as there are three ancient bridges/structures along the existing dike, it is important that a close and prior consultation is made with the APSARA authority during the future stage of study to secure their understanding and necessary support for the development activities being taken place.

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49. At Tumnub Ksak subproject, as local farmers did report about the still existence of some land-mines (UXO) in the area, a safeguard measure should need to be put in place during the next stage of study and development of this subproject.

50. Lastly, on the Spean Sraeng subproject, depending on the development being taken place in the area (with financial assistance from other source), validity of this subproject in the SIP should be reviewed and updated in due course to ensure an effective use of the financial resource being provided by ADB, AFD and OFID.

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Figure 1: Location map of the subprojects understudy 12 Management Co.,Ltd. Management & Engineering Consulting TEAM Final Subproject Profile Report Report Profile Subproject Final 19

24

23 20

21

16 Asian Development Bank Bank Asian Development 17

G ORM Management and Consulting TEAM RGC /MOWRAM 12

13 3 18 14 15

11 10 8 9

5 4 6 7 1 –O Chhalong 17 –Tumnub Prolay 2 –Dam Bok Yuan 18 –Tumnub Tronum Knoek 3 –Tumnub Krahamkor 19 –Tumnub Spean Kmeng 4 –Tumnub O Andeng 20 –Tumnub Lok 5 –Tumnub O Neak Takair 21 –Tumnub Kampong Tkov 6 –Tumnub O Chik 22 –Prolay Donkaiy Thmei 7 –Tumnub Kbal Khmauch 23 –Spean Sraeng (upper area)

(Cambodia) Co., Ltd. (Cambodia) 8 –Prolay Me Banteay Stoung 24 –Prasart Pram 9 –Prolay Me Prasart 10 –Tumnub Spean Lok 11 –Tumnub Kray 12 –Tumnub Samrong 13 –Tumnub Tachan 1 14 –Tumnub Yeiy Naiy 15 –Tumnub Boeng Prey Khney 16 –Tumnub Ksak 2

Appendix 1

TERMS OF REFERENCE

Appendix 1 1

TERMS OF REFERENCE1

Subproject Profile Preparation

1. The objective of this activity is to prepare profiles of the 24 candidate subprojects (Attachment 1) proposed by TA 4848-CAM: Water Resources Management (Sector) Project. The information required include: (a) preliminary data and information on subproject location, physical condition of the existing irrigation infrastructure; (b) a preliminary assessment of institutional organizations of the local community, irrigation system operation and maintenance, estimation of the rehabilitation costs, and prospect for economic development; (c) a description of present agricultural practices, crop yields, socio-economic conditions, including poverty and food sufficiency of the farmers; and (d) an assessment of resettlement and environmental issues likely to be encountered.

2. Based on field visits to each subproject and completing a standard subproject profile for each subproject, the study will include:

(i) Discussion of the rationale for subproject selection and development issues with Provincial and District-level staff; (ii) Compilation of general data/information of each candidate subproject being proposed as part of the SIP for further study and eventual implementation; (iii) Elaboration of rationale for the subproject selection; (iv) Based on discussions with potential project beneficiaries, summarize of the socio-economic and agricultural conditions of the subproject area, including project area, cropping data, population, occupation, land tenure status of farmers, people's income, food security condition, marketing, etc.; (v) Describe existing farmer institutions, including particularly, the Farmer Water Users' Community (FWUC); (vi) Undertake a brief assessment of land use and suitability of the irrigated area, crop grown, estimated crop yields (with and without the Project); (vii) Undertake an assessment of condition of the existing irrigation infrastructure, the proposed scope of rehabilitation and water diversion requirement; (viii) Undertake a preliminary assessment of subproject construction, operation and maintenance costs, including basis of cost estimates; (ix) Undertake an assessment of anticipated outputs and outcome at the project level, such as increases in agricultural production and farm income, improved conditions after development of FWUC, diversified agriculture, increased cropping intensity, irrigation water supply, impact on labour migration, and others; (x) Prepare a brief description of present environmental conditions and anticipated environmental impacts (xi) Prepare a brief assessment of anticipated compensation and resettlement issues (including number of people/families affected) ; (xii) Prepare a brief assessment of indigenous peoples and/or gender issues; and

1 Extracted from the original version provided by Mr Chris Wensley, Project Officer, ADB. Following subsequent email communications between the Project Officer and the representative from the Consultant, a few items of these TOR, including those related to project experts, project timeframe and corresponding work plan, have been slightly revised and adjusted.

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(xiii) Estimate the proposed implementation schedule of the subproject.

3. The timeframe for this work is estimated to be about 3 months, and the estimated consultant needs to carry out the work include:

4. Reporting requirements are listed below: -

a. Monthly progress reports submitted to ADB, AFD and MOWRAM for information. b. Draft Subproject Profiles (DSPs): The DSPs will be submitted at the end of the tenth week to ADB, AFD and MOWRAM for review and comment; and c. A Final Subproject Profile Report (FSP) will be prepared and submitted at the end of the 12th week, summarizing the work and preparing overall recommendations, incorporating all DSPs and comments from ADB and MOWRAM.

One hard copy and one electronic copy of each report will be submitted each to ADB and AFD, and four hard copies and one electronic copy will be submitted to MOWRAM.

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List of Candidate Sub-projects in the proposed Sector Investment Project

Subproject Sub- Command No. Location Name basin Area (ha) Commune District Province 1. Tumnub Cheiboo b Pongro Kraom Chikreng Siem Reap St.Chikreng 65 2. Tumnub Ksak Khvav Chikreng Siem Reap St.Chikreng 1,000 3. Tumnub Ta Ur Kampong Stoung Kampong St. Staung 1,200 Chen Chueng Thom 4. Tumnub Spean Lok Trea Stoung Kampong St. Staung 300 Thom 5. Tumnub Somrong Popok Stoung Kampong St. Staung 110 Thom 6. Tumnub Boeng Pralay Stoung Kampong St. Staung 485 Prey Knhey Thom 7. Tumnub Beung Prasat Prasat Kampong St. Sen 230 Prang Sambour Sambour Thom 8. Tumnub Ta An Kralahn Siem Reap St. Sreng 1,500 O'thmongkanchus 9. Tumnub Chheu Teal Sandan Kampong St. Sen 245 Krahamkor Thom 10. Spean Sraeng Spean Sraeng Phnom Srok Banteay St.Sreng 2,008 Meanchay 11. Tumnub O Andeng Tang Krasau Prasat Kampong St. Sen 450 Sambour Thom 12. Tumnub O Neak Tang Krasau Prasat Kampong St. Sen 300 Takairb Sambour Thom 13. Tumnub Ta Chan Pralay Stoung Kampong St. Staung 700 Thom 14. Chhes Chann Svay Leu Svay Leu Siem Reap St.Chikreng 500 15. Tunnub Yeiy Naiy Pralay Stoung Kampong St. Staung 185 Thom 16. Prolay Me Prasat Preah Damrei Stoung Kampong St. Staung 200 Thom 17. Prolay Me Banteay Banteay Stoung Kampong St. Staung 180 Stoung Stoung Thom 18. Tumnub O Samprouch Stoung Kampong St. Staung 300 Romcheik Thom 19. Tumnub Kampong Kampong Tkov Kralahn Siem Reap St. Sreng 300 Tkov 20. Tumnub Kbal Kampong Kampong Kampong St. Sen 400 Khmauch Svay Svay Thom 21. Tumnub Lok Ta An Kralahn Siem Reap St.Sreng 100 22. Prasart Pram Tapho Svey Chek Banteay St.Mongkol 2,658 Meanchay Borei 23. Tumnub Krours Sra Yov Stung Sen Kampong St. Sen 1,500 Krom Thom 24. Prolay Donkaiy Chanloas Dai Kralahn Siem Reap St. Sreng 250 Thmeic

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Appendix 2

PROJECT DATA SHEET (DRAFT OUTLINE)

Appendix 2 1

TA-4848 CAM (EXTENSION PHASE) Subproject: Project Data Sheet (Draft outline)

1 Project title:

2 Project Location and description: 2.1 Headworks. Longitude ……………………………………… Latitude ……………………… Commune :……………………… District Province ……………………….. ……………………………

2.2 Date of construction: …………………………… Constructed by ……………………………

2.3.1 General map of project location (see Figure 1) 2.3.2 Map of the subproject area (potential beneficiary area) (see Figure 2) 2.3.3 Photographs (see Figure 3) 2.4 Description of the irrigation scheme (type of scheme; source of water; type, construction and condition of headworks; approx. length and condition of main and secondary canals, on-farm facilities and control structures; etc.)

2.5 Names of key informants in project area:

3 Rationale (implementation priority)

4 Farmer Institutions - FWUC and its status Yes, existing No, not existing

Future work/actions required: - Other existing institutions (specify)

5 Socio-economic profile (Section 3) 5.1 Area and population: 5.2 Occupation of total population: 5.3 Land holding and Tenureship

5.4 Existing Cropping Data and Calendar (Include crops grown [varieties], approx. areas, start/end season, yields, farmgate price, problems.)

5.5 Agricultural issues in the project area (Information include schools, market place, people's income, food security, extension services, etc.)

6 Land utilization & suitability - Irrigated area 6.1 Land utilization - Irrigated rice area

6.2 Land suitability for irrigated rice

6.3 Additional relevant land suitability information

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7 Scope of the project: 7.1 Work Required:

- F/S P/F - Others 7.2 Anticipated project components:- 1) Irrigation infrastructures to be rehabilitated/re-construct

2) Irrigated agriculture

3) FWUC: To be newly established To be strengthened 4) Others (capacity building and other related activities):

8 Estimated project cost and breakdown: 8.1 Capital and base costs (US$ equivalent ) Item Q'tity Unit cost Cost Remarks

Grand total xxxx

8.2 Annual O&M costs (US$ equivalent ) Item Volume Cost Remarks

9 Expected Outputs / Outcome (at project level basis):

10 Environment and environmental impact assessment Existing environmental condition:

Anticipated impacts:

Probable environmental category :A :B :C

11 Resettlement and land compensation aspects

Existing condition:

Anticipated resettlement/compensation required:

Resettlement plan required SRP FRP

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12 Suggested implementation plan Item 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 F/S D/D FWUC promotion O&M …………………………………

13 Any other project information of interest (including available documentation)

Date of completion: ______

Names of evaluation team: ______

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WORK PLAN

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Work Plan Subproject Profile Preparation Project

Month Name and Position (the Consultant) June July August September October INTERNATIONAL Dr. Samran Chooduangngern Team Leader Somkiat Manirudj Irrigation/water resources Engineer Asian Development Bank Bank Asian Development

NATIONAL Chea Saintdona Ago-economist Hor Sophea Social Specialist Thong Sokvongsa Environmental Specialist Suon Mean GIS/Data Management Specialist (Cambodia) Co., Ltd. (Cambodia)

Reporting: X 3 Appendix - DraftProgress Subproject Report Profile Report x - Final Subproject Profile Report X 1

Appendix 4

FINAL LIST OF THE 24 SUBPROJECTS

Appendix 4 1

FINAL LIST OF THE 24 SUBPROJECTS Initial project features as provided by respective offices*

Location No. Sub-project Name Commune District Province

1 O Chhalong Chro Neang Baray Kampong Thom

2 Dam Bok Yuan Pongro Baray Kampong Thom

3 Tumnub Krahamkor Chheu Teal Sandan Kampong Thom

4 Tumnub O Andeng Tang Krasau Prasat Sambour Kampong Thom

5 Tumnub O Neak Takair Tang Krasau Prasat Sambour Kampong Thom

6 Tumnub O Chik Tang Krasau Prasat Sambour Kampong Thom

7 Tumnub Kbal Khmauch Kampong Svay Kampong Svay Kampong Thom

8 Prolay Me Banteay Stoung Banteay Stoung Stoung Kampong Thom

9 Prolay Me Prasart Preah Damrei Stoung Kampong Thom

10 Tumnub Spean Lok Trea Stoung Kampong Thom

11 Tumnub Kray Msakrorng Stoung Kampong Thom

12 Tumnub Somrong Popok Stoung Kampong Thom

13 Tumnub Ta Chan Prolay Stoung Kampong Thom

14 Tunnub Yeiy Naiy Prolay Stoung Kampong Thom

15 Tumnub Boeng Prey Knhey Prolay Stoung Kampong Thom

16 Tumnub Ksak Khvav Chikreng Siem Reap

17 Tumnub Prolay Pongro Kraom Chikreng Siem Reap

18 Tumnub Tronum Khoek Lvaeng Russei Chikreng Siem Reap

19 Tumnub Spean Kmeng Srei Spean Srei Snam Siem Reap

20 Tumnub Lok Ta An Kralahn Siem Reap

21 Tumnub Kampong Tkov Kampong Tkov Kralahn Siem Reap

22 Prolay Donkaiy Thmei Chanloas Dai Kralahn Siem Reap

23 Spean Sraeng (Upper Area) Spean Sraeng Phnom Srok Banteay Meanchey

24 Prasart Pram Tapho Svay Chek Banteay Meanchey

Source : *Offices of Kampong Thom PDWRAM, Siem Reap PDWRAM and Banteay Meanchay PDWRAM and Project office of Northwest irrigation sector Project (NWISP)

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Appendix 5-1

PROFILE OF O CHHALONG SUBPROJECT O CHHALONG Appendix 5-1 1

PROFILE OF TUMNUB O CHHALONG SUBPROJECT

TA-4848 CAM (EXTENSION PHASE) Project Data Sheet

1 Project title: O Chhalong

2 Project Location and description: 2.1 Headwork Longitude 1,355,876N Latitude 518,090E Commune: Chro Neang District: Baray Province: Kampong Thom

2.2 Date of construction: 1977 Constructed by Khmer Rouge

A brief development history: - No maintenance since construction has been finished. - Currently, the existing irrigation system cannot be fully operated.

2.3.1 General map of project location (see Figure 1) 2.3.2 Map of the subproject area (potential beneficiary area) (see Figure 2) 2.3.3 Photographs (see Figure 3, 4)

2.4 Description of route

O Chhalong subproject is located in the southeastern part of Kampong Thom, central part of Cambodia. The subproject area is situated close to National Road No. 6 and therefore, can be accessed by this road from Kampong Thom town, with a distance of approximately 80 kilometers. At Tang Kouk market, there is a need to turn to the local road to Chro Neang commune, with a distance of another 10 kms. This part of the road is however full of ruts and holes.

2.5 Description of the irrigation scheme

Type of scheme : Gravity system

Source of water: Water are from O Khnach Tasom, O Yeiy Keo and O Chieng Keng which flow from upland areas of Kompong Cham province (spring water), and rainfall.

Structures, their condition and situation at project area: O Chhalong dike is approximately 800-m long and, has two culverts. Condition of these culverts is still good but the sliding gate is broken. The dike is also in good condition and being used as part of local road network connecting villages. Presently, the reservoir of this subproject can not store water because the sliding gate is broken. People also started planting rice in the reservoir, with the total combined land of about 30 ha.

2.6 Names of key informants in project area:

1) Mr. Chea Sivutha, Project Management Office (PMO) of MOWRAM 2) Mr. Sok Houn, Chief of Chro Neang commune 3) Mr. Kung Choun, First vice chief commune 4) Mr. Mao Saron, Second vice chief commune 5) Ms Sorn Sangvat, Clerk commune 6) Mr. Som Min, Head of Siep Neang village 7) Mr. Chhin Kamsort, Vice head village 8) Mr. So Pich, Assistance of head village 9) Mr. Mey Oi, Head of temple committee (Achar Wat) 10) Mr. Keo Soun Farmer 11) Mr. Sao Sok, Farmer 12) Mr. Men At, Farmer

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13) Mr. Yim Run, Farmer 14) Mr. Chreuk Yorn, Farmer 15) Mr. Rith Chong, Farmer 16) Mr. Chang Khun, Farmer 17) Ms. Un Sara, Farmer 18) Ms. Tit Neuon, Farmer 19) Ms. Sok Sornn, Farmer 20) Ms. Tout Yet, Farmer

3 Rationale (implementation priority)

The broken system has already induced many farmers to encroach the reservoir area for new lands for planting their rice. To ensure a larger benefit to the local people and avoid unnecessary social conflict to follow, the subproject area should need to be rehabilitated at an early date.

There are 6 villages sharing/using water from this subproject, with the total combined irrigation area of about 400 ha. This area is, however, not subject to flooding. As the project is not fully functional, rice grown in the area has to depend basically only on rainfall. Often, the rice is dead during pregnant stage, due to the shortage of water. According to interviewed farmers, rice yields in the area vary greatly between good years and bad years. In 2007, a good year of rainfall, the farmers could get as high as 3.0. In 2006 (drought year), however, average rice yield was only only about 1.0 tons per hectare. Rehabilitation of the subproject should help stabilize the supply of irrigation water and hence, crop yields and productions in the area.

Tumnub O Chhlong has a catchment area of 6.2 sq.km. Annual rainfall in the area is 1,430 mm/year. According to the preliminary estimate, net inflow into the reservoir of this subproject is only 2.66 mcm/year which is less than the anticipated requirement for full irrigation of the existing 385 ha of paddy fields (which should need about 4.01 mcm/year). In view of this, there is a problem of inadequate water supply. To solve the problem, in addition to improvement of irrigation infrastructure, new crop pattern in the area should be studied to cope with the situation.

4 Farmer Institutions - FWUC and its status Yes, existing √ No, not existing

Future work/actions required:

Similar to many other areas, Farmer Water Users Community (FWUC) does not exist yet in this subproject area. Damage of the system and unavailability of irrigation waster were quoted an part of the reasons of its non-existence.

It is desirable that concepts and principles of FWUC be introduced to the local farmers, when this subproject is rehabilitated in order that the farmers can have a full understanding on this farmers’ institution and take part in the long-term operation and maintenance of the system. PDWRAM, in particular, should assist the farmers to establish the FWUC and provide them with the necessary trainings and supports for successful establishment and development.

Other existing institutions:

There is no any other social group in this Chro Neang commune.

5 Socio-economic profile (of the Chro Neang Commune): 5.1 Area and population - Cultivated area about 1,300 ha - Number of villages 13* villages

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- No. of families 2,193 (total) hh 1,864 (male-headed) hh 329 (female-headed) hh - Total population 11,417 persons Of which: Male 5,184 persons Female 6,233 persons

* Of the total, number of benefit village is reportedly eight (8), see Table 2.

5.2 Occupation of total population: - Farming (rice growing, orchard, fishing, etc.) 96 % - Non-farming (e.g., officer, carpenter, merchant, etc.) 4 % 5.3 Land holding and Tenureship: - Size of land holding average 0.53 ha/hh - Farmers having land title none - Landless households approx. 10 %

5.4 Existing Cropping Data and Calendar

Based on the secondary data provided by the commune officials, wet season rice cultivation area of Chro Neang commune is 1,286 hectares. Only O Chhalong subproject is located in the commune.

Crops grown in the project site consist of wet season rice, soybean, mung bean, cassava, sugarcane, corn, cucumber, wax gourd, string bean and sesame. Table 1 shows cultivated areas of important crops in the commune. Table 2 shows crop areas per villages, including particularly the eight (8) beneficial villages of the O Chhalong subproject.

Crops are grown in different times and seasons. Farmers normally start cultivating wet season rice in April and July and harvesting crop in November and December depending on rice verities. Corn is planted in May and September and harvested in July and November respectively. Soybean is usually grown in August and collected in October. Cucumber is normally cultivated in November and collected December. Sesame is grown yearly in April and collected in June. Cucumber is planted in November and picked in December. Growing of egg plant, pumpkin and wax gourd is normally started in May and picked in mid-July (see Table 3: Crop calendar).

In 2007, average wet season rice yield was reported at about 1.5 tons per hectare. Other crop yields are not readily known (see Table 4).

in 2007. Farm get paddy price was about 700 Riels per kilogram in 2007.

Table 1: Major crop grown and status of irrigation area Current main crops Cultivation area Current irrigated Expected irrigated areas (ha) areas ( ha) after rehabilitation in (ha) Wet season rice 1,286 0 709 Dry season rice 0 0 200 Pumpkin 2 0 n.a Corn 76 0 n.a Cucumber 4 n.a 20 Soybean 160 n.a n.a Cassava 156 n.a n.a Sugar can 10 n.a 20 (Source: Secondary data from commune, 2008)

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Table 2: Major crops grown, per villages Village name Total Benefit Wet Dry season Other crop cultivation households from the season rice rice area areas project (ha) (ha) (ha) Poun 115 Yes 76 n.a n.a Chro Neang 199 Yes 100 n.a n.a Trapangveng 121 Yes 71 n.a n.a Thla 173 No 76 n.a n.a Chan 131 Yes 82 n.a n.a Srasbantheay 185 Yes 77 n.a n.a Siemrieng 326 Yes 139 n.a n.a Angkochea 174 Yes 76 n.a n.a Kanthom 74 Yes 88 n.a n.a Trapanklong 174 No 120 n.a n.a Prangsomrong 199 No 152 n.a n.a Oromchek 211 No 122 n.a n.a Pang 111 No 107 n.a n.a (Source: Secondary data from commune, 2008)

Table 3: Seasonal crop calendar Description Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Rice crops Short duration Medium duration Late duration Upland crops Soybean Sesame Lettuce Cucumber Wax gourd Pumpkin Egg plant Corn Cassava (Based on interview with the farmers, August 2008)

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Table 4: Major crop area, production and yield Main crops Total cultivation area (ha) Total production Average yield (Tons) Ton/ha Wet season rice 1,286 1,929 1.5 Soybean 156 n.a n.a Cassava 160 n.a n.a (Sources: Secondary data from the Commune Council, August 2008)

According to the village chiefs and key farmers who were interviewed, the following were considered also key problems in the area: ƒ Lack of irrigation water ƒ Weeds, rat, pests and crabs ƒ Small farm size ƒ Low crop yield ƒ Poor rice seeds and lack of improved rice seeds ƒ Shortage of working capital for fertilizer, herbicides and pesticides ƒ Lack of farmyard manure ƒ Diseases on animals ƒ Lack of good upland crop seeds.

5.5 Other Agricultural issues

Farmers living in the project area has an access to Phsa Tankok market located about 4 km from the commune, to purchase their agricultural inputs machineries. They, however, usually sell their agricultural products to middlemen at Phas Tangkok and those in their villages.

The farmers in general could not access to agricultural extension services from government agricultural extension workers because provision of such services hardly reaches their community.

5.6 Other socio-economic issues

Ethnicity: People in the commune are homogeneous in terms of their ethnicity. All people in the commune belong to Khmer ethnicity. Thus, the sub-project does not need to pay particular attention to ethnic diversity related issues. Public facilities: Public facilities such as school, market, hospital and water supply and sanitation in the commune are generally poor. There are four primary schools and one secondary (up to upper secondary level) school; all the children of school age go to these schools. In addition, there is a government hospital (a type of clinic) which provides general, maternal and child health care services. There are four pagodas but, no market in the commune. About 5.0% of all the households (or, 105 households) are connected to electricity. A half of the households use bore well water; the rest basically use rainwater for household use and drinking purposes. While roads connecting villages within the commune are unpaved, the main road connecting the commune to the district (about 17-km long) is a paved one. Socio-economic conditions of households: Agriculture is a common occupation of the majority of households in the commune. Beauty salon and selling CD/VCD are becoming emerging occupations for women. Average annual income per household in the commune is Riels 3.0 million (750 US$/hh). Similar to several other sub-project areas nearby, average income of female-headed-household (FHH) from both farm and non-farm activities are normally lower than those of male-headed-household (MHH). From an initial set of information provided, it was noted that average highest annual income of MHH from agriculture was almost three times higher than that of FHH (i.e., about Riels 7.0 million v.s. Riels 2.0 million). Furthermore, in terms of average highest annual income from non-farm activities, MHHs earn more than four times of FHHs (i.e., Riels18.0 million v.s. Riels 4.0 million).

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More than a half (60%) of the households of the commune have a problem of rice shortage to feed household members throughout a year. Of them, also about a half lacks of rice for more than six months. Reportedly, about 30% of the total households reportedly could produce just sufficient to feed the family members and the rest (10%) produced surplus rice. Households produce insufficient rice due to various Reasons behind food shortage of the households comprised of lacking of irrigation facilities (rank 1), lacking of know to make high yield (rank 2), shortage of agricultural inputs (especially seeds and fertilizer and, limited lands.

About 50% of the households are considered poor; 40% households are medium wealthy and the rest (10%), wealthy. According to the key informant, poor households referred to households who have (i) less than 20 A (1A=100 m2) of agricultural land, (ii) less than 2 A of household land, (iii) maximum of 1 cow or buffalo, no pig but a few chicken and duck (iv) 1 bicycle, (v) 1 radio (no TV), (vi) thatched house, and (vii), lack of rice for 4 months and longer. A medium wealthy household referred to a household which has (i) 20 A to 1 hectare of agricultural land, (ii) 2-5 A of household land, (iii) 2-5 cows or buffalos, 1-3 pigs and a number of chicken and duck, (iv) 1 motorbike, (v) 1 TV, (vi) one small wooden house, and (vii), lack of rice up to 3 months. A household is defined as wealthy if it has (i) more than 1 hectare of agricultural land, (ii) more than 5 A of household land, (iii) more than 5 cows or buffalos, more than 3 pigs and a number of chicken and duck (iv) 2 motorbikes and bicycles, (v) 1 TV and radio, (vi) one medium or large wooden or brick-build house and (vii), surplus rice.

About 60% of the households were reported to incur loan from different sources including bank, relatives, neighbors and NGOs during hardship. Of them, some 15% were experiencing severe problems to repay the loan. Migration: Out migration is common among the people in the commune. A higher number of women (compared to men) migrates to outside. According to the key informant, 287 women and 161 men migrated to other areas in 2007. Teenagers had a tendency to migrate too, compared to adults of both sexes. They mostly migrate to Phnom Penh (rank 1), provincial town (rank 2), Poi Pet and Thailand (rank 3) and Malaysia. Men mostly work in construction while women work in garment factories. Unemployment, both seasonal and overall is the main push factor of their migration. Greater employment opportunities in the place of destination also aspire (pull) them to migrate. Migration poses various problems to the household members. It particularly, makes other members of the household difficult to manage household, increases workload, affects education of children and makes female members (in case of migration of male members) vulnerable to HIV/AIDS infection once migrants return to home. Gender roles and relations in family and community: There is only one woman out of twelve councilors of this commune. Therefore, gender inequality in this commune is no better than other areas nearby. It persists in roles and relations of men and women in both the family and community. In family, women do all household work together with some productive work while men make major decisions. Men hold overall authority of the household. At the commune level, women’s voices are not as heard as men due to the aforesaid fact that women represent poorly in the commune council. Vulnerability to external shocks: Although the key informant was unable to provide the exact figure on this, it was reported that here are cases of persons in the commune living with HIV/AIDS. The prevalence of domestic violence is, however, low (1%). Desire of development: People expressed their desire to have some developments in the commune, including particularly repairing irrigation system and roads and, facilities for water and sanitation. They need also inputs and supports for improving their agricultural production and, establishment of different occupational groups.

It is desirable that this subproject integrates necessary program interventions to address these socio- economic needs of the households.

6 Land utilization & suitability – Irrigation area (Subproject level) 6.1 Land utilization - Potential irrigation area approx. 385 ha - Future irrigated area (expected wet+dry seasons) approx. 460 ha

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- Potential newly irrigated area (to be developed) n.a. ha - Irrigated area but, not used none

6.2 Land suitability for irrigation rice crop

Soil types in the project areas were found to be of three groups consisting of Pratea Lang, Toul Somrong and Kampong Siem.

According to the referenced literature (Vang, soil TIP, 2006), the Prateah Lang soil is estimated to occupy about 28% of the total rice-growing area. Three phases of Prateah Lang soil have been defined based on characteristics of the sub soil that affect root penetration and water drainage, including 1) shallow phase, 2) clayey subsoil phase and 3), loamy subsoil phase. This soil is difficult to manage for rice production. If structures for water harvesting and supplementary irrigation can be developed cheaply, then profitable yield increases may be expected on these soils.

The Toul Somroung soil is a soil occurring on old alluvial terraces or colluvial-alluvial plains that has a clayey or loamy topsoil, which forms wide cracks that penetrate deeper than 5 cm into the soil over a clayey or loamy subsoil. Color of the topsoil is gray or brown but not dark gray or black. The soil occupies about 10% of the rice area in the country. Two phases of the soil have been defined, subject to its color and fertility, including brown phase and gray phase. The soil is well suited to rice production. It has moderate to high potential and yield respond well to improved management, especially is well suited to irrigation. Glasshouse experiments have shown that the soil is well respond, using N and P only.

The Kampong Siem soil is found in low areas of a varied undulating landscape, which has a black or dark gray, clayey textured topsoil, which forms deep, wide cracks over a clayey textured subsoil. The soil is pedonetically fairly young, estimated to occupy about 2% of rice area in the country. It is well suited to rice production; yield increase with improved management. Glasshouse experiments have shown the soil to be potentially deficient in N and P. Rooting depth is generally not limited in this soil, but during periods of little rain, the soil is drought phone (because water is held tightly in the soil).

6.3 Additional information relevant to land suitability

Based on the interview with local farmers, apart from wet season rice, farmers cultivate other secondary cash crops, such as sesame, sugarcane, corn, cassava, soybean, mung bean, pumpkin, wax gourd, and cucumber. Medium and late duration rice varieties have also been grown in the area. Medium duration rice varieties consist of Pkamalis, Morom, Chomrekpdao, and Domnerbcheam Antong. For the late duration rice varieties, they include Baysomlor, Lakslek, Pkakgnei, Pkala, Mohachangkom, Chankonkiel and Srovtour.

Under the present circumstances, according to the farmers interviewed, average per hectare rice yield in a good year is about 3.0 tons (2007 figure). In a bad year (2006), the yield could be as low as 1.0 tons per hectare.

Planted areas of such crops as corn, soybean, cucumber and other vegetables can be expanded in the project site if irrigation water is available. Expectedly, dry season rice will be also cultivated, if the broken irrigation system is rehabilitated.

Land preparation is still be done generally (70%) by animal power; the rest (30%) use hand tractor. Harvesting and transporting rice crop are done by either human labor or cattle. All the farmers also do threshing rice by threshing machine. It indicates that farm mechanization is progressing considerably in the areas.

All the farmers in the project site do transplanting rice. The farmers use both family labor and exchange labor for the purpose. Apparently, labor seems is not yet a main problem in the project areadue probably to the fact that average per household farm size is small.

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7 Scope of the project: 7.1 Work Required: - Pre-feasibility study (Requiring a large investment for new constructions but, considerable concerns) - Other important activities should include:

• Site plan mapping survey covering head work area. • Plan profile and cross section survey of LMC and RMC. • Project area mapping, scale 1:10,000 with contour interval of 1 m. • Confirmation of proposed irrigation area and potential area in the field.

7.2 Anticipated project components:-

1) Irrigation infrastructures (to be rehabilitated/re-constructed)

1.1) Head work and appurtenance structures: - Construction of a new ungraded spillway. - Modification of a left canal outlet. - Construction of a new right canal outlet. - Construction of new dike closure to right abutment and existing dike, 700 m (approximate). - Improvement of existing dike, 900 m. (approximate) - Improvement of an existing control structure to emergency spillway. 1.2) Canal improvement and new construction (with respective approximate length in km), including:- - LMC 2.40 km (new construction) - RMC 3.25 km (new construction) - Drain canal 1.90 km (improvement) - Tail channel behind the new spillway (new construction) 1.3) Construction of new conveyance structures - Check structure, two (2) places. - Cross drainage structure, four (4) places. - A road crossing structure - Tail regulator, two (2) places. 1.4) Maintenance of farm roads 1.5) Demolishing of some of existing but, un-functional structures.

2) Irrigated agriculture

Based on the farmers interviewed, they expect to cultivate economic crops, such as, dry season rice, corn, soybean, ground nut, cabbage, cucumber, garlic and string bean. However, promising cash crops that could be planted after rehabilitation could be limited depending on market demand and other factors.

Apart from that some farmers also expected that their animals (livestock) will be better-off since they can expect more grass fields. Accordingly, they hope to expand their livestock rearing business after the rehabilitation of the reservoir. Other farmers also expressed their need for new farming knowledge and skills in such areas as vegetables growing technique and upland crop cultivation techniques.

In view of these, development of irrigated agriculture should be another project component for the future study to be pursued, to confirm their viability and feasibility, taking fully into consideration the prevailing agricultural market and level of know-how of the farmers.

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3) FWUC: √ To be newly established To be strengthen

According to farmers who participated in the group discussion, the reason why there is no FWUC in their community was because there has been no initiative and support from outsiders. Most importantly, no irrigation water is available in the area for quite some time due to the damage. However, they wish to have an FWUC established after the rehabilitation.

During the next stage of study, problems and development needs of the farmers should need to be studied thoroughly with a view to seeing the potential and constraints in these respects. Based on the study result, recommendations for its establishment with supports needed from PDWRAM/MOWRAM and timing of the implementation should need to be made.

8 Estimated project cost and breakdown: The following are preliminary estimates of eventual development cost of the identified physical infrastructures that need to be confirmed by the proposed P/F Study. 8.1 Capital and base costs

Item Unit Unit cost Q'tity Cost (US$) (US$) 1. Land compensation 1.1 Area of new dike construction (750 m) ha 700 4.0 2,800 1.2 LMC canal (2,400 m) ha 700 6.0 4,200 1.3 RMC canal (3,250 m) ha 700 8.2 5,740 1.4 Area in reservoir ha 700 50.0 3,500

Total (1) 16,240

2. Construction of dike and hydraulic structures 2.1 Construction of new ungated spillway L.S. - 1.0 57,000 2.2 Modification of left canal outlet L.S. - 1.0 9,000 2.3 Construction of new right canal outlet L.S. - 1.0 28,500 2.4 Construction of new dike closure to right abutment L.S. - 1.0 450,000 and existing dike (750 m) 2.5 Dike improvement km 100,000 0.9 90,000 2.6 Improvement of existing control structure to L.S. - 1.0 3,000 emergency spillway Total (2) 637,500 3. Construction of new conveyance structures 3.1 LMC – Check structure place 3,500 1.0 3,500 - Tail regulator place 7,600 1.0 7,600 - Cross drainage structure place 5,500 2.0 11,000 3.2 RMC – Check structure place 3,500 1.0 3,500 - Road crossing with check place 5,700 1.0 5,700 - Tail regulator place 7,600 1.0 7,600 - Cross drainage structure place 5,500 2.0 11,000 3.3 Drainage canal - Road crossing structure place 4,600 1.0 4,600 Total (3)

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4. Canal improvement and new construction 4.1 LMC - New construction km 40,000 2.40 96,000 4.2 RMC - New construction km 40,000 3.25 130,000 4.3 Drain canal - Improvement km 30,000 1.90 57,000 4.4 Tail channel behind the new spillway km 50,000 0.30 15,000 (New construction) Total (4) 352,500 5. Miscellaneous 5.1 For compensation work L.S. - 1.0 5,000 5.2 For demolishing work L.S. - 1.0 15,000 5.3 For road development L.S. - 1.025,000 Total (5) 45,000

Grand total 1,051,240

8.2 Annual O&M costs Item Cost Remarks (US$) Annual O&M 3,850 US$10/ha An estimate for major maintenance in every 5 years, 10% of canal 35,250 construction cost (of new project development)

9 Expected Outputs / Outcome (at project level basis): 9.1 Agricultural production (paddy equivalent) approx. 850 tons 9.2 Increased farm income ( basically from rice crop) approx. 210 US$/hh 9.3 The FWUC: An FWUC is established, capable of performing operation and maintenance of the rehabilitated irrigation system by the farmers in the longer term. 9.4 Diversified agriculture: Apart from wet season rice, dry season rice, water melon, corn, mung bean, string bean, papaya, egg plant and sesame are grown more widely in the project area, with a higher portion of products from livestock. 9.5 Cropping intensity is expected to increase by 15 % or more 9.6 Stable water supplies for agriculture and domestic uses 9.7 Reduced labor migration 9.8 Improved security of food production, increase in the household income and eventually, improved standard of living of the local people. Besides, farmers in the area should be able to increase their wet season rice yield, have water for new business like livestock rearing and new cash crops in the dry season.

10 Environment and environmental impact assessment

Existing environmental condition: - Tumnub O Chhalong is situated in the southeastern direction of Kompomg Thom, near to the National Road No. 6 (about 4 km) and the border with (about 1 km). - The surrounding environment is dominated by paddy fields and cashew nut farms. - Major source of water is rather limited, from three streams namely O khnach tasam, O Yei Kaev and O Cheng Keng. - The Tumnub O Chhalong subproject is located outside all protected area and not subject to flood. - Reportedly, most farmers apply natural fertilizers to their paddy fields. - After the irrigation system was broken down, many farmers started growing rice on new lands of a higher ground, with the total area of about 30 ha.

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- From the initial field investigation, pollution black spots, dumping sites, industrial activities, noisy commercial activities, dusty open storage, etc., were not found. - Surface water shortages do occasionally occur in the dry season due to the lack of reservoir. - People depend on groundwater as a primary source of water. In the wet season, they use rain water for drinking and cooking too. - It was reported however that as many as 50% of the households have toilets in their houses. - Waste management is generally poor with uncontrolled disposal. There is a lack of treatment system and facilities for collection and transportation for solid waste. - A large number of common domestic animals, such as, cattle, pig, chicken, are observed. - Common tree species, such as, cashew, bamboo, tamarind, palm tree, etc., are also observed. - Regarding cultural heritage, there is no any archaeological site nearby the subproject area.

Anticipated impacts: - This subproject, if rehabilitated, should help secure more volume of water supply which will help sustain crop yields and hence, crop productions. No any significant adverse impact is anticipated. However, the subproject is located at one rim of the Tonle Sap Transitional Zone, at minimum an IEE should be required.

Probable environmental category :A 9 :B :C

11 Resettlement and land compensation aspects

Existing condition:

After irrigation system was broken down, since 1980, it was reported that a large number of local farmers have started cultivating in both the reservoir area and irrigation canals, as following: In reservoir: rice field : 30 ha, involving with 66 HHs cashew : 5 ha, with 10 HHs coconut, mango, vegetable : 3 ha, with 2 HHs In canal:, rice : width 4 m, length 300 m, with 5 HHs

- Total area : 3,812 ha - Number of household : 83 HHs

Anticipated resettlement/compensation required:

As more than 80 households will be affected (APs) by rehabilitation (if the project is to be rehabilitated), it is important that a full resettlement plan should be required for this case. A new piece of land may have to be secured also for the APs, to help maintain at least their present standard of living.

Resettlement plan required SRP 9 FRP

12 Suggested implementation plan Item 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 P/F FS/DD FWUC promotion O&M

Prepared by: TEAM Consulting Engineering and Management Co. Ltd., Bangkok, Thailand and TEAM Consulting and Management (Cambodia) Co., Ltd., Phnom Penh, Cambodia

Date of completion: 31 October 2008

TEAM Consulting Engineering & RGC / MOWRAM TEAM Consulting and Management Management Co., Ltd. Asian Development Bank (Cambodia) Co., Ltd.

12 EMCnutn niern RC/MWA TEAM Consulting and Management RGC / MOWRAM Management Co., Ltd. ConsultingTEAM Engineering & Appendix 5-1 Appendix Asian Development Bank O CHHALONG (Cambodia) Co., Ltd.

Figure 1 General Map of Project Location

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13

Figure 2 Map of Subproject Area (Potential Beneficiary Area)

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FigureFigureFigure 3: 3: Selected3: Selected Selected phot photographs photographsographs of ofthe of the Tumnubthe Tumnub O Chhalong, Krahamkor, Prolay, September September September 2008 2008 2008 FigureFigure 3: Selected 3: Selected photographs photographs of the of O the Chhalong, O Chhalong, October October 2008 2008 O CHHALONG Appendix 5-1 15

Existing canal behind structure (No.4) Existing water control structure (No.4)

No.4 water control structure with some part Rice field (looking from right abutment) of crest damage

LMC water control structure (downstream part) No.4 water control structure (downstream part)

Figure 4: Selected photographs of the O Chhalong, October 2008

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Appendix 5-2

PROFILE OF DAM BOK YUAN SUBPROJECT DAM BOK YUAN Appendix 5-2 1

PROFILE OF DAM BOK YUAN SUBPROJECT

TA-4848 CAM (EXTENSION PHASE) Project Data Sheet

1 Project title: Dam Bok Yuan

2 Project Location and description: 2.1 Headwork Longitude 1,350,957N Latitude 510,500E Commune: Pongror District: Baray Province: Kampong Thom

2.2 Date of construction: 1976 Constructed by Khmer Rouge

A brief development history: - In 1996, a spillway and four culverts were constructed by MOWRAM. - Presently, the existing irrigation system is partly operational.

2.3.1 General map of project location (see Figure 1) 2.3.2 Map of the subproject area (potential beneficiary area) (see Figure 2) 2.3.3 Photographs (see Figure 3, 4)

2.4 Description of route Dam Bok Yuan is located in southeastern part Kampong Thom, central part of Cambodia. This subproject area is situated close to National Road No. 6, about 80 kilometers in the southeastern direction of Kampong Thom town. The local road leading to the project-site (for about 5.5 kms) is 3-4 meters wide, serving as a dike with rice fields all along.

2.5 Description of the irrigation scheme

Type of scheme : Gravity system

Source of water: From Stung Chinit and Teuk Chha, Kompong Cham province.

Structures, their condition and situation at project area: Dam Bok Yaun dike is 1,250-m long. Other structures comprise of a spillway and four culverts. Condition of these culverts and the dike are still good. Cars may run on the dike.

Irrigation facilities at this subproject, particularly irrigation canals and related structures need to be rehabilitated to bring more water to the reservoir. In addition, the reservoir is also very shallow.

2.6 Names of key informants in project area:

1) Mr. Chea Sivutha, Project Management Office (PMO) of MOWRAM 2) Mr. Dam Mun Commune Chief 3) Mr. Varn Vin Commune council 4) Mr. Ou sok Commune council 5) Mr. Maen Ros Village Chief 6) Mr. Horm Khorng Farmer 7) Mr. Hem Hai Second commune chief 8) Mr. Sem Gnol Member of commune council 9) Ms. Not Somnang Farmer 10) Ms. Prak Mom Farmer 11) Mr. Pol Deurn Farmer 12) Mr. Tourt Thourn Farmer 13) Mr. Som Sin Farmer 14) Ms. Kheiv Soyourn Farmer 15) Ms. Mai Horn Farmer

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16) Mr. Men Rus Farmer

17) Mr. Mao phem Farmer 18) Mr. Som Rot Farmer 3 Rationale (implementation priority)

Some 7 villages are benefiting from this subproject, with the total irrigated area of about 2,300 ha. This area is subject to flooding from Tonle Sap once in every 5 years or so, with flood depth of about 1.5 m and flood duration of about 2 month. Therefore, farmer in this subproject plant rice with different kinds of rice, depending on availability of water. Farmers use also different kind of rice seeds, depending on different types of soils. As an example, Sen Pidou and IR66 are used as floating rice seeds. According to the interviewed farmers, rice yields vary significantly between good years and bad years. In a good year (like 2002), the yield was as high as 3.0 tons per hectare. In a bad year like 2004, it was only about 1.0 ton per hectare. Rehabilitation of the existing scheme is expected to help stabilize crop yields and promote new new economic crops in the project area.

Based on the existing lands of 2,300 ha, water requirement for both seasons should be about 28.28 mcm/year, comprising of 23.95 mcm for wet season and 4.33 mcm for dry season. However, this project has been receiving water basically from Stung Chinit project. Based on the record of monthly discharges from Stung Chinit being measured at Kompong Thmar station, peak discharges are mostly in October and, only one time per year. Water from this Stung Chinit project is therefore limited, i.e., sufficient for only about 430 ha of land. If more water can be made available from the Stung Chinit and/or other rehabilitation measures, a larger benefited land can be irrigated. A study on this aspect should be carried out further during the next stage of development.

4 Farmer Institutions - FWUC and its status Yes, existing √ No, not existing

Future work/actions required:

FWUC does not exist in the community even though the Tumnub Dam Bok Yuan is functional.

It is desirable that during the next stage of project study, concepts and principles of FWUC be introduced to the local farmers, in order that the farmers can have a full understanding on this farmers’ institution and take part in the operation and maintenance of their own system. PDWRAM, in particular, should assist the farmers to establish the FWUC and provide them with the necessary trainings and supports for successful establishment and development.

Other existing institutions:

There are no other social groups function in this Pongror commune.

5 Socio-economic profile (of the Pongror Commune): 5.1 Area and population - Cultivated area about 2,400-2,500 ha - Number of villages 7 villages - No. of families 1,677 (total) hh 1,380 (male-headed) hh 297 (female-headed) hh - Total population 8,786 persons Of which: Male 4,236 persons Female 4,550 persons

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5.2 Occupation of total population: - Farming (rice growing, orchard, fishing, etc.) 97% - Non-farming (e.g., officer, carpenter, merchant, etc.) 3%

5.3 Land holding and Tenureship: - Size of land holding average 0.84 ha/hh - Farmers having land title none - Landless households approx. 15 %

5.4 Existing Cropping Data and Calendar

Based on the secondary data provided by the acting commune officials, wet season cultivation area of the Pongro commune is 2,450 hectares. Tumnub Dam Bok Yuan located in the commune.

Crops grown in the Tumnub Dam Bok Yuan subproject consist of wet season rice, cucumber, egg plant, cabbage, lettuce, wax gourd, pumpkin, and water convolvulus. Table 1 shows cultivated areas of important crops in the commune. Table 2 shows crop areas per villages, including all the seven (7) beneficial villages of the subproject.

Crops are grown in different times and seasons. Farmers normally start cultivating wet season rice in April, May and July and harvesting it in October, November and December depending on the rice varieties. Cucumber is cultivated in May and harvested in June. Egg plant is grown in May and mid- October and picked in July and December, respectively. Cabbage is grown in October and harvested in December. Lettuce is planted in April and October and harvested in May and November, respectively. Pumpkin and Wax gourd are normally grown in May and harvested in July. Corn is normally planted twice in a year, i.e., in June and October, and picked in August and December, respectively (see Table 3: Crop calendar).

Average wet season rice yield in the area is about 1.3 tons per hectare, while that of floating rice is only 1.0 ton per hectare (see Table 4).

In 2007, average farm-gate paddy price was about 650 Riels per kilogram.

Table 1: Major crop grown and status of irrigation area Current main crops Cultivation area Current irrigated Expected irrigated areas (ha) areas ( ha) after rehabilitation in (ha) Wet season rice 2,450 0 1,870 Dry season rice 0 0 430 Pumpkin 4 0 n.a Cucumber 8 n.a n.a Wax gourd 4 n.a n.a Egg plant 10 n.a n.a Lettuce 10 n.a n.a (Source: Secondary data from the commune, 2008)

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Table 2: Major crops grown, per villages Village name Total Benefit Wet Dry season Other crop cultivation households from the season rice rice area(ha) areas (ha) project (ha) Ta Prey 199 Yes 222 0 0.5 O Rang 127 Yes 227 0 0.5 Pongro 297 Yes338 0 1.5 Am Tong 185 Yes 181 0 1.0 Tradok Pong 340 Yes 649 0 2.0 Sras Sombour 279 Yes 408 0 2.5 Thkol Keng 250 Yes 425 0 2.0 (Source: Secondary data from commune, 2008)

Table 3: Seasonal crop calendar Description Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Rice crops Short duration Medium duration Late duration Upland crops Cucumber Wax gourd Pumpkin Egg plant Cabbage Corn Lettuce

(Field survey, August 2008)

Table 4: Major crop area, production and yield Main crops Total cultivation area (ha) Total production Average yield (Tons) Ton/ha Wet season rice 2,450 3,185 1.3 Flouting rice 1,000 1,000 1.0 Cucumber n.a n.a n.a (Sources: Secondary data from the Commune Council, August 2008)

According to the village chiefs and key farmers who were interviewed, the following were considered also key problems in the area: ƒ Frequent drought and flood ƒ Low crop yield ƒ Lack of chemical application technique TEAM Consulting Engineering & RGC / MOWRAM TEAM Consulting and Management Management Co., Ltd. Asian Development Bank (Cambodia) Co., Ltd. DAM BOK YUAN Appendix 5-2 5

ƒ Poor soils ƒ Rice diseases ƒ Problems from weeds, rats, crab and grasshopper. ƒ Shallow reservoir and broken canals ƒ Lack of working capital to purchase fertilizer and herbicides ƒ Lack of farmyard manure.

5.5 Other Agricultural issues

Farmers living in the subproject have an access to Phsa Tank Kok market located about 2 km from the commune, to purchase their agricultural inputs and machinery. Farmers usually sell their crop products to middlemen either in their villages or the Phsa Tan Kok market.

Based on the interviewed farmers, they have no access to agricultural extension services since no such services ever reached their community. This due probably to budgetary constraint on the side of the government and other factors. However, some farmers said that they used to receive some training courses in vegetable cultivation and EM compost application from ADRA (NGO).

5.6 Other socio-economic issues

Ethnic diversity: All people in the commune belong to Khmer ethnicity. Therefore, the project proponent does not need to have a major concern over ethnic diversity. Public facilities in the sub-project areas: Public facilities in this commune are still limited. There are two primary schools and one lower secondary school; almost all the children of school age are enrolled in these school. In addition, there are two pagodas, two small markets but, no health care service (hospital) for the people. Again, there is no electricity connection to the households. Some 45% of the total households use rainwater and the rest (55%) use water from bore well for drinking and household purposes. Roads connecting the commune to district town and villages within the commune are unpaved. In rainy season, some of these roads became difficult to use. Socio-economic conditions of households and gender: Agriculture is a common occupation of the majority of the households in the commune. Weaving and renting CD and VCD are becoming emerging occupations, however.

Average annual income of a household is Riels 4.0 million (1,000 US$/hh). Incomes of male-headed- households (MHH) from both farm and non-farm activities are generally higher than those of female- headed-households (FHHs). To be more precise, information from the limited study indicated that average highest income of MHHs from farm activities is more than two times of that of FHHs. Similarly, average highest income of MHHs from non-farm activities is almost triple to that of FHHs.

Some 20% of all the households could not produce enough rice to feed their family members throughout the year. Of these, 5% of them reportedly lack of rice for more than 6 months in a year. About 50% of the households, however, could produce just enough rice to feed the members throughout the year while the remainder (30%) could produce surplus rice. The reasons of food shortage at household level are lack of irrigation facilities, shortage of agricultural inputs, a shortage of household labor, lack of know-how to produce high yield crop, limited land and laziness of household heads in doing agricultural work. Household members suffer from rice shortage differently in terms of severity and period. Rice shortage firstly affects children and elderly members, followed by female members and male members of the household. Also, it affects health and education of children, health of elderly members, health and work burden of female members and, forces male members to migrate to cities for remittance.

As explained, poverty incidence is comparatively low in this commune. Only 15% of all the households live under poverty line, 50% are considered medium wealthy and the rest (35%) are wealthy. According to the key informant, a household is considered “poor” if it has (i) less than 20 A (1A=100 m2) of agricultural land, (ii) less than 2 A of household land, (iii) maximum of 1 cow or buffalo, no pig and a few chicken and duck (iv) 1 bicycle, (v) 1 radio (no TV), (vi) thatched house and (vii), shortage of rice for at least 4 months and up to 12 months. On the other hand, a household is considered “medium wealthy” if it has (i) 1 hectare of agricultural land, (ii) 2-4 A of household land, (iii) 2-5 cows or buffalos, 1-2 pigs and many chicken and duck, (iv) 1 motorbike, (v) 1 TV and radio each, (vi) 1 small wooden house and (vii), shortage of rice up to 3 months. Finally, a household is considered “wealthy” if it has (i) more than

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1 hectare of agricultural land, (ii) more than 4 A of household land, (iii) more than 5 cows or buffalos, more than 2 pigs and many chicken and duck (iv) 2 motorbikes and bicycles and 1 car, (v) 1 TV and radio each, (vi) one medium or large wooden or brick-build house and (vii), surplus rice. Migration and gender issues: Women and girls are more likely to migrate compared to men and boys. In 2007, a total of 664 women and girls migrated to outside compared to 161 men and boys. Teenagers also had a tendency to migrate among both sexes. They migrated throughout the year and the migration intensifies during off agricultural season. They mostly migrate to Phnom Penh followed by Thailand, Poi Pet and provincial town. Greater employment opportunity and possibility of higher income at the place of destination pull them for migration. Migration affects household members back at home in different ways. It increases workload, makes household management difficult, affects schooling of children, affects agricultural cultivation and makes the female members vulnerable to HIV/AIDS infection (transmitted from migrant husband). Gender roles and relations in family and community: Women make up only one position out of seven positions in the commune council. Role of women in commune councilor rests on women and children affairs, birth registration of children and other social issues. Women’s issues, needs and interests are hardly heard in commune development plans. Vulnerability to external shocks: There are cases of HIV/AIDS in the commune. Compared to other communes, a higher percentage (15%) of ever married women in this commune experience violence of their husbands. Desire of development: People in this commune have their particular desire to develop irrigation facilities and rural roads. Currently, CEDAC, a national NGO, provides technical know-how on intensified rice production to the farmers.

6 Land utilization & suitability – Irrigation area (Subproject level) 6.1 Land utilization - Potential irrigation area approx. 2,300 ha - Future irrigated area (expected wet+dry seasons) approx. 2,760 ha - Potential newly irrigated area (to be developed) n.a. ha - Irrigated area but, not used none

6.2 Land suitability for irrigation rice crop

Soil types in the project areas were found to be of three groups consisting of Prateah Lang, Kampong Siem and Krakor.

According to the referenced literature (Vang, soil TIP, 2006), the Prateah Lang soil is estimated to occupy about 28% of the total rice-growing area. Three phases of Prateah Lang soil have been defined based on characteristics of the sub soil that affect root penetration and water drainage, including 1) shallow phase, 2) clayey subsoil phase and 3), loamy subsoil phase. This soil is difficult to manage for rice production. If structures for water harvesting and supplementary irrigation can be developed cheaply, then profitable yield increases may be expected on these soils.

The Kampong Siem soil is found in low areas of a varied undulating landscape, which has a black or dark gray, clayey textured topsoil, which forms deep, wide cracks over a clayey textured subsoil. The soil is pedonetically fairly young and estimated to occupy about 2% of rice area in the country. Two phases of the soil have been defined based on presence or absence of gravel. The soil is well suited to rice production; yield increase with improved management. Glasshouse experiments have shown the soil to be potentially deficient in N and P.

The Krakor soil is a soil with gray to brown but not dark gray, very dark brown or black, loamy or clayey textured topsoil over a sandy, loamy or clayey subsoil occurring on the active floodplains. The soil occurs in all provinces and is estimated to occupy about 15% of rice area in Cambodia. Two phases have been defined for the Krakor soil, non-cracking and cracking. The soil has a good potential to produce high rice yields and, responds well to improved management. It has a high suitability for irrigation if water can be managed effectively. Glasshouse and field trials have shown responses to only N and sometimes P fertilizer application.

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6.3 Additional information relevant to land suitability

Based on the interview with farmers, apart from wet season rice, farmers cultivate other secondary cash crops too, e.g., cucumber, pumpkin, egg plant, cucumber, cabbage and other vegetables. Short, medium and late duration rice varieties are also grown by farmers in the project area. The short duration rice varieties consist of Pkamalis, Romdoul and Sor Kor. The medium ones are Pdaovpen, Rangchey, Srov 56, Srovbeikilo and Kangokpong. For the late duration rice varieties (floating rice), they consist of Baysomlor, Chochok Chrok, Srov 59 and Srov 58.

Under the present circumstances, rice yields depend heavily on the rainfall pattern and input investment by farmers. According to them, average rice yield in a good year could be as high as 3.0 tons per hectare (2002 figure). In a bad year (like in 2007), many farmers could get only about 1.0 ton per hectare.

Planted areas of cash crops, such as, cucumber, egg plant, cabbage and other vegetables are expected to be expanded if irrigation water is available. Expectedly, dry season rice is also to be planted more after the rehabilitation.

Land preparation in the subproject area is still done mainly (80%) by animal power. Harvesting rice crop is done all by human labor while transporting rice crop is done basically (70%) by cattle. Threshing rice is however done totally by machine. This indicates that farm mechanization in the area is still not yet widespread.

About a half of the farmers in the community are practicing transplanting method. It should be noted however that as broadcasting is the most suitable method for floating rice, this could be a reason why a high percentage of farmers still practice broadcasting rice in the area.

7 Scope of the project: 7.1 Work Required: - Feasibility study - Other important activities should include:

• Project area mapping, scale 1:10,000 with contour interval of 0.5 m. • Plan profile and cross section survey of MC.1 and MC.2, scale 1:4,000. • Ground truth survey for the existing secondary canal and distribution canal. • Re-checking with MOWRAM in the implementation and scope of development on the Stung Chinit southern part project. • Confirmation of proposed irrigation area and potential area in the field.

7.2 Anticipated project components:-

1) Irrigation infrastructures (to be rehabilitated/re-constructed)

1.1) Canal improvement with respective approximate length in kms, including: - MC.1 9.5 km - MC.2 11.0 km - Subproject feeder canal 1.9 km 1.2) Construction of new conveyance structures, including:- - Check structure, four (4) places. - Road crossing with check, four (4) places. - Tail regulator, two (2) places. 1.3) New development and maintenance of farm roads 1.4) Demolishing of some of existing but, un-functional structures.

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2) Irrigated agriculture

Based on the farmers interviewed, they expect to cultivate such economic crops as dry season rice, egg plants, cucumber, cabbage, tomato, water convolvulus and other vegetables. However, promising cash crops will need to be further determined depending on market demand and other factors. The farmers also expect to expand their livestock enterprises, e.g., raising of pig, chicken, duck and cattle. Some of them would like to do also fish culture in the paddy field after the rehabilitation.

According to the farmers, they need also new farming knowledge and skills, such as, rice and vegetable cultivation technique, EM compost application and animal raising technique.

In view of these, development of irrigated agriculture should be another project component for the F/S study to be pursued, to confirm their viability and feasibility, taking fully into consideration the prevailing agricultural market and level of know-how of the farmers.

3) FWUC: √ To be newly established To be strengthen

According to farmers who participated in the group discussion, even though the Tumnub Dam Bok Yaun is still functioning, they do not have FWUC because water in the reservoir is not enough for irrigation and the reservoir is very shallow. They wish to have FWUC established if the reservoir is going to be rehabilitated.

Establishment and Development of FWUC should therefore be another component to be covered by the proposed F/S, to find out exact level of understanding of the local people and farmers in the project area on this kind of farmers’ institution and to determine a detailed scope of work and appropriate assistance to be rendered/provided by authorities concerned.

8 Estimated project cost and breakdown: The following are preliminary estimates of eventual development cost of the identified physical infrastructures that need to be confirmed by the proposed F/S Study. 8.1 Capital and base costs Item Unit Unit cost Q'tity Cost (US$) (US$) 1. Land compensation 1.1 Area along MC.1 for improvement (6.3 km) ha 700 9.5 6,650 1.2 Area along MC.2 for improvement (7.3 km) ha 700 11.0 7,700 Total (1) 14,350 2. Modification of related structures place 2,500 4 10,000 Total (2) 10,000 3. Construction of new conveyance structures - Check structure place 3,500 4 14,000 - Road crossing with check place 5,700 4 22,800 - Tail regulator place 7,600 2 15,200 Total (3) 52,000 4. Canal improvement 4.1 MC.1 Improvement km 30,000 9.5 285,000 4.2 MC.2 Improvement km 30,000 11.0 330,000 4.3 Subproject feeder canal improvement km 30,000 1.9 57,000 Total (4) 672,000

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5. Miscellaneous 5.1 For compensation work L.S. - 1 4,500 5.2 For demolishing work L.S. - 1 5,000 5.3 For road development L.S. - 1 136,000 5.4 For conveyance structure, secondary head place 5,900 10 59,000 regulators, etc. 5.5 For co-development of the feeder canal from Stung L.S. - 1200,000 Chinit. Total (6) 404,500 Grand total 1,152,850

8.2 Annual O&M costs Item Cost Remarks (US$) Annual O&M 23,000 US$10/ha An estimate for major maintenance in every 5 years, 10% of canal 67,200 construction cost (of new project development)

9 Expected Outputs / Outcome (at project level basis): 9.1 Agricultural production (paddy equivalent) approx. 5,520 tons 9.2 Increased farm income ( basically from rice crop) approx. 570 US$/hh 9.3 The FWUC: An FWUC is established, capable of performing operation and maintenance of the rehabilitated irrigation system by the farmers in the longer term. 9.4 Diversified agriculture: Apart from wet season rice, dry season rice, egg plant, cucumber, and other vegetables should be grown widely in the project area, with a higher portion of products from livestock rearing and fish culture. 9.5 Cropping intensity is expected to increase by 20 % or more 9.6 Stable water supplies for agriculture and domestic uses 9.7 Reduced labor migration 9.8 Improved security of food production, increase in the household income and eventually, improved standard of living the local people. Besides, farmers hope to increase wet season rice yield, cultivate dry season rice, have water for vegetables, water consumption for human and animals. They expect that natural fish population will significantly increase after the rehabilitation.

10 Environment and environmental impact assessment

Existing environmental condition:

- Tumnub Dam Bok Yuan subproject is situated the western side of National Road No. 6 (about 4 kms from the main road). - Its surrounding environment is dominated by paddy fields but, located outside all protected areas. - This subproject is subject to flooding once in every 5 years, with flood duration of about two months and a maximum depth of 1.5-2.0 m. - Local farmers reportedly apply chemical fertilizers to their paddy fields. The grass in farmland are some time killed by using such chemical as FASI. - From the initial field investigation, pollution black spots, dumping sites, industrial activities, noisy commercial activities, dusty open storage, etc., were not found. - Many people depend on ground water as primary source of water. In wet season, however, they use rain water for drinking and cooking. - About 15% of local people have toilets in their houses. - Waste management is generally poor with uncontrolled disposal. There is also a lack of treatment system and facilities for collection and transportation for solid waste. TEAM Consulting Engineering & RGC / MOWRAM TEAM Consulting and Management Management Co., Ltd. Asian Development Bank (Cambodia) Co., Ltd. 10 Appendix 5-2 DAM BOK YUAN

- Common domestic animals, such as, cattle, pig, chicken, still can be observed. - Flora includes acacia, tamarind, palm tree, etc. - Regarding cultural heritage, there is no any archaeological site nearby the subproject area.

Anticipated impacts:

The proposed rehabilitation aims basically at minor improvement of the system to ensure an increase in volume of water supply, thus help to stabilize crop yields and an increase in production volume in the subproject area. More fish species are expected, as volume of water increases. No serious adverse impact is anticipated.

Probable environmental category :A :B 9 :C

11 Resettlement and land compensation aspects

Existing condition:

Currently, there is neither land reclamation nor major incident of encroachment for new lands by local farmers. However, for the new development, some small number of farmers could be affected.

Anticipated resettlement/compensation required:

In addition, as there will be some affected people (APs) caused by the rehabilitation (or reconstruction), it is important that a short resettlement plan should be required for this case. A new piece of land may have to be secured also for the APs, to help maintain at least their present standard of living.

Resettlement plan required 9 SRP FRP

12 Suggested implementation plan Item 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 F/S D/D FWUC promotion O&M

Prepared by: TEAM Consulting Engineering and Management Co. Ltd., Bangkok, Thailand and TEAM Consulting and Management (Cambodia) Co., Ltd., Phnom Penh, Cambodia

Date of completion: 31 October 2008

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Figure 1 General Map of Project Location

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Figure 2 Map of Subproject Area (Potential Beneficiary Area)

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FigureFigureFigure 3: 3: 3:Selected Selected Selected photographs phot photographsographs of of the ofthe the Dam Tumnub Tumnub Bok Krahamkor,Yuan, Prolay, October September September 2008 2008 2008 14 Appendix 5-2 DAM BOK YUAN

Existing main canal 1 (MC.1) Existing dike and rice field (left)

Starting of cultivation with good moisture Rice field

Subproject feeder canal Structure without gate

Figure 4: Selected photographs of the Dam Bok Yuan, October 2008

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Appendix 5-3

PROFILE OF TUMNUB KRAHAMKOR SUBPROJECT TUMNUB KRAHAMKOR Appendix 5-3 1

PROFILE OF TUMNUB KRAHAMKOR SUBPROJECT

TA-4848 CAM (EXTENSION PHASE) Project Data Sheet

1 Project title: Tumnub Krahamkor

2 Project Location and description: 2.1 Headwork Longitude 1,440,915N Latitude 528,739E Commune: Chheu Teal District: Sandan Province: Kampong Thom

2.2 Date of construction: 1960 Constructed by Khmer Rouge

A brief development history: - In 1971, the dike has been improved once by people from Ke Rong village. - In 2006, a box culvert was constructed by the Cooperation for Development of Cambodia (CODEC). - Currently, the existing irrigation system cannot be operated.

2.3.1 General map of project location (see Figure 1) 2.3.2 Map of the subproject area (potential beneficiary area) (see Figure 2) 2.3.3 Photographs (see Figure 3, 4)

2.4 Description of route Tumnub Krahamkor is located in northwestern part of Kompong Thom, central part of Cambodia. This subproject can be accessed by car, starting from Kompong Thom bridge (provincial town) to Ke Rong village, Cheuteal commune, : location of the subproject. The total distance is about 70 kms. Although most part of the rural road has laterite surface, its condition is considerably good.

2.5 Description of the irrigation scheme

Type of scheme : Gravity system

Source of water: From upland areas (watershed) and rainfall.

Structures, their condition and situation at project area: Tumnnub Krahamkor has a dike of approximately 300 m long. Other existing irrigation structures include a box culvert along the dike, constructed by CODEX. Some parts of these structures have been broken but, the culvert is in good condition. This culvert used to have a sliding gate but, the gate is already broken.

Sources of water of this subproject are from rainfall and upland areas which flow into the reservoir area through five (5) small canals, namely, O Krahamkor, O Damnak Svay, O Kong Bak, O Kouk Romdoul and O Dai Chamnap. Presently, however, the reservoir cannot store water anymore because the dike is broken at two places.

2.6 Names of key informants in project area: 1) Mr. Chea Sivutha, Project Management Office (PMO) of MOWRAM 2) Mr. Hak Puthy, Deputy director of PDWRAM, Kompong Thom 3) Mr. Hout Try, PDWRAM, Kompong Thom 4) Mr. Chan Chhem Chief of Cheu Teal Commune 5) Mr. Ou Aieng Commune council member 6) Mr. Heng Chorng Commune council member 7) Mr. Gnem Harng Head of Ke Rong village 3) Mr. Sin Hanu, Vice head village 8) Mr. Sao Ken Farmer 9) Ms. Som Kien Farmer 10) Mr. Naov Ton Farmer

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11) Mr. Ek Noch Farmer

12) Mr. Chhem Chhieng Farmer 13) Mr. Saov Yien Farmer 14) Mr. Sen Harn Farmer 15) Mr. Ket Phol Farmer 3 Rationale (implementation priority)

There are 6 villages using water from this subproject, with the total irrigation area of about 210 ha. This area is flooded by the Stung Sen every year, with average flood duration of about 2 months. Flooding frequencies are 2-3 times per year, normally in July (for approx. 15 days) and in August (approx. 20 days). Some farmers therefore try to plant floating rice too in some places, utilizing this situation. According to interviewed farmers, rice yields differ also greatly between good years and bad years. In the good year (2004), some farmers could get as high as 3 tons of paddy per hectare. But in a bad year (like 2006), they got only 1.5 tons per hectare.

This subproject should therefore be rehabilitated to help stabilize agricultural productions in the area. In addition to the increase in fish caught in the reservoir (being rehabilitated), farmers are expected to grow dry season rice and other economic crops too (of about 100 ha).

Tumnub Krahamkor has a catchment area some 13 sq.km and annual rainfall of 1,490 mm/year (based on the data from three stations nearby). Net inflow to this reservoir is estimated at 5.81 mcm/year. As the potential irrigated area of this project is 380 ha, its water requirement for both seasons is estimated at 4.66 mcm/year, comprising of 3.95 mcm and 0.71 mcm for the wet and dry season crops, respectively. In view of this, water resource for this subproject is considered adequate and accordingly, the project should be rehabilitated, subject to the outcome of its F/S.

4 Farmer Institutions - FWUC and its status Yes, existing √ No, not existing

Future work/actions required:

Based on the interview with key farmers in the project area, the Farmer Water Users Community (FWUC) could not be established yet in the community due basically to the lack of external support. The community neither had fund nor know-how to establish the FWUC.

Therefore, they expressed a need for an introduction to the concept and principles of FWUC. Advantages of having an FWUC in place need to be understood. Local farmers need to be involved in operation and maintenance of the rehabilitated irrigation structures.

Other existing institutions:

There are some other occupation groups in operation at this Chheu Teal commune. They include saving group, cow bank and vegetables growing group, each has membership of 315 hh, 150 hh and 150 hh, respectively.

5 Socio-economic profile (of the Pongro Kroam Commune): 5.1 Area and population - Cultivated area 1,394 ha - Number of villages (see the details in Table below) 9 villages - No. of families 1,426 hh - Total population 7,144 persons Of which: Male 3,606 persons Female 3,538 persons * Of the total, number of benefit village is reportedly six (6), see Table 2.

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5.2 Occupation of total population: - Farming (rice growing, orchard, fishing, etc.) 98 % - Non-farming (e.g., officer, carpenter, merchant, etc.) 2 % 5.3 Land holding and Tenureship: - Size of land holding average 0.98 ha/hh - Farmers having land title none - Landless households approx. 1 %

5.4 Existing Cropping Data and Calendar

Based on the secondary data provided by the commune chief, cultivation area of wet season rice in the Chheu Teal commune is 1,394 hectares. Only Tumnub Krahamkor is located in the commune.

According to the farmers, crops grown in the area consist of wet season rice, floating rice, dry season rice, water melon, soybean, mung bean, cucumber, cassava, wax gourd, pumpkin and corn. However, their respective crop areas are not readily known (see Table 1). Table 2 shows particularly rice cultivation and other crop areas per villages within the commune, based on the limited record provided by the commune.

Similar to other areas, crops within the commune are grown at different times and seasons. Farmers normally start cultivating wet season rice in April and June and harvesting it in July, November or January depending on rice varieties. Cassava is cultivated in May and harvested in November or December. Other crops, such as corn, mung bean, ground nut and pumpkin are usually grown in May and harvested in July or August. Water melon is grown in October and harvested in December. Lettuce is planted in mid December and harvested in February (see Table 3: Crop Calendar).

Average yield of both wet season rice and floating rice in the commune was about 1.5 tons per hectare (see Table 4).

The average paddy price was about 780 Riels per kilogram (2007 figure).

Table 1: Major crop grown and status of irrigation area Current main crops Cultivation area Current irrigated Expected irrigated areas (ha) areas ( ha) after rehabilitation in (ha) Wet season rice 1,394 n.a 893 Dry season rice n.a 0 100 Floating rice 376 0 n.a Cassava n.a n.a n.a Cucumber n.a n.a n.a Wax gourd 1 n.a n.a Mung bean n.a n.a n.a Soybean n.a n.a n.a (Source: Secondary data from the commune, 2008)

Table 2: Major crops grown, per villages Village name Total Benefit Wet Dry season Other crop cultivation households from the season rice rice area areas project (ha) (ha) (ha) Prekanleng 12 No 4.5 0 1 Cheuteal 284 Yes 231 0 36 Boeng Rolum 113 Yes 106 0 4 Kampong Tapen 107 Yes 123 0 4 Boeng Pra 134 Yes 123 0 3 Somreth 219 No 197 0 3 Vealpring 180 No 201 0 11 Andongpring 181 Yes 129 0 0 Ker Rong 196 Yes 182 0 0 (Source: Secondary data from the commune, 2008)

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Table 3: Seasonal crop calendar Description Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Rice crops Short duration Medium duration Late duration Dry season rice Upland crops Water melon Cucumber Wax gourd Pumpkin Water melon Mung bean Corn Soybean Cassava

(Field survey, August 2008)

Table 4: Major crop area, production and yield Main crops Total cultivation area (ha) Total production Average yield (Tons) Ton/ha Wet season rice 1,394 2,091 1.5 Floating rice 376 564 1.5 (Sources: Secondary data from the Commune Council, August 2008)

According to the interview with village chiefs and key farmers who were interviewed, the following were considered also key problems in the subproject area: ƒ Lack of irrigation water ƒ Weeds and pests (crabs and grasshoppers) ƒ Lack of good rice seeds ƒ Lack of fertilizer ƒ Poor soil ƒ Flood ( sometimes) ƒ Rice diseases ƒ Lack of working capital to purchase fertilizer and herbicides ƒ Lack of farmyard manure, etc.

5.5 Other Agricultural issues

Farmers living in this subproject area have an access to Sandan and Kampong Thom markets located about 8 kms and 74 kms, respectively from the commune, to purchase their agricultural inputs and machineries. However, they usually sell their rice product and other crops at their own villages and the Sandan market,

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Based on the interview, only few farmers could access extension services from agricultural extension workers based at the district level due probably to budgetary constraint on the side of the extension offices.

5.6 Other socio-economic issues

People in this commune are homogeneous in terms of their ethnicity. All people in this commune belong to Khmer ethnic group. There are 2 pre-schools and 5 primary schools; all children of school age in this commune are enrolled in these schools. In addition, there are general hospital, 3 pagodas and a market place. However, general households are not connected to electricity. Underground water (by hand pump) is the major source of water of the households. Some 60% of the total households use this source as drinking water. Other 30% harvest rainwater during the rainy season for use throughout the year. There is no paved road in the commune. Roads connecting the commune to the district town and villages within the commune are unpaved. Farming is the primary occupation of the majority (98%) of the households. About 30% of the households are considered poor1, 50% are medium wealthy2 and the rest (20%) are wealthy3. Comparatively, therefore, a higher percentage of households in this commune are medium wealthy and wealthy ones. According to the preliminary estimate, average annual income of a household in the commune is approximately Riels 1.82 million (US$455/hh). Income of female-headed-households (FHH) is lower than that of male-headed-households (MHH). As an example, average annual highest and lowest income from farm produces of the MHH was estimated at Riels 9.0 million and Riels 1.5 million, respectively. Corresponding figures of the FHH were only Riels 4.5 million and Riels 1.2 million. On the other hand, while average annual highest and lowest income from non-farm activities of MHH were Riels12 million and Riel 1.8 million, those of FHH were only Riels 6.5 million and Riels 1.8 million, respectively. There was also a report that about 25% of the households incur loan either from bank or saving groups. Among them, 15% did face extreme difficulty to repay the loan. The majority of the households in this commune produce sufficient rice to feed family members throughout the year. It was reported that while 15% of the households could produce surplus rice, another 50% could produce just sufficient rice to feed their family members throughout the year. The remaining 35%, however, could not produce sufficient rice. Of this last group, about 15% faced shortage of rice for more than 6 months a year. Lack of irrigation facilities, lack of household labor, lack of land, shortage of agricultural inputs and lack of know-how to produce high yielding variety of rice were quoted as reasons behind the food shortage at household level. People in the community usually migrate to other areas too, because of unemployment. It was reported that some 35 men and 85 women migrated last year. They migrated to Phnom Penh (rank 1-most common destination), provincial town (rank 2), Poi Pet (rank 3) and Thailand (rank 4). Migration affects household and household members, e.g., increase in workload, particularly of female members, difficulty in managing household affairs, impacts to education of children and volume of agricultural production in general. Regarding the role of women, it was observed that women al represent poorly in the community affairs, particularly on commune administration. Only one of out of 7 councilors of the commune is a woman. Traditional norms and customs (that women can be leaders) as well as the lack of confidence and competencies of women are probably underlying causes of women’s poor representation in this commune. However, it was reported that there are cow bank and saving groups in the commune. Women are the major beneficiaries of these social groups and they occupy the decision-making positions in these groups. Moreover, prevalence of domestic violence in this commune was also relatively low (3%).

1 Poor households refer to households who have (i) <1 hector of agricultural land, (ii) maximum of 1 large ruminants (i.e., cow, buffalos), (iii) maximum of 1 small ruminants (i.e., pigs) and a few number of chicken and duck, (iv) less than 2 A (1 A= 100 m2) of household land size, (v) posses 1 bicycle (no motorbike), (vi) thatched house, and (vii) 4-12 months rice shortage. 2 Medium wealthy households refer to the households who have (i) maximum of 2 hectors of agricultural land, (ii) 2-4 large ruminants (i.e., cow, buffalos), (iii) maximum of 4 small ruminants (i.e., pigs) and a number of chicken and duck, (iv) 2-5 A of household land size, (v) 1 motor-bike, (vi) small wooden house, and (vii) maximum of 3 months rice shortage. 3 Wealthy households refer to the households who have (i) more than 2 hectors of agricultural land, (ii) more than 4 large ruminants (i.e., cow, buffalos), (iii) More than 4 small ruminants (i.e., pigs) and a considerable number of chicken, (iv) 5A of household land size, (v) 2 motor-bike, (vi) big wooden or brick built house, and (vii) surplus rice production TEAM Consulting Engineering & RGC / MOWRAM TEAM Consulting and Management Management Co., Ltd. Asian Development Bank (Cambodia) Co., Ltd. 6 Appendix 5-3 TUMNUB KRAHAMKOR

6 Land utilization & suitability – Irrigation area (Subproject level) 6.1 Land utilization - Potential irrigation area approx. 380 ha - Future irrigated area (expected W + D seasons) approx. 460 ha - Potential newly irrigated area (to be developed) n.a. ha - Irrigated area but, not used none

6.2 Land suitability for irrigation rice crop

Soil types in the project areas were found three categories consisting of Prateah Lang, Kien Svay and Toul Samroung.

According to a reference literature (Vang, soil TIP, 2006), the Prateah Lang soil is estimated to occupy about 28% of the total rice-growing area. Three phases of Prateah Lang soil have been defined based on characteristics of the sub soil that affect root penetration and water drainage, including shallow phase, clayey subsoil phase and loamy subsoil phase. This soil is difficult to manage for rice production. If structures for water harvesting and supplementary irrigation can be developed cheaply, then profitable yield increases may be expected on these soils.

The Kien Svay soil is a brown, loamy or clayey textured soil (topsoil and subsoil) with a weakly developed profile formed on river levees and associated back-slopes. It is estimated to occupy less than 2% of rice-growing area in the country. This soil is relatively easy to manage and it has a high potential for agricultural production. It responds very well to improved management. The soil seems to be deficient in only N and P. The response to P fertilizer application in the field, however, is variable and P fertilizer application is frequently not required.

The Toul Somroung soil is a soil occurring on old alluvial terraces or colluvial-alluvial plains that has a clayey or loamy topsoil, which forms wide cracks that penetrate deeper than 5cm into the soil over a clayey or loamy subsoil. The color of the topsoil is gray or brown but not dark gray or black. It occupies about 10% of the total rice area. Two phases of the soil have been defined, subject to its color and fertility, including brown phase and gray phase. The soil is well suited to rice production. It has moderate to high potential and yield respond well to improved management, especially is well suited to irrigation. Glasshouse experiments have shown that the soil is well responsive, using N and P only.

6.3 Additional information relevant to land suitability

Based on the result of field observation, apart from wet season rice, farmers also cultivate other secondary cash crops, such as soybean, mung bean, water melon, corn, pumpkin, cucumber, cassava and other vegetables. Short, medium and late duration rice varieties are also grown by farmers in the project area. Short duration rice varieties consist of Krem, Kantoy, Phnong, Prech, Sombok Angkrong, Neang Reach, Chres, Senpidor, IR and Domnerb. Medium duration rice varieties are Pkaromdoul, Kongsauy, Lakslek, Khar 3, Khar 6, Krahorm, Krabthnaut, Provek, Neang Nob and Srosprosob. Late duration ones (floating rice) consist of Kos Sat, Kagnol, Toycachork and Srovkompol.

Without irrigation, rice yields in the area depend heavily on the rain fall pattern and level of input investment by farmers. According to the farmers interviewed, average rice yield per hectare could be about 3 tons in a good year (2004 figure). On the other hand, it could be less than 1.0 t/ha in a bad year (example of 2006 figure).

Production areas of selected cash crops, such as, corn, soybean, mung bean, sugarcane and vegetables, can be expanded in the project area if irrigation water is available. In addition to supplementary irrigation for rice crop in the wet season, newly available irrigation water is expected to encourage the farmers to plant a lot more dry season rice after the rehabilitation.

Land preparation and transport of rice crop are done mainly (97-98%) by animal power. Harvesting of rice crop is however done totally by human labor. Similarly, threshing rice is all done by machine. Farm mechanization, therefore, is not yet widespread in the community due probably to economic constraints.

It was also reported that all the farmers in the community are practicing transplanting method. In view of this, it may reflect that family labor is not yet a major constraint for farming in the community. TEAM Consulting Engineering & RGC / MOWRAM TEAM Consulting and Management Management Co., Ltd. Asian Development Bank (Cambodia) Co., Ltd. TUMNUB KRAHAMKOR Appendix 5-3 7

7 Scope of the project: 7.1 Work Required: - Feasibility Study and Detailed Design (In view of generally favorable factor endowments and low investment cost) - Other important activities should include:

• Site plan survey at head work and appurtenance structure, scale 1:500 • Project area mapping scale 1:10,000, with contour interval of 1 m (including the reservoir area). • Strip topographic survey for the main canal and distribution canal. • Confirmation of proposed irrigation area and potential area in the field. • Geotechnical survey 2 bore hole at new spillway 1 bore hole at steam bank (broken dike position).

7.2 Anticipated project components:-

1) Irrigation infrastructures (to be rehabilitated/re-constructed)

1.1) Head work and appurtenance structures: - Improvement of existing dike, 300 m. (approximate) - Construction of a new spillway - Modification of the right canal outlet - Construction of new dike closure to existing, two (2) places. 1.2) Canal improvement and new construction with respective approximate length in km, including:- - MC 2.2 km (Improvement) - Right outlet channel 0.7 km (Improvement) - Downstream channel of the head work 0.8 km (Improvement) 1.3) Construction of new conveyance structures - Head regulator, two (2) places - A check structure - A tail regulator - Waste way structure, two (2) places 1.4) Maintenance of farm roads 1.5) Demolishing of some of existing but, un-functional structures.

2) Irrigated agriculture

Based on the farmers interviewed, they expect to cultivate economic crops, such as dry season rice, corn, egg plant, sugarcane, cassava, mung bean, soybean, string bean, cucumber and other vegetables. However, promising crops remain to be tested and determined, depending on market demand and other factors. In addition, some other farmers also expect to expand their livestock enterprises, such as pig, chicken, duck and cattle and, to do fish culture after the rehabilitation of the broken dike.

Many farmers also expressed their needs for new farming knowledge and skills in such things as modern cultivation technique, compose making technique, chemical fertilizer application, upland crop cultivation technique, vegetables growing technique and animal raising technique.

Therefore, development of irrigated agriculture should be another project component for the F/S study to be pursued, to confirm viability and feasibility of these new initiatives, taking into consideration the prevailing agricultural market and level of know-how of the people. Supplementary measures and assistance programs through agricultural extension services need to be identified and recommended for eventual implementation.

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3) FWUC: √ To be newly established To be strengthen

According to the farmers who participated in the group discussion, FWUC should be established in the community after the broken dike/system is rehabilitated, for long-term operation and maintenance purposes.

Establishment and Development of FWUC should therefore be another component to be covered by the proposed F/S, to find out exact level of understanding of the local people and farmers in the project area on this kind of farmers’ institution and to determine a detailed scope of work and appropriate assistance to be rendered/provided by authorities concerned.

4) Others:

A project component aiming at institutional strengthening and capacity buildings of the farmers and farmers’ institutions should be necessary. From the field observation, it was rather evident that organizational aspect of the subproject area was weak. Accordingly, institutional strengthening and capacity building should be considered as another component to be covered by the proposed F/S.

8 Estimated project cost and breakdown: The following are preliminary estimates of eventual development cost of the identified physical infrastructures that need to be confirmed by the proposed F/S & DD. 8.1 Capital and base costs

Item Unit Unit cost Q'tity Cost (US$) (US$) 1. Land compensation 1.1 Area along main canal (MC) for improvement ha 700 2.2 1,540 1.2 Area in reservoir for water retention ha 700 40.0 28,000 Total (1) 29,540 2. Construction of dike and related structures 2.1 Construction of new spillway L.S - 1 85,700 2.2 Construction of new dike closure to existing one (L = L.S - 1 15,000 15 m) 2.3 Modification of right canal outlet with gates and L.S - 1 8,500 lifting device 2.5 Dike improvement km 100,000 0.3 30,000 Total (2) 139,200 3. Construction of new conveyance structures 3.1 Head regulator place 5,900 2 11,800 3.2 Check structure place 3,500 1 3,500 3.3 Tail regulator place 7,600 1 7,600 3.4 Waste way place 57,000 2 114,000 Total (3) 136,900 4. Canal improvement 4.1 Main canal improvement km 85,000 2.7 229,500 4.2 Right outlet channel improvement km 30,000 0.7 21,000

Total (4) 250,500

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5. Miscellaneous 5.1 For compensation work L.S - 1 8,000 5.2 For demolishing work L.S - 1 5,000 5.3 For road development L.S - 1 15,000 5.4 For reservoir clearing L.S - 1 10,000 5.5 For existing downstream channel improvement L.S - 1 24,000 Total (5) 62,000 Grand total 618,140

8.2 Annual O&M costs Item Cost Remarks (US$) Annual O&M 3,800 US$10/ha An estimate for major maintenance in every 5 years, 10% of canal 25,050 construction cost (of new project development)

9 Expected Outputs / Outcome (at project level basis): 9.1 Agricultural production (paddy equivalent) approx. 840 tons 9.2 Increased farm income (from rice crop only) approx. 380 US$/hh

9.3 The FWUC: Farmers expect that they will have an FWUC established after the broken irrigation infrastructures have been rehabilitated and, are operational again. 9.4 Diversified agriculture: Apart from wet season rice, dry season rice and other economic crops including vegetables are grown widely in the project area, with a higher portion of production value from livestock rearing and fish culture. Expectedly, natural fish population should increase. 9.5 Cropping intensity is expected to increase by 20 % or more 9.6 Stable water supplies for agriculture and domestic uses 9.7 Reduced labor migration 9.8 Improved security of food production, increase in the household income and eventually, improved standard of living the local people.

10 Environment and environmental impact assessment

Existing environmental condition: - Tumnub Krahamkor subproject is situated on the east bank of and about 3 km from the Stung Sen. There are two sources of water: 1) water from the mountain plateau that flows through Ou Damnak svay , Ou KongBak, Ou Kuk Ramdoul and Ou Daiy Chnab and, 2) from Stung Sen. - The subproject is about 8 km far from Beng Per Wildlife Sanctuary. Stung Sen serves as a natural barrier for wildlife movement from Beng Per Wildlife Sanctuary to subproject. - The surrounding environment is dominated by forest and paddy fields. - This subproject is flooded every year, by the water from Stung Sen and mountain plateau when there are heavy rains. For floods which are caused by water from the plateau, flood duration could be about two weeks, with a maximum depth of 1.0 - 1.5 m. But for floods caused by water from the Stung Sen, the duration could be about two months, with a maximum depth of 2.0 – 3.0 m. Irrigation structures of the subprojects were actually damaged by previous floods. - From the initial field investigation, pollution black spots, dumping sites, industrial activities, noisy commercial activities, dusty open storage, etc., were not found. - Surface water shortages do occasionally occur in the dry season due to the lack of reservoir. From the field visit, it was found that many people depend also on groundwater as the primary source of water. In the wet season, however, they use rain water for drinking and cooking. - Only about 2% of the local people have toilet in their houses. - Waste management is generally poor with uncontrolled disposal. There is a lack of treatment system and facilities for collection and transportation for solid waste. Wastewater is discharged

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directly to waterways or grassland. Solid waste is mainly (90%) disposed by burning. The rest is by dumping into waterways, open area and burying. - Local people rarely see wildlife from mountain/forest. Only common domestic animals and fish could be observed, e.g., native cattle, pig, chicken, Asian bumblebee catfish, climbing perch, chevron snake head, etc. - Common trees in the area include acacia, palm, tamarind, eucalyptus tereticornis, bamboo, eugenia spp, streblus asper, morinda tomentosa, strychnos nux-vomica, etc. - Regarding cultural heritage, there is no any archaeological site nearby the subproject area.

Anticipated impacts: - If the subproject is to be rehabilitated, volume of water supply and corresponding increase in crop production volume in the subproject area are highly anticipated. More fish species are expected, as the volume of water and water body increase. It is unlikely, however, that the rehabilitation work will create any major barrier for the fish migration. Water storage during the dry season is also expected to be beneficial to local villagers in general, particularly as a source of water supplies for the households.

Probable environmental category :A :B 9 :C

11 Resettlement and land compensation aspects Existing condition:

After the existing irrigation system was broken down, a local farmer started constructing a house in the reservoir in 2007, and claiming new land for cultivation (about 2 ha). A few others were reported to have been cultivating rice in the canal too (a strip of about 4 m wide and 100 m long).

Anticipated resettlement/compensation required:

As land reclamation and/or encroachment for new lands by local farmers could be observed, resettlement/compensation plan should be required.

As of the reporting date, number of affected peoples (APs) and area involved are as follows: - Number of household : 4 HHs - Total area of about 2.0 ha or more

Resettlement plan required 9 SRP FRP

12 Suggested implementation plan Item 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 P/F F/S D/D FWUC promotion O&M

Prepared by: TEAM Consulting Engineering and Management Co. Ltd., Bangkok, Thailand and TEAM Consulting and Management (Cambodia) Co., Ltd., Phnom Penh, Cambodia

Date of completion: 31 October 2008

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Figure 1 General Map of Project Location

12 EMCnutn niern RC/MWA TEAM Consulting and Management RGC / MOWRAM Management Co., Ltd. ConsultingTEAM Engineering & 5-3 Appendix Asian Development Bank TUMNUB KRAHAMKOR (Cambodia) Co., Ltd.

Figure 2 Map of Subproject Area (Potential Beneficiary Area)

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FigureFigureFigure 3: 3:Selected 3: Selected Selected photographs phot photographsographs of the of of theTumnub the Tumnub Tumnub Krahamkor, Krahamkor, Prolay, October September September 2008 2008 2008 14 Appendix 5-3 TUMNUB KRAHAMKOR

Participation and information sharing Irrigated area of right canal outlet

Right canal outlet structure Existing canal and rice cultivation in canal

Natural downstream channel Downstream channel to junction with main canal

Figure 4: Selected photographs of the Tumnub Krahamkor, October 2008

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Appendix 5-4

PROFILE OF O ANDENG SUBPROJECT O ANDENG Appendix 5-4 1

PROFILE OF TUMNUB O ANDENG SUBPROJECT

TA-4848 CAM (EXTENSION PHASE) Project Data Sheet

1 Project title: O Andeng

2 Project Location and description: 2.1 Headwork Longitude 1,417,164N Latitude 513,055E Commune: Tang Krasau District: Prasat Sambor Province: Kampong Thom

2.2 Date of construction: 1978 Constructed by Khmer Rouge

A brief development history : - In 2001, with assistance from the World Vision, the damaged weir has been repaired. - Currently, the existing system cannot be operated.

2.3.1 General map of project location (see Figure 1) 2.3.2 Map of the subproject area (potential beneficiary area) (see Figure 2) 2.3.3 Photographs (see Figure 3, 4)

2.4 Description of route O Andeng is located in Kampong Thom, central part of Cambodia. The subproject area may be reached by roads, starting from Kampong Thom town to the eastern direction by National Road No. 6 for about 10 kms and then at the Airfield junction, turn northeastward to the laterite road for another 40 kms to pass through the Sambor district before reaching the project site.

2.5 Description of the irrigation scheme

Type of scheme : Gravity system

Source of water : Ou Kbel Ansaon

Structures, their condition and situation at project area: There is a dike of 1,050 m long and two (2) head regulators/control structures. The existing dike was damaged by floods and cannot retain water anymore. It needs to be rehabilitated. A new spillway is required at the head work. Currently, 1 of the 2 head regulators can be operated but, requires further improvement for more benefit to the downstream part. Another one should be reconstructed and its elevation raised higher than the existing level to meet requirement of a new secondary canal. The existing earth canal is required to improve with good sections and profiles. Suitable conveyance structures along canal should be also reconstructed.

2.6 Names of key informants in project area:

1) Mr. Chea Sivutha, Project Management Office (PMO) of MOWRAM 2) Mr. Uth Seng , Chief office of Kampong Thom PDWRAM 3) Mr. Yong Vanny, Vice Chief of Kampong Thom PDWRAM 4) Mr. Phun Poch, Tang Krasau Commune Chief 5) Mr. Parch Neam Second deputy commune chief 6) Mr. Born Ra Member of commune council 7) Mr. Houng Theamuy Commune clerk 8) Ms. Eng Yet Farmer 9) Ms. Sour Lai Farmer 10) Mr. Ouk Hort Farmer 11) Mr. Seng Bros Farmer 12) Mr. Try Huy Farmer 13) Mr. Chen Phart Farmer TEAM Consulting Engineering & RGC / MOWRAM TEAM Consulting and Management Management Co., Ltd. Asian Development Bank (Cambodia) Co., Ltd. 2 Appendix 5-4 O ANDENG

14) Mr. Yun Yy Farmer 15) Mr. Chet Yut Farmer 16) Mr. Heu Morn Farmer 17) Mr. Chram Ri Farmer 18) Mr. Chaov Tun Farmer 19) Mr. Eoeurn Ol Farmer 20) Mr. Seng Song Farmer 21) Mr. Chen Tave Farmer 22) Mr. Lous Leam Farmer 3 Rationale (implementation priority)

As explained, there are a dike and 2 (two) regulators at this subproject but, there is no spillway. Part of the dike was also damaged by flood and the reservoir cannot store the water. Consequently, the existing irrigation system is not functional. In addition to rehabilitation of the structures of poor condition, some new structures should be developed for the full benefit of farmers in the area.

According to interviewed farmers, rice yields in the area could be as high as 3.0 tons per hectare in a good year (2005 figure). In a bad year, due to the lack of irrigation water however, only they could get only 900 kilograms of paddy per hectare. Rehabilitation and development of this subproject is expected to help enhance rice yields and production of the farmers. In addition, it is expected that farmers will grow new economic crops as well if irrigation water became available.

Tumnub O Andeng has a large catchment area of 443.58 sq.km and an annual rainfall of 1,523 mm/year. Net inflow to this project area is estimated at 202.74 mcm/year. As irrigated area of this project is 490 ha, its water requirement for both seasons is estimated at 6.02 mcm/year, comprising of 5.10 mcm and 0.92 mcm for the wet and the dry season crops, respectively. This project is therefore abundant of water resource and, should be further developed, subject to the final outcome of its F/S.

Farmer Institutions - FWUC and its status Yes, existing √ No, not existing

Future work/actions required:

FWUC is not yet established in the study area. Farmers indicated that because there was no irrigation water, FWUC could not be established. They also wished to have it established after the project is put into operational again.

It is desirable that concepts and principles of FWUC be introduced to the local farmers, when this subproject is rehabilitated in order that the farmers can take part in the long-term operation and maintenance of the system. PDWRAM, in particular, should assist the farmers to establish the FWUC and provide them with training and new knowledge on water management, operation and maintenance of the infrastructures, crop planning, etc.

Other existing institutions:

There are a few occupational and social groups in operation at this Tang Krasau commune. One of them is a Saving Group which has a total membership of about 680 households. Others are Cow Bank and Rice Bank which have a total membership of 1,700 households and 320 households, respectively.

5 Socio-economic profile (of the Tang Krasau Commune): 5.1 Area and population

- Cultivated area about 2,800 ha - Number of villages 15* villages - No. of families 2,120 (total) hh 1,835(male-headed) hh 285 (female-headed) hh

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- Total population 10,235 persons Of which: Male 5,165 persons Female 5,070 persons

* Of the total, number of benefit village is reportedly six (6), see Table 2.

5.2 Occupation of total population: - Farming (rice growing, orchard, fishing, etc.) 89% - Non-farming (e.g., officer, carpenter, merchant, etc.) 11% 5.3 Land holding and Tenureship: - Size of land holding average 1.3 ha/hh - Farmers having land title none - Landless households approx. 3.8 %

5.4 Existing Cropping Data and Calendar

According to the secondary data provided by the commune chief and clerk, cultivation area of the Tang Krasau Commune is more than 2,800 ha. There are three (3) irrigation projects in the area, namely, O Neak Takae, Beung Prang (O Chick) and the discussed O Andeng subprojects.

Crops grown in Tang Krasau commune consist of wet season rice, floating rice, dry season rice, corn, cucumber, cassava, sweet potato, wax gourd and string bean. Table 1 shows cultivated areas of important crops in the commune. Table 2 shows crop areas per villages, including particularly the six beneficial villages of the A Andeng subproject.

Crops are grown in different times and seasons. Farmers normally start cultivating wet season rice in April and June and harvesting it in September, November and December depending on the rice verities. Floating rice is cultivated widely in the commune, with the total of about 790 hectares. Dry season rice or recession rice is planted in late November and harvested in January or February. Water melon is normally cultivated twice in a year, i.e., in June and November, and picked in August and January, respectively. Cassava is grown in June and harvested in December. Growing of other crops including pumpkin, wax gourd, egg plant, cucumber and string bean usually starts in June when rain water is available. Corn is usually planted in November and picked in January (see Table 3: Crop calendar).

For rice, average wet and dry season rice yields are about 1.5 tons and 2.0 tons per hectare, respectively (see Table 4).

In 2007, average paddy price was about 800 Riels per kilogram.

Table 1: Major crop grown and status of irrigation area Current main crops Cultivation area Current irrigated Expected irrigated areas (ha) areas ( ha) after rehabilitation in (ha) Wet season rice 2,266 n.a 949 Dry season rice 480 n.a 107 Floating rice 790 n.a n.a Corn 30 30 100 Water melon 20 20 20 Cabbage 15 15 30 Tomato 20 20 30 Water convolvulus 10 10 30 Cashew nut 530 0 0 (Source: Secondary data from commune, 2008)

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Table 2: Major crops grown, per villages Village name Total Benefit Wet season Dry season Other crop households from the rice rice area(ha) cultivation areas project (ha) (ha) Tang Krasau 365 Yes 316 41 n.a Prey Kdei 141 Yes 159 13 38 Tang Stoung 96 Yes 126 12 15 Thmei 49 Yes 112 17 8 Souriya 56 Yes 78 17 27 Tang Krang 144 No 167 49 6 Tuek Andoung 234 Yes 210 24 47 Kampong Chheu Teal 192 No 230 56 31 Kouk Srok 269 No 212 22 61 Choam 212 No77 53 116 Kampong krasang 77 No 121 32 23 Ta Paong 82 No 171 59 11 Pralay 92 No 114 49 17

Chi Neang 54 No 97 24 6 Krabau Sraong 57 No 76 12 5 (Source: Secondary data from commune, 2008)

Table 3: Seasonal crop calendar Description Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Rice crops Short duration Medium duration Late duration Dry season Upland crops Water melon Cucumber Corn Pumpkin Sweet potato Chinese lettuce Egg plant Wax gourd String bean Cassava

(Field survey, August 2008)

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Table 4: Rice area, production and yield Main crops Total cultivation area (ha) Total production Average yield (Tons) Ton/ha Wet season rice 2,266 3,399 1.5 Dry season rice 180 360 2 Floating rice 790 1,580 2 (Sources: Secondary data from the Commune Council, August 2008)

According to the village chiefs and key farmers who were interviewed, the following were considered also key problems in the area: ƒ Drought and flood ƒ Lack of working capital and labor for farming ƒ Lack of fertilizer, improved seeds ƒ Crops destroyed by pests ƒ Lack of farmyard manure ƒ Weed problem ƒ Food and Mouth disease (Cattle) ƒ Lack of agricultural extension services ƒ Limited knowledge of cattle keeping.

5.5 Other Agricultural issues

Farmers living in the proposed project have an access to big markets at Phsa Kampong Cheurteal and Phsa Kampong Thom located about 7 and 45 kms respectively far from the commune, to purchase their agricultural inputs. However, they normally sell their rice and vegetables to middleman in their villages, or small markets at Phsa Tankrasau and Phsa Tek Andong located just about 2-3 kms from their living places.

Not many farmers have an access to agricultural extension services provided by agricultural extension workers based at the provincial department of agriculture. This due probably to the common fact of budgetary constraint on the side of the government agency.

5.6 Other socio-economic issues

Ethnic diversity: All people in this commune belong to a single ethnicity –Khmer-.

Public facilities in the sub-project areas: There is one (1) pre-school, seven (7) primary schools and one (1) lower secondary school; all children of school age in this commune go to these schools. In addition, there are a government hospital which provides both general and maternal health care, five (5) pagodas but no electricity supply and paved road. Households use water from various sources for household and drinking purposes. All the households, however, use rainwater, 46% use water from Stueng Sen lake and 52% use water from bore well. Lack of clean water for drinking and household purposes is higher among the people in Tumnub O Andeng sub-project area compared to others.

Socio-economic conditions of households: Agriculture is the primary occupation of the people in the commune while wage labor, such as, working in the nearby Thai-Cambodia border is an occupation of some 11% of the households. Based on the limited information obtained, it was estimated that average annual household income in the commune is Real 1.83 million (US$456). Average annual incomes of male-headed-households (MHHs) farm and non-farm activities are slightly higher than those of female-headed-households (FHHs). When compared between farm and non-farm activities, income earned from farm activities is also slightly higher than income earned from non-farm activities for both MHHs and FHHs. In terms of food security, a higher percentage of households experience food shortage in this commune. Some 60% of all the households reportedly lack of rice to feed their family members throughout the year. Of these, about 40% households lack of rice more than 6 months a year. Only about 30% of the

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total households that could produce rice just sufficiently to feed the members throughout the year and the remainder (10%) produce surplus rice. The underlying causes of rice shortage of the households include lack of irrigation facilities (rank 1), flood (rank 2), shortage of agricultural inputs (rank 3) and limited land (rank 4). According to the commune chief, 17% of the households in the commune are considered poor, 60% are medium wealthy and the rest (23%) are wealthy. In general, poverty incidence is proportionately higher among FHHs compared to MHHs. According to the self-account of commune chief, a household is poor if it has (i) less than 20 A (1A=100 m2) of agricultural land, (ii) less than 2 A of household land, (iii) no cattle, but 1 pig and a few chicken and duck, (iv) thatched house, (v) 1 bicycle and (vi), household members do not have regular income. On the other hand, a household is categorized as medium wealthy if it has (i) More than 1.5 hectares of agricultural land, (ii) 20-30 A of household land, (iii) 2 cattle, 3-4 pigs and many chicken and duck (iv) 1 motorbike or bicycle, (v) 1 TV and radio each, (vi) 1 small wooden house and (vii), 30-50USD monthly income of household. A household is defined as wealthy if it has (i) 2-5 hectares of agricultural land, (ii) more than 30 A of household land, (iii) more than 5 cattle, more than 10 pigs and lots of chicken and duck (iv) TV, VCR/VCD and motorbike, (v) family business and (vi), one medium or large wooden or brick-built house. Debt is a common phenomenon in the commune. Reportedly, some 60% of the people in the commune are indebted. They usually borrow loan/debt from bank, relatives and neighbors. Of them, 20% of the debt persons face extreme difficulty to repay their debt. People repay debt by selling off their properties, such as cow, land and house. Comparatively, it was explained however that livelihood and socio-economic conditions of households in the Tumnub O Andeng sub-project are better when compared to those living in other subproject areas nearby. Migration: There are cases of out-migration among the people in the commune In 2007, it was explained that 543 men and 604 women have migrated to different places such as Phnom Penh, Thailand, Poi Pet town and Malaysia. They migrate throughout the year. Aspiration for better living and seasonal migration were reported being “push factors” of their migration. Migration particularly of male members often affects education of their children and workload (increased) of female members. Recently, there is also a risk on HIV/AIDS, as a result of migration. There is a report saying that currently, there are as many 16 persons (14 women and 2 men) in the commune living with HIV/AIDS. Again, in comparative terms, Tumnub O Andeng subproject has a higher number of people made out migration, due probably to its external network. Gender roles and relations in family and community: There are two female commune councilors, out of the total nine members. However, roles of female commune councilors concentrate only to so called feminine tasks, such as, child affairs, domestic violence issue, birth registration, etc. Women’s needs, interests and priorities are hardly heard in commune development plan. Vulnerability to external shocks: There are 16 persons (14 women and 2 men) in the commune living with HIV/AIDS. Incidence of domestic violence in Tumnum O Andeng sub-project area is higher than that other areas nearby. Children often have to keep themselves busy to do agricultural work and collect fuel wood. Desire of development: Local people in the commune expressed their desire to have the existing irrigation system improved, more of clean water supply, electricity supply, construction of more roads, and provision of health care services. At the present, World Vision, Department of Agriculture, Mlup Bei Tong (NGO), Commune Fund (from government) are in operation in the area to address some of these issues in the commune. Repair of irrigation facilities will surely help improve livelihood of the people in the subproject area. - 6 Land utilization & suitability – Irrigation area (Subproject level) 6.1 Land utilization - Potential irrigation area approx. 490 ha - Future irrigated area (expected W + D seasons) approx. 590 ha - Potential newly irrigated area (to be developed) n.a. - Irrigated area but, not used none

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6.2 Land suitability for irrigation rice crop

Soils in the project areas were found to be of three soil groups consisting of Prey Khmer, Pratea Lang and and Kien Svay.

According to the referenced literature (Vang, soil TIP, 2006), the Prey Khmer is a soil occurring on the old alluvial terraces or colluvial-alluvial plains, with a sandy textured profile extending up to 50 cm or deeper. This soil type is estimated to occupy about 11% of the total rice growing area in the country. Two phases of Prey Khmer group have been defined based on the size of the sand fraction in the surface horizon: fine sandy phase and coarse sandy phase. This soil is difficult to manage for rice production. This soil type is not suitable for irrigation. The fertility of this soil is very low. Glasshouse experiments have shown the soil to be potentially deficient in N, P, K, S and Mg. Organic matter levels are also very low. Fertilizer management is very difficult with nutrients being easily leached; and it is difficult in matching nutrient supply to crop demand.

The Prateah Lang soil is estimated to occupy about 28% of the total rice-growing area. Three phases of Prateah Lang soil have been defined based on characteristics of the sub soil that affect root penetration and water drainage, including 1) shallow phase, 2) clayey subsoil phase and 3), loamy subsoil phase. This soil is difficult to manage for rice production. If structures for water harvesting and supplementary irrigation can be developed cheaply, then profitable yield increases may be expected on these soils.

The Kien Svay is a soil type with brown, loamy or clayey textured soil (topsoil and subsoil) with a weakly developed profile formed on river levees and associated back-slopes. It is estimated to occupy less than 2% of rice-growing area in the country. This soil is relatively easy to manage and it has a high potential for agricultural production. The soil responds very well to improved management. The soil seems to be deficient in only N and P. The response to P fertilizer application in the field, however, is variable and P fertilizer application is frequently not required.

6.3 Additional information relevant to land suitability

Based on the interview with farmers, apart from wet season and dry season rice, farmers also cultivate such secondary cash crops as cabbage, egg plant, sesame, ground nut, water melon and corn. Short, medium and late duration rice varieties have also been grown by farmers. The short duration rice varieties consist of IR 66 and Sendpidor. The medium duration rice varieties are Romdoul, Romchang, Neang Pech, Neang Vek, Neang Horm, Srovdomneb, Khar 11, Khar 16, Rusei, Lakslek, Neang Reach, Rangchai and Pkamalis. For the late duration ones, they include Kagnol, Chhorng, Beungkok and Kanlongphnom.

Under the present circumstances, according to the key farmers interviewed, per hectare rice yield could be as high as 3.0 tons in a good year, with adequate rain water. In a bad year (like 2007), the farmers had to face drought problem and accordingly, they could get only about 900 kilograms per hectare.

It is expected that growing area of such cash crops as water melon, vegetables, cucumber, sesame and dry season rice will be largely expanded if irrigation water is sufficient. In addition, dry season rice will be grown more after the rehabilitation.

Land preparation is done totally by animal power. Harvesting and transporting rice crop are undertaken by human labor as well as animal power. This clearly indicated that farm mechanization is not yet widespread in the area due probably to socio-economic constraints on the side of the farmers.

Transplanting and broadcasting methods are both practiced by farmers in the project area. This indicates partly the problem of labor shortage being faced by many households in the area.

7 Scope of the project: 7.1 Work Required: - Feasibility Study & Detailed Design (In view of generally favorable factor endowments and low investment cost) - Other important activities should include:

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• Site plan survey at head work and appurtenance structures, scale of 1:500 • Project area mapping, scale 1:10,000 with contour interval of 1 m. (including the reservoir area) • Strip topographic survey for the main and secondary canal (1:4,000). • Confirmation of proposed irrigation area and potential area in the field. • Geotechnical survey 1 bore hole at new spillway 1 bore hole at river bank

7.2 Anticipated project components:-

1) Irrigation infrastructures (to be rehabilitated/re-constructed)

1.1) Head work and appurtenance structures: - Improvement of existing dike, 1,050 m (approximate) - Construction of a new spillway. - Demolishing of the existing and construction of a new head regulator MC.2. - Construction of new dike closure to existing, two (2) places. - Improvement of dissipation part of MC.1 head regulator. 1.2) Canal improvement and new construction (with respective approximate length in km), including:- - MC.1 2.80 km (improvement) - 1L-MC.1 2.20 km (improvement) - 1L-MC.1 1.00 km (new construction) - 1R-MC.1 0.60 km (improvement) - MC.2 1.00 km (improvement) - 1R-MC.2 2.10 km (new construction) - 1L-1R-MC.2 0.35 km (new construction) - 1L-1R-MC.2 0.90 km (improvement) 1.3) Construction of new conveyance structures - Head regulator, four (4) places. - Road crossing with check, four (4) places. - Check structure, four (4) places. - Tail regulator, six (6) places. - A road crossing structure. 1.4) Maintenance of farm roads 1.5) Demolishing of some of existing but, un-functional structures.

2) Irrigated agriculture

Based on the farmers’ view, production area of economic crops could be expanded in the project area, if the irrigation system is to be rehabilitated. Those crops may consist of dry season rice, water melon, vegetables, sesame, cucumber, papaya, mung bean, corn and early wet season. However, promising cash crops still need to be determined, based on market demand and other factors. Many farmers also expect to raise more animals and to do fish culture, if water is available.

In view of these, development of irrigated agriculture should be another project component for the F/S study to be pursued, to confirm their viability and feasibility, taking fully into consideration the prevailing agricultural market and level of know-how of the farmers. Supplementary measures and assistance programs through agricultural extension services need to be identified and recommended for eventual implementation.

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3) FWUC: √ To be newly established To be strengthened

According to farmers who participated in the group discussion, the reason why there is no FWUC in their community because there is no irrigation water. Furthermore, the dike was damaged. They expected that their community would have FWUC after rehabilitation of the project.

During the F/S, as another project component, problems and development needs of the farmers should need to be studied thoroughly with a view to seeing the potential and constraints in these respects. Based on the study result, recommendations for its establishment with supports needed from PDWRAM/MOWRAM and timing of the implementation will be required.

4) Others:

According to the result of the interview, farmers seemed to be looking for new knowledge and skills for improving their rice cultivation and increasing production of potential economic crops. Also, they were looking for economic and integrated pest management and other appropriate techniques for chemical and fertilizer application, livestock rearing and fish culture. Involvement of the responsible agency in agriculture (PDOA, MAFF) should be very important, as extension services should be a key factor of success. This could be an integral part of the agricultural development program component.

8 Estimated project cost and breakdown: The following are preliminary estimates of eventual development cost of the identified physical infrastructures that need to be confirmed by the proposed F/S & DD. 8.1 Capital and base costs Item Unit Unit cost Q'tity Cost (US$) (US$) 1. Land compensation 1.1 Area km.2+280 to 3+280 (1L-MC.1) ha 700 2.50 1,750 1.2 Area km.0+000 to 2+100 (1R-MC.2) ha 700 5.25 3,675 1.3 Area km.0+000 to 0+350 (1L-2R-MC.2) ha 700 0.88 615 1.4 Area in reservoir for water retention ha 700 20.00 14,000 Total (1) 20,040

2. Construction of dike and hydraulic structures 2.1 Dike improvement km 100,000 1 100,000 2.2 Construction of new dike closure to existing one L.S. - 1 35,000 (L=25 m) 2.3 Improvement of dissipation part of MC.1 head L.S. - 1 2,000 regulator 2.4 Construction of new spillway L.S. - 1 170,000 2.5 Demolishing of existing and construction of new place 6,500 1 6,500 head regulator of MC.2 Total (2) 313,500 3. Construction of new conveyance structures 3.1 MC.1 – Check structure place 3,500 2 7,000 - Road crossing with check place 5,700 1 5,700 - Tail regulator place 7,600 1 7,600 3.2 1L-MC.1 – Head regulator place 5,900 1 5,900 - Road crossing with check place 5,700 2 11,400 - Tail regulator place 7,600 1 7,600

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3.3 1R-MC.1 – Head regulator place 5,900 1 5,900 - Tail regulator place 7,600 1 7,600 3.4 MC.2 – Check structure place 3,500 1 3,500 - Tail regulator place 7,600 1 7,600 3.5 1R-MC.2 – Head regulator place 5,900 1 5,900 - Check structure place 3,500 1 3,500 - Road crossing with check place 5,700 1 5,700 - Tail regulator place 7,600 1 7,600 3.6 1L-1R-MC.2 – Head regulator place 5,900 1 5,900 - Road crossing structure place 4,600 1 4,600 - Tail regulator place 7,600 1 7,600 Total (3) 110,600 4. Canal improvement and new construction 4.1 MC.1 (Improvement) km 30,000 2.80 84,000 1L-MC.1 (Improvement) km 21,000 2.20 46,200 1L-MC.1 (New construction) km 31,000 1.00 31,000 1R-MC.1 (Improvement) km 21,000 0.60 12,600 4.2 MC.2 (Improvement) km 30,000 1.00 30,000 1R-MC.2 (New construction) km 31,000 2.10 65,100 1L-1R.MC.2 (New construction) km 31,000 0.35 10,850 1L-1R.MC.2 (Improvement) km 21,000 0.90 18,900 Total (4) 298,650 5. Drainage system 5.1 Construction of new cross drainage structure km 11,000 8 88,000 5.2 Modification of existing cross drainage structures km 4,000 3 12,000 Total (5) 100,000 6. Miscellaneous 6.1 For compensation work L.S. 22,500 1 2,000 6.2 For demolish work L.S. 22,500 1 2,000 6.3 For road development L.S. 22,500 120,000 6.4 For reservoir clearing L.S. 22,500 1 10,000 Total (6) 34,000 Grand total 876,790

8.2 Annual O&M costs

Cost Item Remarks (US$) Annual O&M 4,900 US$10/ha An estimate for major maintenance in every 5 years, 10% of canal 29,865 construction cost (of new project development)

9 Expected Outputs / Outcome (at project level basis): 9.1 Agricultural production (paddy equivalent) approx. 1,080 tons 9.2 Increased farm income ( basically from rice crop) approx. 440 US$/hh

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9.3 The FWUC: The newly established FWUC is fully functional, capable of performing operation and maintenance of the rehabilitated irrigation system by the farmers, with a full but gradually phasing out supports from the government agencies. 9.4 Diversified agriculture: Apart from wet season rice, dry season rice, water melon, corn, mung bean, string bean, papaya, egg plant, and sesame should be grown widely in the project area, with a higher portion of products from livestock rearing and fish culture. 9.5 Cropping intensity is expected to increase by 15 % or more 9.6 Stable water supplies for agriculture and domestic uses 9.7 Reduced labor migration 9.8 Improved security of food production, increase in the household income and eventually, improved standard of living the local people. Besides the expectation above, farmers also hope to increase wet season rice yield, have grass fields, cultivate lotus, and grow new crops in the project area. They also hope that fish population will remarkably increase after the rehabilitation.

10 Environment and environmental impact assessment

Existing environmental condition: - Tumnub O Andeng is situated beside the Stung Sen, about 20 km downstream of Boeng Per Wildlife Sanctuary. Water from Stung Sen flows through the O Andong Village. - The existing Tumnub O Andeng is located outside of all the protected area. - The surrounding environment is dominated by paddy fields, common forest, woodland and scrubland. - This area is subject to annual flooding. Structures of the subproject have also been damaged by previous floods. - After the system was broken down, local people started growing rice and cashew nut in the reservoir, with a combined total land of about 20 ha. - Land use at downstream of Tumnub O Angdeng is dominated by paddy fields. Most of the farmers reportedly apply chemical fertilizers and pesticide to their paddy fields. - There is no any archaeological structure near the subproject area that could affected by rehabilitation project. - There are no pollution black spots, dumping sites, Industrial activities, noisy commercial activities, dusty open storage uses and potentially hazardous installations nearby. - Many common domestic animals, birds and fishes could be observed, e.g., cattle, pig, chicken, duck, frog, crab, cat fish, chevron snakehead, tawes, Shrimp,dove, quail, sunda pangolin, binturrong , treeshew, etc. - Common species of flora, such as cashew, bamboo, eugenia spp, eucalyptus tereticornis , acacia ,tamarind , Palm tree, etc., could also be observed.

Anticipated impacts: - Rehabilitation of irrigation facilities under the project could help increase crop yields and production, volume of water supply and fish species. - During the operation, water level of Tumnub O Andeng will be raised up to the elevation which enables the diversion of reservoir water to irrigation canals and paddy fields. - Re-construction of the reservoir and other infrastructures could affect slightly fish immigration and normal living of the farmers. - Storage of water during the dry season should benefit to local villagers, as a source of domestic water supply and irrigation. In addition, water quality is expected to improve.

Probable environmental category :A 9 :B :C

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11 Resettlement and land compensation aspects Existing condition:

As explained, currently, there are about 20 farmer households who cultivate in the reservoir area, with the combined total area of about 22 ha (i.e., about 20 ha for paddy and 2 ha for cashew).

Anticipated resettlement/compensation required:

If the structures are to be rehabilitated, it is important that compensation scheme for these affected people (APs) should be required. In addition, a new piece of land may need to be identified for resettlement purpose.

Resettlement plan required 9 SRP FRP

12 Suggested implementation plan Item 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 P/F F/S D/D FWUC promotion O&M

Prepared by: TEAM Consulting Engineering and Management Co. Ltd., Bangkok, Thailand and TEAM Consulting and Management (Cambodia) Co., Ltd., Phnom Penh, Cambodia

Date of completion: 31 October 2008

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Figure 1 General Map of Project Location

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Figure 2 Map of Subproject Area (Potential Beneficiary Area)

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FigureFigureFigure 3: 3: 3: Selected Selected Selected phot photographs photographsographs of of ofthe the the Tumnub O Tumnub Andeng, Krahamkor, Prolay, October September September2008 2008 2008 16 Appendix 5-4 O ANDENG

Reservoir at the vicinity near broken dike Discussion of consultants and MOWRAM officers

Overview in reservoir Rice field in reservoir

MC.1 head regulator Farmer and their transportation in reservoir

Figure 4: Selected photographs of the O Andeng, October 2008

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Appendix 5-5

PROFILE OF O NEAK TAKAIR SUBPROJECT O NEAK TAKAIR Appendix 5-5 1

PROFILE OF O NEAK TAKAIR SUBPROJECT

TA-4848 CAM (EXTENSION PHASE) Project Data Sheet

1 Project title: O Neak Takair

2 Project Location and description: 2.1 Headworks. Longitude 1,413,488N Latitude 510,186E Commune: Tang Krasau District: Prasat Sambor Province: Kampong Thom

2.2 Date of construction: 1978 Constructed by Khmer Rouge

A brief development history: - In 2001, World Vision's assistance, the damaged weir was repaired. - In 2004, World Vision's assistance, the damaged weir and embankment were repaired. - In 2006, World Vision's assistance, the canal was repaired. - Currently, the existing irrigation system cannot be fully operated.

2.3.1 General map of project location (see Figure 1) 2.3.2 Map of the subproject area (potential beneficiary area) (see Figure 2) 2.3.3 Photographs (see Figure 3, 4)

2.4 Description of route O Neak Takair is located in Kampong Thom, central part of Cambodia. The subproject site may be reached by roads, starting from Kampong Thom to the eastern direction by National Route No. 6 about 10 kms and then at Airfield junction, turn northeastward to the laterite road for another 45 kms.

2.5 Description of the irrigation scheme

Type of scheme : Gravity irrigation system, conveyance water by canals and reservoir head work

Source of water : From upland area and rainfall

Structures, their condition and situation at project area: Tumnub O Neak Takair has a dike of approximately 750 m long. The appurtenance of structure is only a control structure which is partly operational. A dike section near to this control structure is however broken, due partly to the fact that it has no spillway. As a consequence, the control structure is not functional to control effectively water level in reservoir.

2.6 Names of key informants in project area:

1) Mr. Chea Sivutha, Project Management Office (PMO) of MOWRAM 2) Mr. Uth Seng , Chief office of Kampong Thom PDWRAM 3) Mr. Yong Vanny, Vice Chief of Kampong Thom PDWRAM 4) Mr. Phun Poch, Tang Krasau Commune Chief 5) Mr. Parch Neam Second deputy commune chief 6) Mr. Born Ra Member of commune council 7) Mr. Houng Theamuy Commune clerk 8) Mr. Ouy Hab Farmer 9) Ms. Vet Chen Farmer 10) Mr. Ouy Him Farmer 11) Ms. Nei Sari Farmer 12) Mr. Mom Heung Farmer 13) Mr. Chheun Laus Farmer 14) Mr. Khut Chay Farmer 15) Mr. Gnem Kong Farmer

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3 Rationale (implementation priority)

Tumnub O Neak Takair is a reservoir-type headwork, with control structures but, without a spillway which consequently has caused damage (by flood) to the dike. The existing irrigation system became therefore useless due to inadequate water (from annual runoff) that could be retained in the reservoir.

This headwork requires a service spillway and construction of a new dike closure, including improvement of the existing dike with suitable crest width and elevation. The existing irrigation system is still in good condition, but requires a good feeder canal from headwork for the irrigation system to be effective.

According to interviewed farmers, rice yield in the area could be as high as 2.8 tons per hectare in a good year (2007 figure). On the other hand, in a drought year, they could get only 800 kilograms per hectare. Rehabilitation of the system should enable the farmers to increase their production through stable and increased crop yields. Additionally, new economic crops are expected to be grown also by the farmers.

Tumnub O Neak Takair has a catchment area of 15.6 sq.km and an annual rainfall of 1,523 mm/year. Net inflow into this project area is 7.13 mcm/year. As this project has an irrigation area 250 ha, its water requirement for both seasons is estimated at 3.07 mcm/year, comprising of 2.60 mcm and 0.47 mcm for the wet and dry crop seasons, respectively. In view of this, this subproject is abundant water resource that should be developed further, subject to the outcome of its future studies.

4 Farmer Institutions - FWUC and its status Yes, existing √ No, not existing

Future work/actions required:

FWUC is not yet established in the study area due to (as explained by the farmers) the lack of irrigation water and budget for the establishment. It was evident that they do not know much about this kind of farmers’ organization.

It is desirable that concepts and principles of FWUC be introduced to the local farmers, when this subproject is rehabilitated in order that the farmers can take part in the long-term operation and maintenance of the system. PDWRAM, in particular, should assist the farmers to establish the FWUC and provide them with training and new knowledge on water management, operation and maintenance of the infrastructures, crop planning, etc.

Other existing institutions:

There are a few occupational and social groups in operation at this Tang Krasau commune. One of them is a Savings Group which has a total membership of about 680 households. Others are Cow Bank and Rice Bank which have a total membership of about 1700 households and 320 households, respectively.

5 Socio-economic profile (of the Tang Krasau Commune): 5.1 Area and population

- Cultivated area about 2,800 ha - Number of villages 15* villages - No. of families 2,120 (total) hh 1,835(male-headed) hh 285 (female-headed) hh - Total population 10,235 Persons

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Of which: Male 5,165 persons Female 5,070 persons

* Of the total, number of benefit village is reportedly seven (7), see Table 2.

5.2 Occupation of total population: - Farming (rice growing, orchard, fishing, etc.) 89% - Non-farming (e.g., officer, carpenter, merchant, etc.) 11% 5.3 Land holding and Tenureship: - Size of land holding average 1.3 ha/hh - Farmers having land title none - Landless households approx. 4 %

5.4 Existing Cropping Data and Calendar

According to the secondary data provided by the commune chief and clerk, cultivation area of the Tang Krasau Commune is more than 2,800 ha. There are three (3) irrigation projects in the area, namely, O Andeng, Beung Prang (O Chick) and the discussed O Neak Takae subprojects.

Main current crops grown in Tumnub O Neak Takair project site consist of wet season rice, floating rice, dry season rice, water melon, Taro, egg plant, corn, cucumber, cassava, sweet potato, wax gourd and string bean. Table 1 shows cultivated areas of important crops in the commune. Table 2 shows crop areas per villages, including particularly the seven beneficial villages of the O Neak Takae subproject.

Crops are grown in different times and seasons. Farmers normally start cultivating wet season rice in April and May and harvesting it in August, November and December depending on the rice verities. Dry season rice or recession rice is planted in late November and harvested in January or February. Water melon and corn are normally cultivated in October and picked in December in the same year. Cucumber is grown in October and harvested in mid November. Cassava is planted in June and collected in November. Growing of other crops including pumpkin, wax gourd, egg plant and string bean usually starts in June when rain water is available (see Table 3: Crop calendar).

For rice, average wet and dry season rice yields are about 1.5 tons and 2.0 tons per hectare, respectively (see Table 4).

In 2007, average paddy price was about 800 Riels per kilogram.

Table 1: Major crop grown and status of irrigation area Current main crops Cultivation area Current irrigated Expected irrigated areas (ha) areas ( ha) after rehabilitation in (ha) Wet season rice 2,266 n.a 1,324 Dry season rice 480 n.a 182 Floating rice 790 n.a n.a Corn 30 30 100 Water melon 20 20 20 Cabbage 15 15 30 Tomato 20 20 30 Water convolvulus 10 10 30 Cashew nut 530 0 0 (Source: Secondary data from commune, 2008)

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Table 2: Major crops grown, per villages Village name Total Benefit Wet season Dry season Other crop cultivation households from the rice rice area(ha) areas (ha) project (ha) Tang Krasau 365 Yes 316 41 n.a Prey Kdei 141 Yes 159 13 38 Tang Stoung 96 Yes 126 12 15 Thmei 49 Yes 112 17 8 Souriya 56 No 78 17 27 Tang Krang 144 No 167 49 6 Tuek Andoung 234 No 210 24 47 Kampong Chheu Teal 192 No 230 56 31 phouk Srok 269 Yes 212 22 61 Choam 212 Yes 77 53 116 Kampong krasang 77 No 121 32 23 Ta Paong 82 No 171 59 11 Pralay 92 No 114 49 17

Chi Neang 54 Yes 97 24 6 Krabau Sraong 57 No 76 12 5 (Source: Secondary data from the commune, 2008)

Table 3: Seasonal crop calendar Description Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Rice crops Short duration Medium duration Late duration Dry season Upland crops Water melon Cucumber Corn Pumpkin Sweet potato Taro Egg plant Wax gourd String bean Cassava

(Based on farmers’ interview, August 2008)

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Table 4: Rice area, production and yield Main crops Total cultivation area (ha) Total production Average yield (Tons) Ton/ha Wet season rice 2,266 3,399 1.5 Dry season rice 180 360 2 Floating rice 790 1,580 2 (Sources: Secondary data from the Commune Council, August 2008) According to the village chiefs and key farmers who were interviewed, the following were considered also key problems in the area: ƒ Flood and drought ƒ Lack of irrigation water and canals ƒ High elevation of paddy fields (in relation to water level) ƒ Lack of fertilizer, improved seeds, farmyard manure ƒ Poor soils ƒ Shortage of labor force for farming ƒ Crops destroyed by pests ƒ Lack of working capital ƒ Weed problem ƒ Food and Mouth disease (Cattle) ƒ Lack of agricultural extension services ƒ Limited knowledge of cattle keeping.

5.5 Other Agricultural issues

Farmers living in the proposed project have an access to big markets at Phsa Kampong Cheurteal and Phsa Kampong Thom located about 7 and 45 kms respectively far from the commune, to purchase their agricultural inputs. However, they normally sell their rice and vegetables to middleman in their villages, or small markets at Phsa Tankrasau and Phsa Tek Andong located just about 2-3 kms from their living places.

Not many farmers have an access to agricultural extension services provided by agricultural extension workers based at the provincial department of agriculture. This due probably to the common fact of budgetary constraint on the side of the government agency.

5.6 Other socio-economic issues

Ethnic diversity: All people in this commune belong to a single ethnicity –Khmer -. Public facilities in the sub-project areas: There is one (1) pre-school, seven (7) primary schools and one (1) lower secondary school; all children of school age are enrolled at these schools. In addition, there are a government hospital which provides both general and maternal health care. There are five (5) pagodas in this commune but no electricity supply and paved road. Households use water from various sources for household and drinking purposes. All the households, however, use rainwater, 46% use water from Stueng Sen lake and 52% use water from bore well. Households in O Neak Takair subproject, compared to other areas nearby, lack of clean water for drinking and household uses. Socio-economic conditions of households: Agriculture is the primary occupation of the people in the commune while wage labor, such as, working in the nearby Thai-Cambodia border is an occupation of some 11% of the households. Based on the limited information obtained, it was estimated that average annual household income in the commune is Real 1.83 million (US$456). Average annual incomes of male-headed-households (MHHs) farm and non-farm activities are slightly higher than those of female-headed-households (FHHs). When compared between farm and non-farm activities, income earned from farm activities is also slightly higher than income earned from non-farm activities for both MHHs and FHHs.

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In terms of food security, a higher percentage of households experience food shortage in this commune. Some 60% of all the households reportedly lack of rice to feed their family members throughout the year. Of these, about 40% households lack of rice more than 6 months a year. Only about 30% of the total households that could produce rice just sufficiently to feed the members throughout the year and the remainder (10%) produce surplus rice. The underlying causes of rice shortage of the households include lack of irrigation facilities (rank 1), flood (rank 2), shortage of agricultural inputs (rank 3) and limited land (rank 4).

According to the commune chief, 17% of the households in the commune are considered poor, 60% are medium wealthy and the rest (23%) are wealthy. In general, poverty incidence is proportionately higher among FHHs compared to MHHs. According to the self-account of commune chief, a household is poor if it has (i) less than 20 A (1A=100 m2) of agricultural land, (ii) less than 2 A of household land, (iii) no cattle, but 1 pig and a few chicken and duck, (iv) thatched house, (v) 1 bicycle and (vi), household members do not have regular income. On the other hand, a household is categorized as medium wealthy if it has (i) More than 1.5 hectares of agricultural land, (ii) 20-30 A of household land, (iii) 2 cattle, 3-4 pigs and many chicken and duck (iv) 1 motorbike or bicycle, (v) 1 TV and radio each, (vi) 1 small wooden house and (vii), 30-50USD monthly income of household. A household is defined as wealthy if it has (i) 2-5 hectares of agricultural land, (ii) more than 30 A of household land, (iii) more than 5 cattle, more than 10 pigs and lots of chicken and duck (iv) TV, VCR/VCD and motorbike, (v) family business and (vi), one medium or large wooden or brick-built house.

Debt is a common phenomenon in the commune. Reportedly, some 60% of the people in the commune are indebted. They usually borrow loan/debt from bank, relatives and neighbors. Of them, 20% of the debt persons face extreme difficulty to repay their debt. People repay debt by selling off their properties, such as cow, land and house.

Livelihood and socio-economic conditions of households in O Neak Takair subproject area is worse off compared to those in other sub-project in nearby because, (i) they have smaller size of land holding, (ii) land is infertile, (iii) extreme water shortage for irrigation and (iv), limited knowledge to increase yield.

Migration: There are cases of out-migration among the people in the commune In 2007, it was explained that 543 men and 604 women have migrated to different places such as Phnom Penh, Thailand, Poi Pet town and Malaysia. They migrate throughout the year. Aspiration for better living and seasonal migration were reported being “push factors” of their migration. Migration particularly of male members often affects education of their children and workload (increased) of female members. Recently, there is also a risk on HIV/AIDS, as a result of migration. There is a report saying that currently, there are as many 16 persons (14 women and 2 men) in the commune living with HIV/AIDS. When compared to other subproject areas nearby, number of people make out migration is lower in O Neak Takair, due probably to the fact that people in this subproject area do not have much connection with outside.

Gender roles and relations in family and community: There are two female commune councilors, out of the total nine members. However, roles of female commune councilors concentrate only to so called feminine tasks, such as, child affairs, domestic violence issue, birth registration, etc. Women’s needs, interests and priorities are hardly heard in commune development plan. Women are worse off in O Neak Takair subproject area compared to those in other subprojects nearby, because men (as it was explained) drink a lot and are not cooperative to female members to earn income.

Vulnerability to external shocks: Flood and drought affect the people in the commune. Children and women are more affected with these natural calamities. There are 16 persons (14 women and 2 men) in the commune living with HIV/AIDS. Incidence of domestic violence in O Neak Takair subproject area is low, though.

Desire of development: Local people in the commune expressed their desire to have the existing irrigation system improved, more of clean water supply, electricity supply, construction of more roads, and provision of health care services. At the present, World Vision, Department of Agriculture, Mlup Bei Tong (NGO), Commune Fund (from government) are in operation in the area to address some of these issues in the commune. Repair of irrigation facilities at O Neak Takair should contribute most to the required improvement of people’s livelihood.

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6 Land utilization & suitability – Irrigation area (Subproject level) 6.1 Land utilization - Potential irrigation area 250 ha - Future irrigated area (expected W + D seasons) approx. 300 ha - Potential newly irrigated area (to be developed) n.a. - Irrigated area but, not used none

6.2 Land suitability for irrigation rice crop

Soil types in the project areas were found three soil groups consisting of Prey Khmer, Pratea Lang and and Kbal por.

According to the referenced literature (Vang, soil TIP, 2006), the Prey Khmer is a soil occurring on the old alluvial terraces or colluvial-alluvial plains, with a sandy textured profile extending up to 50 cm or deeper. This soil type is estimated to occupy about 11% of the total rice growing area in the country. Two phases of Prey Khmer group have been defined based on the size of the sand fraction in the surface horizon: fine sandy phase and coarse sandy phase. This soil is difficult to manage for rice production. This soil type is not suitable for irrigation. The fertility of this soil is very low. Glasshouse experiments have shown the soil to be potentially deficient in N, P, K, S and Mg. Organic matter levels are also very low. Fertilizer management is very difficult with nutrients being easily leached; and it is difficult in matching nutrient supply to crop demand.

The Prateah Lang soil is estimated to occupy about 28% of the total rice-growing area. Three phases of Prateah Lang soil have been defined based on characteristics of the sub soil that affect root penetration and water drainage, including 1) shallow phase, 2) clayey subsoil phase and 3), loamy subsoil phase. This soil is difficult to manage for rice production. If structures for water harvesting and supplementary irrigation can be developed cheaply, then profitable yield increases may be expected on these soils.

The Kbal Po soil is a soil with dark gray, very dark brown to black, clayey topsoil, which forms large deep cracks over a clayey subsoil, occurring on active flat plains. It is estimated to occur on 13% of the rice growing area in the country. Two phases of the Kbal Po soils are recognized based on soil chemical properties: nonthionic and thionic. This soil is relatively easy to manage. It has high potential for rice production and responds well to management. These soils are well suited to irrigation. This phase has a subsoil pH below 4.5, with an impact on rice production if the soil is plowed too deeply.

6.3 Additional information relevant to land suitability

Based on the interview with farmers, apart from wet and dry season rice, other secondary cash crops such as, cabbage, egg plant, sesame, ground nut, water melon and corn are also grown in the area. Short, medium and late duration rice varieties are also grown by the farmers. The short duration rice verities consist of IR 66, IR 69 and Srov ampil. The medium duration ones are Romdoul, Romchang, Chaovaypdaov, Noye, Neang Horm, Kala, Khar 3 and Khar 6. For the late duration rice varieties, they include Chhorng, Kagnol, Kompol, Bankok, Bour and Kanlong Phnom.

Under present circumstances, according to the key farmers interviewed, rice yields in the area could be as high as 2.8 tons per hectare in a good year. In a bad year (like 2005), the farmers could get only about 800 kilograms of paddy per hectare.

It is expected that growing area of such cash crops as water melon, vegetables, cucumber, sesame and dry season rice will be largely expanded if irrigation water is sufficient. In addition, dry season rice will be grown more after the rehabilitation.

Land preparation is still be done mainly (94%) by animal power. Harvesting and transporting rice crop are undertaken by human labor (100%) and vehicle (57%), respectively. Transplanting and broadcasting rice methods are practiced both by farmers in the project area. A problem of labor shortage seems to be emerging.

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7 Scope of the project:

7.1 Work Required: - Feasibility Study & Detailed Design (In view of generally favorable factor endowments and low investment cost) - Other important activities should include:

• Site plan survey at head work and appurtenance structures, scale of 1:500 • Project area mapping, scale 1:10,000 with contour interval of 1 m. (including the reservoir area) • Strip topographic survey for the main and secondary canal (1:4,000). • Confirmation of proposed irrigation area and potential area in the field. • Geotechnical survey 1 bore hole at new spillway 1 bore hole at river bank

7.2 Anticipated project components:-

1) Irrigation infrastructures to be rehabilitated/re-construct

1.1) Head work and appurtenance structures - Improvement of existing dike, 750 m (approximate) - Construction of a new dike closure to the existing dike (30m) - Clearing up of reservoir to high water level 1.2) Canal improvement (with respective approximate length in km), including:- - Feeder canal 1.10 km - 1L-MC 1.10 km - 5L-MC 1.10 km - 8L-MC 1.10 km - Distribution of canal 3.0 km 1.3) Construction of new conveyance structures, including:- - Road crossing with check, two (2) places - Check structure, three (3) places - Tail regulator, two (2) places - Head regulator (modify), two (2) places 1.4) Maintenance of farm roads 1.5) Demolish of some of existing but un-functional structures

2) Irrigated agriculture

Based on the farmers’ view, production area of economic crops could be expanded in the project area, if the irrigation system is to be rehabilitated. Those crops consist of dry season rice, water melon, corn, sweet potato, chili, water convolvulus, vegetables, cucumber, papaya, and mung bean. However, promising cash crops still need to be determined, based on market demand and other factors. Many farmers also expect to raise more animals and to do fish culture, if water is available.

In view of these, development of irrigated agriculture should be another project component for the F/S study to be pursued, to confirm their viability and feasibility, taking fully into consideration the prevailing agricultural market and level of know-how of the farmers. Supplementary measures and assistance programs through agricultural extension services need to be identified and recommended for eventual implementation.

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3) FWUC: √ To be newly established To be strengthened

According to the farmers who participated in the group discussion, the reason why there is no FWUC in their community because there is no irrigation water and the dike has also been destroyed. They expected that their community would have FWUC established after the rehabilitation.

During the F/S, as another project component, problems and development needs of the farmers should need to be studied thoroughly with a view to seeing the potential and constraints in these respects. Based on the study result, recommendations for its establishment with supports needed from PDWRAM/MOWRAM and timing of the implementation will be required.

4) Others:

According to the result of the interview, farmers seemed to be looking for new knowledge and skills for improving their rice cultivation and increasing production of potential economic crops. Also, they were looking for economic and integrated pest management and other appropriate techniques for chemical and fertilizer application, livestock rearing and fish culture. Involvement of the responsible agency in agriculture (PDOA, MAFF) should be very important, as extension services should be a key factor of success. This could be an integral part of the agricultural development program component.

8 Estimated project cost and breakdown: To following are preliminary estimates of eventual development cost of the identified physical infrastructures that need to be confirmed by the proposed F/S & DD. 8.1 Capital and base costs

Item Unit Unit cost Q'tity Cost (US$) (US$) 1. Land compensation 1.1 Area along MC canal for enlarge existing bank ha 700 1.25 875 1.2 Area along feeder canal for improvement ha 700 1.75 1,225 Total (1) 2,100 2. Construction of dike and appurtenance structures 2.1 Improvement of Dike (750 m) L.S. - 1 65,000 2.2 Construction of new dike closure to the existing dike L.S. - 1 45,000 (30 m) 2.3 Improvement of feeder canal L.S. - 1 55,000 2.4 Waste way structure L.S. - 1 57,500 2.5 Road crossing with check place 5,700 1 5,700 Total (2) 288,200 3. Construction of new conveyance structures - Modification of the existing head regulator place 1,500 2 3,000 - New tail regulator place 7,600 2 15,200 - New check structure place 3,500 3 10,500 - New road crossing with check place 5,700 1 5,700 Total (3) 34,400 4. Canal improvement - 1L-MC km 21,000 1.1 23,100

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- 5L-MC km 21,000 1.1 23,100 - 8L-MC km 21,000 1.1 23,100 - Distribution of canal km 18,000 3.0 54,000 Total (4) 123,300 5. Miscellaneous 5.1 For compensation work - 1 500 5.2 For road development - 1 1,000 5.3 For reservoir clearing - 1 30,000 Total (5) 31,500 Grand Total 479,500

8.2 Annual O&M costs Item Cost Remarks (US$) Annual O&M 2,500 US$10/ha An estimate for major maintenance in every 5 years, 10% of canal 17,830 construction cost (of new project development)

9 Expected Outputs / Outcome (at project level basis): 9.1 Agricultural production (paddy equivalent) approx. 500 tons 9.2 Increased farm income ( basically from rice crop) approx. 450 US$/hh 9.3 The FWUC: The newly established FWUC is fully functional, capable of performing operation and maintenance of the rehabilitated irrigation system by the farmers, with a full but gradually phasing out supports from the government agencies. 9.4 Diversified agriculture: Apart from wet season rice, dry season rice, water melon, corn, mung bean, string bean, papaya, egg plant, and sesame should be grown widely in the project area, with a higher portion of products from livestock rearing and fish culture. 9.5 Cropping intensity is expected to increase by 15 % or more 9.6 Stable water supplies for agriculture and domestic uses 9.7 Reduced labor migration 9.8 Improved security of food production, increase in the household income and eventually, improved standard of living the local people. Besides the expectation above, farmers also hope to increase wet season rice yield, have water for animals in dry season, and grow new crops in the project site. They also hope that they might have good village roads and fish population will remarkably increase after the rehabilitation.

10 Environment and environmental impact assessment

Existing environmental condition: - Tumnub O Neak Takair is situated beside the Stung Sen and about 25 km from Boeng Per Wildlife Sanctuary. It is however located outside of all the protected area. - The surrounding environment is dominated by paddy fields, grassland, common forest, woodland and scrubland. - Common trees include cashew nut, Acacia trees, palm tree, tamarind, eucalyptus trees and bamboo thicket. - Currently, this area is flooded annually. The irrigation structures were also damaged by previous floods. - After the system was broken down, local farmers started growing crops in the reservoir, with the total area of about 1 ha. - There is also one new house constructed in the reservoir.

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- Land use is dominated by paddy fields. Most farmers reportedly apply chemical pesticide and fertilizer to their paddy fields. - There are no archaeological features near the subproject area that may be affected by rehabilitation work. - There are no pollution black spots, dumping sites, Industrial activities, noisy commercial activities, dusty open storage uses and potentially hazardous installations nearby. - Common domestic animals found include cattle, pig, chicken, duck, mouse, snake, cricket, frog, crab, cat fish, chevron snakehead, tawes, shrimp, dove, quail, Asian deer, rabbit, turtle, and pangolin.

Anticipated impacts: - Rehabilitation of irrigation facilities under the project could help increase crop yields and production, volume of water supply and fish species. - During the operation, water level of this subproject will be raised up to the elevation which enables the diversion of reservoir water to irrigation canals and paddy fields. - Re-construction of the existing reservoir does not appear to be a major barrier for fish immigration. - Storage of water during the dry season should benefit to local villagers, as a source of domestic water supply and irrigation. In addition, water quality is expected to improve.

Probable environmental category :A :B 9 :C

11 Resettlement and land compensation aspects

Existing condition:

As explained, currently, there is a farmer who started cultivating in the reservoir area, with the combined total area of about 1.0 ha. A few other farmers could follow.

Anticipated resettlement/compensation required:

If the structures are to be rehabilitated, it is important that compensation scheme for these affected people (APs) should be required.

Resettlement plan required 9 SRP FRP

12 Suggested implementation plan Item 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 P/F F/S D/D FWUC promotion O&M

Prepared by: TEAM Consulting Engineering and Management Co. Ltd., Bangkok, Thailand and TEAM Consulting and Management (Cambodia) Co., Ltd., Phnom Penh, Cambodia

Date of completion: 31 October 2008

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Figure 1 General Map of Project Location

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Figure 2 Map of Subproject Area (Potential Beneficiary Area)

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Figure 3: Selected photographs of the O Neak Takair, October 2008

O NEAK TAKAIR Appendix 5-5 15

Rice field Existing head regulator

Existing control structure at the dike (upstream) Existing control structure at the dike (downstream)

Feeder canal Feeder canal (from another angle)

Figure 4: Selected photographs of the O Neak Takair, October 2008

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PROFILE OF TUMNUB O CHIK (BUENG PRANG) SUBPROJECT

TUMNUB O CHIK (BUENG PRANG) Appendix 5-6 1

PROFILE OF TUMNUB O CHIK (BUENG PRANG) SUBPROJECT

TA-4848 CAM (EXTENSION PHASE) Project Data Sheet

1 Project title: Tumnub O Chik (Bueng Prang)

2 Project Location and description: 2.1 Headworks. Longitude 1,411,992 N Latitude 503,664 E Commune : Tang Krasau District: Prasat Sambor Province Kampong Thom

2.2 Date of construction: 1978 Constructed by Khmer Rouge

2.3.1 General map of project location (see Figure 1) 2.3.2 Map of the subproject area (potential beneficiary area) (see Figure 2) 2.3.3 Selected photographs of project-site (see Figure 3, 4) 2.4 Description of the irrigation scheme

Type of scheme : Flood recession irrigation/with no distribution system

Source of water : Rainfall and surface water in upstream area

Structures and their condition: There is a dike of 2,300 m long in this sub project area. Four sections of the dike, with total combined length of 138 m were damaged by floods. Therefore, existing condition of the dike is not good and as such, requires to be rehabilitated. Once the dike is rehabilitated, more water is expected to be retained in the dry season and hence, could enhance the growing of dry season rice and stabilize the production in the subproject area.

During the wet season period, upstream area (of the dike) is normally flooded for about 2.5 months, with an average depth of 1.5 m. This area, therefore, can not be used effectively for growing wet season rice.

2.5 Names of key informants in project area: 1) Mr. Chet Sivutha , Director of Kampong Thom PDWRAM 2) Mr. Uth Seng , Chief office of Kampong Thom PDWRAM 3) Mr. Yong Vanny, Vice Chief of Kampong Thom PDWRAM 4) Mr. Phun Poch, Tang Krasau Commune Chief 5) Mr. Sorn Kong, Village Chief of Kampong Svay 6) Mr. Aiet Aear, Farmer 7) Mr. Soun Met, Farmer 8) Ms. Chay Choch, Farmer 9) Ms. Sorn Ngourn, Farmer 10) Mr. Meng Ran, Farmer

3 Rationale (implementation priority) Based on the information provided by PDWRAM at Kampong Thom, the subproject area is located in Tang Krasau Commune and, covers 5 villages namely Tapoang, Choam, Ta Am, Chang Krohorm and Prolay Village. At the present, farmers start growing floating rice in the wet season before the flood comes (normally in late April or May) and harvesting in November to December. The wet season rice area is about 70 ha. The area can be divided into two main parts: one close to Stung Sen in the lower area of the dike; the other is in upper area of the dike but, near the natural Bueng (swamp), see Figure 2.

In dry season, the farmers start growing dry-season rice in mid-November and harvesting in mid- March. Five (5) temporary weirs have been constructed by the farmers to retain water along natural channel for use in dry season. This dry-season rice is grown around the Beung Prang (O Chik), with the total area of nearly 280 ha (potential irrigation area to be served by O Chik subproject). TEAM Consulting Engineering & RGC / MOWRAM TEAM Consulting and Management Management Co., Ltd. Asian Development Bank (Cambodia) Co., Ltd. 2 Appendix 5-6 TUMNUB O CHIK (BUENG PRANG)

In terms of food security, this subproject is therefore extremely important to both the farmers and all the local villagers as so far, they have to reply mostly on the production in the dry season during which availability of water is so limited and unstable. Rehabilitation of this subproject should enhance the wet season rice production (70 ha) and at the same time, help increase the dry season production (potential area is as large as 280 ha).

Based on the interview with farmers, it was revealed that rice yield in the subproject area could be relatively high in the good year (i.e., if there were enough rains and appropriate amount of input were applied). The farmers therefore expect that rehabilitation of the existing broken irrigation system would enable them to increase their production, particularly rice. They also expressed their wish to try new crops after the rehabilitation, as irrigation water becomes available.

However, based on the various parameters adopted in the previous feasibility study* of O Touk sub-project (nearby subproject), the Consultant was of the opinion that irrigation water from the rehabilitated O Chik subproject could possibly be just adequate for about 150 ha of paddy fields.

______* The study has adopted the following key parameters: 1. Irrigation Efficiency 40% in wet season and 45% in dry season 2. Water use for preparing paddy fields within first 4 weeks is 200 mm in the wet season and 150 mm in the dry season 3. Percolation loss is 1.2 mm/day in the wet season and 1.4 mm/day in the dry season Irrigation water requirement of the O Chik subproject can be roughly presented as following: Unit 106 m3 Area Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec (ha) 220 0.86 0.67 - - 0.21 0.09 0.15 0.24 0.07 0.10 0.42 0.52

Based on the same set of parameters In view of the fact that O Chick and O Touk subprojects are located close to each other, the O Chik subproject is expected to likely face a problem of inadequate water if it has to irrigate all the potential area of 280 ha or more. This should be another subject for further study at F/S stage.

4 Farmer Institutions - FWUC and its status √ Yes, existing

The FWUC was established in 2004, by PDWRAM of . Currently, it has 219 member households and its operation could be considered “partly operational”

Future work/actions required: Based on the initial assessment of the consultant and as a result of the face-to-face interview with the farmers’ group in June 2008, the following may be noted: 1) Capacity of the existing FWUC committee members in water management should be further strengthened through trainings and other necessary support; 2) FWUC members should also be provided with more knowledge and understanding on the FWUC, its related law, statute and regulations since most of the farmers normally do not understand the legal documents; 3) Both the FWUC committee members and selected farmer leaders should be trained on such subjects as conflict of interest, problem solving, etc., to facilitate their future work and performance; 4) Equally important is the requirement for training on maintenance and operation of irrigation scheme, as both the FWUC committee and general members had a long and bad experiences in fixing the broken irrigation facilities.

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Other existing institutions: The following farmers’ institutions currently exist in the subproject area were noted. 1) Community Development Committee The same as all the other areas in Cambodia, the Tang Karsau commune has its own Committee established: so-called Community Development Committee. It is responsible basically for looking after development projects being implemented within the commune, e.g., road construction, establishment of village bank, skill and leadership development programs, etc. 2) Occupation Groups A number of occupations groups are in operation in this commune. They include saving group, cow bank and rice bank. Both men (40%) and women (60%) are affiliated with these groups. A higher percentage of women members are reported to hold decision-making positions (e.g., the president and vice president) in these occupational groups too.

However, like in many other areas of the country, women at Tang Krasau in general are relatively weak and considered lower in terms of their social status compared to men. Although both women and men often make joint decisions in household affairs, men have more opportunities and stakes to perform and exercise their authorities. Women make decision on specific matters (such as small purchases) but in the community affairs, women serve mainly as “focal point” for women and children whereas men serve as councilors. This kind of traditional gender norm becomes a major constraint of women’s empowerment. Also, it gives less value and discourages women in holding or playing decision-making roles particularly at community and higher levels.

5 Socio-economic profile 5.1 Area and population: Tang Krasau Commune is a large commune, with the total cultivated area of over 2,200 ha. There are 15 villages, with the total population of 10,235 people of which 5,165 persons (or, 50.4%) are male and 5,070 persons (49.6%) are female. There is no ethnic minority group in this Commune; all of the population is Khmer.

In terms of households (hh), there are 2,120 hh of which 1,835 hh (or, 86.5%) are male-headed- households and the remaining 285 hh (or, 13.5%) are female-headed-households.

It should be noted that there are at least three small irrigation projects located in this Commune; one of which is this O Chik subproject. Command area of the O Chik subproject alone is about 280 ha.

5.2 Occupation of total population:

- Farming population (rice growing, orchard, etc.,) 89 % - Non-farming (e.g., wage labour, carpenter, merchant, etc.) 11 % According to the commune chief, all the economically active population in his Commune are generally employed.

5.3 Land holding and Tenureship - Size of land holding approx. 1.29 ha/hh - Farmers having land certificates none - Landless households approx. 5 %

5.4 Existing Cropping Data and Calendar According to the secondary data provided by the commune chief and clerk, cultivation area of the Tang Krasau Commune is more than 2,200 ha. There are three (3) irrigation projects in the area, namely, O Neak Takae, O Andeng and the discussed Beung Prang (O Chick) subprojects. Main crops grown in the area comprise of wet season rice, dry season rice, water melon, cucumber, corn, pumpkin, cabbage, Chinese lettuce, Chinese radish, groundnut and sesame. The crops are grown at different times and seasons. As an example, farmers start to grow wet season rice in mid-May or early June

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and harvest it in November or December in the same year. However, for dry season rice, they normally start it in November or December and harvest it in January or February. Growing of cash crops, such as water melon, cucumber, corn, pumpkin and vegetables usually begin in November. The crops will then be harvested in late December or early January of the following year. For ready references, relevant information on agriculture including the crop calendar in the Tang Krasau Commune (in which the O Chick subproject is located) are given in Tables 1~4 below.

Table 1. Crop areas in the Commune Crops Cultivation area Current irrigated Expected irrigated areas (ha) areas ( ha) after rehabilitation in (ha) Wet season rice 2,266 1,133 1,133 Dry season rice 480 180 480 Corn 30 30 1,000 Water melon 20 20 20 Cabbage 15 15 30 Tomato 20 20 30 Water convolvulus 10 10 30 Cashew nut 530 0 0 ( Source: Secondary data from Tang Krasau commune, 2008)

Table 2. Land-use in the Commune area, per villages Village name Wet season Dry season rice area(ha) Other crop cultivation rice area (ha) areas (ha) Current use (ha) Unused areas (ha) Tang Krasau 316 5 36 - Prey Kdei 159 6 7 38 Tang Stoung 126 7 5 15 Thmei 112 5 12 8 Souriya 78 5 12 27 Tang Krang 167 15 34 6 Tuek Andoung 210 0 24 47 Kampong Chheu Teal 230 20 36 31 Kouk Srok 212 13 9 61 Choam 77 0 53 116 Kampong krasang 121 16 16 23 Ta Paong 171 49 10 11 Pralay 114 39 10 17

Chi Neang 97 0 24 6 Krabau Sraong 76 0 12 5 ( Source: Secondary data from Tang Krasau Commune, 2008)

Table 3: Rice production and yields (total Commune basis) Main crops Total production (t) Average yield (t/ha) Wet season rice 3,399 1.5 Dry season rice 360 2.0 ( Sources: Secondary data from the Commune, June 2008) From the same information source, rice price in 2007 was about 600 Riels per kilogram.

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Table 4: Crop calendar at the Tang Krasau Commune Description Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Rice Short duration Medium duration Late duration Dry season Other crops Water melon Cucumber Corn Pumpkin Cabbage Chinese lettuce Egg plant Wax gourd Sesame Chinese radish (Feedback from the interviewed farmers, June 2008)

In addition, feedback from the interviewed village chiefs and key farmers revealed the following as key problems and constraints of O Chik subproject in the present day: ƒ Due to damages, the existing irrigation scheme doesn’t function properly; ƒ The FWUC committee members have very limited knowledge regarding maintenance and operation of the scheme; ƒ Many disputes often occur between FWUC committee and the farmer members; ƒ Poor crop seeds; ƒ Crops destroyed by pests; ƒ Lack of working capital; ƒ Weed problem; ƒ Feet and Mouth disease ( Cattle); ƒ Lack of labor force as a result of young people migrate to work elsewhere; ƒ Lack of agricultural extension services; ƒ Lack of marketing information; ƒ Inadequate knowledge on new farming techniques; ƒ Limited knowledge for livestock rearing and fish culture.

5.5 Other issues related to agriculture in the subproject area

There are two market places located close to this subproject, namely, (1) Taponglech market which is about 2 kms from the Commune and (2), Kampong Thei market, about 15 kms from the Commune center. Farmers normally go to the Kampong Thei market to purchase agricultural inputs and sell their produce particularly rice to middlemen or, merchants there.

Not many farmers have an access to agricultural extension services provided by agricultural extension workers based at the provincial Department of Agriculture. It was understood that the extension workers can not diffuse agricultural techniques sufficiently to the farmers and on a large-scale basis, due basically to the lack of financial support and other means.

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5.6 Other related information on socio-economic conditions

General As explained, this O Chick sub-project (Tumnub Beung Prang) is located in the Tang Kasau commune which is moderately developed. There are a pre-school and seven (7) primary schools); all children of school age re enrolled in these schools. In addition, there are a government-managed hospital (which provides both general and mother and child health care services) and 5 pagodas in the commune. However, no electricity is available yet in the area. Households collect drinking water from a variety of sources, including rain water (100% of all households), lake water/Stung Sen (46%), hand-pump (2%), and bore well (52%). Roads connecting the commune to the district town (11 km long) and villages (38 km long) are earthen. There is no big market in the commune. Apart from agriculture, motor repairing is becoming an emerging and popular occupation among the men population.

Out-migration is becoming a problem. In 2007, it was explained that 543 men and 604 women have migrated to different places such as Phnom Penh, Thailand, Poi Pet town and Malaysia. They migrate throughout the year. Aspiration for better living and seasonal migration were reported being “push factors” of their migration. Migration particularly of male members often affects education of their children and workload (increased) of female members. Recently, there is also a risk on HIV/AIDS, as a result of migration. There is a report saying that currently, there are as many 16 persons (14 women and 2 men) in the commune living with HIV/AIDS.

Flood and drought also affect the people in the commune, particularly to children and women.

Debt is another common phenomenon in the commune. Some 60% of the people in the commune are indebted. They usually borrow loan/debt from banks, relatives and neighbors. Of them, 20% of the people indebted face extreme difficulty to repay their debt. People repay debt by selling off their properties, such as, cows, lands and houses.

Commune people used to receive supports from external sources for the improvement of their living and living standard. world Vision, Department of Agriculture, Mlub Bei Tang (NGO), World Food Program and Commune Council Fund provide part of the supports through the cow bank, saving group, rice bank, etc. Other supports were in the form of agricultural extension services, provision of agricultural inputs and development of rural infrastructures.

Gender and poverty From the initial face-to-face interview with farmers, it was found that average household income of the people in the commune could be about 1.83 million Riel per year (458 US$/hh). About 20% of the total households (of which, 70% are MHHs and 30% FHHs) were considered poor1; 60% were medium poor2 and the remaining (20%) wealthy3. It was apparent that incidence of poverty is lower among female-headed-households (compared to male-headed-households). Apart from the above, it could be estimated that average highest annual value of farm produces of male and female-headed-households were about Riel1.80 million (US$450) and Riel 1.50 million (US$375), respectively. Average highest annual values of income from non-farm activities, however, were estimated at Riel 1.20 million (US$300) and Riel 0.70 million (US$175) per male and female-headed- households. Income of female-headed-households is always less both in farm and non-farm activities when compared to those of male-headed-households. Food shortage It was explained that some 60% of the total households (40% MHHs and 20% FHHs) lack of rice to feed their members throughout the year. Of them, 70% had the problem of rice shortage for more than 6 months a year.

1 According to the commune council, poor household is defined as a household which has a small thatched house, smaller than 200 square meter of homestead land, agricultural land smaller than 2,000 square meter, a bi-cycle, a pig, etc. No of these family members has permanent job. 2 According to the commune council, medium wealthy household is a household which has a wooden house, 2,000-3000 square meter of homestead land, 10,000-15,000 square meter of agricultural land, 3-4 pigs, etc. Some households could have also a TV or, a bi-cycle and/or motor-bike. Family members earn US$30-50/month.. 3 According to the commune, a wealthy household is a household which has a wooden/brick build house, more than 3,000 square meter of homestead land and 20,000-50,000 square meter of agricultural land. They could have also livestock (more than 10 pigs), a TV, VCD and/or motor bike. Family members often run certain kind of businesses.

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Only 10% of the total households (70% of which were MHHs and the rest was of FHHs) were explained

to have surplus rice while the remaining was facing a certain problem of their rice production. Among them, 30% (18% MHHs and 12% FHHs) could produce just enough rice to feed members of their families throughout the year while the remaining had always the problem of food shortage. Lack of irrigation water/facilities (Rank 1), lack of know-how to produce high-yield varieties (Rank 2), shortage of agricultural inputs (Rank 3), no/limited agricultural land (Rank 4) and lack of labor force (Rank 5) were the underlying causes of rice/food shortage of these households. These factors affect both MHHs and FHHs in same way. Rice/food shortage affects children the most (Rank 1), followed by female-members (Rank 2), elderly members (Rank 3) and male members (Rank 4). Households with rice shortage had to adopt a range of strategies and measures to cope with their crises, e.g., stop schooling of children, performing non-farm activities for cash income, etc.

6 Land utilization & suitability - Irrigated area (of O Chik subproject) 6.1 Land utilization - Irrigated rice area - Potential irrigation area approx. 280 ha - Future irrigation area (expected W + D seasons) approx. 340 ha - Irrigable area but, not used (if any) approx. 100 ha - Reasons for non-use of the irrigable area: Basically, due to lack of irrigation water as a result of damaged dike. Others include the lack of farm labor, limited knowledge for doing properly dry season crops and the low production prices.

6.2 Land suitability for irrigated rice Generally, soils within the subproject area are considered fairly fertile to fertile for growing rice.

Soil type was found to be of Krokor group, i.e., a soil with a gray to brown, loamy or clayey textured topsoil over a sandy, loamy or clayey subsoil occurring on the active floodplains. This soil type occurs in all provinces and is estimated to occupy about 15% of the land area grown to rice in Cambodia. It has a good potential to produce high rice yields and responds well to improved water management. Fertility of this soil is seen to be good (a subject for further study at F/S level).

6.3 Additional relevant land suitability information Based on the result of field studies in June 2008, apart from the wet season and dry season rice crops, farmers in the subproject area cultivate several other secondary cash crops, such as, cabbage, egg plant, sesame, ground nut, water melon and corn in nearby areas where water is available. Short, medium and late duration rice varieties have been grown by farmers. IR66 (short), Pkaromdoul, Romchang, Pkamalis, and Nouch (Medium), Beungkok, Krognol, and Chhong (late) were part of the varieties reported to be grown by the farmers in the subproject area.

Without project, the present rice yields depend heavily on the rain fall pattern and amount of input application. According to a farmer who was interviewed, rice yield per hectare in the good year could be as high as 3.5 t/ha. On the other hand, farmers in general harvested only a very low yield when there was not enough water or, there was too much rain (flood). In 2007, as an example, many farmers harvested only about 600 kgs/ha. Similarly, there was a report that dry season rice yields could vary significantly from year to year. In the best year, some farmers in the O Chik area may get as high as 3.6 t/h. Some farmers also use pump to irrigate their crops. In the worst year, however, these farmers got only about 1.2 t/ha (a record of 2006).

Based also on the farmers’ view, area of upland cash crops, such as water melon, vegetables, cucumber, sesame and dry season rice, etc., could be expanded largely once the proposed subproject is rehabilitated and irrigation water became available.

Land preparation in the subproject area is still be carried out basically by animal power (some 80% of total farmers). Harvesting and transporting rice are done by manpower and/or draught animal. This reflects the currently low degree of farm mechanization in the area. Transplanting and broadcasting rice are therefore done basically by human labor. It should be noted however that transplanting rice constitutes for about 80% of the total area.

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7 Scope of the project 7.1 Work Required: - Feasibility Study - Others (work that should be covered) • Site plan survey at 2 regulators • Cross section and profile along the dike • Identification of 5 weirs location in natural channel • Geotechnical survey, 1 bore hole at a regulator • Verification of dry season irrigated area and water availability

7.2 Anticipated project components

1) Irrigation infrastructures to be rehabilitated/re-construct The following structures could be covered: 1. Regulators: Two regulators should need to be constructed in the downstream area connecting to Stung Sen, to protect flood from the Stung Sen in the wet season and control upstream water in the dry season; 2. Dike: The existing dike of 2,300 m long should need to be rehabilitated, particularly the damages at 4 places; 3. Weirs: About 5 weirs should be constructed in natural channel to retain water in dry season and decrease flow to Stung Sen.

2) Irrigated agriculture

As mentioned, farmers in the subproject area expressed their high interest in growing new economic crops, including dry season rice, water melon, vegetables, mung bean, soybean and corn, if irrigation water is available. Irrigated agricultural component should constitute a major one to be incorporated in the F/S, taking fully into consideration demand from market, technical know how, extension services support and such other potential constraints as financial resources.

In addition, as livestock rearing (particularly, chicken and duck) was also of a keen interest to farmers, a study on this subject should be covered. Furthermore, it is expected that fish culture could become popular among the farmers once the irrigation facilities have been rehabilitated. An integrated agriculture could possibly be a subject for further study for the subproject area.

3) FWUC: 9 To be strengthened As already mentioned in Item 4, the local farmers could identify already part of the weaknesses of the existing FWUC and even, could suggest improvement actions to be considered and carried out. It is therefore recommended that a detailed review study on the existing FWUC is undertaken during the F/S stage to reconfirm the problems (constraints) and accordingly, recommend appropriate actions to follow.

During the study, it should be useful that the current committee members of FWUC and selected farmers’ leaders are allowed to participate intensively, to be of a high success. Again, as a comprehensive set of managerial and technical trainings is anticipated and accordingly, involvement of local NGOs in the study could be fruitful.

Others According to the result of the survey, farmers seemed to be looking for new knowledge and skills for improving their rice cultivation and increasing production of potential

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economic crops. Also, they were looking for economic and integrated pest management and other appropriate techniques for chemical and fertilizer application, livestock rearing and fish culture. Involvement of the responsible agency in agriculture (PDOA, MAFF) should be very important, as extension services should be a key factor of success when implementing agricultural development program.

In parallel to the above, a study related to other local institutions and organizational set up should be undertaken, to identify their respective capacities, supporting roles in project’s implementation and/or requirements for such additional inputs as capacity building and/or institutional strengthening program.

8 Estimated project cost and breakdown: To following are preliminary estimates of eventual development cost of the identified physical infrastructures that need to be confirmed by the proposed F/S.

8.1 Capital and base costs Item Quantity Unit Unit Cost Amount (US$) 1. Construction of regulators 2 each 20,000 40,000 2. Repair and rehabilitate existing dike 2,300 m. 19 43,700 3. Construction of weir 5 each 16,000 80,000

Grand total 163,700

8.2 Annual O&M costs Item Cost (US$) Remarks Annual O&M 1,500 US$10/ha An estimate for major maintenance in every 5 years, 10% of canal 8,000 construction cost (of new project development)

9 Expected Outputs / Outcome (at project level basis): 9.1 Sustained agricultural production (paddy equivalent) about 450 tons

9.2 Increased farm income ( from only rice) approx. 260 US$/hh 9.3 Operational FWUC: Farmers expect that their FWUC will be strengthened in terms of water management knowledge, problem solving, financial management, O&M, etc. They also expect to have sufficient irrigation water for their crops and other related activities after rehabilitation of the irrigation scheme. 9.4 Diversified agriculture: Apart from wet season rice, dry season rice, corn, mung bean, soybean and early wet season rice are expected to be grown more intensively in the subproject area. 9.5 Cropping intensity is expected to increase by some 30%. 9.6 Stabilized water supplies for agriculture and domestic uses.

9.7 Rice and other crop yields are expected to increase largely, once the irrigation water became stabilized. Income of the farmers from agriculture, including livestock and fish culture is expected to increase too.

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10 Environment and environmental impact assessment

Existing condition:

- Tumnub O Chik is situated on the east bank of the Stung Sen (river). Water from the river flows into the subproject area through Prolay Village. The subproject is about 30 km from Boeng Per Wildlife Sanctuary, although it does not fall within any protected area; - The surrounding environment is dominated by paddy field, grassland, common forest and scrubland. Common trees in the area include Acacia, palm, tamarind, eucalyptus trees and bamboo. The nearby forest is sometimes flooded for about 1.5 months per year, with a maximum depth of 2-4 m. Trees in the forest are usually 2-10m tall; - Currently, this area is subject to annual flood. The irrigation structures were also damaged by previous floods; - After the irrigation system was broken down, farmers grow their rice basically on a higher ground, with the total potential area of about 280 ha; - No housing is recorded in the subproject area and therefore, no resettlement/displacement is anticipated; - Existing land-use is dominated by paddy fields. Most of the local farmers reportedly apply chemical pesticide and fertilizers to their paddy fields too; - Regarding cultural heritage, there is no any archaeological site nearby the subproject area; - From the initial field investigation, pollution black spots, dumping sites, industrial activities, noisy commercial activities, dusty open storage, etc., could neither be found; - Many common domestic animals, birds and fishes could be observed, e.g., cattle, pig, chicken, duck, frog, crab, cat fish, chevron snakehead, tawes, Shrimp,dove, quail, sunda pangolin, binturrong , treeshew, etc.

Anticipated impacts:

The proposed rehabilitation scheme should have no significant effect to floating rice cultivation in the wet season. Farmers should still be able to grow wet season rice in the existing area upstream of the dike. In the dry season, however, more farmers are expected to gain more benefit from water which could be retained in the canal and in addition to rice, may grow some other cash crops too. However, as rice price has a tendency to increase recently, it is expected that dry season rice area could be expanded to cover fully the potential lands (280 ha). No other environmental impact is anticipated.

The proposed rehabilitation of irrigation facilities under the project aims basically at the increase in volume of water supply, the increase in crop yields and hence, production volume in the subproject area. More fish species are expected, as volume of water increases. It is unlikely, however, that the proposed rehabilitation work will create any major barrier for the fish immigration.

Water storage during the dry season is expected to benefit to local villagers, particularly as a source of irrigation water for dry season crops.

Probable environmental category :A :B 9 :C

11 Resettlement and land compensation aspects Existing condition:

Anticipated resettlement/compensation required:

Currently, as land reclamation and/or encroachment for new lands by local farmers could not be observed. However, some farmers households could be affected (APs) as a result of the proposed rehabilitation and/or new construction project activities.

Resettlement plan required 9 SRP FRP

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12 Suggested implementation plan Item 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 P/F F/S D/D FWUC promotion O&M

Prepared by: TEAM Consulting Engineering and Management Co. Ltd., Bangkok, Thailand and TEAM Consulting and Management (Cambodia) Co., Ltd., Phnom Penh, Cambodia

Date of completion: 31 October 2008

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12 EMCnutn niern RC/MWA TEAM Consulting and Management / RGC MOWRAM Management Co., Ltd. ConsultingTEAM Engineering & Appendix 5-6 Appendix

Asian Development Bank

TUMNUB OCHIK(BUENGPRANG) (Cambodia) Co., Ltd.

Figure 1 General Map of Project Location

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5-6 Appendix (Cambodia) Co., Ltd. 13

Figure 2 MapAsian Developmentof Subproject Bank Area (Potential Beneficiary(Cambodia) Co., Area) Ltd.

14 EMCnutn niern RC/MWA TEAM Consulting and Management / RGC MOWRAM Management Co., Ltd. ConsultingTEAM Engineering & Appendix 5-6 Appendix

Site Visit Beung Prang (O Chik), Tang Krasau Commue, Prasart Sambour District, Kampong Thom Province

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TUMNUB OCHIK(BUENGPRANG) (Cambodia) Co., Ltd.

Figure 3: Selected photographs of the O Chik (Bueng Prang), October 2008 TUMNUB O CHIK (BUENG PRANG) Appendix 5-6 15

Site visit by boat People’s participation

Temporary control structure Existing dike with irregular shape and broken dike(behind)

Water resource of this subproject ”Stueng Saen River” Rice field

Figure 4: Selected photographs of the O Chik (Bueng Prang), October 2008

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Appendix 5-7

PROFILE OF TUMNUB KBAL KHMAUCH SUBPROJECT TUMNUB KBAL KHMAUCH Appendix 5-7 1

PROFILE OF TUMNUB KBAL KHMAUCH SUBPROJECT

TA-4848 CAM (EXTENSION PHASE) Project Data Sheet

1 Project title: Tumnub Kbal Khmauch

2 Project Location and description: 2.1 Headwork Longitude 1,409,112N Latitude 499,873E Commune: : Kampong Svay Province: Kampong Thom

2.2 Date of construction: 1966 Constructed by Khdeiy Chas Pagoda with local people in kampong svay and Tiem Chas villages

A brief development history: - In 1994, with World Vision 's assistance, the damaged dike of about 200-m long was repaired. - In 2004, other minor structures were repaired, with support from the World Food Program. - Currently, the existing irrigation system cannot be fully operated.

2.3.1 General map of project location (see Figure 1) 2.3.2 Map of the subproject area (potential beneficiary area) (see Figure 2) 2.3.3 Photographs (see Figure 3, 4)

2.4 Description of route Tumnub Kbal Khmauch is located in Kampong Thom, central part of Cambodia. The subproject site may be reached by car, starting from Kampong Thom town to the eastern direction by National Road No. 6 and then at Kampong Krabu, turns northeastward to the laterite road, with the total distance of approximately 15 kilometers.

2.5 Description of the irrigation scheme

Type of scheme : Flood recession irrigation/pumping system

Source of water : From Stung Sen.

Structures, their condition and situation at project area: Tumnnub Kbal Khmauch has a dike of about 500 m long. Elevation of the dike is low, i.e., rather the same as that of rice fields. One of the existing culverts was broken by flood.

Four villages are benefiting from this subproject with the total area of about 250 ha (Wet Season). Dry season irrigation area, however, is about 100 ha.

2.6 Names of key informants in project area:

1) Mr. Chea Sivutha, Project Management Office (PMO) of MOWRAM 2) Mr. Hak Puthy, Deputy director of PDWRAM, Kompong Thom 3) Mr. Hout Try, PDWRAM, Kompong Thom 4) Mr. Mao Chhun, Chief of Kampong Svay commune 5) Mr. Um Bun Y, Second vice chief commune 6) Mr. Chea Lyna, Commune clerk 7) Mr. Sean Torn, Head of Kampong Svay village 8) Mr. Pang Mork, Farmer 9) Mr. Nau Sy, Farmer 10) Mr. Chin Kun, Farmer 11) Mr. Mil Ron, Farmer 12) Ms. Sim Kimsorn, Farmer 13) Ms. Oun Nam, Farmer 14) Ms. Thu Sokkheun, Farmer TEAM Consulting Engineering & RGC / MOWRAM TEAM Consulting and Management Management Co., Ltd. Asian Development Bank (Cambodia) Co., Ltd. 2 Appendix 5-7 TUMNUB KBAL KHMAUCH

3 Rationale (implementation priority)

Since this project area is subject to flooding from Stung Sen, farmers normally have to plant floating rice in the wet season. In the dry season, they then plant normal rice, using water from Stung Sen (by pumping). Often, this has caused them a problem of water shortage, due also to a high topography in the area that makes it difficult to distribute the limited waterfrom Stung Sen. In the project is rehabilitated, the farmers expect to use all the existing lands for dry season rice.

According to the interviewed farmers, rice yields in the area vary significantly too between a good year and a bad year. Reportedly, they used to get about 2.9 tons per hectare in a good (2003 figure) but only 500 kilograms per hectare in a bad year (2007 figure). Apart from rice, the farmers expect to grow other economic crops too if irrigation water become available.

Year-round water requirement for the 250 ha of potential irrigation area of this subproject could be estimated at about 3.07 mcm/year, comprising of 2.60 mcm and 0.47 mcm for the wet and dry season crops, respectively. This project area is located in flood plain area of Stung Sen basin. Monthly discharges data of the Stung Sen at Kompong Thom station have been checked and found that peak discharges of this river are normally in September and, remain constant until October. Although this could be generally satisfied in view of the fact that the subproject is a “flood recession”, adequacy of water for the project area is questionable and remains to be a subject for further study.

4 Farmer Institutions - FWUC and its status Yes, existing √ No, not existing

Future work/actions required:

FWUC doesn’t exist in the community. According to the farmers, the major reason was due to unavailability of irrigation water caused by the damage to the existing irrigation system. However, the community has a so-called “Well Users Association” established earlier by the Tonle Sap Poverty Reduction and Rural Development Project.

It is desirable that concepts and principles of FWUC be introduced to the local farmers, when this subproject is rehabilitated in order that the farmers have a better understanding on this kind of their institution and then, can take part in the long-term operation and maintenance of the system. PDWRAM, in particular, should assist the farmers to establish the FWUC and provide them with training and new knowledge on water management, operation and maintenance of the infrastructures, crop planning, etc.

Other existing institutions:

There are four occupational and social groups in operation at this Kampong Svay commune. One of them is a Self-help Group which has a total membership of 80 households. Others are Cow Bank, Farmer’s Association and Rice Bank which have their membership of 70 households, 20 households and 320 households, respectively.

5 Socio-economic profile (of the Kampong Svay Commune): 5.1 Area and population - Cultivated area about 3,700 ha - Number of villages 12* villages - No. of families 2,619 (total) hh 2,289 (male-headed) hh 330 (female-headed) hh - Total population 13,804 Persons Of which: Male 7,135 persons Female 6,669 persons

* Of the total, number of benefit village is reportedly four (4), see Table 2.

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5.2 Occupation of total population: - Farming (rice growing, orchard, fishing, etc.) 97% - Non-farming (e.g., officer, carpenter, merchant, etc.) 3%

5.3 Land holding and Tenureship: - Size of land holding average 1.3 ha/hh - Farmers having land title none - Landless households approx. 9 %

5.4 Existing Cropping Data and Calendar

Based on the secondary data provided by the commune officials, wet season rice cultivation area of Kampong Svay commune is 3,704 hectares. Only Tumnub Kbal Khmauch subproject is located in the commune.

Crops grown in the project area consist of wet season rice, dry season rice, soybean, mung bean, cassava, water melon, corn, cucumber, wax gourd, string bean and egg plant. Table 1 shows cultivated areas of important crops in the commune. Table 2 shows crop areas per villages, including particularly the four (4) beneficial villages of the Tumnub Kbal Khmauch subproject.

Crops are grown at different times and seasons. Farmers normally start cultivating wet season rice in April, May and JunE and harvesting it in August, November and December, depending on rice verities. Dry season rice is planted in November and harvested in January. Water melon is normally planted in mid-April and harvested in June. Corn is planted in November harvested in January. Cucumber is normally cultivated twice in May and December and picked in June and January, respectively. Egg plant is usually grown in November and collected in mid-January of the following year (see Table 3: Crop calendar).

Average wet season rice yield is about 1.2 tons per hectare while that of the dry season could be as high as 3.0 tons per hectare (see Table 4).

In 2007, average paddy price was about 790 Riels per kilogram.

Table 1: Major crop grown and status of irrigation area Current main crops Cultivation area Current irrigated Expected irrigated areas (ha) areas ( ha) after rehabilitation in (ha)

Wet season rice 3,294 n.a 1,276

Dry season rice 400 200 400

Pumpkin 5 n.a 5

Corn 150 0 40

Cucumber 5 n.a 10

Water melon n.a 0 9

Cassava 70 n.a n.a (Source: Secondary data from the commune, 2008)

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Table 2: Major crops grown, per villages Village name Total Benefit Wet Dry season Other crop cultivation households from the season rice rice area areas project (ha) (ha) (ha) Kampong Svay 224 Yes 326 n.a 15 Team Chas 353 Yes 413 n.a 3 Thnaut 319 No 305 n.a 21 Enkoma 342 No 373 n.a 50 Chongprey 208 No 265 n.a 70 Preypros 126 No 188 n.a 20 Tapaung 250 No 264 n.a 0 Tamam 126 No 183 n.a 3 Chrangkrohom 188 Yes 257 n.a 0 Osala 197 Yes 280 n.a 156 Anlongkrosang 130 No 210 n.a 60 Sochey 156 No 230 n.a 0 (Source: Secondary data from commune, 2008)

Table 3: Seasonal crop calendar Description Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Rice crops Short duration Medium duration Late duration Dry season rice Upland crops Water melon Soybean String bean Lettuce Cucumber Wax gourd Pumpkin Egg plant Corn

(From interview with farmers, August 2008)

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Table 4: Major crop area, production and yield Main crops Total cultivation area (ha) Total production Average yield (Tons) Ton/ha Wet season rice 3,294 3,953 1.2 Dry season rice 200 600 3 Floating rice 898 n.a. n.a. (Sources: Secondary data from the Commune Council, August 2008)

According to the village chiefs and key farmers who were interviewed, the following were considered also key problems in the area: ƒ Lack of irrigation water ƒ Draught and flood (sometimes) ƒ Small farm size ƒ Low crop yield ƒ Poor rice seeds ƒ Shortage of working capital for fertilizer , herbicides, and pesticides ƒ Poor soils ƒ Problem from weeds, insects and pests ƒ Lack of farmyard manure ƒ Lack of other soil improvement technique.

5.5 Other Agricultural issues

Since this project area is subject to flooding from Stung Sen, farmers normally have to plant floating rice (low yield level) in the wet season in September or October (before flood starts), with such varieties as IR66 or Bangkok. For dry season, the farmers plant normal rice (higher yield), with water from Stung Sen (by pumping). However, often, they have to face a problem of water shortage, due to a high elevation of topography compared to the relatively low water level in the Stung Sen. They expect to plant a lot more dry season rice if this subproject is rehabilitation.

Farmers living in the project area have an access to Phsa Kampong Thom market located about 14 km from the commune, to purchase agricultural inputs and machinery. Farmers usually sell their agricultural products to middlemen at this Phsa Kampong Thom and/or those in their villages.

Agricultural extension workers based at district level used to provide some extension activities, such as, farmer field school, integrated pest management (IPM) and field demonstration to farmers but, only few could have such the access due to the limited scope and probably budgetary constraint on the side of the responsible agency.

5.6 Other socio-economic issues

Ethnic diversity: Population at this subproject are homogeneous in terms of their ethnic diversity. They all belong to a single ethnic group –Khmer-. Public facilities in the sub-project areas: Public facilities with regard to market, health care and school are better-off in this commune. There are nine primary schools, two lower secondary schools and one upper secondary school; most of the children of school age are enrolled in these schools. In addition, there are three local markets, a hospital and six pagodas. However, there is no electricity supply in the commune. Roads, both connecting the commune to district town and connecting villages within the commune are unpaved. Rainwater is the major source of household use and drinking purpose. Some 40% of all the households use rainwater. The rest uses water from bore well and hand-pump for drinking and household purposes. Socio-economic conditions of households: As mentioned in earlier, agriculture is a common occupation of the majority of the household. In this community, a higher percentage of female-headed-households (FHH) is engaged in non-farm activities compared to male-headed-households (MHH). With the given economic development at local and national level, some new jobs are emerging. Vocational occupations TEAM Consulting Engineering & RGC / MOWRAM TEAM Consulting and Management Management Co., Ltd. Asian Development Bank (Cambodia) Co., Ltd. 6 Appendix 5-7 TUMNUB KBAL KHMAUCH

such as repairing agricultural tractor and motorbike and construction work became emerging occupations for men while decoration and beauty salon are popular occupations among women. Average annual income per household in the commune is Riels 2.0 million (US$500/hh). According to the initial set of information provided by the key informants, the share of household income from farm and non-farm activities is almost the same. For example, average highest annual incomes of MHHs from farm and non-farm activities are Riels11.0 million and Riels 10.0 million, respectively. Corresponding figures for the FHHs are Riels 4.0 million and 5.0 million. However, generally, income of FHHs is only about a half of that of MHHs.

According to the key informant, about 20% of the households fall under the category of poor1, 50% medium wealthy2 and the rest (30%), wealthy3. In relative terms, therefore, poverty incidence is lower in this commune compared to other subproject areas nearby. As the incidence of low degree of poverty, only a small percentage of household incur loan during their hardship and in this connection, only about 5% of households reportedly experience problems to repay their loan.

In terms of food security, about 20% of the total households in this commune have a problem of rice shortage. Of this group, about a half of them lack of rice to feed household members for more than 6 months in a year. Reportedly, only 30% of the households can produce surplus rice while the majority (50%) can produce just enough rice to feed the household members. When compared between FHHs and MHHs, proportionately a higher percentage of FHHs face the problem of shortage. Lack or irrigation facilities, limited land, lack of household labor and shortage of agricultural inputs, particularly good seeds were quoted as the underlying causes of insufficient rice production of the households.

Migration: Migration is relatively high among the people of the commune. They make both international and local migration. Destinations of international migration include Thailand and Malaysia. For local migration, they mainly migrate to Phnom Penh and Siem Reap. Some people migrate in off-agricultural season and others migrate throughout the year. Seasonal (and overall) unemployment and aspiration of better livelihood are the underlying factors of migration of the people. Migration rate is higher among women and girls compared to men and boys. In 2007, 449 women and girls made out migration and this figure made up 63% of the total out migration in that year. However, migration of household members possess some effects to other members. Migration mostly affects education of children followed by difficulty to manage household, increased workload, difficulty to cultivate land due to labor shortage and, risk of HIV/AIDS (to female members when their husbands come back from migration). Gender roles and relations in family and community: In this commune, women hold position a degree lower than men. In household gender relations, men play decisions on more important and worthy matter, whereas women play decision-making roles in day-to-day affairs, such as, buying foods and clothes, health care of family members, buying and selling poultry and pigs, etc.

In the commune council, there is only one female member out of eleven councilors. Women’s poor representation in commune councils means their voice is hardly heard or addressed in commune development plan. The role of female commune councilor is largely concentrated on women and children affairs including domestic violence issues. There is a common attitude among the people in the commune that women do not have leadership skills and capacity and women are inferior to men.

Similarly, in other social groups (i.e., cow bank, rice bank, farmers’ association, and self-help groups), it was reported however that women occupy only 20% of all the positions although they make 70% of the membership. Vulnerability to external shocks: Households in the commune are vulnerable to both flood and drought. Vulnerability to these externalities increases the problem of food shortage to the households. However, it was reported that only 3% of ever married women of this commune experience violence of their husbands. There are also some cases of HIV/ADIS in the commune.

1 A household is poor if it has (i) less than 20 A (1A=100 m2) of agricultural land, (ii) less than 2 A of household land, (iii) no cow or buffalo, maximum of 1 pig and a few chicken and duck (iv) 1 bicycle, (v) 1 radio (no TV), (vi) thatched house, and (vii) lack rice for at least 4 months and up to 12 months. 2 A medium wealthy household refers to a household which has (i) 20 A to 1.5 hectare of agricultural land, (ii) 2-4 A of household land, (iii) less than 3 cows or buffalos, less than 4 pigs and a number of chicken and duck (iv) 1 motorbike or bicycle, (v) 1 TV and radio each, (vi) 1 small wooden house, and (vii) lack rice up to 3 months. 3 A household is defined as wealthy if it has (i) more than 1.5 hectare of agricultural land, (ii) more than 4 A of household land, (iii) more than 3 cows or buffalos, more than 4 pigs and a number of chicken and duck (iv) 2 motorbikes and bicycles and 1 car, (v) 1 TV and radio each, (vi) one medium or large wooden or brick-build house, and (vii) produces surplus rice. TEAM Consulting Engineering & RGC / MOWRAM TEAM Consulting and Management Management Co., Ltd. Asian Development Bank (Cambodia) Co., Ltd. TUMNUB KBAL KHMAUCH Appendix 5-7 7

Desire of development: People in the commune have desire for a wide-range of development in the commune, including repairing of the irrigation system, improvement of rural infrastructure, training on laws, skill training on agriculture, health care facilities, etc. Currently, government’s departments (Department of Women’s Affairs, Department of Rural Development, Department of Health, Department of Education and Department of Water Resources) and NGO (PACT Cambodia) are implementing some programs to address these issues.

6 Land utilization & suitability – Irrigation area (Subproject level) 6.1 Land utilization - Potential irrigation area approx. 250 ha - Future irrigated area (expected wet+dry seasons) approx. 300 ha - Potential newly irrigated area (to be developed) n.a. ha - Irrigated area but, not used none

6.2 Land suitability for irrigation rice crop

Soil types in the project areas were found to be of two soil groups consisting of Prateah Lang and Kien Svay.

According to the referenced literature (Vang, soil TIP, 2006), the Prateah Lang soil is estimated to occupy about 28% of the total rice-growing area. Three phases of Prateah Lang soil have been defined based on characteristics of the sub soil that affect root penetration and water drainage, including 1) shallow phase, 2) clayey subsoil phase and 3), loamy subsoil phase. This soil is difficult to manage for rice production. If structures for water harvesting and supplementary irrigation can be developed cheaply, then profitable yield increases may be expected on these soils.

The Kien Svay is a soil with brown, loamy or clayey textured soil (topsoil and subsoil) with a weakly developed profile formed on river levees and associated back slopes. It is estimated to occupy less than 2% of the rice-growing area in the country. This soil is relatively easy to manage and, has a high potential for agricultural production. The soil responds very well to improved management. The soil seems to be deficient in only N and P. The response to P fertilizer application in the field, however, is variable and P fertilizer application is frequently not required.

6.3 Additional information relevant to land suitability

Based on the interview with farmers, apart from wet season, there are many other secondary cash crops grown in the area too. They include dry season rice, cassava, water melon, soybean, mung bean, pumpkin, wax gourd and cucumber. Short, medium and late duration rice varieties are also grown by the farmers. The short duration rice varieties consist of IR, Khar 11 and Malis. The medium duration rices are Pkaromdoul, Pka romchek and Romchang. For the late duration ones, they include Rangchey, Pkadoung and Neang Horm.

Under present circumstances, rice yields in the area depend heavily on the rainfall pattern and input investment by farmers. As explained, in the good year (2003), the yield could be as high as 2.9 tones per hectare while in a bad year (2007), it was only about 500 kilogram per hectare.

Planted area of cash crops, such as, water melon, corn, cucumber and other vegetables are expected to be largely expanded in the project area if irrigation water is available. In addition, dry season rice could be grown a lot more after the broken irrigation system is rehabilitated.

Land preparation in the area is still done mainly (90%) by animal power. Harvesting, however, is done totally by human labor. About 90 percent of the farmers do threshing rice by threshing machine and the rest (10%) by manpower. This indicates that farm mechanization in the area is not yet widespread due probably to economic constraint and other factors. It should be noted also that transplanting method is basically practiced by farmers in the project area.

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7 Scope of the project: 7.1 Work Required: - Pre-feasibility study (In view of limited water resources, number of existing structures and difficult topography of the benefit area) - Other important activities should include:

• Project area mapping, scale 1:10,000 with contour interval of 1 m. • Confirmation of proposed irrigation area. • Confirmation of hydrological study and recession area.

7.2 Anticipated project components:-

1) Irrigation infrastructures (to be rehabilitated/re-constructed)

1.1) Head work and appurtenance structures: - Construction of a new waste way. - Demolishing of the existing dike and construction of new control structure. - Improvement of existing dike, 500 m (approximate).

2) Irrigated agriculture

Based on the farmers interviewed, they expect to cultivate many kind of economic crops, such as, dry season rice, corn, soybean, mung bean, ground nut, cabbage, water melon, cucumber, garlic and string bean if water is available. However, promising cash crops will have to be determined based on market demand and other factors. Similarly, they expect to raise duck after the rehabilitation. Some expressed their desire to do fish culture in the lake after the rehabilitation.

From the same interview, the farmers also indicated their needs for new farming knowledge and skills for rice and vegetable cultivation techniques, animal keeping technique, etc.

In view of these, development of irrigated agriculture should be another project component for the next study to be pursued, to confirm initially their viability and feasibility, taking fully into consideration the prevailing agricultural market and level of know-how of the farmers.

3) FWUC: √ To be newly established To be strengthen

According to farmers who participated in the group discussion, the reason why there is no FWUC in their community was because there has been no initiative and support from outsiders. The farmers obviously do not have much understanding about the FWUC, although they are now members of the existing “Well Users’ Association”.

It is desirable that during the next stage of study, as another project component, problems and development needs of the farmers be studied thoroughly again with a view to seeing the potential and constraints in these respects. Based on the study result, recommendations for its establishment with supports from PDWRAM/MOWRAM and timing of the implementation should be required.

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8 Estimated project cost and breakdown: The following are preliminary estimates of eventual development cost of the identified physical infrastructures that need to be confirmed by the proposed P/F Study. 8.1 Capital and base costs Item Unit Unit cost Q'tity Cost (US$) (US$) 1. Land compensation of the new control structure ha 700 1 700 Total (1) 700 2. Construction of dike and hydraulic structures 2.1 Demolishing of existing and construction of new L.S. - 1 85,000 control structure (main structure and waste way) 2.2 Dike improvement km 150,000 0.5 75,000 Total (2) 160,000 3. Related recession parts to be improved L.S. - 1 50,000 Total (3) 50,000 4. Miscellaneous 4.1 For compensation work L.S. - 1 300 4.2 For demolishing and drainage structures L.S. - 1 20,000 Total (6) 20,300 Grand total 231,000

8.2 Annual O&M costs Item Cost Remarks (US$) Annual O&M 2,500 US$10/ha An estimate for major maintenance in every 5 years, 10% of canal 5,000 construction cost (of new project development)

9 Expected Outputs / Outcome (at project level basis):

9.1 Agricultural production (paddy equivalent) approx. 540 tons 9.2 Increased farm income ( basically from rice crop) approx. 470 US$/hh 9.3 The FWUC: A new FWUC could be established and in fully functional, capable of performing operation and maintenance of the rehabilitated irrigation system by the farmers themselves, with a full but gradually phasing out supports from the government agencies. 9.4 Diversified agriculture: Apart from wet season rice, dry season rice, soybean, mung bean, string bean, corn, cucumber, and other vegetables should be grown widely in the project area, with a higher portion of products from livestock rearing and fish culture. 9.5 Cropping intensity is expected to increase by 20% or more

9.6 Stable water supplies for agriculture and domestic uses 9.7 Reduced labor migration 9.8 Improved security of food production, increase in the household income and eventually, improved standard of living the local people.

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10 Environment and environmental impact assessment

Existing environmental condition: - Tumnub Kbal Khmauch subproject is situated close to Stung Sen but located outside all protected area. - In this subproject area, farmers grow basically floating rice in the area. - This subproject is subject to annual flooding, with flood duration of about three months and maximum depth of 2 m. - The existing land-use is dominated by paddy fields (75%). Local farmers reportedly apply chemical fertilizers and pesticides to their paddy fields. Some grass in farmland were killed also by using a chemical (namely FASI , made in Vietnam 45g with 18L of water). - From the initial field investigation, pollution black spots, dumping sites, industrial activities, noisy commercial activities, dusty open storage, etc., were not found. - Many people depend on water from Stung Sen as the primary source of water. Some of them have received also “drinking water filter” from local NGO. - As many as 60% of the local people have toilets in their house. - Waste management is generally poor, however, with uncontrolled disposal. There is also a lack of treatment system and facilities for collection and transportation for solid waste. - Common animals such as egret, lesser whistling duck, milky stork, greater adjutant, etc. can still be observed. - Common tree species include cashew, bamboo, eugenia spp, eucalyptus tereticornis, acacia, tamarind and palm tree. - Regarding cultural heritage, there is no any archaeological site nearby the subproject area.

Anticipated impacts: - The proposed rehabilitation of irrigation facilities under the project aims basically at the increase in volume of water supply for enhancing crop yields and hence, production volume in the subproject area. More fish species are expected, as volume of water increases. No any significant environmental impact is anticipated.

Probable environmental category :A :B 9 :C

11 Resettlement and land compensation aspects Existing condition:

Currently, there is no any evidence of land reclamation and/or encroachment for new lands by local farmers.

Anticipated resettlement/compensation required:

According to the proposed rehabilitation and reconstruction activities, some farmer households are expected to be affected (APs) and therefore, a short resettlement/compensation plan could be required.

Resettlement plan required 9 SRP FRP

12 Suggested implementation plan Item 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 P/F F/S&D/D FWUC promotion O&M

Prepared by: TEAM Consulting Engineering and Management Co. Ltd., Bangkok, Thailand and TEAM Consulting and Management (Cambodia) Co., Ltd., Phnom Penh, Cambodia

Date of completion: 31 October 2008 TEAM Consulting Engineering & RGC / MOWRAM TEAM Consulting and Management Management Co., Ltd. Asian Development Bank (Cambodia) Co., Ltd.

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Figure 1 General Map of Project Location

12 EMCnutn niern RC/MWA TEAM Consulting and Management RGC / MOWRAM Management Co., Ltd. ConsultingTEAM Engineering & Appendix 5-7 Appendix TUMNUB KBALKHMAUCH Asian Development Bank (Cambodia) Co., Ltd.

Figure 2 Map of Subproject Area (Potential Beneficiary Area)

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FigureFigure 3:Figure Selected 3: 3: Selected Selected phot ographsphot photographsographs of the of Tumnub ofthe the Tumnub Tumnub Kbal Khmauch,Krahamkor, Prolay, September October September 2008 2008 2008 14 Appendix 5-7 TUMNUB KBAL KHMAUCH

Travelling to subproject area by long tail boat Rice field and track

Dike crest near stream showing broken part Dike crest and shrub on both side

Dike showing crest erosion/damage Rice field

Figure 4: Selected photographs of the Tumnub Kbal Khmauch, October 2008

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Appendix 5-8

PROFILE OF PROLAY ME BANTEAY STOUNG SUBPROJECT PROLAY ME BANTEAY STOUNG Appendix 5-8 1

PROFILE OF PROLAY ME BANTEAY STOUNG SUBPROJECT

TA-4848 CAM (EXTENSION PHASE) Project Data Sheet

1 Project title: Prolay Me Banteay Stoung

2 Project Location and description: 2.1 Headwork Longitude 1,428,984N Latitude 461,480E Commune: Bantaey Staung District: Staung Province: Kampong Thom

2.2 Date of construction: 1975 Constructed by Khmer Rouge

A brief development history: - In 1974, the canal has been repaired by Pot Pot Regime. - In 2003, a box culvert was constructed by Seilla Program. - In 2004, a pipe culvert was built by Ministry of Rural Development. - In 2004, the dike of around 4 km long has been improved by World Food Program. - Currently, the existing irrigation system cannot be operated at full capacity.

2.3.1 General map of project location (see Figure 1) 2.3.2 Map of the subproject area (potential beneficiary area) (see Figure 2) 2.3.3 Photographs (see Figure 3, 4)

2.4 Description of route Prolay Me Banteay Stoung is located in northwestern part of Kompong Thom, central part of Cambodia. This subproject site can be accessed by road, starting from Kompong Thom to northwestern direction by National Route No.6 for about 50 kms and then at Staung district, turn eastward to the rural road for another 15 kms. The rural road is of laterite surface, with fair condition. Car can reach to the site but, could be with some difficulties as the road is full of ruts and holes.

2.5 Description of the irrigation scheme

Type of scheme : Gravity system

Source of water : From 30 Kanha Reservoir

Structures, their condition and situation at project area: Prolay Me Banteay Stoung has a dike of approximately 7 km-long. Other existing irrigation structures include three (3) culverts with good condition. Some parts of dike, however, were broken.

The major source of water of this subproject is from “30 Kanha” reservoir which flows as free surface crossing rice fields in the downstream. The canal connecting the 30 Kanha reservoir with the subproject is also in need of an improvement.

2.6 Names of key informants in project area:

1) Mr. Chea Sivutha, Project Management Office (PMO) of MOWRAM 2) Mr. Kvan Seng Poung, PDWRAM, Kompong Thom 3) Mr. Hout Try, PDWRAM, Kompong Thom 4) Mr. Sot Ul, Chief of Banteay Stoung Commune 5) Mr. Kuy Ngor, Commune member 6) Mr. Kiv Tap, Commune member 7) Mr. Phin Heang, Head of Banteay Stoung village 8) Mr. Pheng Riel, Farmer 9) Mr. Ning Ne, Farmer 10) Mr. Em on, Farmer

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11) Ms. Chhieng Nan, Farmer 12) Mr. Mao Morn, Farmer 13) Mr. Sim Orng, Farmer

3 Rationale (implementation priority)

During the past years, Prolay Me Banteay Stoung subproject has been maintained by a few different agencies, including Seilla Program, the Ministry of Rural Development and the World Food Program. However, the reservoir can no longer store water for irrigation because it has become shallow. Some people also start planting rice in the canal. Rehabilitation of the project should help secure more water in the system for agriculture and other development purposes.

According to interviewed farmers, rice yields in the subproject area could be as high as 3 tons per hectare in a good year (2006 figure). But in a bad year like in 2005, some farmers could get only 400 kilogram of paddy per hectare. Rehabilitation of the project is expected to help stabilize rice yields in the area by means of stable water supply. Expectedly, other economic crops may also be grown by the farmers, if more irrigation water is available.

This project has an irrigation area of about 1,800 ha which should require about 22.13 mcm/year for irrigating crops, comprising of 18.75 mcm and 3.38 mcm for the wet and the dry season, respectively. This agricultural area receives water from 30 Kanha reservoir. Based of the completion report of Stung Staung reservoir rehabilitation project (January 2006), this subproject is part of the potential area of the 30 Kanha reservoir which has an inflow of as high as 880.19 mcm/year. Irrigation water that could be made available from this reservoir could therefore be estimated at about 318 mcm/year. Due top this, the availability of water resource for this subproject is considered adequate, although it should be reconfirmed also by F/S.

4 Farmer Institutions - FWUC and its status Yes, existing √ No, not existing

Future work/actions required:

As FWUC does not exist in the community, it is desirable that concepts and principles of FWUC be introduced to the local farmers, when this subproject is rehabilitated in order that the farmers can take part in the long-term operation and maintenance of the system. PDWRAM, in particular, should assist the farmers to establish the FWUC and provide them with training and new knowledge on water management, operation and maintenance of the infrastructures, crop planning, etc.

Other existing institutions:

There are however tow other occupational/social groups in operation at this Bantaey Staung commune. One is a Savings Group which has a total membership of about 115 households and the other is a Rice Bank, with membership of about 250 households.

5 Socio-economic profile (of the Bantaey Staung Commune): 5.1 Area and population - Cultivated area about 2,480 ha - Number of villages 15* villages - No. of families 1,974 hh

Of which: - Male headed households (MHHs) 1,618 hh - Female headed households (FHHs) 356 hh - Total population 10,150 persons

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Of which: Male 4,807 persons Female 5,343 persons

* Of the total, number of benefit village is reportedly ten (10), see Table 2.

5.2 Occupation of total population: - Farming (rice growing, orchard, fishing, etc.) 94% - Non-farming (e.g., officer, carpenter, merchant, etc.) 6%

5.3 Land holding and Tenureship: - Size of land holding average 0.95 ha/hh - Farmers having land title none - Landless households approx. 5 %

5.4 Existing Cropping Data and Calendar

Based on the secondary data provided by the commune chief, total area of wet season rice of Banteay Stoung commune is 2,477 hectares. Only Prolay Banteay Stoung subproject is located in the commune.

Main crops grown in the Prolay Me Banteay Stoung subproject consist of wet season rice, lettuce, water melon, cucumber, wax gourd, pumpkin, egg plant, sugarcane, tomato and corn (see Table 1). Table 2 provides however statistics of major crops grown per villages in the commune.

Farmers normally start cultivating wet season rice in June and July and harvesting it in September, December and January, depending on rice varieties. Water melon is grown in May and cultivated in July. Cucumber is planted in June and November and harvested in August and January, respectively. For other cash crops, such as corn, wax gourd, egg plant, tomato, cabbage and pumpkin, they are normally grown in early January and harvested in March (see Table 3).

Based on the statistics provided by the commune, average wet season rice yield in the project area was about 1.7 tons per hectare. Yields of other crops are not readily known (Table 4).

In 2007, average paddy price in the area was about 790 Riels per kilogram.

Table 1: Major crop grown and status of irrigation area Current main crops Cultivation area Current irrigated Expected irrigation area (ha) areas ( ha) after rehabilitation (ha) Wet season rice 2,215 0 1,370 Dry season rice n.a n.a 100 Pumpkin 3 3 5 Cassava 3 n.a 20 Cucumber 10 10 20 Wax gourd 2 2 5 Water melon 5 n.a 50 Sugar can 3 n.a 15 (Source: Secondary data from the commune, 2008)

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Table 2: Major crops grown, per villages Village name Total Benefit Wet Dry season Other crop cultivation households from the season rice rice area(ha) areas (ha) project (ha) Ponleachey 179 Yes 92 0 n.a Chanlos 96 Yes 49 0 n.a Beng 171 Yes 156 0 n.a Banteay Stoung 244 Yes 216 0 8 Kok Kraus 87 Yes 90 0 n.a Kuk Sandek 60 Yes 84 0 n.a Cheu Teal 134 Yes 155 0 n.a Pou 92 Yes 109 0 n.a Slak 203 Yes 249 n.a n.a Chombokpagna 197 No 254 n.a n.a Boveng 97 No 255 n.a n.a Rolus 115 No 131 n.a n.a Tamer 53 No 117 n.a n.a Sraumdek 170 Yes 170 n.a n.a Dounpok 76 No 88 0 n.a (Source: Secondary data from the commune, 2008)

Table 3: Seasonal crop calendar Description Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Rice crops Short duration Medium duration Late duration Upland crops Water melon Tomato Cabbage Cucumber Wax gourd Pumpkin Egg plant

(Based on interview with farmers, August 2008)

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Table 4: Major crop area, production and yield Main crops Total cultivation area (ha) Total production Average yield (Tons) Ton/ha Wet season rice 2,215 3,800 1.7 Cucumber n.a n.a n.a Water melon n.a n.a n.a (Sources: Secondary data from the Commune Council, August 2008)

According to the village chiefs and key farmers interviewed, the following were also considered part of the existing problems in the project area: ƒ Lack of irrigation water ƒ Insufficient rain water ƒ Uneven paddy fields ƒ Low crop yield ƒ Poor soil ƒ Problems from weeds and grasshoppers ƒ Lack of farmyard manure and chemical fertilizer ƒ Small farm size ƒ Lack of working capital to purchase fertilizer, and herbicides ƒ Rice diseases ƒ Foot and mouth disease for animal, and ƒ Pig disease.

5.5 Other Agricultural issues

Farmers living in this subproject area have an access to Phsastoung market located about 7 kms far from the commune, to purchase their agricultural inputs and machinery. They usually sell their paddy and other crops at their own villages and the Phsastoung market.

In 2003, some farmers in the commune have received trainings in chicken raising, fish culture, earth worm raising and pig raising from FAO. In 2007, CEDAC (a local non-governmental organization) provided also training courses in animal raising, rice cultivation technique and compost making. However, government agricultural extension workers could not provide such services to farmers due probably to budgetary and other constraints. Due to these circumstances, only few farmers could have such an access to agricultural extension services and accordingly, they still need badly “agricultural extension services” to improve their farming.

5.6 Other socio-economic issues

Ethnic diversity: People living in the subproject area belong to Khmer ethnicity. Public facilities: Public facilities in terms of roads, utilities and market are very poor in this commune. There is no market and electricity supply. Roads connecting commune to district town and villages within the commune are unpaved, making communication of people difficult particularly in rainy season. Only 35% of total households use tube well water for drinking and household purposes. The remaining majority (65%) use rainwater and river water. However, there is a good number of schools for youths in the commune, comprising of 10 primary schools and a lower secondary level school. All the children of school age are enrolled at these schools. In addition, there is a government hospital which provides both general and maternal health care service. Socio-economic conditions: Socio-economic conditions of households in the commune may be explained in terms of household income, food security and poverty incidence. Average annual income of a household in this commune was estimated at Riels 2.55 million (approx. US$637/hh). General households normally earn income from both farm and non-farm products/services, although average share of income from the non-farm products/services is often higher than that from the farm ones. Again, it was found that average income of male-headed-households (MHHs) from both farm and non- farm products and services are always higher than that of female-headed-households (FHHs). From a limited information obtained during the field visit, it was estimated that an average highest annual TEAM Consulting Engineering & RGC / MOWRAM TEAM Consulting and Management Management Co., Ltd. Asian Development Bank (Cambodia) Co., Ltd. 6 Appendix 5-8 PROLAY ME BANTEAY STOUNG

income of MHHs from farm and non-farm products and services were Riels 6.0 million and Riels 18.0 million, respectively. Corresponding figures of the FHHs were only Riels 3.0 million and Riels 3.6 million. In terms of food security, 40% of households in the commune have been facing rice shortage as they can not produce rice sufficiently to feed their family members throughout the year. Of these, 15% of them were reported to have shortage of rice for more than 6 months in a year. About a half (50%) of the total households reportedly produce rice just sufficient amount while only the rest of 10% can produce surplus rice. The most common cause of rice shortage, as quoted by the local farmers, is the lack of irrigation water and facilities. Other reasons include people’s lack of know-how to improve rice yield, shortage of agricultural inputs, limited land and shortage of household labor. Children and elderly members are most affected by food shortage of household. Often, children have to assist their parents in earning money to meet-up rice shortage and, they first have to tight their belts when food shortage starts. In terms of poverty incidence, 74% of the total households were considered medium wealthy and another 10% wealthy. The rest of 16%, however, were reported to be living under poverty line. The chief of Banteay Stoung commune defined a household as poor if it has (i) less than 2 A (1A=100 m2) of agricultural land, (ii) less than 2 A of household land, (iii) no cattle, maximum of 1 pig and a few chicken and duck, (iv) 1 bicycle and no motorbike, (v) 1 radio (no TV), (vi) thatched house and (vii), shortage of rice from 4-6 months. On the other hand, a household is categorized as medium wealthy if it has (i) 2 A to 1 hectare of agricultural land, (ii) 2-5 A of household land, (iii) 1-3 cattle, 2-4 pigs and many chicken and duck, (iv) 1 motorbike, (v) 1 TV and radio each, (vi) 1 small wooden house and (vii), shortage of rice for maximum of 3 months. A wealthy household is considered wealthy if it has (i) more than 1 hectare of agricultural land, (ii) more than 5 A of household land, (iii) more than 3 cattle, more than 4 pigs and lots of chicken and duck (iv) 2 motorbikes and bicycles and 1 car, (v) 1 TV and radio each, (vi) one medium or large wooden or brick-build house and (vii), produces sufficient rice. Migration: Out migration is a great issue in the commune. Higher number of men migrate to outside compared women. According to the commune chief, 462 men and 212 women migrated to outside in 2007. They mostly migrated in off-agricultural season. The most common destination of migration was Thailand, followed by Phnom Penh. Seasonal unemployment mainly pushed the higher number of people from the commune to migrate outside. Migration of male members of households particularly increases workload of female members of the family and makes it difficult for the female members to manage the families. It also affects schooling of children. In case of shortage of household labor, children have then to take care home and younger ones (baby sitting) instead of going to school. Gender roles and relations in family and community: Men are generally heads of households and hold super positions in household gender relations. Whereas, women hold lower position and make decisions on day-to-day affairs of households. Men make decision on major issues of the households. At community level, women do not represent in commune council –the authority who is entrusted for commune development and affairs-. As women lack representation in the commune council, it is likely that concerns, issues and voices of women in relation to their needs, interests and priorities are hardly addressed in commune investment plan. Persisting gender stereotypes with regard to women’s capacity and leadership among the common people in the commune cause women’s worse off position and status in household and commune gender relations. Vulnerability to external shocks: There are 11 (7 women and 4 men) persons in the commune living with HIV/AIDS. Persons living with HIV/AIDS are subject to social stigma, taboo and discrimination. The prevalence of domestic violence is very low in the commune. According to the commune chief, only 1% of ever-married women in the commune experience domestic violence. Desire of development: With regard to the planned development, the community people desire (i) repairing of irrigation system, (ii) construction of roads and school, (iii) provision of improved health care services with cheaper price, (iv) environmental protection and preservation and (v), security. Currently some NGOs, such as, World Vision and Buddhist Organization, are working on these issues for the development of the commune. If the subproject is to be rehabilitated, it could potentially address food security of a large percentage of households in the commune through improving irrigation system. As noted, the lack of irrigation facility is the most common reason for rice shortage of household. However, the subproject should also address desire of community people on: − Development of roads and schools − Environmental protection − Provision of improved but cheaper health care service for the community people.

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6 Land utilization & suitability – Irrigation area (Subproject level) 6.1 Land utilization - Potential irrigation area approx. 1,800 ha - Future irrigated area (expected W + D seasons) approx. 2,160 ha - Potential newly irrigated area (to be developed) n.a. ha - Irrigated area but, not used none

6.2 Land suitability for irrigation rice crop

Soil types in the project areas were found to be of three soil groups consisting of Prey Khmer, Pratea Lang and Krakor.

According to the referenced literature (Vang, soil TIP, 2006), the Prey Khmer is a soil occurring on the old alluvial terraces or colluvial-alluvial plains, with a sandy textured profile extending up to 50 cm or deeper. This soil type is estimated to occupy about 11% of the total rice growing area in the country. Two phases of Prey Khmer group have been defined based on the size of the sand fraction in the surface horizon: fine sandy phase and coarse sandy phase. This soil is difficult to manage for rice production. This soil type is not suitable for irrigation. The fertility of this soil is very low. Glasshouse experiments have shown the soil to be potentially deficient in N, P, K, S and Mg. Organic matter levels are also very low. Fertilizer management is very difficult with nutrients being easily leached; and it is difficult in matching nutrient supply to crop demand.

The Prateah Lang soil is estimated to occupy about 28% of the total rice-growing area. Three phases of Prateah Lang soil have been defined based on characteristics of the sub soil that affect root penetration and water drainage, including 1) shallow phase, 2) clayey subsoil phase and 3), loamy subsoil phase. This soil is difficult to manage for rice production. If structures for water harvesting and supplementary irrigation can be developed cheaply, then profitable yield increases may be expected on these soils.

The Krako soil is a soil with a gray to brown but not dark gray, very dark brown or black, loamy or clayey textured topsoil over sandy, loamy or clayey subsoil occurring on the active floodplains. The soil occurs in all provinces and is estimated to occupy about 15% of the land area grown to rice in Cambodia. Two phases have been defined for the Krakor soil, non-cracking and cracking. It is expected that the group will be further subdivided into a number of phases following more detailed work. The soil has a good potential to produce high rice yields. The soil responds well to improved management. It has a high suitability for irrigation if water can be managed effectively. The inherent fertility of the soil is good. Glasshouse and field trials have shown responses to only N and sometimes P fertilizer application.

6.3 Additional information relevant to land suitability

Based on the result of field observation, apart from wet season rice, farmers also cultivate others secondary cash crops, such as, water melon, corn, egg plant, tomato, sugarcane, cabbage and other vegetables. Short, medium and late duration rice varieties have been grown by farmers in the project area. Short term rice varieties consist of Malis, Romdoul, Chaovaypdaov, Ktoum, Chei, Pourom, IR, Otrung, Ambok, Neang meas and Arith. Medium duration rice varieties are Neang Kung and Lakslek. Late duration ones (floating rice) consist of Doung, Kala, Neang Sor and Chagnermprovek.

Under present circumstances, rice yields in the area depend heavily on rainfall pattern and input investment made by individual farmers. According to the farmers interviewed, average rice yield per hectare was about 3.0 tons in the good year, meaning enough rain water, with appropriate amount of fertilizer and limited damage from pest (2006 figure). In a bad year (like drought year of 2005), many farmers could get only 400 kilogram per hectare.

Production areas of main cash crops, such as, water melon, sugarcane, cassava, corn, cucumber and other vegetables, are expected to be expanded in the project area if irrigation water is available. In addition, dry season rice area is expected to be largely expanded after the existing broken irrigation system is rehabilitated.

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Land preparation is still all done by animal power while harvesting (rice crop) is done by human labor. Transporting of rice and other crops is basically done by cattle. It was noted however that threshing (rice) is all done by machine. In overall, it may be said that farm mechanization is not yet widely in the community due probably to economic constraints on the side of the farmers.

It was also noted that all the farmers in this commune follow transplanting method, by employing family labor force as well as the practice of exchange labor. At present, therefore, labor force does not seem to be a major constraint for farmers in the community.

7 Scope of the project: 7.1 Work Required: Feasibility Study and Detailed Design - (In view of generally favorable factor endowments and low investment cost) - Other important work/activities should include:

• Project area mapping, scale 1:10,000 with contour interval of 1 m. • Strip topographic survey for the main canal and secondary canal (1:4,000). • Confirmation of proposed irrigation area and potential area in the field. • Geotechnical survey for check structures, 5 bore holes.

7.2 Anticipated project components:-

1) Irrigation infrastructures (to be rehabilitated/re-constructed)

1.1) Head work and appurtenance structures - Rehabilitation of main canal, 7000 m (approximate) - Improvement of existing structures, (2 places)

1.2) Canal improvement and new construction (with respective approximate length in km), including:- - 1L-MC 1.70 km (New construction) - 2L-MC 1.90 km (New construction) - 3L-MC 4.15 km (Improvement) - 1L-3L-MC 0.73 km (Improvement) - 1R-3L-MC 1.00 km (Improvement) - 2L-3L-MC 1.05 km (Improvement) - 1R-MC 0.63 km (Improvement) - 2R-MC 0.68 km (Improvement) - 3R-MC 0.78 km (Improvement)

1.3) Construction of new conveyance structures, including:- - A tail regulator at the main canal - Check structure at main canal, two (2) places - A road crossing with check at main canal - Road crossing drainage at main canal, three (3) places - A road crossing with check at secondary canal - Road crossing drainage at secondary canal, three (3) places - Tail regulator at secondary canal, nine (9) places - Head regulator at secondary canal, 9 (nine) places.

1.4) Maintenance of farm roads

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2) Irrigated agriculture

Based on the farmers interviewed, they expect to cultivate economic crops, such as, dry season rice, water melon, sugarcane, cassava, Chinese radish, cabbage, corn, water convolvulus, egg plants and other vegetables. However, promising crops that may be planted still need to be confirmed, taking into consideration market demand and other factors.

Farmers also expect to expand their livestock enterprises, such as, pig, chicken, duck and cattle. In addition, some others would like to do fish culture in their paddy fields and ponds, after the system has been rehabilitated. At the same time, these farmers expressed their needs for new farming knowledge and skills, e.g., on modern rice cultivation technique, compost making, mushroom producing technique, upland crop cultivation, vegetables growing and animal raising technique.

In view of these, development of irrigated agriculture should be another project component for the F/S study to be pursued, to confirm their viability and feasibility, taking fully into consideration the prevailing agricultural market and level of know-how of the farmers. Supplementary measures and assistance programs through agricultural extension services need to be identified and recommended for eventual implementation.

3) FWUC: √ To be newly established To be strengthen

According to farmers who participated in the group discussion, the reason why there is no FWUC in their community because there has been no support from outsiders. The farmers have neither fund nor know how to establish the FWUC.

During the F/S, as another project component, problems and development needs of the farmers should need to be studied thoroughly with a view to seeing the potential and constraints in these respects. Based on the study result, recommendations for its establishment with supports needed from PDWRAM/MOWRAM and timing of the implementation will be required.

4) Others:

Similar to other areas, organizational aspects of the local farmers are rather weak. Necessary new knowledge for the farmers to perform their occupations and functions are limited. A project component aiming at institutional strengthening and capacity buildings of the farmers’ institutions (including FWUC and other social groups) should be necessary.

8 Estimated project cost and breakdown: The following are preliminary estimates of eventual development cost of the identified physical infrastructures that need to be confirmed by the proposed F/S & DD. 8.1 Capital and base costs

Item Unit Unit cost Q'tity Cost (US$) (US$) 1. Land compensation 1.1 Area of main canal improvement ha 700 8.4 5,880 1.2 Area of new canal construction (1L-MC) ha 700 2.72 1,904 1.3 Area of new canal construction (2L-MC) ha 700 3.04 2,128 1.4 Area of canal improvement (3L-MC) ha 700 4.98 3,486 Total (1) 13,398

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2. Improvement of existing structures Improved existing structures and install new sliding gate place 2,500 2 5,000 Total (2) 5,000 3. Construction of new conveyance structures 3.1. Main Canal - Road crossing with check place 5,700 15,700 - Tail regulator place 7,600 1 7,600 - Check structure place 3,500 2 7,000 - Road crossing structures place 4,000 3 12,000 3.2. 1R-MC - Head regulator place 5,900 1 5,900 - Tail regulator place 7,600 1 7,600 3.3. 2R-MC - Head regulator place 5,900 1 5,900 - Tail regulator place 7,600 1 7,600 3.4. 3R-MC - Head regulator place 5,900 1 5,900 - Tail regulator place 7,600 1 7,600 3.5. 1L-MC - Head regulator place 5,900 1 5,900 - Tail regulator place 7,600 1 7,600 3.6. 2L-MC - Head regulator place 5,900 1 5,900 - Tail regulator place 7,600 1 7,600 3.7. 3L-MC - Head regulator place 5,900 1 5,900 - Tail regulator place 7,600 1 7,600 - Road crossing with check place 5,700 15,700 - Road crossing structure place 4,000 1 4,000 3.8. 1R-3L-MC - Head regulator place 5,900 1 5,900 - Tail regulator place 7,600 1 7,600 3.9. 1L-3L-MC - Head regulator place 5,900 1 5,900 - Tail regulator place 7,600 1 7,600 3.10. 2L-3L-MC - Head regulator place 5,900 1 5,900 - Tail regulator place 7,600 1 7,600 - Road crossing structure place 4,000 1 4,000 Total (3) 167,500 4. Canal improvement & new construction 4.1. Main canal (Improvement) km 40,000 7 280,000 4.2. 1R-MC (Improvement) km 30,000 0.63 18,900 4.3. 2R-MC (Improvement) km 30,000 0.68 20,400

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4.4. 3R-MC (Improvement) km 30,000 0.78 23,000 4.5. 1L-MC (New Construction) km 40,000 1.70 68,000 4.6. 2L-MC (New construction) km 40,000 1.90 76,000 4.7. 3L-MC (Improvement) km 30,000 4.15 124,500 4.8. 1R-3L-MC (Improvement) km 30,000 1.00 30,000 4.9. 1L-3L-MC (Improvement) km 30,000 0.7321,900 4.10. 2L-3L-MC (Improvement) km 30,000 1.05 31,500 Total (4) 694,200 5. Miscellaneous 5.1 For compensation work L.S 10,000 1 10,000 5.2 For construction of new conveyance structures L.S 50,076 1 50,250 5.3 For canal improvement and new construction L.S 208,380 1208,380 Total (5) 268,630 Grand Total 1,148,728

8.2 Annual O&M costs Item Cost Remarks (US$) Annual O&M 18,000 US$10/ha An estimate for major maintenance in every 5 years, 10% of canal 69,420 construction cost (of new project development)

9 Expected Outputs / Outcome (at project level basis): 9.1 Agricultural production (paddy equivalent) approx. 3,600 tons 9.2 Increased farm income ( basically from rice crop) approx. 410 US$/hh 9.3 The FWUC: The newly established FWUC is fully functional, capable of performing operation and maintenance of the rehabilitated irrigation system by the farmers, with a full but gradually phasing out supports from the government agencies. 9.4 Diversified agriculture: After the subproject is in full operation again, apart from wet season rice, dry season rice, water melon, cassava, egg plant, corn, cucumber and other vegetables will be grown in the area. In addition, livestock rearing and fish culture will be emerging occupational choices for the farmers. 9.5 Cropping intensity is expected to increase by 15 % or more 9.6 Stable water supplies for agriculture and domestic uses 9.7 Reduced labor migration 9.8 Improved security of food production, reduced poverty condition, increase in the household income and eventually, improved standard of living the local people.

10 Environment and environmental impact assessment

Existing environmental condition: - Prolay Me Banteay Stoung subproject is situated about 500 m from the Stung Stoung. The major source of water is obtained from 30 Kanha reservoir. - The Subproject is located outside all protected areas. - The surrounding environment is dominated by villages and paddy fields. - This subproject is subject to annual flooding, with flood duration of about two weeks and a maximum depth of 1 - 2 m. - Existing land-use is dominated by paddy fields. About 40% of the local farmers reportedly apply chemical fertilizers to their paddy fields. - From the initial field investigation, pollution black spots, dumping sites, industrial activities, noisy commercial activities, dusty open storage, etc., were not found. TEAM Consulting Engineering & RGC / MOWRAM TEAM Consulting and Management Management Co., Ltd. Asian Development Bank (Cambodia) Co., Ltd. 12 Appendix 5-8 PROLAY ME BANTEAY STOUNG

- Surface water shortages do occasionally occur in the dry season due to the lack of reservoir. Existing shallow lakes are also affected by soil erosion. From the interview with farmers, it was found that many people depend also on groundwater. In the wet season, they use rain water for drinking and cooking. - Almost all the local people do not have toilets in their houses. - Waste management is generally poor with uncontrolled disposal. There is a lack of treatment system and facilities for collection and transportation for solid waste. Waste water is discharge directly to waterways or grassland. Solid waste is mainly (90%) managed by burning. The rest is disposed of in waterways, open area and burying. - Only common domestic animals and fish could be observed, such as, native cattle, pig, chicken, Asian bumblebee catfish, Climbing perch, Chevron Snake head, etc. - Common trees in the area include acacia, palm, tamarind, eucalyptus tereticornis, bamboo, eugenia spp., etc. - There is no any archaeological site nearby the subproject area.

Anticipated impacts: If the subproject is to be rehabilitated, there is a general expectation that volume of water supply will increase, agricultural production in the subproject area will also be increased through stabilization crop yields. More fish species are also expected, as volume of the water increases. No other significant environmental impacts are anticipated.

Probable environmental category :A :B 9 :C

11 Resettlement and land compensation aspects

Existing condition:

In 2005, after the irrigation system was broken down, some farmers (about 20 households) started cultivating their rice in the damaged canal, with the width of about 4 m and the length of 2 km.

Anticipated resettlement/compensation required:

Currently, as land reclamation and/or encroachment for new lands by local farmers could already be observed, resettlement/compensation plan should be required, if the rehabilitation is to take place. Number of affected peoples (APs), as shown above, is 20 households with the total area of 0.8 ha or more.

Resettlement plan required 9 SRP FRP

12 Suggested implementation plan Item 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 P/F F/S D/D FWUC promotion O&M

Prepared by: TEAM Consulting Engineering and Management Co. Ltd., Bangkok, Thailand and TEAM Consulting and Management (Cambodia) Co., Ltd., Phnom Penh, Cambodia

Date of completion: 31 October 2008

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Figure 1 General Map of Project Location

14 EMCnutn niern RC/MWA TEAM Consulting and Management RGC / MOWRAM Management Co., Ltd. ConsultingTEAM Engineering & 5-8 Appendix Asian Development Bank

PROLAY MEBANTEAYSTOUNG (Cambodia) Co., Ltd.

Figure 2 Map of Subproject Area (Potential Beneficiary Area)

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LMC (Cambodia) Co., Ltd.

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FigureFigure 3:Figure FigureSelected 3: 3: Selected3: Selected photogr Selected photogr aphsphot photographsographs ofaphs the ofProlay of the ofthe Prolay theMe Tumnub TumnubBa Menteay BanteayKrahamkor, Prolay,Stoung, Stoung, September September September October 2008 2008 2008 2008 16 Appendix 5-8 PROLAY ME BANTEAY STOUNG

Rice cultivated in canal Main canal (MC)

Structure with temporary stoplog Rice cultivated in canal and road crossing

Structure without gates 30 Kanya reservoir (water resource)

Figure 4: Selected photographs of the Prolay Me Banteay Stoung, October 2008

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Appendix 5-9

PROFILE OF PROLAY ME PRASART SUBPROJECT PROLAY ME PRASART Appendix 5-9 1

PROFILE OF PROLAY ME PRASART SUBPROJECT

TA-4848 CAM (EXTENSION PHASE) Project Data Sheet

1 Project title: Prolay Me Prasart

2 Project Location and description: 2.1 Headworks. Longitude 1,429,623N Latitude 464,675E Commune: Preah Damrei District: Staung Province: Kampong Thom

2.2 Date of construction: 1975 Constructed by Khmer Rouge

A brief development history: - Since the old days, there has been no report of any maintenance work done for this subproject. - Currently, the existing irrigation system cannot be operated.

2.3.1 General map of project location (see Figure 1) 2.3.2 Map of the subproject area (potential beneficiary area) (see Figure 2) 2.3.3 Photographs (see Figure 3, 4)

2.4 Description of route Prolay Me Prasat is located in northwestern part of Kompong Thom, central part of Cambodia. This subproject site can be accessed by road, starting from Kompong Thom to northwestern direction by National Route No.6 for about 50 kms and then at Staung district, turn eastward to the rural road for another 15 kms. The rural road is of laterite surface, with fair condition. This route is the same one to Prolay Me Banteay Stoung subproject although it needs to go further for some kilometers to the 30 Kanha Reservoir direction, to reach the project site.

2.5 Description of the irrigation scheme

Type of scheme : Gravity system

Source of water : 30 Kanha Reservoir

Structures, their condition and situation at project area: Prolay Me Prasat subproject has a dike of approximately 8-km long. Condition of this subproject is basically poor. Some parts of the dike and canals became already rice fields and/or ox-way. Other component structures comprise of a wooden bridge which is also of a very poor condition. The existing culverts, however, are still in good condition.

Prolay Me Prasat has been receiving the water from 30 Kanha Reservoir which supplies to nine (9) villages in Preah Damrei commune, with the total irrigation area of about 700 ha.

2.6 Names of key informants in project area:

1) Mr. Chea Sivutha, Project Management Office (PMO) of MOWRAM 2) Mr. Kvan Seng Poung, PDWRAM, Kompong Thom 3) Mr. Hout Try, PDWRAM, Kompong Thom 4) Mr. Mit Salang, Chief of Preah Damrei Commune 5) Mr. Hoc Houng, First vice chief Commune 6) Ms. Yot Nang, Second vice chief Commune 7) Mr. Sai Soy, Commune member 8) Mr. Pey Cheang, Commune member 9) Mr. Kao Lat, Clerk 10) Mr. Chhoun Chhy, Vice head village of Kandoul Chas

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11) Mr. Soun Heu, Farmer 12) Mr. Len Khoun, Farmer 13) Mr. Cheung Nay, Farmer 14) Mr. Chhiet Chhay, Vice head village of Prasat 15) Ms. Te Im, Farmer 16) Mr. Bot Beun, Farmer 17) Ms. Kiet Tho, Farmer 18) Ms. Chai Pheak, Farmer 19) Ms. Kim Tha, Farmer 20) Mr. Choun Den, Farmer

3 Rationale (implementation priority)

It is quite difficult now to identify alignment of the existing canals because some of the canal sections became already rice fields. Moreover, some people also started building their houses in some of the places that used to be irrigation canal. In view of these, the subproject should need to be rehabilitated and developed further for a greater benefit to the people.

According to the commune chief, land ownership problem should not be a serious problem if some lands have to be reclaimed for improving the irrigation canals. Local people seem to be fully aware of public lands and the reason for their temporary reclamation was basically due to natural fertility of the lands in the system.

According to interviewed farmers, rice yields in the subproject area could be as high as 2.8 tons per hectare in a good year (2007 figure). In such bad year of drought in 2000, the farmers got only about 900 kilograms per hectare on the average. Rehabilitation of the project is highly expected to help stabilize the crop yields and accordingly, productions in the area. Furthermore, expectedly, new economic crops will be grown by the farmers if irrigation water became availble.

Prolay Me Prasat has an irrigation area of 1,400 ha which should require about 17.20 mcm/year, comprising of 14.58 mcm and 2.62 mcm of the wet and dry seasons, respectively. Based on the completion report of Stung Staung reservoir rehabilitation project (January 2006), this subproject project is also part of the potential irrigated area receiving water from the 30 Kanha reservoir. Of its annual inflow of about 880 mcm/year, irrigation water from this reservoir could be as high as 318 mcm/year. Due to this, water availability for the present subproject is considered adequate, although it should be reconfirmed by the detailed study at F/S.

4 Farmer Institutions - FWUC and its status Yes, existing √ No, not existing

Future work/actions required:

Similar to the Prolay Me Banteay Stoung subproject located next door in the upstream, Farmer Water Users Community (FWUC) does not exist in the community. It is desirable that concepts and principles of FWUC be introduced to the local farmers, when this subproject is rehabilitated in order that the farmers can take part in the long-term operation and maintenance of the system. PDWRAM, in particular, should assist the farmers to establish the FWUC and provide them with training and new knowledge on water management, operation and maintenance of the infrastructures, crop planning, etc.

Other existing institutions:

There are however three (3) occupational and social groups in operation at this Preah Damrei commune. One of them is a Savings Group which has a total membership of about 100 households, Others are Farmer’s Association and Rice Bank, with a total membership of 25 households and 450 households, respectively.

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5 Socio-economic profile : 5.1 Area and population - Cultivated area about 1,300 ha - Number of villages 9* villages - No. of families 1,745 hh Of which: - Male headed households (MHHs) 1,585 hh - Female headed households (FHHs) 160 hh - Total population 5,439 persons Of which: - Male 2,475 persons - Female 2,964 persons

* Of the total, number of benefit village is reportedly five (5), see Table 2. 5.2 Occupation of total population: - Farming (rice growing, orchard, fishing, etc.) 95% - Non-farming (e.g., officer, carpenter, merchant, etc.) 5% 5.3 Land holding and Tenureship: - Size of land holding approx. 0.82 ha/hh - Farmers having land title none - Landless households 8-9 %

5.4 Existing Cropping Data and Calendar

Based on the secondary data provided by the commune chief and commune council members, wet season rice area of Preah Damrei commune is 1,255 hectares. Only Pralay Me Prasat subproject is located in the commune.

Main crops grown in the project site consist of wet season rice, corn, cucumber, pumpkin, and Chinese radish (see Table 1). Table 2 show planted areas of rice and other crops per villages of the commune.

Crops are grown at different times and seasons. Farmers normally start cultivating wet season rice in July and harvesting crop in November, December and January, depending on the rice verities. Dry season rice is started in January and harvested in March. Growing of other cash crops, such as, corn, lettuce, egg plant, pumpkin, chili, and wax gourd normally starts at similar time in December (after wet season rice) and harvested in January or later. Cucumber is however cultivated in May and December and harvested in June and January, respectively (see Table 3: Crop calendar).

According to an official record provided by the commune, average wet season rice yield is only about 1.5 tons per hectare. Average dry season rice yield is, however, 3.0 tons per hectare (See Table 4).

Average paddy price obtained by the farmers in 2007 was about 800 Riels per kilogram.

Table 1: Major crop grown and status of irrigation area Current main crops Cultivation area Current irrigated Expected irrigation area (ha) areas ( ha) after rehabilitation (ha) Wet season rice 1,255 n.a 655 Dry season rice n.a n.a 250 Pumpkin n.a n.a n.a Corn n.a n.a 10 Cucumber 1 n.a 3 Chinese radish n.a n.a 2 (Source: Secondary data from commune, 2008)

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Table 2: Major crops grown, per villages Village name Total Benefit Wet Dry season Other crop cultivation households from the season rice rice area(ha) areas (ha) project (ha) Siem Peay 185 No 180 0 n.a. Chas 94 No 170 n.a. n.a. Sophy 114 Yes 70 n.a. 3 Lek 163 Yes 210 n.a. n.a. Kandaulchas 150 Yes 100 n.a. 5 Kandaulthmei 111 Yes 20 n.a. 3 Prasan 270 Yes 255 n.a. 2 Somrong 43 No 60 n.a. n.a. Rolus 615 No 190 n.a. n.a. (Source: Secondary data from the commune, 2008)

Table 3: Seasonal crop calendar Description Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Rice crops Short duration Medium duration Late duration Upland crops String bean Cucumber Wax gourd, pumpkin, lettuce Egg plant, corn

(According to the interview with farmers, August 2008)

Table 4: Major crop area, production and yield Main crops Total cultivation area (ha) Total production Average yield (Tons) Ton/ha Wet season rice 1,255 1,882 1.5 Dry season rice 100 300 3 (Sources: Secondary data from the Commune Council, August 2008)

According to the village chiefs and key farmers interviewed, the following were quoted as key problems in the project area: ƒ There is no FWUC. ƒ Lack of irrigation water ƒ Draught and flood sometimes ƒ Low crop yield ƒ Shortage of working capital for fertilizer, herbicides and pesticides ƒ Poor soil TEAM Consulting Engineering & RGC / MOWRAM TEAM Consulting and Management Management Co., Ltd. Asian Development Bank (Cambodia) Co., Ltd. PROLAY ME PRASART Appendix 5-9 5

ƒ Weeds, insects and pests, including problems from birds, rat, grasshopper and crabs ƒ Lack of farmyard manure ƒ Lack of chemical fertilizer.

5.5 Other Agricultural Issues

Farmers living in the subproject area has an access to Phsa Stoung market located about 15 km far from the commune, to purchase their agricultural inputs and machineries. However, they usually sell their rice and other agricultural products including vegetable product at this Phas Stoung as well as to middlemen in their villages.

In 2005, agricultural extension workers based at provincial level delivered extension services to farmers in this area but, never since due probably to their budgetary constraints.

In 2007, CEDAC (local NGO) provided also some agricultural extension services on compost making, and animal keeping (i.e., chicken, duck and cattle) but again, their project had limited activities and accordingly, only few farmers could access to the services provided.

5.6 Other socio-economic issues

Ethnic diversity: People in this commune belong to single ethnicity –Khmer ethnic group. Public facilities in the subproject area: There are not many public facilities in the commune, i.e., three (3) primary schools and secondary school; all children of school age are enrolled at these schools. Apart from these, there are two pagodas but, nor hospital and a market place. About a half (50%) of the households use rainwater. Another 35% use bore well water for drinking and household purposes and the rest, uses water from river/canal. Roads connecting the commune to the district town and villages within the commune are unpaved. Socio-economic conditions and gender: Agriculture is the main occupation of the majority of the households in the commune. Some 95% of the households make their living on agriculture although some non-farm activities are also emerging in the commune. Average annual income of the household is only Riels 1.5 million (US$375). With respect to cash income, poverty incidence is higher among the households in this commune, when compared to the others. In addition, income of male-headed-households (MHHs) and female-headed-households (FHHs), both from farm and non-farm activities, is almost the same. From the limited piece of information obtained, it was estimated that average highest incomes of MHHs and FHHs from farm activities were 2.5 million Riel and 2 million, respectively. Their respective income from non-farm activities were Riels 6.0 million (for MHH) and Riels 4.5 million (for FHH).

According to the key informant, 35% of all the households are considered poor1, 48% are medium wealthy2 and 17% of households are wealthy3.

In terms of food security, it was reported that about 35% of all the households produced insufficient rice to feed members throughout the year. Of the households in this group, 15% lacks of rice to feed their family members more than six months in a year. Some 50% of the total households, however, produced rice just sufficient rice to feed their family members and only 15% could produce surplus rice. Although the households who lack of rice may use cash (earned from non-farm activities) to purchase rice, this reduces household’s savings and makes vulnerable to externalities. Lack/inadequacy of land, lack of irrigation facilities, shortage of household labor and shortage of agricultural inputs were quoted as the major causes of this problem of rice shortage at household level. Lack of irrigation facilities and water, as a matter of fact, affected rice production of everyone in the commune.

1 A household is called poor if it has (i) less than 20 A (1A=100 m2) of agricultural land, (ii) less than 2 A of household land, (iii) maximum of 1 cow or buffalo, 1 pig and a few chicken and duck (iv) 2 bicycles and no motorbike, (v) 1 radio and no TV, (vi) thatched house, and (vii) shortage of rice up to 4 months a year. 2 A household is called medium wealthy it has (i) 20-30 A of agricultural land, (ii) 2-5 A of household land, (iii) 2-4 cows or buffalos, 2-4 pigs and many chicken and duck (iv) 1 motorbike, (v) 1 TV and radio each, (vi) 1 small wooden house, and (vii) shortage of rice up to 3 months. 3 A household is called wealthy if it has (i) more than 30 A of agricultural land, (ii) more than 5 A of household land, (iii) more than 4 cows or buffalos, more than 4 pigs and many chicken and duck (iv) 2 motorbikes and bicycles and 1 car, (v) 1 TV and radio each, (vi) 1 medium or large wooden or brick-build house, and (vii) produces sufficient rice. TEAM Consulting Engineering & RGC / MOWRAM TEAM Consulting and Management Management Co., Ltd. Asian Development Bank (Cambodia) Co., Ltd. 6 Appendix 5-9 PROLAY ME PRASART

Migration and gender issues: In 2007, a total of 321 women and girls and 227 men and boys migrated to other areas. Pattern of the migration is different among the people though. It was reported that usually, whole families migrate to outside. They mostly migrate in off agricultural season. Some most common places of destination of migration of people included Thailand (rank 1), Phnom Penh (rank 2), Siem Reap and Poi Pet (rank 3). Push factors for the migration included seasonal unemployment as well as overall unemployment while pull factors included greater employment opportunities in the places of destination and aspiration of better living and livelihood. Migration of household members causes various effects to the members back in home. In most cases, it increases workload, makes management of household difficult, affects education of children, affects cultivation (due to shortage of labor) and makes women vulnerable to HIV/AIDS. Gender roles and relations in family and community: There is only one woman out of the five councilors of the commune. The role of female commune councilor is mainly concentrated in domestic violence issue, maternal health care of women in the commune, child education and birth registration. Women’s voices are hardly heard in the commune development as the commune council is patriarchal and gender stereotypes persist among commune people about women’s capacity. In household gender relations, men are in higher position compared to women. Women play decision-making roles for day-to-day household matter, while men play decisions for important affairs. Vulnerability to external shocks: Often, farmers of the commune experience drought. This affects agricultural production. There are cases of HIV/AIDS in the commune. It was also reported that about 4% of ever married women in this commune experienced violence of their husbands. Desire of development: People in this commune desire to development of irrigation facilities, repairing of rural infrastructure such as schools and roads, establishment of hospital, provision of clean water and sanitation, and awareness of people on gender and women’s issues. Currently, UN Agencies like UNFPA and UNICEF and NGOs (e.g., PACT Cambodia, CEDAC and GAD/C) operate their programs to address these issues.

The priority areas or issues of the commune needed to address include: − Repair of irrigation facilities and system; − Construction of rural roads and schools; − Establishment of hospital; − Provision of clean water and sanitation; and − Awareness building of people on gender equality and domestic violence issues.

6 Land utilization & suitability – Irrigation area (Subproject level) 6.1 Land utilization - Potential irrigation area approx. 1,400 ha - Future irrigated area (expected W + D seasons) approx. 1,680 ha - Potential newly irrigated area (to be developed) n.a. ha - Irrigated area but, not used none

6.2 Land suitability for irrigation rice crop

Soil types in the project areas were found to be of three soil groups consisting of Prey Khmer, Prateah Lang and Kien Svay.

According to the referenced literature (Vang, soil TIP, 2006), the Prey Khmer is a soil occurring on the old alluvial terraces or colluvial-alluvial plains, with a sandy textured profile extending up to 50 cm or deeper. This soil type is estimated to occupy about 11% of the total rice growing area in the country. Two phases of Prey Khmer group have been defined based on the size of the sand fraction in the surface horizon: fine sandy phase and coarse sandy phase. This soil is difficult to manage for rice production. This soil type is not suitable for irrigation. The fertility of this soil is very low. Glasshouse experiments have shown the soil to be potentially deficient in N, P, K, S and Mg. Organic matter levels are also very low. Fertilizer management is very difficult with nutrients being easily leached; and it is difficult in matching nutrient supply to crop demand.

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The Prateah Lang soil is estimated to occupy about 28% of the total rice-growing area. Three phases of Prateah Lang soil have been defined based on characteristics of the sub soil that affect root penetration and water drainage, including 1) shallow phase, 2) clayey subsoil phase and 3), loamy subsoil phase. This soil is difficult to manage for rice production. If structures for water harvesting and supplementary irrigation can be developed cheaply, then profitable yield increases may be expected on these soils.

The Kien Svay soil is however a soil with brown, loamy or clayey textured soil (topsoil and subsoil) with a weakly developed profile formed on river levees and associated back-slopes. It is estimated to occupy less than 2% of the rice-growing area in the country. This soil is relatively easy to manage and it has a high potential for agricultural production. The soil responds very well to improved management. The soil seems to be deficient in only N and P. Its response to P fertilizer application in the field, however, is variable and P fertilizer application is frequently not required.

6.3 Additional information relevant to land suitability

Based on the result of field observation, apart from wet season rice, farmers also cultivate other crops such as cassava, water melon, pumpkin, wax gourd and cucumber. Short, medium and late duration rice varieties have been grown by the farmers. The short duration rice varieties consist of Domnerbkmao, Pkathkov and Krong. The medium duration ones are Prorom, Prom, Pkamalis, Romdoul and Sombokangkrong. For the late duration rice varieties or floating rice, they include Neangkung, Slakslek, Neangsor, Srovkmao and Somaly.

Under the present situation, rice yields depend heavily on rainfall pattern and level of input investment by the farmers. According to the farmers interviewed, average rice yield per hectare in the subproject area could be as high as 2.8 tons in a good year (2007 figure). In a bad year, however, it was only 900 kilogram per hectare (2000 figure).

Production areas of main upland cash crops, such as corn, cucumber and other vegetables, can be expanded in the project area if irrigation water is available. If the subproject is to be rehabilitated, in addition to supplementary irrigation for wet season rice, dry season rice area is also expected to be largely expanded dues to favorable soils.

Land preparation in the subproject area is still being done by animal power (100%). Both harvesting and transporting rice crop, however, are done by human labor. However, it was observed that all the farmers in the studied villages do threshing rice by threshing machine. This indicated that farm mechanization in the area is not widespread yet, due probably to economic constraints on the side of the farmers.

Both transplanting (95%) and broadcasting (5%) methods are practiced by the farmers. It may be viewed that labor forces are still available and adequate. It should be added that most farmers manage to cultivate their rice by using both family labor and others (exchange labor).

7 Scope of the project: 7.1 Work Required: - Feasibility Study - Other important work/activities should include:

• Project area mapping at scale 1:10,000, with contour interval of 1 m. • Strip topographic survey for the main canal and secondary canal. • Confirmation of proposed irrigation area and potential area in the field. • Geotechnical survey for check structures, 8 bore holes.

7.2 Anticipated project components:-

1) Irrigation infrastructures (to be rehabilitated/re-constructed)

1.1) Head work and appurtenance structures - Rehabilitation of main canal, 8,000 m (approximate) TEAM Consulting Engineering & RGC / MOWRAM TEAM Consulting and Management Management Co., Ltd. Asian Development Bank (Cambodia) Co., Ltd. 8 Appendix 5-9 PROLAY ME PRASART

- Improvement of existing structures, four (4) places 1.2) Canal improvement and new construction (with respective approximate length in km), including:- - RMC.1 0.80 km (improvement) - RMC.2 2.65 km (new construction) - LMC 2.50 km (improvement) - 1L-LMC 6.50 km (new construction) 1.3) Construction of new conveyance structures, including:- - Check structure at main canal, two (2) places - A road crossing with check at main canal - Road crossing with check at secondary canal, three (3) places - Road crossing structures at secondary canal, three (3) places - Tail regulator at secondary canal, three (3) places - Head regulator at secondary canal, three (3) places - Check structures at secondary canal, five (5) places 1.4) Maintenance of farm roads

2) Irrigated agriculture

Based on the farmers interviewed, they expect to cultivate economic crops, such as dry season rice, corn, cucumber, chili, sugarcane, water convolvulus, egg plant, papaya, white and red garlic and string bean. However, promising cash crops should remain to be determined depending on market demand and other factors.

Some farmers also expect to expand their livestock enterprises, such as, raising pig, chicken, duck and cattle. Others wish to raise fish and frog after the rehabilitation of the broken irrigation system. However, many of them requested that essential farming knowledge for modern rice cultivation technique, vegetables growing, animal keeping, and upland crop cultivation techniques should be provided.

In view of these, development of irrigated agriculture should be another project component for the F/S study to be pursued, to confirm viability and feasibility of new agricultural development, taking fully into consideration the prevailing agricultural market and level of know-how of the farmers. Supplementary measures and assistance programs through agricultural extension services need to be identified and recommended for eventual implementation.

3) FWUC: √ To be newly established To be strengthen

According to farmers who participated in the group discussion, the reason why there has been no Farmer Water Users Community (FWUC) established in their community was that there had been no initiative and support from outsiders. The farmers do not quite understand about FWUC but, expect that it will be established after the rehabilitation.

During the F/S, as another project component, problems and development needs of the farmers should need to be studied thoroughly with a view to seeing the potential and constraints in these respects. Based on the study result, recommendations for its establishment with supports needed from PDWRAM/MOWRAM and timing of the implementation will be required.

4) Others:

Similar to other areas, organizational aspects of the local farmers are rather weak. Necessary new knowledge for the farmers to perform their occupations and functions are limited. A project component aiming at institutional strengthening and capacity buildings of the farmers’ institutions (including FWUC and other social groups) should be necessary.

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8 Estimated project cost and breakdown: The following are preliminary estimates of eventual development cost of the identified physical infrastructures that need to be confirmed by the proposed F/S. 8.1 Capital and base costs

Item Unit Unit cost Q'tity Cost (US$) (US$) 1. Land compensation 1.1 Area of main canal improvement ha 700 9.60 6,720 1.2 Area of canal improvement (RMC.1) ha 700 0.96 672 1.3 Area of new canal construction (RMC.2) ha 700 4.24 2,968 1.4 Area of secondary canal improvement (LMC) ha 700 3.00 2,100 1.5 Area of new canal improvement (1L-LMC) ha 700 10.40 7,280 Total (1) 19,740 2. Improvement of existing structures Improved existing structures and install new sliding gate place 4,000 4 16,000 Total (2) 16,000 3. Construction of new conveyance structures 3.1. Main Canal - Road crossing with check place 5,700 1 5,700 - Check structure place 3,500 2 7,000 3.2. RMC.1 - Head regulator place 5,900 1 5,900 - Tail regulator place 7,600 1 7,600 3.3. RMC.2 - Head regulator place 5,900 1 5,900 - Tail regulator place 7,600 1 7,600 - Check structure place 3,500 1 3,500 3.4. LMC - Head regulator place 5,900 1 5,900 - Check structure place 3,500 1 3,500 3.5. 1L-LMC - Road crossing with check place 5,700 3 17,100 - Tail regulator place 7,600 1 7,600 - Check structure place 3,500 1 3,500 Total (3) 80,800 4. Canal improvement & new construction 4.1. Main canal (Improvement) km 40,000 8.00 320,000 4.2. RMC.1 (Improvement) km 30,000 0.80 24,000 4.3. RMC.2 (New construction) km 40,000 2.65 106,000 4.4. LMC (Improvement) km 30,000 2.50 75,000 4.5. 1L-LMC (New Construction) km 40,000 6.50 260,000 Total (4) 785,000 5. Miscellaneous 5.1 Miscellaneous for compensation work L.S. 10,000 1 10,000

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5.2 Miscellaneous for construction of new conveyance L.S 25,290 1 25,290 structures 5.3 Miscellaneous for canal improvement and new LS 235,350 1 235,350 construction Total (5) 270,640 Grand total 1,172,180

8.2 Annual O&M costs Item Cost Remarks (US$) Annual O&M 14,000 US$10/ha An estimate for major maintenance in every 5 years, 10% of canal 78,500 construction cost (of new project development)

9 Expected Outputs / Outcome (at project level basis): 9.1 Agricultural production (paddy equivalent) approx 2,540 tons 9.2 Increased farm income ( basically from rice crop) approx 260 US$/hh 9.3 The FWUC: The newly established FWUC is fully functional, capable of performing operation and maintenance of the rehabilitated irrigation system by the farmers, with a full but gradually phasing out supports from the government agencies. 9.4 Diversified agriculture: Apart from wet season rice, dry season rice, string bean, corn, cucumber, sugarcane and other vegetables should be grown widely in the project area. 9.5 Cropping intensity is expected to increase by 20 % or more 9.6 Stable water supplies for agriculture and domestic uses 9.7 Reduced labor migration 9.8 Improved security of food production, increase in the household income and eventually, improved standard of living the local people.

10 Environment and environmental impact assessment

Existing environmental condition: - Prolay Me Prasat subproject is situated in the east bank of Stung Staung (about 1 km) and close to Prasart Me Banteay Stoung subproject. - The subproject is located outside any protected area. - The surrounding environment is dominated by village and paddy fields. - This subproject is subject to annual flooding, with flood duration of about two weeks and a maximum depth of 1 - 2 m. - Existing land-use is dominated by paddy fields; about 40% of the local farmers reportedly apply chemical fertilizers to their paddy fields. - From the initial field investigation, pollution black spots, dumping sites, industrial activities, noisy commercial activities, dusty open storage, etc., were not found. - Surface water shortages do occasionally occur in the dry season due to the lack of reservoir. Existing shallow lakes are also affected by soil erosion. Field observation also found that many people depend on groundwater. In the wet season, however, they use rain water for drinking and cooking. - Almost all the local people do not have toilet in their houses. - Waste management is generally poor with uncontrolled disposal. There id a lack of treatment system and facility for collection and transportation for solid waste. Waste water is discharge directly to waterways or grassland. Solid waste is mainly managed by burning; the rest is disposed of in waterways, open area and burying. - Only common domestic animals and fish could be observed, such as, native cattle, pig, chicken, Asian bumblebee catfish, climbing perch, Chevron snake head, etc. - Common trees in the area include acacia, palm, tamarind, eucalyptus tereticornis, bamboo, eugenia spp, etc. - Regarding cultural heritage, there is no any archaeological site nearby the subproject area. - No major elements of the surrounding environment which might affect the area in which the subproject is located. TEAM Consulting Engineering & RGC / MOWRAM TEAM Consulting and Management Management Co., Ltd. Asian Development Bank (Cambodia) Co., Ltd. PROLAY ME PRASART Appendix 5-9 11

Anticipated impacts: If the subproject is to be rehabilitated, there is a general expectation that volume of water supply will be increased; agricultural production in the subproject area will also be increased through stabilization crop yields. More fish species are also expected, as volume of the water increases. No other significant environmental impact is anticipated.

Probable environmental category :A :B 9 :C

11 Resettlement and land compensation aspects Existing condition:

After the irrigation system of this subproject is broken down, many local farmers started to reclaim land and cultivate rice in the canal, with the width of about 4m and the length of some 6 kms. In 2001, a house was also constructed on the damaged canal in Loeuk village. - Total of area involved: 1.2 ha or more - Number of households involved: 40 HHs

Anticipated resettlement/compensation required:

As land reclamation and/or encroachment by local farmers could already be observed, resettlement/compensation should be required. A plan for resettlement/compensation of some 40 households of affected people (APs) including an owner of the house should be required. Furthermore, there should be a study to measure an exact size of land involved.

Resettlement plan required SRP 9 FRP

12 Suggested implementation plan Item 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 P/F F/S D/D FWUC promotion O&M

Prepared by: TEAM Consulting Engineering and Management Co. Ltd., Bangkok, Thailand and TEAM Consulting and Management (Cambodia) Co., Ltd., Phnom Penh, Cambodia

Date of completion: 31 October 2008

TEAM Consulting Engineering & RGC / MOWRAM TEAM Consulting and Management Management Co., Ltd. Asian Development Bank (Cambodia) Co., Ltd.

12 EMCnutn niern RC/MWA TEAM Consulting and Management RGC / MOWRAM Management Co., Ltd. ConsultingTEAM Engineering & 5-9 Appendix Asian Development Bank PROLAY MEPRASART (Cambodia) Co., Ltd.

Figure 1 General Map of Project Location

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13

Figure 2 Map of Subproject Area (Potential Beneficiary Area)

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FigureFigureFigure 3: 3: Selected Selected phot photographsphotographsographs of ofofthe thethe Tumnub TumnubProlay Krahamkor, Me Prolay, Prasart, September SeptemberOctober 2008 2008 Figure 3: Selected photographs of the Prolay Me Prasart, September 2008 PROLAY ME PRASART Appendix 5-9 15

Rice field in subproject area Main canal head regulator(right one)

Existing canal to be proposed to the main canal Existing structure and canal that used as cow’s pond

30 Kanha regulating pond Water resource (30 Kanha reservoir)

Figure 4: Selected photographs of the Prolay Me Prasart, October 2008

TEAM Consulting Engineering & RGC / MOWRAM TEAM Consulting and Management Management Co., Ltd. Asian Development Bank (Cambodia) Co., Ltd.

Appendix 5-10

PROFILE OF TUMNUB SPEAN LOK SUBPROJECT TUMNUB SPEAN LOK Appendix 5-10 1

PROFILE OF TUMNUB SPEAN LOK SUBPROJECT

TA-4848 CAM (EXTENSION PHASE) Project Data Sheet

1 Project title: Tumnub Spean Lok

2 Project Location and description: 2.1 Headworks. Longitude 1,436,920 N Latitude 460,162E Commune: Trea District: Staung Province: Kompong Thom

2.2 Date of construction: 1985 Re-constructed by Ministry of Agricultural, Forestry and Fishery A brief development history: - According to the local people, an irrigation dike and a canal already existed, although the history of their construction is not readily known. The dike has been damaged and not functional for some time. - In 1979, the broken dike has been repaired once by local people. - In 2006, a canal connecting the subproject with 30 Kanha reservoir was constructed by MOWRAM. - Presently, the existing system is not fully operational, as there has been no any maintenance.

2.3.1 General map of project location (see Figure 1) 2.3.2 Map of the subproject area (potential beneficiary area) (see Figure 2) 2.3.3 Photographs (see Figure 3, 4)

2.4 Description of route Tumnub Spean Lok is located in Kampong Thom, central part of Cambodia. This subproject site can be accessed by road, starting from Kompong Thom town to northwestern direction by National Route No.6 for about 50 kms and then at Staung district, turn eastward to the rural road at Kampong Chen Tboung for approximately 0.5 kilometers to get to the subproject site. Road condition is quite good. There are a number of residents and local shops along the road.

2.5 Description of the irrigation scheme

Type of scheme : Gravity system

Source of water : From 30 Kanha Reservoir and natural rainfall

Structures, their condition and situation at project area: Tumnub Spean Lok has a dike of approximately 8 km long. Irrigation system comprises of 3 canals. The first one is a canal connecting 30 Kanha Reservoir to the subproject, of about 10 km long. The canal was constructed by MOWRAM in 2006 and, is still in good condition. The second canal, of about 4 km long, is running downstream and, expected to be rehabilitated by MOWRAM in 2009. The third canal was constructed long before (perhaps, during the Pol Pot regime); it connects the subproject area with Stung Osnai but, some of its stretch are already blocked by local people (with an earth dike across the canal). Boundary of the subproject starts at the intersection to Trea commune. In overall, condition of the Tumnub Spean Lok is generally poor.

2.6 Names of key informants in project area:

1) Mr. Chea Sivutha, Project Management Office (PMO) of MOWRAM 2) Mr. Hout Try, PDWRAM, Kompong Thom 3) Mr. Min Phat, Chief of Trea commune 4) Mr. Cheam Chut, Commune member 5) Mr. Man Yet, Commune member

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6) Mr. Chan Pheap, Commune member 7) Mr. Sot Cheon, Commune member 8) Mr. Bok Khlok, Head of Koma Rei Tui village 9) Mr. Yorng Om, Head of Sam Khoeok village 10) Mr. Breung Salat, Head of Tor Tea village 11) Mr. Smak Chhreung, Farmer 12) Mr. Khem Khien, Farmer 13) Mr. Chhas Chhen, Vice head of Krosang village

3 Rationale (implementation priority)

Presently, the subproject can not be fully functional due to the fact that parts of the existing canals have been blocked by both natural sediment deposition and man-made dike. As a result, the canal becomes shallow day-by-day. People in some 12 villages consume water from this subproject. Potential irrigation area is about 1,000 ha, if the system is fully functional. In view of the great social and economic demand from local people, according to the Commune Chief and village heads, supports from MOWRAM to rehabilitate this subproject are required.

According to interviewed farmers, rice yields in the subproject area vary significantly between a good year and a bad year. In 2006 of adequate rainfall, they could get about 2.7 tons per hectare but in bad years (drought and pest problems), the yield could be much lower. In such the bad years, some people got only 0.7 tons per hectare. Rehabilitation of the subproject is expected to enable the farmers to stabilize rice yields in the area. Moreover, it is expected that many more economic crops will be also grown by the farmers.

This project has a potential irrigation area of 1,040 ha which should require 12.78 mcm/year, comprising of 10.83 mcm and 1.95 mcm, for wet and dry season crops, respectively. Based on the completion report of Stung Staung reservoir rehabilitation project (January 2006), this subproject is part of potential irrigation area of the 30 Kanha reservoir which has a net annual inflow of about 880 mcm/year. Irrigation water that could be made available by this reservoir is estimated at 318 mcm/year. In view of this, availability of irrigation water for this subproject is considered more than adequate, although should be subject to reconfirmation by future F/S.

4 Farmer Institutions - FWUC and its status Yes, existing √ No, not existing

Future work/actions required:

FWUC does not exist in the community partly due to the fact that the irrigation system is not functional. However, local people seem to understand that there is a requirement for an FWUC to help in performing operation and maintenance of the project and possibly, performing settlement of conflicts between water users.

It is desirable that concepts and principles of FWUC be introduced to the local farmers, when this subproject is rehabilitated in order that the farmers can take part in the long-term operation and maintenance of the system. PDWRAM, in particular, should assist the farmers to establish the FWUC and provide them with training and new knowledge on water management, operation and maintenance of the infrastructures, crop planning, etc.

Other existing institutions:

There are a few occupational and social groups in operation at this Trea commune. One of them is a Savings Group which has a total membership of 30 households and the other is a Self-help Group, with a total membership of as many as 500 households.

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5 Socio-economic profile (of the Trea Commune): 5.1 Area and population - Cultivated area about 2,900 ha - Number of villages 16* villages - No. of families 2,375 (total) hh 1,920 (male-headed) hh 455 (female-headed) hh - Total population 11,688 persons Of which: Male 5,694 persons Female 5,994 persons

* Of the total, number of benefit villages is reportedly thirteen (13), see Table 2. 5.2 Occupation of total population: - Farming (rice growing, orchard, fishing, etc.) about 95% (or 11,104 persons comprising of 5,441 men and 5,663 women) - Non-farming (e.g., officer, carpenter, merchant, etc.) 5% (or, 593 persons comprising of 64 men and 529 women) 5.3 Land holding and Tenureship: - Size of land holding average 1.3 ha/hh - Farmers having land title none - Landless households approx. 6 %

5.4 Existing Cropping Data and Calendar

Based on the secondary data provided by the commune chief, wet season rice area of Trea commune is 2,878 hectares. Tumnum Spean Lok is only project located in the commune.

Crops grown in the project area consist of wet season rice, floating rice, dry season rice, corn, cucumber, water melon, sugarcane, wax gourd, sweet potato and string bean (see Table 1). Table 2 show particularly planted area of rice per villages of the commune. Crops are grown in different times and seasons. Farmers normally start cultivating wet season rice in April, July and August and harvesting crop in November and January, depending on the rice verities. Floating rice is also widely grown in the area, with the total area of 1,171 hectares. Dry season rice, although limited, is planted in mid-November and harvested in February. Water melon are planted in mid-November and harvested in January. Cucumber is grown in June and September and picked in July and October, respectively. Sweet potato is normally started in December and collected in March. Corn is planted in two different times in March and December and picked in May and February respectively (see Table 3: Crop calendar). Crop yields in the area are significant low due mainly to the lack of water. Average wet season rice yield, as an example, is only about 1.2 tons per hectare. Yields of floating and dry season rice are, however, higher (see Table 4). In 2007, paddy price in the area was about 800 Riels per kilogram.

Table 1: Major crop grown and status of irrigation area Current main crops Cultivation area Current irrigated Expected irrigated areas (ha) areas ( ha) after rehabilitation in (ha) Wet season rice 2,878 n.a 2,276 Dry season rice 40 n.a 300 Floating rice 1,171 0 n.a Pumpkin 1.5 n.a n.a Corn 4 0 10 Cucumber 10 0 15 Sugarcane 1 0 5 (Source: Secondary data from the commune, 2008)

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Table 2: Planted areas of rice, per villages Village name Total Benefit from Wet Dry season households the project season rice rice area(ha) (ha) To Tea 120 Yes 107 n.a. Kos 65 Yes 108 n.a. Hob 72 Yes 74 n.a. Veal 100 Yes 110 n.a. Sam Khauk 129 Yes 172 n.a. Chrang Sor 135 No 140 n.a. Trea 196 Yes 169 n.a. Bosta Ek 171 Yes 174 n.a. Ta Chor 123 Yes 144 n.a. Nom Tung 231 No 231 n.a. Ptas Veal 246 No 249 n.a. Sla 177 Yes 252 n.a. Krasaing 64 Yes 114 n.a. Kuy Tituy 122 Yes 283 n.a. Po Peay 209 Yes 286 n.a. Tom Pech 215 Yes 283 n.a. (Source: Secondary data from commune, 2008)

Table 3: Seasonal crop calendar Description Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Rice crops Short duration rice Medium duration Late duration Dry season rice Upland crops Water melon Cucumber Wax gourd Egg plant Pumpkin Papaya Corn

(Field survey, August 2008)

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Table 4: Major crop area, production and yield Main crops Total cultivation area (ha) Total production Average yield (Tons) Ton/ha Wet season rice 2,878 3,453 1.2 Floating rice 1,171 1,756 1.5 Dry season rice 40 100 2.5 (Sources: Secondary data from the Commune Council, August 2008)

According to the village chiefs and key farmers in the project site, other key problems in the subproject area include: ƒ Flood (sometimes) ƒ Poor soils ƒ Low crop yield ƒ Shortage of working capital for fertilizer , herbicides and pesticide ƒ Weeds, insects and pests, including grasshopper and crab ƒ Lack of animal drought power ƒ Lack of chemical fertilizer and farmyard manure ƒ Lack of soil improvement technique.

5.5 Other Agricultural issues

Farmers living in the project area have an access to Phsa Stoung market located about one (1) km from the commune, to purchase their agricultural inputs and machinery. They usually sell their agricultural products to middlemen in their villages.

In 2003, World Vision (NGO) provided training courses on compost making, animal raising technique and rice cultivation technique to farmers there. However, since the project activities have been phased out in late 2003, farmers had some access to extension services provided by agricultural extension workers based at the district level. The services however were limited in scale due probably to budgetary constraint. Therefore, only few farmers could have such an access to agricultural extension services provided by government extension workers.

5.6 Other socio-economic issues

Ethnic diversity: Like other subproject areas of Kampong Thom province, population of Tumnub Spean Lok subproject belongs to a single ethnic group –Khmer-. Public facilities: Public facilities in the area are poorly available. There is no any big market, no health care facilities and paved road. However, there are three (3) pre-schools, six (6) primary schools and two (2) secondary (up to upper secondary level) schools in the commune; all children of school age go to these schools. In addition, there are six (6) pagodas. About 1% of the total households are connected to electricity supply. Most of the households (30% households) use rainwater and another 40% depend on river/lake water. Socio-economic conditions of households: Agriculture is occupation of the majority (95%) of the people in the commune. Non-farm occupations include selling goods, work (wage labor) at border (Poi Pet) and garment factories. Non-farm occupations are more common among women population. It was reported that 9% of women in this commune are engaged in the non-farm activities, compared to only 1% for men. Weaving (Krama), rental service (of CD and VCD), rice husking, etc. are becoming emerging occupations in the commune. Based on the limited piece of information provided by the local leaders, average annual household income is Riels 2.0 million (US$500/hh). Average annual incomes of male-headed-households (MHHs) from both farm and non-farm activities are higher than those of female-headed-households (FHHs). From farm activities, average highest annual income of MHHs is Riels 6.0 million compared to Riels 3.7 million for FHHs. For non-farm activities, average highest annual income of MHHs is Riels 7.0 million compared to Riels 5.5 million of FHHs. However, it must be noted that number of households engaged in non-farm activities is very small.

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Only a very negligible number of households (1.5% of the total households) produce surplus rice. About 50% of the households, however, could produce rice just sufficiently to feed their family members throughout the year. So, food insufficiency is common among a high percentage of the households; 16% of the households do not have sufficient rice for more than 6 months a year. Rice insufficiency is also proportionately higher among FHHs. Limited land (rank 1), shortage of household labor (rank 2), lack of irrigation facilities (rank 3), shortage of agricultural inputs (rank 4) and lack of technical know-how to make high yield/production (rank 5) were quoted as the underlying causes of rice shortage of these households. Compared to other areas, poverty incidence is very high among households in this subproject area. About 50% of the households are reportedly living under poverty line. Some 47% are considered medium wealthy and only 3%, wealthy. The commune chief defines a household is poor if it has (i) less than 20 A (1A=100 m2) of agricultural land, (ii) less than 2 A of household land, (iii) no cattle, no pig but a few chicken and duck (iv) no motor bike but a bicycle, (v) 1 radio but no TV, (vi) thatched house and (vii), shortage of rice from 4-12 months. On the other hand, a household is categorized as medium wealthy if it has (i) 20 A to 2 hectares of agricultural land, (ii) 2-4 A of household land, (iii) 1-2 cattle, 1-2 pigs and many chicken and duck (iv) a motorbike, (v) a TV and/or a radio, (vi) 1 small wooden house, and (vii) shortage of rice for maximum of 3 months. A household is defined as wealthy if it has (i) more than 2 hectares of agricultural land, (ii) more than 5 A of household land, (iii) more than 3 cattle, more than 3 pigs and lots of chicken and duck, (iv) 2 motorbikes and bicycles or a car, (v) a TV and a radio, (vi) one medium or large wooden or brick-build house and (vii), produces surplus rice. Migration: Out migration is higher among women compared to men. Some 555 women and 258 men made out migration in 2007. Age of women migrants mainly falls between 15-22 years and they mostly work in garment factories in Phnom Penh. Migration of community people causes shortage of labor during agricultural season. Men tended to migrate more during off-agricultural season. People migrate to Phnom Penh (rank 1), Thailand (rank 2), Poi Pet (rank 3) and provincial town (rank 4). Migration of household members affects members back home differently. It affects education of children (rank 1), makes household management difficult (rank 2), increases workload (rank 3), affects agricultural cultivation (rank 4) and increases risk of HIV/AIDS among female members (rank 5). Gender roles and relations in family and community: Husbands are heads of households and major decision-makers. Women are responsible for day-to-day household management. Men hold better bargain power and position in household affairs and matters. There is no female member in the council of this commune. The reasons for women’s no representation in the commune council are probably social attitudes that women cannot be the leader. Women also lack supports (from political parties and local people) to be involved in politics –the gateway to be elected as commune councilors. Vulnerability to external shocks: There are 15 persons in the commune living with HIV/AIDS. Persons living with HIV/AIDS are subject to social stigma, taboo and discrimination. Some 3% of ever-married women in this commune experience violence of their husbands.

Desire of development: People of the commune wish to have roads and irrigation system repaired, support for agricultural technonoly (for higher yield), construction of schools and hospital, market infrastructure and improved water and sanitation facilities. Currently, World Vision and Buddhist Organization are working in the commune to address issues on water and sanitation, rights issues related to domestic violence, HIV/AIDS infection and drug.

The intended sub-project should also address the following issues along with rehabilitation of irrigation system in the commune: − Market infrastructure development; − Supports for agricultural technique and know-how for improving crop yields; and − Establishment of health care facilities.

6 Land utilization & suitability – Irrigation area (Subproject level) 6.1 Land utilization - Potential irrigation area approx. 1,040 ha - Future irrigated area (expected wet+dry seasons) approx. 1,250 ha - Potential newly irrigated area (to be developed) n.a. ha - Irrigated area but, not used none

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6.2 Land suitability for irrigation rice crop

Soil types in the project areas were found to be of three soil groups consisting of Prey Khmer, Pratea Lang and Krakor.

According to the referenced literature (Vang, soil TIP, 2006), the Prey Khmer is a soil occurring on the old alluvial terraces or colluvial-alluvial plains, with a sandy textured profile extending up to 50 cm or deeper. This soil type is estimated to occupy about 11% of the total rice growing area in the country. Two phases of Prey Khmer group have been defined based on the size of the sand fraction in the surface horizon: fine sandy phase and coarse sandy phase. This soil is difficult to manage for rice production. This soil type is not suitable for irrigation. The fertility of this soil is very low. Glasshouse experiments have shown the soil to be potentially deficient in N, P, K, S and Mg. Organic matter levels are also very low. Fertilizer management is very difficult with nutrients being easily leached; and it is difficult in matching nutrient supply to crop demand.

The Prateah Lang soil is estimated to occupy about 28% of the total rice-growing area in the country. Three phases of Prateah Lang soil have been defined based on characteristics of the sub soil that affect root penetration and water drainage, including 1) shallow phase, 2) clayey subsoil phase and 3), loamy subsoil phase. This soil is difficult to manage for rice production. If structures for water harvesting and supplementary irrigation can be developed cheaply, then profitable yield increases may be expected on these soils.

The Krako soil is a soil with a gray to brown but not dark gray, very dark brown or black, loamy or clayey textured topsoil over sandy, loamy or clayey subsoil occurring on the active floodplains. The soil occurs in all provinces and is estimated to occupy about 15% of the land area grown to rice in Cambodia. Two phases have been defined for the Krakor soil, non-cracking and cracking. It is expected that the group will be further subdivided into a number of phases following more detailed work. The soil has a good potential to produce high rice yields. The soil responds well to improved management. It has a high suitability for irrigation if water can be managed effectively. The inherent fertility of the soil is good. Glasshouse and field trials have shown responses to only N and sometimes P fertilizer application.

6.3 Additional information relevant to land suitability

Based on the interview, apart from wet season rice, farmers also cultivate others secondary cash crops such as dry season rice, water melon, corn, string bean, pumpkin, wax gourd and cucumber. Short, medium and late duration rice varieties have also been grown. For the short duration rice varieties, they consist of Romdoul, Malis, Senpidor, IR 66, and Neang Pech. The medium duration rices are Neang kung, Neang Chen, Neang Morn, Neang Kungsker, Rangchey, Khar 6, Doung and Lakslek. For the late duration ones, floating rice, they include Kagnol and Vealsor.

Under the present circumstances, rice yields depend heavily on rainfall pattern and input investment by farmers. According to the farmer interviewed, average per hectare rice yield in the area is about 2.7 tones in a good year (like in 2006) but in a bad year (2007), it was only 720 kilogram per hectare.

Production areas of main cash crops, such as, water melon, corn, cucumber and other vegetables can be largely expanded if irrigation water is sufficient. In addition, planted area of dry season rice is expected to be largely expanded after rehabilitation.

Land preparation in the area is still done mainly (80%) by animal power; the rest of 20% is by hand tractors. Harvesting and transporting rice crop are done by human labor (100% and 80%, respectively). All the farmers also do threshing rice by threshing machine. It indicates that farm mechanization is being introduced into this community.

It may be added that only transplanting method is practiced by the farmers in the project area.

7 Scope of the project: 7.1 Work Required: - Feasibility Study + Detailed Design (In view of generally favorable factor endowments and low investment cost)

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- Other important work/activities should include:

• Project area mapping of a scale 1:10,000, with contour interval of 1 m. • Strip topographic survey for the main canal and secondary canal (1:4,000). • Confirmation of proposed irrigation area and potential area in the field. • Geotechnical survey for check structures, 4 bore holes.

7.2 Anticipated project components:-

1) Irrigation infrastructures (to be rehabilitated/re-constructed)

1.1) Head work and appurtenance structures - Rehabilitation of main canal, 8000 m (approximate) 1.2) Canal improvement and new construction (with respective approximate length in km), including:- - LMC 2.60 km (new construction) 1.3) Construction of new conveyance structures, including:- - Tail regulator at main canal, one (1) place - Head regulator at main canal, one (1) place - Check structure at main canal, one (1) place - Road crossing with check at main canal, three (3) places - Tail regulator at secondary canal, one (1) place - Head regulator at secondary canal, one (1) place - Road crossing with check at secondary canal, one (1) place 1.4) Maintenance of farm roads

2) Irrigated agriculture

Based on the farmers interviewed, they expect to cultivate economic crops, such as, dry season rice, water melon, corn, cucumber, water convolvulus, string bean, taro, Chinese radish and sugarcane. However, promising crops that may be planted after rehabilitation could consist of only dry season rice, corn, cucumber and water melon because of their high market demand.

Farmers also expect to expand their livestock enterprises, such as, pig, chicken, duck and cattle. At the same time, however, they also request for essential farming knowledge and skills on such things as vegetable cultivation, compost making, rice cultivation technique, animal keeping, water melon cultivation technique, etc.

In view of these, development of irrigated agriculture should be another project component for the F/S study to be pursued, to confirm their viability and feasibility, taking fully into consideration the prevailing agricultural market and level of know-how of the farmers. Supplementary measures and assistance programs through agricultural extension services need to be identified and recommended for eventual implementation.

3) FWUC: √ To be newly established To be strengthen

According to farmers who participated in the group discussion, the reason why there is no FWUC in their community because there has been no initiative and support from outsiders. However, they expect that FWUC will be formed after the rehabilitation.

During the F/S, as another project component, problems and development needs of the farmers should need to be studied thoroughly with a view to seeing the potential and constraints in these respects. Based on the study result, recommendations for its establishment with supports needed from PDWRAM/MOWRAM and timing of the implementation will be required.

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4) Others: Similar to other areas, organizational aspects of the local farmers are rather weak. Necessary new knowledge for the farmers to perform their occupations and functions are limited. A project component aiming at institutional strengthening and capacity buildings of the farmers’ institutions (including FWUC and other social groups) should be necessary.

8 Estimated project cost and breakdown: The following are preliminary estimates of eventual development cost of the identified physical infrastructures that need to be confirmed by the proposed F/S & DD. 8.1 Capital and base costs

Item Unit Unit cost Q'tity Cost (US$) (US$) 1. Land compensation 1.1 Area of main canal improvement ha 9.6 700 6,720 1.2 Area of new canal construction (LMC) ha 4.16 700 2,912 Total (1) 9,632 2. Construction of new conveyance structures 2.1. Main Canal - Road crossing with check place 1 5,7005,700 - Tail regulator place 1 7,600 7,600 - Check structure place 1 3,500 3,500 - Head regulator place 1 5,900 5,900 2.2. LMC - Head regulator place 1 5,900 5,900 - Tail regulator place 1 7,600 7,600 - Road crossing with check place 1 5,700 5,700 Total (2) 41,900 3. Canal improvement & new construction 3.1. Main canal (Improvement) km 8.00 40,000 320,000 3.2. LMC (Improvement) km 2.60 40,000 104,000 Total (3) 424,000 4. Miscellaneous 4.1 Miscellaneous for compensation work L.S. 1 5,000 5,000 4.2 Miscellaneous for construction of new conveyance L.S 1 15,99015,990 structures 4.3 Miscellaneous for canal improvement and new LS 1 208,380 127,200 construction Total (4) 148,190 Grand total 623,722

8.2 Annual O&M costs Item Cost Remarks (US$) Annual O&M 10,350 US$10/ha An estimate for major maintenance in every 5 years, 10% of canal 42,400 construction cost (of new project development)

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9 Expected Outputs / Outcome (at project level basis): 9.1 Agricultural production (paddy equivalent) approx. 2,190 tons 9.2 Increased farm income ( basically from rice crop) approx. 540 US$/hh 9.3 The FWUC: The newly established FWUC is fully functional, capable of performing operation and maintenance of the rehabilitated irrigation system by the farmers, with a full but gradually phasing out supports from the government agencies.

9.4 Diversified agriculture: Apart from wet season rice, dry season rice, water melon, Chinese radish, egg plant, string bean, corn, cucumber, sugarcane and other vegetables should be grown widely in the project area, with a higher portion of products from livestock rearing. 9.5 Cropping intensity is expected to increase by 15 % or more 9.6 Stable water supplies for agriculture and domestic uses 9.7 Reduced labor migration 9.8 In addition to the expectations above, the farmers hope that their community will have a good landscape being a tourist destination. They expect that after rehabilitation of the subproject is completed, natural fish population will increase, security of food production is secured, household income increases and eventually, their standard of living improved.

10 Environment and environmental impact assessment

Existing environmental condition: - Tumnub Spean Lok subproject is situated about 2 km in the eastern side of National Road No.6 and about 17 km in the south of Beng Per Wildlife Sanctuary. It however does not fall within any protected area. - The surrounding environment is dominated by common forest, woodland, and paddy fields. - This subproject is not subject to flood. - Existing land-use is dominated by paddy fields (about 60%). The local farmers reportedly apply considerable chemical fertilizers and pesticide to their paddy fields. - From the initial field investigation, pollution black spots, dumping sites, industrial activities, noisy commercial activities, dusty open storage, etc., were not found. - Surface water shortages do occasionally occur in the dry season due to the lack of reservoirs for surface water storage. People depend heavily on groundwater as the primary source of water, in addition to water from Stung Stoung. In the wet season, they use rain water for drinking and cooking. - Almost all the local people do not have toilet in their houses. - Waste management is generally poor with uncontrolled disposal. There is a lack of treatment system and facilities for collection and transportation for solid waste. Waste water is discharge directly to waterways or grassland. Solid waste is mainly (90%) managed by burning and the rest is disposed of in waterways, open area and burying. - Cashew nut, bamboo, irvingia malayana, parinarium anamensis, eugenia spp, streblus asper, are observed. - Regarding cultural heritage, there is no any archaeological site nearby the subproject area. - Land clearing for new farmland in the subproject area represents one of the major environmental impacts to be noted.

Anticipated impacts: Rehabilitation of irrigation facilities aims basically at the increase in volume of water supply, the increase in crop yields and hence, production volume in the subproject area. More fish species are expected, as volume of water increases. No other significant environmental impact is anticipated.

Probable environmental category :A :B 9 :C

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11 Resettlement and land compensation aspects

Existing condition:

Currently, there has been some record of land reclamation and/or encroachment by local farmers for new lands in the existing reservoir or canal.

Anticipated resettlement/compensation required:

In addition, as there will be some affected people (APs) caused by the rehabilitation (or reconstruction), it is important that a short resettlement plan should be required for this case. A new piece of land may have to be secured also for the APs, to help maintain at least their present standard of living.

Resettlement plan required 9 SRP FRP

12 Suggested implementation plan Item 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 P/F F/S D/D FWUC promotion O&M

Prepared by: TEAM Consulting Engineering and Management Co. Ltd., Bangkok, Thailand and TEAM Consulting and Management (Cambodia) Co., Ltd., Phnom Penh, Cambodia

Date of completion: 31 October 2008

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Figure 1 General Map of Project Location

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13

Figure 2 Map of Subproject Area (Potential Beneficiary Area)

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FigureFigureFigure 3: 3: 3: Selected Selected Selected phot photographs photographsographs of of ofthe the the Tumnub Tumnub Tumnub Krahamkor, Spean Prolay, Lok, September September October 2008 2008 2008 Figure 3: Selected photographs of the Tumnub Spean Lok, October 2008 TUMNUB SPEAN LOK Appendix 5-10 15

Broken dike (dike at the right-top) Secondary canal

Feeder canal (looking from the dike) Main canal (MC)

Feeder canal from 30 kanha reservoir Broken dike (dike at the right-bottom)

Figure 4: Selected photographs of the Tumnub Spean Lok, October 2008

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Appendix 5-11

PROFILE OF TUMNUB KRAY SUBPROJECT TUMNUB KRAY Appendix 5-11 1

PROFILE OF TUMNUB KRAY SUBPROJECT

TA-4848 CAM (EXTENSION PHASE) Project Data Sheet

1 Project title: Tumnub Kray

2 Project Location and description: 2.1 Headworks. Longitude 1, 432,130N Latitude 447,321E Commune: Msav Krong District: Stoung Province: Kampong Thom

2.2 Date of construction: In 1976 Constructed by Khmer Rouge

A brief development history: - No maintenance since construction was finished. - In 2004, the subproject has been improved once by Commune Fund, with construction of culverts and a bridge for communication. - Currently, the existing system cannot be fully operated.

2.3.1 General map of project location (see Figure 1) 2.3.2 Map of the subproject area (potential beneficiary area) (see Figure 2) 2.3.3 Photographs (see Figure 3, 4)

2.4 Description of route Tumnub Kray is located in Kampong Thom, central part of Cambodia. It is situated close to and in the western side of National Road No. 6. The subproject can be accessed by road, starting from Kompong Thom town to northwestern direction by National Route No.6 for about 50 kms and then at Staung district, turn wetward to the local road at Kampong Chen Tboung for approximately 3 kilometers to get to commune. The project site may then be reached by boat and walking, within a distance of about 0.2 kilometer. Road condition is relatively good. There are also a lot of people and local shops along the road.

2.5 Description of the irrigation scheme

Type of scheme : Gravity system

Source of water: From Stung Staung.

Structures, their condition and situation at project area: Tumnnub Kray has a dike of about 4 km long. Condition of this subproject is poor due to some damages (broken dike). This subproject was constructed in 1976 by the Khmer Rouge but, left abandoned for a long time since its first construction. It has four canals connection from Stung Staung, each has a structure for conveyance of water and road crossing. These structures comprise of three culverts and a wooden bridge constructed in 2004 by the Commune Fund. The culverts are in good condition but the wooden bridge in bad condition.

As people use the dike for communications, many places have been broken and eventually become difficult to function at the present. Part of the dike became also rice fields.

Furthermore, elevation of existing irrigation canals has about the same elevation of rice fields, water flow from Stung Staung flow across rice fields to the subproject (free surface flow) and then, to the Tonle Sap Great Lake.

2.6 Names of key informants in project area:

1) Mr. Chea Sivutha, Project Management Office (PMO) of MOWRAM 2) Mr. Hourt Try Chief Office of Kampong Thom PDWRAM

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3) Mr. Try Horn Commune Chief 4) Mr. Ngen Hor First deputy commune chief 5) Mr. Ngen Sang Commune clerk 6) Mr. El Khieng Farmer 7) Mr. Khien Khai Farmer 8) Mr. Yan Yorn Farmer 9) Mr. Sok Rus Farmer 10) Mr. Nei Vandy Farmer 11) Ms. Sem San Farmer 12) Ms. Doung Chhai Farmer 13) Mr. Den Trak Farmer 14) Mr. Em Thai Farmer 15) Mr. Chhay Von Farmer

3 Rationale (implementation priority)

This subproject has been left unattended for some time and is hardly functional at the present, due to the damages and the absent of maintenance of the system. Four (4) villages with the total of 625 households are reportedly depending on this subproject, with a total area of about 500 ha.

According to the interviewed farmers, rice yields in the area vary greatly between good years and bad years. In 2006 (which was a good year of plenty rainfall), they could get as high as 3.0 tons of rice per hectare while in a bad year, the yield could be as low as 1.0 ton per hectare. Rehabilitation of the existing irrigation infrastructures should enable the farmers to stabilize their crop production through stabilized/increase in crop yields. Furthermore, expectedly, new economic crops will be grown by farmers in the project area, if irrigation water is available.

Irrigation area of this subproject is 480 ha which should require irrigation water of about 5.90 mcm/year, comprising of 5.00 mcm and 0.90 mcm, for the wet and dry season crops respectively. This project is flood recession area of Stung Staung. It becomes inundated when flood come. Some water will remain in the rice field. Based on record of monthly discharges at Kompong Chen station of Stung Staung, it is estimated that availability of water for this particular subproject should likely adequate, although subject to further confirmation by F/S.

4 Farmer Institutions - FWUC and its status Yes, existing √ No, not existing

Future work/actions required:

FWUC does not exist in the community due probably to the non-functional nature of the irrigation system. It is desirable, however, that FWUC is promoted for establishment within the subproject area, if it is to be rehabilitated, for long-term operation and sustainability of the project.

Other existing institutions: There are a few occupational and social groups in operation at this Msav Krong commune. One of them is a Savings Group which has a total membership of about 100 households and the other is a Self-help Group, with a total membership of about 200 households.

5 Socio-economic profile (of the Msav Krong Commune): 5.1 Area and population - Cultivated area about 4,200 ha - Number of villages 11* villages - No. of families 1,898 (total) hh 1,584 (male-headed) hh 314 (female-headed) hh

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- Total population 9,418 persons Of which: Male 4,500 persons Female 4,918 persons

* Of the total, number of benefit village is reportedly four (4), see Table 2.

5.2 Occupation of total population: - Farming (rice growing, orchard, fishing, etc.) 95% (or 8,947 persons comprising of 4,295 men and 4,652 women) - Non-farming (e.g., officer, carpenter, merchant, 5% of total population (or, 431persons etc.) comprising of 178 men and 253 women) 5.3 Land holding and Tenureship: - Size of land holding average 1.95 ha/hh - Farmers having land title none - Landless households approx. 8 %

5.4 Existing Cropping Data and Calendar

Based on the secondary data provided by the commune chief and clerk, wet season rice cultivation area of Msav Krong commune is 4,168 hectares. Only Tumnub Kray is located in the commune.

Current crops grown in the project area consist of wet season rice, floating rice, dry season rice, corn, cucumber, mung bean, soybean, wax gourd and string bean. Table 1 show statistics of main crop areas and irrigation in the Commune. Table 2 shows particularly rice growing areas per villages. It may be added that floating rice is widely grown in the area, with the combined total of 763 hectares.

Crops are grown in different times and seasons. Farmers normally start cultivating wet season rice in June, July and August and harvesting it in November, December and January, depending on the rice verities. Dry season rice or recession rice is planted in late November and December (when water level of the Stung Staung goes down) and harvested in February and March, respectively. Cucumber is grown in July and November and picked up in August and December. Corn is planted in March and December and picked up in June and February, respectively. Cassava, on the other hand, is cultivated in April and collected in September (see Table 3: Crop calendar).

On the basis of existing records provided by the commune, rice yields in the areas range from 1.5 to nearly 3.0 tons per hectare (see Table 4).

Paddy price was about 700 Riels per kilogram (2007 figure).

Table 1: Major crop grown and status of irrigation area Current main crops Cultivation area Current irrigated Expected irrigated areas (ha) areas ( ha) after rehabilitation in (ha) Wet season rice 3,442 0 1,283 Dry season rice 726 0 238 Floating rice 763 0 n.a Pumpkin 1 n.a n.a Corn 2 0 n.a Cucumber 25 0 40 Soybean 3 0 9 (Source: Secondary data from the commune, 2008)

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Table 2: Major crops grown, per villages Village name Total Benefit from Wet season Dry season households the project rice (ha) rice area (ha) Odoung 198 No 404 19 Somboutbong 142 No 208 3 Somboucheung 137 Yes 269 15 Phouk Trea 263 No 472 130 Msatrongbtong 122 No 270 56 Msatrongcheung 205 Yes 406 23 Kampongprodom 259 No 408 32 Botrong 120 No 203 46 Brokieb 138 No 204 202 Chimeas 239 Yes 473 149 Somparn 75 Yes 135 51 (Source: Secondary data from commune, 2008)

Table 3: Seasonal crop calendar Description Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Rice crops Short duration rice Medium duration Late duration Dry season rice Upland crops Cucumber Wax gourd Egg plant Pumpkin Cassava Corn String bean (Field survey, August 2008)

Table 4: Rice area, production and yield Main crops Total cultivation area (ha) Total production Average yield (Tons) Ton/ha Wet season rice 3,442 5,163 1.5 Floating rice 763 1,144 1.5 Dry season rice 726 2,105 2.9 (Sources: Secondary data from the Commune Council, August 2008)

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According to the village chiefs and key farmers in the project site, other key problems in the subproject area include: ƒ Flood (sometimes) and drought ƒ Poor soils ƒ Low price of paddy ƒ Lack of labor force ƒ Poor quality of rice seeds ƒ Shortage of working capital for fertilizer, herbicides and pesticide ƒ Weeds, insects and pests, including rats, grasshoppers and crabs ƒ Lack of animal draught power ƒ Lack of farmyard manure.

5.5 Other Agricultural issues

Farmers living in the project area have an access to Phsa Stoung market located about one (1) km from the commune, to purchase their agricultural inputs and machinery. They usually sell their agricultural products to middlemen in their villages.

In 2003, agricultural extension workers based at the district level provided some extension activities to farmers in the project area but, not any more since then. This could probably due to the budgetary constraint on the side of the government that need to be improved.

5.6 Other socio-economic issues

Ethnic diversity: All people living in this sub-project area belong to a single ethnicity – Khmer -.

Public facilities in the subproject area: Utility (electricity, water and sanitation), market related and rural infrastructure facilities in this commune are still very poor. Roads are unpaved and become difficult to use particularly in the wet season. About 50% of all the households use rainwater while only about 5% of the same use bore well water for drinking and other household purposes. There are six (6) primary schools and one (1) lower secondary school; all children of school age go to these schools. Apart from above, there are two (2) pagodas in the commune.

Socio-economic conditions of households: Similar to many areas nearby, incidence of poverty is proportionately high among female headed households (FHHs) compared to men headed households (MHHs) in this subproject area. Average annual income of FHHs is generally lower than income of MHHs. FHHs also face rice shortage for a longer period compared to MHHs as they lack of adult male members to do agricultural work.

Based on the limited information provided, it was estimated that average annual income of households in the commune is Riels 2.0 million (US$500/hh). For MHHs, their household’s incomes from farm and non-farm activities are almost the same. But for FHHs, the income earned from non-farm activities is more than double of income earned from farm activities. Women outnumber men in terms of doing non- farm activities. According to the preliminary estimate, average annual highest incomes of MHHs from farm and non-farm activities are Riels 6.0 million and Riels 8.0 million, respectively. Corresponding figures for FHHs are Riels 2.7 million and Riels 6.0 million.

With regard to food security, 30% of all the households could reportedly produce surplus rice. Another 30% produced just sufficiently to feed their family members throughout the year. The remaining 40%, however, could not produce sufficient rice to feed the members throughout the year. Of this group, 20% lack of rice for more than 6 months. Proportionately, food insufficiency is more common among FHHs. The most common reason of rice shortage of household is lack of irrigation facilities.

According to the chief of Msav Krong commune, 27% of the households live under poverty line. Another 43% are considered medium wealthy and the remainder (30%), wealthy. Again, poverty incidence is higher among FHHs compared to MHHs. Based on the poverty definition provided by the commune chief, a household is considered poor if it has (i) less than 20 A (1A=100 m2) of agricultural land, (ii) less than 2 A of household land, (iii) maximum of 1 cattle and 1 pig and a few chicken and duck, (iv) 1 bicycle and no motorbike, (v) 1 radio (no TV), (vi) thatched house and (vii), shortage of rice from 4-12

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months. On the other hand, a household is categorized as medium wealthy if it has (i) 2 A to 1 hectare of agricultural land, (ii) 2-4 A of household land, (iii) 2-4 cattle, 2-4 pigs and many chicken and duck, (iv) 1 motorbike, (v) 1 TV and radio each, (vi) 1 small wooden house and (vii), shortage of rice for maximum of 3 months. The commune chief categorized a household as wealthy if it has (i) more than 1 hectare of agricultural land, (ii) more than 4 A of household land, (iii) more than 4 cattle, more than 4 pigs and lots of chicken and duck, (iv) 2 motorbikes and bicycles and 1 car, (v) 1 TV and radio each, (vi) one medium or large wooden or brick-build house and (vii), produces surplus rice.

Migration: A higher number of women of the commune make out migration compared to men. In 2007, 161 women and 60 men made out migration. Normally, they make migration throughout the year. Both push and pull factors are responsible behind migration of commune people. Pull factors include aspiration of better living and livelihood and push factors include overall unemployment in the commune. The push factor work more intensely compared to pull factor towards migration of the people in the community. They mostly migrate to Phnom Penh followed by Thailand. The greater employment opportunity in Phnom Penh and Thailand pull them from the rural villages. Migration of household members affects male and female members back in home differently. However, migration of male members makes it difficult for female members to manage the household and increase their workload. Female members become over shouldered to do both agricultural and household work during rice cultivation season.

Gender roles and relations in family and community: Gender relations in household and commune affairs in this commune are same as in many other communes. There is a woman councilor in this commune. Like women councilor in other commune, her role in the council rests of women and children affairs. Social norm ‘women are not as capable as men’ is the cause of women’s poor representation in commune council. Men are heads of households who make major decisions in household affairs. Whereas women only make petty decisions and manage day-to-day affairs of household. There is a need for awareness building program to promote gender equality in the commune.

Vulnerability to external shocks: Both flood and drought occurs in the sub-project areas in the commune. These natural calamities affect agricultural production of households. There are six (6) persons (4 women and 2 men) living with HIV/AIDS in this commune. About 5% of ever-married women experience violence of their partners.

Desire of development: People in the commune have the following desire and wishes in relation to development of their community and livelihood. These include: repairing irrigation system, repair roads, enhance agricultural yields, improved health care services and improved management of environment and natural resources that they depend on. Currently, PACT Cambodia, GTZ and the Department of Rural Development work in the commune with some development interventions.

It will be very rationale to undertake the subproject as it can potentially improve food security of a large portion of households in the target area, who currently lack of rice to feed their family members throughout the year. The following issues should also be addressed along with improvement of irrigation system:

− Provision of technical know-how and inputs to households in the et area for higher agricultural yield; and − Ensure that voice and concerns of women and men who make their living on local natural resources are heard in commune development and investment plan.

6 Land utilization & suitability – Irrigation area (Subproject level) 6.1 Land utilization - Potential irrigation area approx. 480 ha - Future irrigated area (expected wet+dry seasons) approx. 580 ha - Potential newly irrigated area (to be developed) n.a. ha - Irrigated area but, not used none

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6.2 Land suitability for irrigation rice crop

Soil types in the project areas were found to be of three groups consisting of Prey Khmer, Krokor and Kien Svay.

According to the referenced literature (Vang, soil TIP, 2006), the Prey Khmer is a soil occurring on the old alluvial terraces or colluvial-alluvial plains, with a sandy textured profile extending up to 50 cm or deeper. This soil type is estimated to occupy about 11% of the total rice growing area in the country. Two phases of Prey Khmer group have been defined based on the size of the sand fraction in the surface horizon: fine sandy phase and coarse sandy phase. This soil is difficult to manage for rice production. This soil type is not suitable for irrigation. The fertility of this soil is very low. Glasshouse experiments have shown the soil to be potentially deficient in N, P, K, S and Mg. Organic matter levels are also very low. Fertilizer management is very difficult with nutrients being easily leached; and it is difficult in matching nutrient supply to crop demand.

The Krako soil is a soil with a gray to brown but not dark gray, very dark brown or black, loamy or clayey textured topsoil over sandy, loamy or clayey subsoil occurring on the active floodplains. The soil occurs in all provinces and is estimated to occupy about 15% of the land area grown to rice in Cambodia. Two phases have been defined for the Krakor soil, non-cracking and cracking. It is expected that the group will be further subdivided into a number of phases following more detailed work. The soil has a good potential to produce high rice yields. The soil responds well to improved management. It has a high suitability for irrigation if water can be managed effectively. The inherent fertility of the soil is good. Glasshouse and field trials have shown responses to only N and sometimes P fertilizer application.

The Kien Svay Soil, however, is a soil with brown, loamy or clayey textured soil (topsoil and subsoil) with a weakly developed profile formed on river levees and associated back-slopes. It is estimated to occupy less than 2% of the rice-growing area in the country. This soil is relatively easy to manage and it has a high potential for agricultural production. The soil responds very well to improved management. The soil seems to be deficient in only N and P. The response to P fertilizer application in the field, however, is variable and P fertilizer application is frequently not required.

6.3 Additional information relevant to land suitability

Based on the farmers who were interviewed, apart from wet season rice, other secondary cash crops, such as, dry season rice, cassava, corn, string bean, pumpkin, wax gourd and cucumber are grown in te area. Short, medium and late duration rice varieties have also been grown by the farmers. Short duration rice varieties consist of Krem, Chaovaypdaov, Neang Pech, IR, Senpidor and Domnebprang, Medium duration rice are Malis, Romchong, Kharkrohom, Kharsor, Khar 11 and Lakslek. Late duration ones, floating rice, are Sekbou, Popeay and Kagnol.

Under the present circumstances, rice yields depend heavily on rainfall pattern and input investment by farmers. According to the farmers interviewed, average per hectare rice yield in the area could be as high as 3.0 tons in the good year (2006 figure). In such bad year of 2004 (drought year), the yield was only about 1.0 ton per hectare.

Production areas of main cash crops, such as, water melon, corn, cucumber and other vegetables can be largely expanded if irrigation water is sufficient. In addition, planted area of dry season rice is expected to be largely expanded after rehabilitation.

Land preparation is still done mainly (96%) by animal power; the rest (4%) is done by hand tractors. Harvesting and transporting rice crop are done by human labor and cattle, at 100% and 90%, respectively. However, all the farmers do threshing (of rice) by threshing machine. It indicated that farm mechanization is becoming popular in the community.

Both transplanting and broadcasting methods are practiced by farmers. This may reflect the lack of labor for farming in the area; farmers use broadcasting method to reduce labor requirement.

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7 Scope of the project:

7.1 Work Required: - Feasibility study - Other important activities should include:

• Site plan survey covering 4 structures along protection dike/rural road, scale 1:500 • Plan profile and cross section survey of dike and protection dike/rural road, scale 1:4,000 • Project area mapping, scale 1:10,000 with contour interval of 0.5 m. • Ground truth survey for the main canal. • Geotechnical survey, 1 bore hole at new hydraulic structure No.4. • Verification of dry season irrigated area. • Confirmation of new barrage construction in Staung River by MOWRAM and verification of water availability due to flood recession of irrigation system and pumping system.

7.2 Anticipated project components:-

1) Irrigation infrastructures (to be rehabilitated/re-constructed)

1.1) Hydraulic structures: three (3) hydraulic structures will be modified, a hydraulic structure will be newly constructed along protection dike/rural road, and six (6) hydraulic structures along the dike will be new constructed. 1.2) Dike: 3,500 m of existing dike need to be rehabilitated. 1.3) Protection dike/rural road: 3,000 m of existing protection dike/rural road need to be rehabilitated, with hydraulic structures. 1.4) Canal improvement: four (4) canals need to be improved, approximately 6,000 m long.

2) Irrigated agriculture

Based on the farmers interviewed, they expect to cultivate economic crops, such as, dry season rice, corn, cucumber, sweet potato, string bean, Chinese radish, lettuce, tomato and soybean. However, promising crops that may be planted after the rehabilitation could be limited to a few, depending on market demand and other factors. Some other farmers also expect to expand their livestock enterprises, such as, raising of pig, chicken, duck and cattle. A few others wish to raise fish if there is sufficient water.

At the same time, they expressed their wish to have more farming knowledge and better skills in compost making, rice cultivation technique, animal raising, soybean and string bean cultivation technique, etc.

In view of these, development of irrigated agriculture should be another project component for the F/S study to be pursued, to confirm their viability and feasibility, taking fully into consideration the prevailing agricultural market and level of know-how of the farmers. Supplementary measures and assistance programs through agricultural extension services need to be identified and recommended for eventual implementation.

3) FWUC: √ To be newly established To be strengthen According to farmers who participated in the group discussion, the reason why there is no FWUC in their community because there has been neither initiative nor budget to rehabilitate the creek. However, they expect that their community would have an FWUC established after the rehabilitation. TEAM Consulting Engineering & RGC / MOWRAM TEAM Consulting and Management Management Co., Ltd. Asian Development Bank (Cambodia) Co., Ltd. TUMNUB KRAY Appendix 5-11 9

During the F/S, as another project component, problems and development needs of the farmers should need to be studied thoroughly with a view to seeing the potential and constraints in these respects. Farmers’ understanding on the subject needs to be reconfirmed and deepening. Based on the study result, recommendations for its establishment with supports needed from PDWRAM/MOWRAM and timing of the implementation will be required.

4) Others: Similar to other areas, organizational aspects of the local farmers are rather weak. Necessary new knowledge for the farmers to perform their occupations and functions are limited. A project component aiming at institutional strengthening and capacity buildings of the farmers’ institutions (including FWUC and other social groups) should be necessary. 8 Estimated project cost and breakdown: The following are preliminary estimates of eventual development cost of the identified physical infrastructures that need to be confirmed by the proposed F/S Study. 8.1 Capital and base costs

Item Unit Unit cost Q'tity Cost (US$) (US$) 1. Land compensation 1.1 Four (4) canals to be improved ha 700 6.0 4,200 Total (1) 4,200

2. Construction of dike and hydraulic structures 2.1 Dike improvement (1,500 m) km 100,000 3.5 350,000 2.2 New construction of hydraulic structure place 6,000 6.0 36,000 2.3 Improvement of hydraulic structure No.1 L.S. - 1 8,000 2.4 Modification of culvert No.2&3 L.S. - 1 6,000 2.5 Construction of new hydraulic structure No.4 L.S. - 1 28,500 2.6 Protection of dike improvement km 100,000 3.0 300,000 Total (2) 728,500 3. Canal improvement (4 canals) km 30,000 6.0 180,000 Total (3) 180,000 4. Miscellaneous 4.1 For compensation work L.S. - 1 1,500 4.2 For demolishing work L.S. - 1 20,000 4.3 For road development L.S. - 1 30,000 4.4 For environmental impact L.S. - 120,000 Total (4) 71,500 Grand total 984,200

8.2 Annual O&M costs Item Cost Remarks (US$) Annual O&M 4,800 US$10/ha An estimate for major maintenance in every 5 years, 10% of canal 18,000 construction cost (of new project development)

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9 Expected Outputs / Outcome (at project level basis): 9.1 Agricultural production (paddy equivalent) approx. 770 tons 9.2 Increased farm income ( basically from rice crop) approx. 550 US$/hh 9.3 The FWUC: The newly established FWUC is fully functional, capable of performing operation and maintenance of the rehabilitated irrigation system by the farmers, with a full but gradually phasing out supports from the government agencies. 9.4 Diversified agriculture: Apart from wet season rice, dry season rice, water melon, egg plant, pumpkin, string bean, corn, cucumber and other vegetables should be grown widely in the project area, with a higher portion of products from livestock rearing and fish culture. 9.5 Cropping intensity is expected to increase by 20 % or more 9.6 Stable water supplies for agriculture and domestic uses 9.7 Reduced labor migration 9.8 Improved security of food production, increase in the household income and eventually, improved standard of living the local people.

10 Environment and environmental impact assessment

Existing environmental condition: - Tumnub kray subproject is situated about 14 km in the north of Tonle Sap Multiple Use Area and close to Stung Staung. However, it does not fall within any protected area. - The surrounding environment is dominated by paddy fields. In flood season, local people grow floating rice in the reservoir and retain water for growing normal rice in dry season. - This subproject is subject to annual flooding, with flood duration of about one month and a maximum depth of 1.5 m. - The existing land-use is dominated by paddy fields (95%) and scrubland. The local farmers reportedly apply chemical fertilizers and pesticides to their paddy fields. - From the initial field investigation, pollution black spots, dumping sites, industrial activities, noisy commercial activities, dusty open storage, etc., were not found. - It was observed from field observation that many people depend on water from Stung Staung as the primary source. In the wet season, however, they use rain water for drinking and cooking. - About as many as 60% of the local people have toilet in their houses. - Waste management is generally poor with uncontrolled disposal. There is a lack of treatment system and facility for collection and transportation for solid waste. Waste water is discharge directly to waterways or grassland. Solid waste is mainly (90%) managed by burning and the rest is disposed of in waterways, open area and burying. - Only common domestic animals could be observed, such as, cattle, pig, chicken, etc. - Cashew, bamboo, eugenia spp, eucalyptus tereticornis, acacia, tamarind, palm tree, etc., could also be seen largely in the area. - Regarding cultural heritage, there is no any archaeological site nearby the subproject area.

Anticipated impacts:

This subproject, if to be rehabilitated, aims basically at the increase in volume of water supply, the increase in crop yields and hence, production volume in the subproject area. More fish species are expected, as volume of water increases. However, there is a concern over the fact that it is located near the so-called Transitional Zone of Tonle Sap Biosphea, significant environmental impact is anticipated and accordingly, due consideration on this environmental aspect should be required.

Probable environmental category 9 :A :B :C

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11 Resettlement and land compensation aspects Existing condition:

Currently, there has been some record of land reclamation and/or encroachment by local farmers for new lands in the existing reservoir or canal.

Anticipated resettlement/compensation required:

In addition, as there could be some affected people (APs) caused by rehabilitation (or reconstruction), it is important that at least a short resettlement plan should be required for this case. A new piece of land may have to be secured also for the APs, to help maintain at least their present standard of living.

Resettlement plan required 9 SRP FRP

12 Suggested implementation plan Item 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 P/F F/S D/D FWUC promotion O&M

Prepared by: TEAM Consulting Engineering and Management Co. Ltd., Bangkok, Thailand and TEAM Consulting and Management (Cambodia) Co., Ltd., Phnom Penh, Cambodia

Date of completion: 31 October 2008

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Figure 1 General Map of Project Location

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Figure 2 Map of Subproject Area (Potential Beneficiary Area)

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FigureFigure 3: 3: Selected Selected phot photographsographs of ofthe the Tumnub Tumnub Krahamkor, Prolay, September September 2008 2008 Figure 3: Selected photographs of the Tumnub Kray, October 2008 TUMNUB KRAY Appendix 5-11 15

Existing wooden bridge (No.4) will be demolished and Working groups were traveled by boat to the dike construction of a new hydraulic structure

Pipe culvert (No.3) showing downstream side and canal Existing dike

Box culvert (No.2) (upstream side) Rice field in subproject area

Figure 4: Selected photographs of the Tumnub Kray, October 2008

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Appendix 5-12

PROFILE OF TUMNUB SOMRONG SUBPROJECT TUMNUB SAMRONG Appendix 5-12 1

PROFILE OF TUMNUB SOMRONG SUBPROJECT

TA-4848 CAM (EXTENSION PHASE) Project Data Sheet

1 Project title: Tumnub Somrong

2 Project Location and description: 2.1 Headworks. Longitude 1,453,928N Latitude 450,648E Commune: Popok District: Staung Province: Kampong Thom

2.2 Date of construction: In 1970 Constructed by Khmer Rouge

A brief development history: - Since its construction in 1970, Tumnub Somrong has been abundant with water until its dike was damaged by floods. - After the damage, farmers started to divert water to their rice fields by their own means. - In 1983, the broken dike of some 20 m long was repaired by local people (fromTumpang Russey and Sambo). - However, presently, the reservoir cannot store water anymore and the existing irrigation system cannot be operated.

2.3.1 General map of project location (see Figure 1) 2.3.2 Map of the subproject area (potential beneficiary area) (see Figure 2) 2.3.3 Photographs (see Figure 3, 4)

2.4 Description of route Tumnub Somrong is located in Kampong Thom, the central part of Cambodia. The subproject site may be reached by roads, starting from Kampong Thom to northwestern direction by National Route No. 6 for about 60 kms and then at Angk Khloam, turns northward to the local road for another 15 kilometers. This sub-project is near Tumnub Tachan. Route is not available for normal car to reach the site and therefore, this subproject area has to be reached actually by foot or other means.

2.5 Description of the irrigation scheme

Type of scheme : Gravity system

Source of water : From up land of through small streams

Structures, their condition and situation at the area: Tumnub Somrong (dike) is approximately 200-m long. There is no any conveyance structure along the canal. The Tumnub is damaged in some parts due to flooding and the people who broke it for draining the water into their rice fields.

Sources of water of this subproject are from upland of Preah Vihear province that flow into O Along Pul before reaching the Tumnub. According to the interview with the commune chief and farmers, at the present farmers can cultivate only in the wet-season. Rice productions differ significantly between that of upstream and the downstream, with that of upstream higher than that of the downstream. Planted area in the upstream is about 60 ha, although that of the downstream area is not readily known.

2.6 Names of key informants in project area:

1) Mr. Chea Sivutha, Project Management Office (PMO) of MOWRAM 2) Mr. Hak Puthy Deputy Director of KampongThom PDWRAM 3) Mr. Hourt Try Chief Office of Kampong Thom PDWRAM 4) Mr. Sam Sang Commune Chief

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5) Mr. Sao Borey Commune Cherk 6) Ms. Hin Sophea Village Chief 7) Mr. Meas Ron Farmer 8) Mr. Heap Yorn Farmer 9) Mr. Oam Horn Farmer 10) Mr. Chan Rarn Farmer 11) Ms. Klot Rum, Farmer 12) Ms. Dorn Nay, Farmer 13) Ms. Sok Sat, Farmer 14) Mr. Orm Duch, Farmer 15) Mr. Sum Suy, Farmer 16) Mr. Sok Kvan, Farmer 17) Mr. Han Chhan, Farmer 18) Mr. Som Sot, Farmer

3 Rationale (implementation priority)

There have already been conflicts between people living in these upstream and downstream, which has caused also damages to the Tumnub. On the one hand, people at upstream sometimes do not allow water in the reservoir flow to downstream. On the other hand, people at downstream do not want to give part of their lands to upstream people to grow rice in exchange. Therefore, new development in this area should help improve not only the physical problem of water shortage but also, resolve conflicts among the local people, beneficiaries of the same project.

According to interviewed farmers, rice yields in the area also differ greatly between good years and bad years. In the good year, such as in 2000, the farmers could harvest as high as 2.6 tons per hectare. But in the bad year (in 2000), they could get only about 600 kilogram per hectare. Rehabilitation of the existing broken irrigation infrastructures should enable the farmers to stabilize their production and hence, increase the average rice yields. Expectedly, new economic crops will also be grown by the farmers, if more water became available.

This subproject has a catchment area of 169 sq.km and an annual rainfall of 1,437 mm/year. Net inflow into this project area is about 73 mcm/year. Based on the potential irrigation area of 200 ha, water requirement for this subproject is estimated at 2.45 mcm/year, comprising of 2.08 mcm and 0.37 mcm, for the wet and dry season crops, respectively. Therefore, it could be concluded that water availability for this subproject is adequate. This project should be implemented, subject to confirmation by next stage of study.

4 Farmer Institutions - FWUC and its status Yes, existing √ No, not existing

Future work/actions required: Based on the information obtained, although Farmer Water Users Community (FWUC) does not exist in the area, the commune council has established a “well users’ group” in 2007 to operate and maintain the wells. In view of this, local people are familiar with this kind of farmers’ institution and they should be familiar with working collectively in the community. Accordingly, it should not be too difficult to promote an establishment of FWUC in the community after the rehabilitation.

It is important that a concept of FWUC be introduced to the local people and the FWUC is promoted for the establishment during the next stage of implementation. With the established FWUC, in addition to the normal and routine functions of operation and maintenance of the rehabilitated structures, its representative farmers or leaders should be entrusted to perform coordination functions among the farmer members for long-term sustainability of the project.

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Other existing institutions:

There are some other occupational groups in operation in this Popok commune. They include saving group and community of forestry which have membership of 200 hh and 325 hh, respectively.

5 Socio-economic profile 5.1 Area and population: - Cultivated area about 1,100 ha - Number of villages involved 8 villages - No. of families 1,286 households - Total population 7,200 persons Of which: Male 3,537 persons Female 3,663 persons 5.2 Occupation of total population: - Farming (rice growing, orchard, fishing, etc. approx. 95 % - Non-farming (e.g., officer, carpenter, merchant, etc.) approx. 5 %

5.3 Land holding and Tenure ship - Size of land holding approx. 0.85 ha - Farmers having land title none - Landless households 17 %

5.4 Existing Cropping Data and Calendar

Based on the secondary data provided by the commune chief and clerk, wet-season rice area of Popok commune is 1,112 hectares. There is only one subproject: Tumnub Somrong located in the commune.

Main crops grown in the Tumnub Somrong consist of wet season rice, cucumber, egg plant, cassava, mung bean, wax gourd, pumpkin and corn (see Table 1). Areas of rice crop grown in different villages of the commune are shown in Table 2.

Crops are grown in different times and seasons). Farmers normally start cultivating wet season rice in June and harvesting it in November or December depending on the rice varieties. Cucumber, pumpkin, and wax gourd are normally grown in May and harvested in June and July, respectively. Corn and egg plant are also planted in June but harvested in August. Lettuce is planted in January and harvested in February. Water melon is usually planted in October and picked in December (see Table 3: crop season calendar).

Figures of 2007 indicated that an average wet-season rice yield in this subproject area was only 930 kilograms per hectare while an average paddy price was about 700 Riels per kilogram.

Table 1: Major crop grown and status of irrigation area in the Popok Commune Current main crops Cultivation area Current irrigated Expected irrigation areas (ha) areas ( ha) after rehabilitation in (ha) Wet season rice 1,107 0 886 Dry season rice 0 0 100 Pumpkin n.a n.a n.a Corn n.a n.a n.a Cucumber n.a n.a 5 Wax gourd n.a n.a n.a Water melon n.a n.a n.a Floating rice n.a n.a n.a (Source: Secondary data from the commune, 2008)

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Table 2: Rice planted area per villages Village name Total Benefit from Wet season rice Dry season rice households the project (ha) area (ha) Sombo 154 Yes 98 0 Trapangrosei 97 Yes 97 0 Popok 285 Yes 215 0 Somrong 40 Yes 26 0 Anglongkragn 325 Yes 305 0 Ktomorn 90 Yes 89 0 Ptasderm 57 Yes 56 0 Krasaing 238 Yes 221 0 (Source: Secondary data from the commune, 2008)

Table 3. Seasonal crop calendar Description Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Rice crops Short duration Medium duration Late duration Upland crops Cucumber Wax gourd Pumpkin Water melon Egg plant Mung bean Corn Lettuce Cassava

(Field survey, August 2008)

According to the interviewed village chiefs and key farmers, the following were quoted as key problems in the project areas: ƒ In sufficient rain water (drought) ƒ Low crop yields ƒ Uneven paddy fields ƒ Poor soils ƒ Rice diseases ƒ Weeds, crab and grasshopper ƒ Dam damaged ƒ Lack of working capital to purchase fertilizer, and herbicides ƒ Lack of modern rice cultivation technique ƒ Lack of farmyard manure and chemical fertilizer

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5.5 Other agricultural issues

Farmers living in the project area have an access to Prolay and Phastoung markets is located about 17 km and 30 km, respectively far from the commune to purchase their agricultural inputs. However, they usually sell their rice and other crops at their own villages and Phsastoung market,

Based on the interviewed farmers, they could not access to any agricultural extension services provided by government or local authorities. This is probably due to the fact that agricultural extension workers based at the district and provincial level could only provide the extension services to only selected communities in their target areas, as there is always the problem of budget constraints.

5.6 Other social-economic issues

All people in the sub-project area belong to Khmer ethnicity. There are 3 primary schools, 1 lower secondary school; all children of school age go to these school. In addition, there are 3 pagodas, but no market and no access to electricity supply. Ground water (using hand pump) is the major source of water for households. Some 60% of the total households use hand pumps for drinking water. About 35% harvest rainwater during the rainy season for use throughout the year. There is no paved road in the commune. Roads connecting the commune to the district town and villages within the commune are unpaved. Agricultural farming is the primary occupation of the majority (95% households) of the households. Majority of the households in this commune is poor. About 55% of the households are considered poor1, 35% are medium wealthy2 and the rest (10%) wealthy3. Based on the initial set of information obtained, average annual household income in this subproject area is only Riels1.50 million (or, US$375/hh). Income of female-headed-households (FHHs) is generally lower than that of male-headed-households (MHHs). As an example, average annual highest and lowest income from farm produces are Riels 3.0 million and Riels 0.7 million, respectively per MHH. Corresponding figures of the FHHs are Riels 2.0 million and Riels 0.7 million. Average annual highest and lowest income from non-farm activities, on the other hand, are Riels 3.5 million and Riels 0.9 million, respectively per MHH. The figures for FHHs are Riels 3.0 million and Riels 0.8 million, respectively. About 40% of the total households reportedly incurred loans either from bank or saving groups. Among them 5% face extreme difficulty to repay the loan. The majority of the households in this commune do not produce sufficient rice to feed family members throughout the year. On average, only 10% of the households could produce surplus rice. Some 30% reportedly could produce just sufficient rice to feed their family members around the year. The rest (30%) could not produce sufficient rice even for home consumption. Of the households having the problem of rice shortage, 30% do not have rice for more than 6 months a year. Lack of irrigation facilities, limited land, lacking of household labor and shortage of agricultural inputs were quoted as reasons behind the food shortage of households. Children, elderly members and female members are affected mostly with the rice shortage problem. People in the community usually migrate to other areas throughout the year for a better and improved income. Some 92 men and 123 women migrated last year to Thailand, Phnom Penh, Poi Pet and provincial town. Migration normally affects both the household and household members on different issues. It increases workload particularly of female members, makes it difficult to manage household, affects education of children, hampers agricultural production and makes female members vulnerable to HIV/AIDS through migrant husband.

1 Poor households refer to households who have (i) maximum of 20A (1A= 100 M2) of agricultural land, (ii) maximum of 1 large ruminants (i.e., cow, buffalos), (iii) maximum of 1 small ruminants (i.e., pigs) and a few number of chicken and duck, (iv) less than 2 A of household land size, (v) posses bicycle or oxen cart (no motorbike), (vi) thatched house, (vii) 4-12 months rice shortage, and (viii) possess one raid. 2 Medium wealthy households refer to the households who have (i) maximum of 1 hector of agricultural land, (ii) 2-4 large ruminants (i.e., cow, buffalos), (iii) maximum of 4 small ruminants (i.e., pigs) and a number of chicken and duck, (iv) 2-5 A of household land size, (v) 1 motor-bike, (vi) small wooden house, (vii) maximum of 3 months rice shortage, and (viii) possess 1 television. 3 Wealthy households refer to the households who have (i) more than 1 hector of agricultural land, (ii) more than 4 large ruminants (i.e., cow, buffalos), (iii) More than 4 small ruminants (i.e., pigs) and a considerable number of chicken, (iv) 5A of household land size, (v) 2 motor-bike and 3 bi-cycles, (vi) big wooden or brick built house, (vii) surplus rice production, and (viii) possess both radio and television. TEAM Consulting Engineering & RGC / MOWRAM TEAM Consulting and Management Management Co., Ltd. Asian Development Bank (Cambodia) Co., Ltd. 6 Appendix 5-12 TUMNUB SAMRONG

Similar to other subproject areas nearby, there is no representation of women in this commune council. All councilors of the commune are men. Traditional norms and customs (that women can be leaders) as well as lack of confidence and competencies of women are the underlying causes of women’s poor representation in community affairs. Prevalence of domestic violence in this commune is relatively high. It was reported that more that 10% of married women in this commune experience violence of their husband. Two women in the commune lare reportedly living with HIV/AIDS.

Saving group does exist in the commune. Both men and women are members of this group but, the majority is men (70%). Men also occupy the majority (80%) of management positions of the group.

6 Land utilization & suitability - Irrigation area (Subproject level) 6.1 Land utilization - Potential irrigation area 200 ha - Future irrigated area (expected wet+dry seasons) approx. 240 ha - Irrigated area but, not used approx. none

6.2. Land suitability for irrigation rice crop

According to the field observation, soil types in the project areas were found to be of three (3) categories: Prey Khmer, Prateah Lang and Bakan.

Based on the referenced literature (Vang, soil TIP, 2006), the Prey Khmer soil is a soil occurring on the old alluvial terraces or colluvial-alluvial plains, with a sandy textured profile extending 50cm or deeper. This soil type is estimated to occupy about 11% of the total rice growing area in Cambodia. Two phases of Prey Khmer group have been defined based on the size of the sand fraction in the surface horizon, i.e., fine sandy phase and coarse sandy phase. This soil is difficult to manage for rice production. It is not suitable for irrigation. Fertility of this soil is very low. This soil type is potentially deficient in N, P, K, S and Mg and its organic matter levels are very low. Fertilizer management is very difficult with nutrients being easily leached and, it is difficult in matching nutrient supply to crop demand.

Prateah Lang soil is a soil occurring on old alluvial terraces or colluvial-alluvial plains. It has a sandy topsoil of less than 40cm over subsoil which has a loamy or clayey texture. This soil is estimated to occupy about 28% of the total rice-growing area. Three phases of Prateah Lang soil have been defined based on characteristics of the subsoil that affect root penetration and water drainage, including shallow phase, clayey subsoil phase and loamy subsoil phase. This soil is also difficult to manage for rice production but, if structures for water harvesting and supplementary irrigation can be developed cheaply, profitable yield increases may be expected on these soils.

Bankan soil is occurring on the colluvial plains or old alluvial terrace that has a loamy or clayey topsoil which does not crack or has only shallow surface cracks occurring over a mottled loamy or clayey subsoil. This soil type can be found in all rice-growing areas and is estimated to occupy about 12% in the country. The soil is well suitable to rice production, where conditions are favorable and yields respond well to improved management. Glasshouse experiments have shown that this soil is potentially deficient in N, P, K and possibly S. Rice grown on this soil is likely to respond to N, P, K fertilizer application in the field.

6.3 Additional information relevant to land suitability

Based on the discussions with local people, apart from wet-season rice, farmers in the subproject area cultivate other secondary cash crops, such as, corn, pumpkin, egg plant, cucumber, cassava, mung bean and other vegetables. The farmers grow also short, medium and late duration rice varieties. For the short duration ones, they consist of Aritksach and Anongert. The medium duration rice varieties are Yeayeng, Para, Pailin, Chokches, Pkaromdoul, Malis, Rithmor, Khar 3, Khar 9, Yeayleng, Pkabas, Neang Ouk, Pkathkov, Pkarompil, Keng and Koskong. For the late duration rice varieties (floating rice), they consist of Pkadong, Kungkser, Neangthen, Arvbei, Chonthei, Bakrotes, Phaly and Neangster.

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At the present (without rehabilitation), rice yields depend heavily on rainfall pattern and input investment. According to the interviewed farmers, average rice yield per hectare in the subproject could be about 2.3 tons in a good year (e.g., in 2000, when there was enough rain water and perhaps, with considerable amount of fertilizer application). On the other hand, the yield could be as low as 500-600 kiligrams per hectare in a bad year (e.g., in 2000).

It is expected that planted areas of such cash crops as corn, cucumber and other vegetables will be expanded in the project area if irrigation water is available. Dry season rice is also expected to be planted after the rehabilitation.

Currently, all land preparation is still being done by animal power while harvesting (particularly of rice crop) is done by human labor. On the other hand, threshing (of rice) is done by machine and transporting basically by draft animal (cattle). Similar to other areas nearby, farm mechanization is still very limited in the area.

It may be added that all the farmers in the community are practicing transplanting method, meaning that family labor is still probably not a constraint factor in the project area.

7 Scope of the project: 7.1 Work Required: - Pre-feasibility study (Requiring new structures and relatively high investment cost) - Other important work/activities should include:

• Site plan survey at the head work and appurtenance structure, scale 1:500. • Project area mapping of a scale 1:10,000, with contour interval of 1 m (include reservoir area). • Ground truth survey for the main canal. • Confirmation of proposed irrigation area (area “A” and “B”) and potential area along right canal outlet.

7.2 Anticipated other project components:-

1) Irrigation infrastructures (to be rehabilitated/re-constructed)

1.1) Head work and appurtenance structures. - Improvement of existing dike, 500 m. (approximate) - Construction of a new spillway - Construction of a new left canal outlet - Construction of a new right canal outlet - Construction of new dike closure to existing, three (3) places 1.2) Canal improvement and new construction with respective approximate length in kms, including: - LMC 2.15 km. (Improvement) - RMC 1.00 km. (New construction) 1.3) Construction of new conveyance structures, including: - Road crossing structure, two (2) places. - A road crossing with check - A tail regulator 1.4) Maintenance of farm roads 1.6) Demolishing of some of existing but, un-functional structures

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1.7) For area “B” study and propose functional canal and structures - A farm pond - Canal or farm ditch, two (2) kms. - Conveyance structure, 10 places.

2) Irrigated agriculture

Based on the farmers interviewed, they expect to cultivate economic crops, such as, dry season rice, corn, egg plants, sugarcane, cassava, string bean, cucumber, tomato and other vegetables. However, promising cash crops that could be planted after the rehabilitation could be limited to dry season rice, sugarcane, string bean, lettuce, tomato, cucumber and corn, depending on the market demand.

Farmers also expect to expand their livestock enterprises, such as pig, chicken, duck and cattle. They also wish to do fish culture after the rehabilitation. However, according to their feedback, they expressed also their needs for new farming knowledge and skills for cultivating dry-season rice as well as such other upland crops as sugarcane, cassava and mung bean and, animal raising technique.

In view of these, development of irrigated agriculture should be another project component for the F/S study to be pursued, to confirm viability and feasibility of developing irrigated agriculture in the area, taking fully into consideration the prevailing agricultural market and level of know-how of the farmers. Aspect of requirement for agricultural extension services should also be looked at.

3) FWUC: √ To be newly established To be strengthen

According to the farmers who participated in the group discussion, due to the shortage of drinking water in the dry season, commune council has established a “farmer drinking water use group” to operate and maintain the wells in the community. However, the Farmer Water Users Community (FWUC) does not exist yet.

In view of the fact that local people have been working closely together on a similar activity (sharing of water use), it is conceivable that FWUC concepts and principles could also be introduced to them.

During the F/S, Establishment and Development of FWUC should be add as a project component to study social conditions of the local people and confirm their needs for the FWUC, potential and constraints in these respects. As establishment of FWUC for long- term development and sustainability of the irrigation project is already a key policy of the Cambodian Government, based on the study result, recommendations for its establishment with supports required from PDWRAM/MOWRAM including timing of the implementation should be secured.

4) Others:

From the field observation, generally, organizational aspects of the local farmers and responsible agencies concerned were rather weak. Necessary knowledge for performing their occupations and functions are limited and not up-to-date. A project component aiming at institutional strengthening and capacity buildings of the farmers’ institutions (i.e., FWUC and other social groups) and related government agencies should be necessary.

8 Estimated project cost and breakdown: The following are preliminary estimates of eventual development cost of the identified physical infrastructures that need to be confirmed by the proposed P/F Study.

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8.1 Capital and base costs Item Unit Unit cost Q'tity Cost (US$) (US$) 1. Land compensation - Area km.0+000 to km.2+200 (Main canal) ha 700 1.8 1,260 Total (1) 1,260 2. Construction of dike and appurtenance structures 2.1 Construction of dike and related structures L.S - 1 142,500 2.2 Construction of new dike closure to existing one L.S - 1 60,000 2.3 Construction of new spillway L.S - 1 150,000 2.4 Dike improvement km 100,000 0.5 50,000 Total (2) 402,500 3. Construction of new conveyance structures - Road crossing structures place 4,000 28,000 - Road crossing with check place 5,700 1 5,700 - Tail regulator place 7,600 1 7,600 Total (3) 21,300 4. Canal improvement km 30,000 2.2 66,600 Total (4) 66,600 5. Miscellaneous 5.1 For compensation work L.S - 1 200 5.2 For demolishing work L.S - 1 1,000 5.3 For road development L.S - 1 5,000 5.4 For drainage structures L.S - 1 5,000 5.5 For area “B” study and propose functional structure L.S - 1 60,000 Total (5) 71,200 Grand total 562,860

8.2 Annual O&M costs Item Cost Remarks (US$) Annual O&M 2,500 US$10/ha An estimate for major maintenance in every 5 years, 10% of canal construction 6,600 cost (of new project development)

9 Expected Outputs / Outcome (at project level basis): 9.1 Agricultural production (paddy equivalent) approx. 450 tons 9.2 Increased farm income (basically from rice) approx. 340 US$ /hh

9.3 Operational FWUC: FWUC should have been established and put into operation in the longer term.

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9.4 Diversified agriculture: After the subproject is put into full operation again, apart from wet season rice, dry season rice, water melon, cassava, egg plant, corn, cucumber and other vegetables will also be grown. In addition, livestock rearing will be en emerging occupational choice for the farmers. Fish culture and raising duck could be more popular among the farmers. 9.5 Cropping intensity is expected to increase by 15 % (a conservative estimate) 9.6 Stable water supplies for agriculture and domestic uses 9.7 Labor migration is expected to reduce 9.8 Besides, crop yields and hence, agricultural production in the subproject area should increase and, be more stabilized.

10 Environment and environmental impact assessment

- Existing environmental condition: - Tumnub Samrong subproject is situated in the south of Beng Per Wildlife Sanctuary. Its two major water sources are from Preah Vihear which flows through Ou Popok and from Siem Reap which flows through Ou Pongro. These streams flow through the Beng Per Wildlife Sanctuary. - The surrounding environment of this subproject is dominated by forest, grassland and paddy fields. - This subproject is sometimes flooded by heavy rains. Flood duration is normally not very long, about one week or less. The irrigation structures were actually damaged by previous floods. - Existing land-use is dominated by paddy fields and forest. Most of the local farmers reportedly apply natural fertilizers to their paddy fields. - From the initial field investigation, pollution black spots, dumping sites, industrial activities, noisy commercial activities, dusty open storage, etc., were not found. - Surface water shortages do occasionally occur in the dry season due to the lack of reservoir. It was reported by the interviewed farmers that many people have to depend on groundwater. In the wet season, people use rain water for drinking and cooking. - About 30% of the total households have toilet in their houses. - Waste management is generally poor with uncontrolled disposal and there is a lack of treatment system and facilities for collecting and transporting solid waste. Waste water is discharge directly to waterways or grassland and solid waste is mainly (90%) managed by burning. The rest is disposed of in waterways, open area and burying. - Many domestic animals, amphibians and reptiles, mammals, birds and fishes could be observed, e.g., native cattle, pig, chicken and duck. As reported by the farmers, the following could also be seen in the area, e.g., rat, snake, frog, dove, quail, common tailorbird, sparrow, watercock, etc. - Common trees in the area include acacia, palm, tamarind, eucalyptus tereticornis, bamboo, Morinda Tomentosa, Strychnos Nux-vomica, etc. - Regarding cultural heritage, there is no any archaeological site nearby the subproject area. - The major element that impact to environment is deforestation which might affect the area in which the subproject is located. Many forest trees were cut by local people for construction, selling and, for securing new farm land.

Anticipated impacts:

This subproject area, after rehabilitation, should have more volume of water supply which will help increase crop yields and hence, productions for the farmers. More fish species are expected, as volume of the water increases. It is unlikely, however, that the rehabilitation work will create any major barrier for fish immigration. Water storage particularly during the dry season should also benefit more to local villagers, as a source of water for both home consumption and dry-season crops.

However, as mentioned, this subproject is located close to the Beng Per Wildlife Sanctuary, it deserves a careful consideration should development activities are to take place.

Probable environmental category 9 :A :B :C

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11 Resettlement and land compensation aspects

Existing condition:

Currently, there are about 50 farmer households who have reportedly been cultivating in the damaged canal and reservoir, with the total area involved of about 20 hectares.

Anticipated resettlement/compensation required:

As the number of affected people (APs) is likely to be greater than 200 persons, a full resettlement/compensation plan should be required, if rehabilitation project is to be implemented.

Resettlement plan required SRP 9 FRP

12 Suggested implementation plan Item 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 P/F F/S D/D FWUC promotion O&M

Prepared by: TEAM Consulting Engineering and Management Co. Ltd., Bangkok, Thailand and TEAM Consulting and Management (Cambodia) Co., Ltd., Phnom Penh, Cambodia

Date of completion: 31 October 2008

TEAM Consulting Engineering & RGC / MOWRAM TEAM Consulting and Management Management Co., Ltd. Asian Development Bank (Cambodia) Co., Ltd.

12 EMCnutn niern RC/MWA TEAM Consulting and Management RGC / MOWRAM Management Co., Ltd. ConsultingTEAM Engineering & Appendix 5-12 Appendix TUMNUB SAMRONG Asian Development Bank (Cambodia) Co., Ltd.

Figure 1 General Map of Project Location

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13

Figure 2 Map of Subproject Area (Potential Beneficiary Area)

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Figure 3: Selected photographs of the Tumnub Samrong, October 2008

TUMNUB SAMRONG Appendix 5-12 15

Meeting with commune leaders and farmers Broken spillway temporarily repaired

Rice field (in the reservoir) The broken dike

Cutting tree (left abutment) Reservoir that can not retain water

Figure 4: Selected photographs of the Tumnub Samrong, October 2008

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Appendix 5-13

PROFILE OF TUMNUB TACHAN SUBPROJECT TUMNUB TACHAN Appendix 5-13 1

PROFILE OF TUMNUB TACHAN SUBPROJECT

TA-4848 CAM (EXTENSION PHASE) Project Data Sheet

1 Project title: Tumnub Tachan

2 Project Location and description: 2.1 Headworks. Longitude 1,451,751N Latitude 448,085E Commune: Prolay District: Stoung Province: Kampong Thom

2.2 Date of construction: 1977 Constructed by Khmer Rouge

A brief development history: - Based on a piece of information from local farmers, this Tumnub Tachan subproject, in its simplest form, had been constructed since 1969. The subproject was then improved and completed in 1977, for use by the farmers. - There has been no routine/regular maintenance of the project and several structures have been damaged. From time to time, the structures have been improved by people from Kan Thien village. - In 1983, the broken dike was repaired by government. - Currently, however, the existing irrigation system cannot be operated.

2.3.1 General map of project location (see Figure 1) 2.3.2 Map of the subproject area (potential beneficiary area) (see Figure 2) 2.3.3 Photographs (see Figure 3, 4)

2.4 Description of route Tumnub Tachan subprject is located in Kampong Thom province, central part of Cambodia. The subproject site may be reached by roads, starting from Kampong Thom town to northwestern direction by National Route No. 6 for about 60 kms and then turns northward at Angk Khloam to the local road for another 7 kms. This local road is actually part of a dike of 3-4 meters wide. In certain sections, its road surface has been expanded up to 6 meters. General condition of this access road is fairly good.

2.5 Description of the irrigation scheme

Type of scheme : Gravity system

Source of water : From Porpok Commune (Tumnub Samrong)

Structures, their condition and situation the subproject area: Tumnub Tachan has a dike of approximately 200 m long. Other existing irrigation structures include a box culvert which is under construction by the Ministry of Rural Development (MRD). Currently, there are damages (at least at two major places which were broken by flood and heavy rains in 1991) on the existing dike and therefore, the reservoir therefore cannot store water. This subproject is located in a densely small forest and there is no rice field in immediate downstream.

2.6 Names of key informants in project area:

1) Mr. Chea Sivutha, Project Management Office (PMO) of MOWRAM 2) Mr. Hak Puthy, Deputy Director of PDWRAM, Kompong Thom 3) Mr. Hout Try, PDWRAM, Kompong Thom 4) Mr. Chea Horn, Head of Kan Thien village 5) Mr. Hean Kheun, Farmer 6) Mr. Kong Chhum, Farmer 7) Mr. Peuo Ny, Farmer 8) Mr. Nhiem Ky, Farmer 9) Mr. Sem Sareun, Head of Komprel Village

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10) Mr. Mot Vat, Farmer

11) Mr. Sot Sary, Farmer 12) Mr. Yoi Yu, Farmer 13) Mr. Born Ty, Farmer 14) Mr. Chhan Sun, Farmer

3 Rationale (implementation priority) According to the Head of Kan Thien village, water from the project will flow through the box culvert being constructed by MRD and then via the existing canal, the water flows to paddy fields of about 900 ha downstream, in many villages of the Prolay commune and other. In view of the anticipated benefit to this large area of paddy fields, this subproject is in great need for the rehabilitation.

However, this subproject area should be subject to clearing of land-mine and non-explosive object before actual implementation.

According to the interviewed farmers, due to the non-functional structures, rice yields in the area differ significantly between good years and bad years, e.g., the good one was recorded at about 2.5 t/ha (2007 figure) while the bad one could be as low as 500 kg/ha (2006 figure). Rehabilitation of the existing structure should guarantee more stable irrigation water and hence, help enhance rice yields and production in the area. In addition, the local farmers are expected to grow other economic crops too if more water become available.

Also in accordance with the farmers’ view, to improve livelihood of the people in the subproject area, along with rehabilitation of the irrigation infrastructures, the project should: i Consider provision of health care services; ii Promote gender equality with a view to making the best use of human resources in the area; and iii Strengthen and support existing groups and associations of local people, such as rice bank/association and saving group.

Tumnub Tachan has an irrigation area of 300 ha, which should require irrigation water about 3.68 mcm/year, comprising of 3.12 mcm and 0.56 mcm, for the wet and dry season crops, respectively. This subproject receives water from Tumnub Samrong which has an annual inflow of 72.85 mcm/year, apart from its own water requirement of 2.45 mcm/year, Tumnub Samrong project should therefore be able to supply adequately the remaining water for Tumnub Tachan subproject as well. This subproject should be implemented, if the study on the Tumnub Samrong subproject proved feasible.

4 Farmer Institutions - FWUC and its status Yes, existing √ No, not existing

Future work/actions required: Unlike at a few other subprojects nearby, Farmer Water Users Community (FWUC) does not exist in this subproject and the local people seemed to have a limited knowledge on this kind farmers’ institution.

As this subproject should be rehabilitated for benefits of the local people, it is important that a concept of FWUC be introduced and the FWUC is promoted for establishment during the implementation stage. With the established FWUC, in addition to the normal and routine functions of operation and maintenance of the rehabilitated infrastructures, its representative farmers or leaders should be entrusted to perform coordination functions between and among the members for a long-term sustainability of the project.

Other existing institutions:

According to the heads of the villages who were interviewed, there are also a few occupation groups in the Prolay commune, i.e., the saving group and rice associate, each has membership of 325 hh and 50 hh, respectively.

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5 Socio-economic profile (of the Prolay Commune) 5.1 Area and population: - Cultivated area nearly 4,000 ha - Number of villages 14* villages - No. of families 2,293 hh - Total population 12,828 persons Of which: Male 6,235 persons Female 6,593 persons * Of the total, number of benefit village is reportedly six (6), see Table 3.

5.2 Occupation of population: - Farming (rice growing, orchard, fishing, etc.) approx. 94 % - Non-farming (e.g., officer, carpenter, merchant, etc.) approx. 6 %

5.3 Land holding and Tenure ship - Size of land holding approx. 1.6 ha/hh - Farmers having land title none - Landless households Approx. 5 %

5.4 Existing Cropping Data and Calendar

Based on the secondary data provided by the village chiefs and PDWRAM officer, wet-season rice cultivation area of Prolay commune is 3,889 hectares. In this commune, there are three (3) subprojects, namely, Tumnub Tachan, Tumnub Yeiy Naiy, and Tumnub Boeng Prey Knhey.

Current crops grown in the Commune area consist of wet-season rice, cassava, water melon, cucumber, string bean, wax gourd, pumpkin and corn. Cassava was considered the second main crop after wet season rice. Average wet-season rice yield is about 1.2 tons per hectare (see Table 1). Planted areas of rice and other crops in per villages are shown in Table 2.

Different crops, however, are grown at different times and seasons. Farmers normally start cultivating wet-season rice in May, Jun and/or July and harvesting it in September, November or December/January depending on the rice varieties. Water melon is grown in October and harvested in late December. For cassava, it is normally planted in January and then harvested in June in the same year. Most cash crops, such as, cucumber, Chinese radish and pumpkin are normally grown also in January after the harvest of wet season rice (see Table 3: Crop Calendar).

Average rice yield in the area is rather low, i.e., about 1.2 tons per hectare (see Table 4).

Average paddy price was about 900 Riels per kilogram.

Table 1: Major crop grown and status of irrigation area in the Prolay Commune Current main crops Cultivation area Current irrigated Expected irrigation areas (ha) areas after rehabilitation (ha) (ha) Wet season rice 3,889 0 1,589 Dry season rice n.a n.a 150 Pumpkin 5 n.a n.a Cassava 300 n.a n.a Cucumber 4 n.a n.a Wax gourd 5 n.a n.a Water melon 50 n.a n.a Floating rice 330 (Source: Secondary data from the commune, 2008)

TEAM Consulting Engineering & RGC / MOWRAM TEAM Consulting and Management Management Co., Ltd. Asian Development Bank (Cambodia) Co., Ltd. 4 Appendix 5-13 TUMNUB TACHAN

Table 2: Cultivation area of the major crops per village Village name Total Benefit Wet Dry season Cassava households from the season rice rice area planted area project (ha) (ha) (ha) Ang Klaom 230 Yes 261.2 0 8 Krek 207 Yes 290 0 8 Thmei 221 No 317 0 8 Tatreal 190 No 285.6 0 11 Sretamern 56 No 188.5 0 4 Neang Boslgneach 73 No 143 126 3 Kampong Varng 170 No 256 0 8 Preykla 215 No 373,5 0 9 Chouk 239 No 496 0 8 Pralay 104 Yes 232 0 6 Kampreal 223 Yes 326 0 8 Kantheart 133 Yes 201 0 8 Korkroveang 120 No 237 0 5 Anlongpring 112 Yes 279.2 0 4 (Source: Secondary data from the commune, 2008)

Table 3. Seasonal crop calendar Description Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Rice crops Short duration Medium duration Late duration Upland crops Cassava Cucumber Wax gourd Pumpkin Water melon Egg plant String bean Chinese radish Lettuce

(Feedback from the farmers interviewed, August 2008)

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Table 4: Major crop, production and yield Main crops Total cultivation area Total production Average yield (ha) (t) (t/ha) Wet season rice 3,889 4,666 1.2 Cassava 300 n.a n.a Water melon 50 n.a n.a (Source: Secondary data from the commune, 2008)

According to the interview with the village chiefs and key farmers, the following were quoted as key problems faced by the farmers/people in the subproject area: ƒ Poor soils ƒ Drought ƒ Uneven paddy fields ƒ Low crop yields ƒ Rice diseases ƒ Occasional floods ƒ Pests, such as rat and grasshopper ƒ Lack of working capital to purchase fertilizer, and herbicides ƒ Poor cultivation technique ƒ Foot and mouth disease infected on animals, etc.

5.5 Other agricultural issues

Agricultural land of Tumnub Tachan sub-project area is most prone to drought.

Farmers living in this project area have an access to Prolay, and Phastoung markets located about 7.5 km and 17.0 km, respectively from the Commune, to purchase agricultural inputs. However, they usually sell their farm products at their own villages and in particular, the Phsastoung market.

Only few farmers have an access to agricultural extension services by the government agricultural extension workers. In 2004, some could obtain such services from the extension workers based at the District Agricultural Office, due probably to the budgetary constraint. Since 2004, however, there has never been such services in the area.

As agricultural land of Tumnub Tachan sub-project area is most prone to drought, livelihood of the people in this subproject area is worst off compared to that of the households in other subprojects nearby.

5.6 Other social-economic issues

All people in the Prolay commune area belong to Khmer ethnicity. According to an official record, of the total 2,293 households in the commune, 1,884 were of male-headed-households (MHHs) and the remainders (409 hh) were of FHHs. As part of the social infrastructures, there are 10 primary schools, thre (3) lower secondary schools and an upper secondary school; all children of school age go to these schools. In addition, there are a hospital, three (3) pagodas and a market place. However, the commune has no access to electricity supply. Sources of water for drinking and other purposes of households in the commune consist of bore well (60%), rainwater (35%) and others (5%). Road (with the distance of 14 km) connecting the commune to the district town is paved. But roads connecting villages within the commune are unpaved ones. Farming is the primary occupation of the local people. About 31% of the total households are considered poor1, 50% households medium wealthy2 and the rest (19%) wealthy.3 Average annual

1 Poor households refer to households who have (i) maximum of 20A (1A= 100 M2) of agricultural land, (ii) no large ruminants (i.e., cow, buffalos), (iii) maximum of 1 small ruminants (i.e., pigs) and a few number of chicken and duck, (iv) less than 2 A of household land size, (v) maximum of 1 bicycle and no motorbike, (vi) thatched house, and (vii) shortage of rice for 4-12 months a year. TEAM Consulting Engineering & RGC / MOWRAM TEAM Consulting and Management Management Co., Ltd. Asian Development Bank (Cambodia) Co., Ltd. 6 Appendix 5-13 TUMNUB TACHAN

income per household was initially estimated at Riels1.50 million (or, about US$375). Average income of FHHs is generally lower than that of MHHs. As an example, the average annual highest and lowest income from farm products of MHHs was reported to be about Riels 7.00 million and Riels 0.95 million, respectively while corresponding figures for the FHH were only Riels 3.00 million and Riels 0.85 million. Average annual highest and lowest income from non-farm activities of MHHs were Riels 7.0 million and Riels 1.50 million and those of FHHs were only Riels 3.00 million and Riels 1.00 millio, respectively. Poverty incidence is therefore higher among the FHHs compared to the MHHs. In terms of self-sufficiency in annual rice production, about 20% of the total households was said to be able to produce surplus rice. About 50% could produce just enough rice to feed members of their families around the year. The rest (30%) could not produce sufficient ricefor year-round home consumption. Of this latter category, it was reported that about 20% had shortage of rice for more than 6 months in a year. Major reasons for this problem was explained to be caused by 1) lack of irrigation facilities, 2) shortage of agricultural inputs, 3) shortage of labor force and 4), limited agricultural land. Children –both boys and girls- suffered mostly from this problem, followed by elderly people and female members of the family. In 2007, it was reported that 288 men and 598 women of Prolay commune have migrated to other areas. Although migration occurred throughout the year, it intensified during off agricultural season. Teenagers were reported to migrate more that aged people. They mostly migrate to Phnom Penh (rank 1), followed by Thailand, Poipet and the provincial town. Out-migration was highest in Tumnub Tachan subproject area compared to, for example, those from Tumnub Boeng Prey Knhey and Tumnub Yeiy Naiy subprojects which are located in the same Prolay commune. This was due mainly to the high level of unemployment in the Tumnub Tachan subproject. The migration affected both the households and their members in various ways. It increased workload, particularly to female members and made it difficult to manage the households. Often, it led to labor shortage for cultivation and affected education of children who were left behind. Similar to those in many other areas, women in this commune has only a limited role and representation. Of the 11 councilor positions in this commune, there was only one woman. Traditional norms and customs (that women can not be leaders) as well as the lack of confidence in women are the underlying causes of women’s poor representation particularly in the community affairs. It may be added that some 5-6 persons in the commune were reportedly living with HIV/AIDS.

6 Land utilization & suitability – Irrigation area (Subproject level) - 6.1 Land utilization - Potential irrigation area approx. 300 ha - Future irrigated area (expected wet+dry seasons) approx. 360 ha - Potential newly irrigated area (to be developed) n.a. - Irrigated area but, not used (if any) none

6.2. Land suitability

Soil types in the project areas were found to compose of three (3) categories: Prey Khmer, Pratea Lang and Krakor.

According to a reference (Vang, soil TIP, 2006), the Prey Khmer is a soil type occurring on old alluvial terraces or the colluvial-alluvial plains, with a sandy textured profile extending 50 cm or deeper. This soil type is estimated to occupy about 11% of the total rice growing area in the country. Based on the size of sand fraction in the surface horizon, this soil type consists of two phases: fine sandy phase and coarse sandy phase. This soil is difficult to manage for rice production and neither suitable for irrigation. Its fertility is therefore very low. Fertilizer management is very difficult with nutrients being easily leached and, it is difficult in matching nutrient supply to crop demand.

2 Medium wealthy households refer to the households who have (i) maximum of 1 hector of agricultural land, (ii) 1-2 large ruminants (i.e., cow, buffalos), (iii) maximum of 4 small ruminants (i.e., pigs) and a number of chicken and duck, (iv) 2-5 A of household land size, (v) 1 motor-bike and 1 bicycle, (vi) small wooden house, and (vii) shortage of rice for up to 3 months. 3 Wealthy households refer to the households who have (i) more than 1 hector of agricultural land, (ii) more than 2 large ruminants (i.e., cow, buffalos), (iii) More than 4 small ruminants (i.e., pigs) and a considerable number of chicken, (iv) 5A of household land size, (v) at least of 2 motor-bike and bi-cycles, (vi) big wooden or brick built house, and (vii) surplus rice production. TEAM Consulting Engineering & RGC / MOWRAM TEAM Consulting and Management Management Co., Ltd. Asian Development Bank (Cambodia) Co., Ltd. TUMNUB TACHAN Appendix 5-13 7

The Prateah Lang soil is estimated to occupy about 28% of the total rice-growing area in the country. Based on characteristics of the sub soil that affect root penetration and water drainage, this soil type has three different phases: 1) Shallow phase, 2) Clayey subsoil phase and 3) Loamy subsoil phase. This soil is generally difficult to manage for rice production but, if supplementary irrigation can be developed and provided, rice yields could substantially increase.

Lastly, the Krokor soils is a soil with gray to brown but not dark gray, very dark brown or black, loamy or clayey textured topsoil over a sandy, loamy or clayey subsoil occurring on active floodplains. The soil occurs in all provinces and is estimated to occupy about 15% of the land area grown to rice in Cambodia. Two phases have been defined for the Krakor soil, non-cracking and cracking. The soil has a good potential to produce high rice yields. It responds well to improved management and, has a high suitability for irrigation if water can be managed effectively. Inherent fertility of the soil is also good.

6.3 Additional information relevant to land suitability

Based on the farmers’ view and feedback, apart from the wet-season rice, they plan to cultivate such other secondary cash crops as cassava, water melon, corn, egg plant, water convolvulus and vegetables too. Various varieties of short, medium and late duration rice have been grown by the farmers. The short-duration rice varieties consist of Angkrong, Neang Pech, Neang Ouk, Kremkrohorm, Kremsor, Aritksach and Khoung. Te medium-duration one are Neang Kungsngeam, Neangkungsor, Pkaromdoul, Malis, Reangchai, Khar 3, Neangchen, Pkasla, Maikun, Domnerb, Dosyear and Sra Aerm. The late-duration varieties (floating rice) consist of Srovea, Dong, Kagnol and Sayphal.

At present (prior to any new development and rehabilitation of the subproject), rice yields depend heavily on rainfall patterns and level of input investment. According to the farmers interviewed, it was understood that rice yield in the area could be increased to more that 2.5 t/ha per season, if irrigation water is secured and stabilized, with appropriate application of fertilizers and pest control. Production of other cash crops could also be largely increased due to the anticipated expansion of planted areas for such crops as cassava, water melon, corn, and other vegetables.

Land preparation at the subproject area is still done basically by animal power. Both transplanting and broadcasting methods are practiced by farmers in the project site. While transporting rice is also done basically by cattle, harvesting of the rice crop is done totally by human power. Threshing is however, done mostly by machine. It is clearly indicated that farm mechanization in the area is still very limited

7 Scope of the project: 7.1 Work Required: - Feasibility Study + Detailed Design (In view of generally favorable factor endowments and anticipated high benefits) - Other important work/activities should include: • Site plan survey at head work and appurtenance structure, scale 1:500 • Project area mapping scale 1:10,000, with contour interval of 1 m (including the reservoir area). • Strip topographic survey for the main canal (1:4,000). • Confirmation of proposed irrigation area and potential area in the field. • Geotechnical survey 1 bore hole at new spillway 1 bore hole at river bank

7.2 Anticipated project components:-

1) Irrigation infrastructures (to be rehabilitated/re-constructed) Basically, these could be 3-4 components as following:- 1.1) Head work and appurtenance structures. - Improvement of existing dike, 700 m. (approximate) - Construction of a new spillway - Construction of a new left canal outlet TEAM Consulting Engineering & RGC / MOWRAM TEAM Consulting and Management Management Co., Ltd. Asian Development Bank (Cambodia) Co., Ltd. 8 Appendix 5-13 TUMNUB TACHAN

- Construction of a new right canal outlet - Construction of new dike closure to existing, two (2) places 1.2) Canal improvement and new construction with respective approximate length in kms, including: - LMC 5.5 km. (Improvement) - LMC 1.6 km. (New construction) - RMC 0.5 km. (New construction) 1.3) Construction of new conveyance structures, including: - Road crossing structure, three (3) places. - A road crossing with check - Check structures, two (2) places - A tail regulator 1.4) Maintenance of farm roads 1.5) Demolishing of some of existing but, un-functional structures

2) Irrigated agriculture

Based on the farmers interviewed, they expected to cultivate economic crops, such as, dry season rice, water melon, cassava, corn, water convolvulus, egg plants and other vegetables. However, the promising cash crops to be planted after rehabilitation could be limited to a few, depending on level of market demand and necessary knowledge of the farmers. Some farmers also expected to expand their livestock rearing activities, such as pig, chicken, duck and cattle.

According to the result of the interview, farmers also expressed their need for essential farming knowledge and skills, such as rice cultivation technique, compost making, upland crop cultivation technique, vegetables growing technique and animal raising technique.

In view of these, development of irrigated agriculture should be another project component for the F/S study to be pursued, to confirm their viability and feasibility, taking fully into consideration the prevailing agricultural market and level of know-how of the farmers. Supplementary measures and assistance programs through agricultural extension services need to be identified and recommended for eventual implementation.

3) FWUC: √ To be newly established To be strengthen

According to farmers who participated in the group discussion, since the reservoir has been damaged for a long time, the people (farmers) seemed to have lost their interest in establishing the FWUC. However, the key farmers expressed their wishes to see it established after the broken infrastructures have been rehabilitated.

As a project component, during the F/S, problems and development needs of the existing FWUC should therefore need to be studied thoroughly with a view to seeing the potential and constraints in these respects. Establishment of FWUC for long-term development and sustainability of the irrigation project is already a key policy of the Cambodian Government. Based on the study result, recommendations for its establishment with supports needed from PDWRAM/MOWRAM and timing of the implementation will be required.

4) Others:

Also as a result of the field observation, generally, organizational aspects of the local farmers and selected agencies concerned were rather weak. Necessary new knowledge for performing their occupations and functions are normally limited and not up-to-date. A project component aiming at institutional strengthening and capacity buildings of the farmers’ institutions (i.e., FWUC and other social groups) and related responsible government agencies should be necessary.

TEAM Consulting Engineering & RGC / MOWRAM TEAM Consulting and Management Management Co., Ltd. Asian Development Bank (Cambodia) Co., Ltd. TUMNUB TACHAN Appendix 5-13 9

8 Estimated project cost and breakdown: The following are preliminary estimates of eventual development cost of the identified physical infrastructures that need to be confirmed by the proposed F/S & DD. 8.1 Capital and base costs Item Unit Unit cost Quantity Cost (US$) (US$) 1. Land compensation - Left and right main canal ha 700 7 4,900 Total (1) 4,900 2. Construction of dike and appurtenance structures 2.1 Construction of new dike closure to existing one L.S - 1 30,000 2.2 Construction of new spillway L.S - 1 175,000 2.3 Construction of left canal outlet L.S - 1 60,000 2.4 Construction of left canal outlet L.S - 1 30,000 2.5 Dike improvement km 100,000 0.7 70,000 Total (2) 365,000 3. Construction of new conveyance structures 3.1 Road crossing structures place 4,000 312,000 3.2 Check structure place 3,500 2 7,000 3.3 Road crossing with check place 5,700 1 5,700 3.4 Tail regulator place 7,600 1 7,600 Total (3) 32,300 4. Canal improvement 4.1 Left main canal and approach canal (Improvement) km 30,000 5.5 165,000 4.2 Left main canal (New construction) km 40,000 1.664,000 4.3 Right main canal (New construction) km 40,000 0.5 20,000 Total (4) 249,000 5. Miscellaneous 5.1 For compensation work L.S - 1 1,000 5.2 For demolishing work L.S - 1 1,000 5.3 For road development L.S - 1 5,000 5.4 For reservoir clearing L.S - 1 9,000 5.5 For drainage system and functional structures L.S - 1 25,000 Total (5) 41,000 Grand total 692,200

8.2 Annual O&M costs Item Cost Remarks (US$) Annual O&M 6,500 US$10/ha An estimate for major maintenance in every 5 years, 10% of canal construction 24,900 cost (of new project development) 9 Expected Outputs / Outcome (at project level basis): 9.1 Agricultural production (paddy equivalent) approx. 620 tons 9.2 Increased farm income ( from only rice crop) approx. 730 US$/hh TEAM Consulting Engineering & RGC / MOWRAM TEAM Consulting and Management Management Co., Ltd. Asian Development Bank (Cambodia) Co., Ltd. 10 Appendix 5-13 TUMNUB TACHAN

9.3 Operational FWUC: FWUC should have been established and put into operation in the longer term. 9.4 Diversified agriculture: After the subproject is put into full operation again, apart from wet season rice, dry season rice, water melon, cassava, egg plant, corn, cucumber and other vegetables will also be grown. In addition, livestock rearing will be en emerging occupational choice for the farmers. 9.5 Cropping intensity is expected to increase by 15 % (a conservative estimate). 9.6 Stable water supplies for agriculture and domestic uses. 9.7 Labor migration is expected to reduce by 4% 9.8 In addition to above, farmers in the subproject expect that natural fish population in the Ta Chan reservoir will significantly increase after the rehabilitation.

10 Environment and environmental impact assessment

Existing environmental condition: - Tumnub Ta Chan is situated about 8 km in the south of Beng Per Wildlife Sanctuary, although it does not fall within any protected area. - The surrounding environment is dominated by paddy fields, forest, and grassland. - This subproject is occasionally flooded when there are heavy rains. Flood duration is about one week. The existing irrigation structures were actually damaged by this kind of previous floods. - After the irrigation system was broken down, farmers grow their rice basically on a higher ground. - Existing land-use in the project area is dominated by paddy fields. Most of the local farmers reportedly apply natural fertilizers (covering about 60% to total paddy fields). - From the initial field investigation, pollution black spots, dumping sites, industrial activities, noisy commercial activities, dusty open storage, etc., were not found. - Surface water shortages do occasionally occur in the dry season due to the lack of reservoir. Result of the interview indicated that many people depend on groundwater as their primary source of water. In the wet season, people however use rain water for drinking and cooking. - Sanitation: It was reported that only about 5% of the total households have toilets in their houses. - Waste management is generally poor with uncontrolled disposal. There is a lack of treatment system and facility for collection and transportation for solid waste. Waste water is discharged directly to waterways or grassland while solid waste is mainly managed by burning. - Many domestic animals, amphibians and reptiles, mammals, birds and fishes could be observed, e.g., native cattle, pig, chicken and duck. As reported by the farmers, the following could also be seen in the area, e.g., rat, snake, frog, dove, quail , common tailorbird, sparrow, watercock, etc. - Common trees in the area include acacia, palm, tamarind, eucalyptus tereticornis, bamboo, Morinda Tomentosa, Strychnos Nux-vomica, etc. - Regarding cultural heritage, there is no any archaeological site nearby the subproject area. - The major element that impact to environment is deforestation which might affect the area in which the subproject is located. Many forest trees were cut by local people for construction, selling and, for securing new farm land.

Anticipated impacts:

The proposed rehabilitation of irrigation facilities aims basically at the increase in volume of water supply, the increase in crop yields and hence, production volume in the subproject area. More fish species are expected, as volume of water increases. It is unlikely, however, that the proposed rehabilitation work will create any major barrier for fish immigration. Water storage during the dry season is expected to benefit more to local villagers, as a source of irrigation water for dry-season crops. No significant environmental impact is anticipated.

Probable environmental category :A :B 9 :C

TEAM Consulting Engineering & RGC / MOWRAM TEAM Consulting and Management Management Co., Ltd. Asian Development Bank (Cambodia) Co., Ltd. TUMNUB TACHAN Appendix 5-13 11

11 Resettlement and land compensation aspects Existing condition:

Currently, there is a report that some 13 farmer households have reclaimed or encroached for new lands and, are cultivating in the damaged canal and reservoir, with the total combined land of about 5 ha.

Anticipated resettlement/compensation required:

Accordingly, a short resettlement plan should be required for compensation/resettlement of these affected people (APs).

Resettlement plan required 9 SRP FRP

12 Suggested implementation plan Item 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 P/F F/S D/D FWUC promotion O&M

Prepared by: TEAM Consulting Engineering and Management Co. Ltd., Bangkok, Thailand and TEAM Consulting and Management (Cambodia) Co., Ltd., Phnom Penh, Cambodia

Date of completion: 31 October 2008

TEAM Consulting Engineering & RGC / MOWRAM TEAM Consulting and Management Management Co., Ltd. Asian Development Bank (Cambodia) Co., Ltd.

12 EMCnutn niern RC/MWA TEAM Consulting and Management RGC / MOWRAM Management Co., Ltd. ConsultingTEAM Engineering & 5-13 Appendix TUMNUB TACHAN Asian Development Bank (Cambodia) Co., Ltd.

Figure 1 General Map of Project Location

EMCnutn niern RC/MWA TEAM Consulting and Management RGC / MOWRAM Management Co., Ltd. ConsultingTEAM Engineering & TUMNUB TACHAN 5-13 Appendix Asian Development Bank (Cambodia) Co., Ltd.

13

Figure 2 Map of Subproject Area (Potential Beneficiary Area)

14 EMCnutn niern RC/MWA TEAM Consulting and Management RGC / MOWRAM Management Co., Ltd. ConsultingTEAM Engineering & 5-13 Appendix TUMNUB TACHAN Asian Development Bank (Cambodia) Co., Ltd.

Figure 3: Selected photographs of the Tumnub Tachan, October 2008

TUMNUB TACHAN Appendix 5-13 15

Cross drainage structure near left canal outlet Dense forest on dike crest

Reservoir Shrub in the reservoir

Dense forest at downstream toe of the dike Land preparation

Figure 4: Selected photographs of the Tumnub Tachan, October 2008

TEAM Consulting Engineering & RGC / MOWRAM TEAM Consulting and Management Management Co., Ltd. Asian Development Bank (Cambodia) Co., Ltd.

Appendix 5-14

PROFILE OF TUMNUB YEIY NAIY SUBPROJECT TUMNUB YEIY NAIY Appendix 5-14 1

PROFILE OF TUMNUB YEIY NAIY SUBPROJECT

TA-4848 CAM (EXTENSION PHASE) Project Data Sheet

1 Project title: Tumnub Yeiy Naiy

2 Project Location and description: 2.1 Headworks. Longitude 1,439,457 N Latitude 447,725 E Commune : Prolay District: Staung Province: Kampong Thom

2.2 Date of construction: In 1977 Constructed by Pol Pot Regime A brief development history - In 1999, box culvert was repaired by GTZ (German Fund). - Reportedly, the dike has been repaired by local people every year. - Currently, the existing irrigation system is operational partly.

2.3.1 General map of project location 2.3.2 Map of the subproject area (potential beneficiary area) 2.3.3 Photographs

2.4 Description of route Tumnub Yeiy Naiy is located in Kampong Thom, central part of Cambodia. As this subproject is also located close to National Route No. 6, from Kampong Thom town, it can be reached by car using this road heading northwestern direction for about 60 kms. After getting to the commune which is located about 0.5 kilometers from the main road, the project-site may be reached by walking through rice fields, with the distance of about one (1) kilometer.

2.5 Description of the irrigation scheme

Type of scheme : Flood recession irrigation

Source of water : Tumnub Tachan subproject and sheet-flow from Tumnub Prolay.

Structures, their condition and existing situation: There is a dike with water control structure and a canal all of which are in considerably good condition. In addition to the need for more water, some structures need to be improved for better control of the available water.

2.6 Names of key informants in project area:

1) Mr. Hak Puthy Deputy Director of KampongThom PDWRAM 2) Mr. Hourt Try Chief Office of Kampong Thom PDWRAM 3) Mr. Kao Sothun Pralay Commune Chief 4) Mr. Ly Bian Pralay Commune Vice Chief 5) Mr. Kauv Sokphorn Commune chief 6) Mr. Mil Tun Village Chief 7) Mr. Pram Souy Village Vice Chief 8) Mr. Horm Leum Farmer 9) Mr. Phork Oun Farmer 10) Mr. Kao Sothun Farmer 11) Mr. Khut Peang Farmer 12) Ms. Yet Thuk Farmer 13) Ms. Chen Mom Farmer 14) Mr. Sieb Yem Farmer

TEAM Consulting Engineering & RGC / MOWRAM TEAM Consulting and Management Management Co., Ltd. Asian Development Bank (Cambodia) Co., Ltd. 2 Appendix 5-14 TUMNUB YEIY NAIY

3 Rationale (implementation priority)

According to the interviewed farmers, rice yields in the area vary greatly between good years and bad years. In a good year (2006), some farmers could obtain as high as 2.7 tons per hectare while in a bad year (like 1984), they got only about 720 kilograms per hectare. Rehabilitation of the existing broken irrigation should enable the farmers to stabilize their rice yields, as well as other crops. Other economic crops are also expected to be grown by farmers, if irrigation water is available.

Rehabilitation of the irrigation system could be a development choice, although with a certain limitation on the source of water resources. According to the interview with local officials, such the rehabilitation project should be implemented in conjunction with other development components to help enhance a better living of the people in the subproject area, such as: i Reconstruction of rural infrastructures, particularly roads; ii Additional provision of health care services; iii Enhancing gender equality through raising awareness of people on gender issues; and iv Strengthening and supporting the existing groups and associations (such as, rice bank/association, saving group, etc.).

Tumnub Yeiy Naiy has an irrigation area of 170 ha, which should require irrigation water of about 2.09 mcm/year, comprising of 1.77 mcm and 0.32 mcm, for the wet and dry season crops, respectively. This subproject receives water from Tumnub Samrong and Tumnub Tachan subprojects located upstream. This subproject receives water from Tumnub Samrong which has an annual inflow of 72.85 mcm/year. Based on the completion report of MKAK reservoir rehabilitation project (October 2005), this subproject could be considered part of irrigable area under the MKAK scheme, although was not yet irrigated due to the limited development at that stage. However, this subproject could depend on irrigation water from the MKAK reservoir if more development is taken place. Otherwise water availability of this subproject could be questionable.

4 Farmer Institutions - FWUC and its status √ Not yet exist

Future work/actions required: According to the feedback provided by the key farmers whom were interviewed, the existing dike can partly be functional after it was repaired in 1999 by GTZ assistance. However, the so-called Farmers Water Users Community (FWUC) has never been established in the area. PDWRAM Office at Kampong Thom used to provide a set of documents to the farmers, with the view to stimulate the FWUC establishment but, without other substantial support from the agency, the establishment could not materialize.

Therefore, there is a requirement for exploring further on this subject during the following stage of implementation and development of this particular subproject.

Other existing institutions:

There are also some other occupation in operation in this Pralay commune. They include saving group and rice associate which have membership of 325 hh and 50 hh, respectively.

5 Socio-economic profile (of the Commune) 5.1 Area and population: - Cultivated area nearly 4,000 ha - Number of villages 14* villages - No. of families 2,293 hh

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- Total population 12,828 persons Of which: - Male 6,235 persons - Female 6,593 persons * Of which three (3) are beneficiary areas of this subprojects.

5.2 Occupation of total population: - Farming (rice growing, orchard, fishing, etc.) approx. 94 % - Non-farming (e.g., officer, carpenter, merchant, etc.) approx. 6 % 5.3 Land holding and Tenure ship - Size of land holding approx. 1.8 ha - Farmers having land title -None- - Landless households approx. 5 %

5.4 Existing Cropping Data and Calendar

Based on the secondary data provided by the commune chief, the existing wet-season rice area of the Prolay commune is 3,889 hectares. In addition to this Tumnub Yeiy Naiy subproject, there are two others located in the same commune: Tumnum Tachan and Tumnum Boeng Prey Knhei.

Current crops grown in the Commune area consist of wet-season rice, cassava, water melon, cucumber, string bean, wax gourd, pumpkin and corn. Cassava was considered the second main crop after wet season rice. Average wet-season rice yield is about 1.2 tons per hectare (see Table 1). Planted areas of rice and other crops in per villages are shown in Table 2.

Different crops, however, are grown at different times and seasons. Farmers normally start cultivating wet-season rice in May, Jun and/or July and harvesting it in September, November or December/January depending on the rice varieties. Water melon is grown in October and harvested in late December. For cassava, it is normally planted in January and then harvested in June in the same year. Most cash crops, such as, cucumber, Chinese radish and pumpkin are normally grown also in January after the harvest of wet season rice (see Table 3: Crop Calendar).

Average rice yield in the area is rather low, i.e., about 1.2 tons per hectare (see Table 4).

Average paddy price was about 900 Riels per kilogram.

Table 1: Major crop grown and status of irrigation area in the Prolay Commune Current main crops Cultivation area Current irrigated Expected irrigation areas (ha) areas after rehabilitation (ha) (ha) Wet season rice 3,889 0 1,589 Dry season rice n.a n.a 150 Pumpkin 5 n.a n.a Cassava 300 n.a n.a Cucumber 4 n.a n.a Wax gourd 5 n.a n.a Water melon 50 n.a n.a Floating rice 330 (Source: Secondary data from the commune, 2008)

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Table 2: Cultivation area of major crops per villages Village name Total Benefit Wet Dry season Other crop cultivation households from the season rice rice area(ha) areas (ha) project (ha) (only cassava) Ang Klaom 230 Yes 261 0 8 Krek 207 No 290 0 8 Thmei 221 No 317 0 8 Tatreal 190 No 285.6 0 11 Sretamern 56 No 188.5 0 4 Neang Boslgneach 73 No 143 126 3 Kampong Varng 170 Yes 256 0 8 Preykla 215 No 374 0 9 Chouk 239 No 496 0 8 Pralay 104 No 232 0 6 Kampreal 223 No 326 0 8 Kantheart 133 No 201 0 8 Korkroveang 120 Yes 237 0 5 Anlongpring 112 No 279 0 4 (Source: Secondary data from commune, 2008)

Table 3. Seasonal crop calendar Description Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Rice crops Short duration Medium duration Late duration Upland crops Cassava Cucumber Wax god Pumpkin Water melon Egg plant String bean Chinese radish Lettuce

(Feedback from the farmers interviewed, August 2008)

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Table 4: Major crop, production and yield Main crops Total cultivation area Total production Average yield (ha) (t) (t/ha) Wet season rice 3,889 4,666 1.2 Cassava 300 n.a n.a Water melon 50 n.a n.a (Source: Secondary data from the commune, 2008)

According to the interview with the village chiefs and key farmers, the following key problems in the subproject area could also be identified: ƒ Inadequate rain and irrigation water ƒ Low crop yield ƒ Poor soil ƒ Problems from weeds, rat, grasshopper and other rice diseases ƒ Foot and mouth disease for animal ƒ Newcastle on poultry ƒ Pig disease ƒ Lack of farmyard manure and chemical fertilizer.

5.5 Other agricultural issues in the project area

Farmers living in the subproject area have an access to Prolay, Phastoung and Kampongkdei markets located about 1 km, 12 km and 24 km, respectively from the project to purchase their agricultural inputs. The farmers, however, usually sell rice and other crops at their own villages and Phsastoung market.

A few farmers used to access agricultural extension services from the government agricultural extension workers based at the provincial department of agriculture but, such the services did not continue due probably to the budgetary constraint.

5.6 Other social-economic issues

All people in the Prolay commune area belong to Khmer ethnicity. According to an official record, of the total 2,293 households in the commune, 1,884 were of male-headed-households (MHHs) and the remainders (409 hh) were of FHHs. As part of the social infrastructures, there are 10 primary schools, thre (3) lower secondary schools, an upper secondary school; all children of school age go to these school. In addition, there are a hospital, three (3) pagodas and a market place. However, the commune has no access to electricity supply. Sources of water for drinking and other purposes of households in the commune consist of bore well (60%), rainwater (35%) and others (5%). Road (with the distance of 14 km) connecting the commune to the district town is paved. But roads connecting villages within the commune are unpaved ones. Farming is the primary occupation of the local people. About 31% of the total households are considered poor1, 50% households medium wealthy2 and the rest (19%) wealthy.3 Average annual income per household was initially estimated at Riels1.50 million (or, about US$375). Average income of FHHs is generally lower than that of MHHs. As an example, the average annual highest and lowest income from farm products of MHHs was reported to be about Riels 7.00 million and Riels 0.95 million, respectively while corresponding figures for the FHH were only Riels 3.00 million and Riels 0.85 million.

1 Poor households refer to households who have (i) maximum of 20A (1A= 100 M2) of agricultural land, (ii) no large ruminants (i.e., cow, buffalos), (iii) maximum of 1 small ruminants (i.e., pigs) and a few number of chicken and duck, (iv) less than 2 A of household land size, (v) maximum of 1 bicycle and no motorbike, (vi) thatched house, and (vii) shortage of rice for 4-12 months a year. 2 Medium wealthy households refer to the households who have (i) maximum of 1 hector of agricultural land, (ii) 1-2 large ruminants (i.e., cow, buffalos), (iii) maximum of 4 small ruminants (i.e., pigs) and a number of chicken and duck, (iv) 2-5 A of household land size, (v) 1 motor-bike and 1 bicycle, (vi) small wooden house, and (vii) shortage of rice for up to 3 months. 3 Wealthy households refer to the households who have (i) more than 1 hector of agricultural land, (ii) more than 2 large ruminants (i.e., cow, buffalos), (iii) More than 4 small ruminants (i.e., pigs) and a considerable number of chicken, (iv) 5A of household land size, (v) at least of 2 motor-bike and bi-cycles, (vi) big wooden or brick built house, and (vii) surplus rice production. TEAM Consulting Engineering & RGC / MOWRAM TEAM Consulting and Management Management Co., Ltd. Asian Development Bank (Cambodia) Co., Ltd. 6 Appendix 5-14 TUMNUB YEIY NAIY

Average annual highest and lowest income from non-farm activities of MHHs were Riels 7.0 million and Riels 1.50 million and those of FHHs were only Riels 3.00 million and Riels 1.00 millio, respectively. Poverty incidence is therefore higher among the FHHs compared to the MHHs. In terms of self-sufficiency in annual rice production, about 20% of the total households was said to be able to produce surplus rice. About 50% could produce just enough rice to feed members of their families around the year. The rest (30%) could not produce sufficient ricefor year-round home consumption. Of this latter category, it was reported that about 20% had shortage of rice for more than 6 months in a year. Major reasons for this problem was explained to be caused by 1) lack of irrigation facilities, 2) shortage of agricultural inputs, 3) shortage of labor force and 4), limited agricultural land. Children –both boys and girls- suffered mostly from this problem, followed by elderly people and female members of the family. In 2007, it was reported that 288 men and 598 women of Prolay commune have migrated to other areas. Although migration occurred throughout the year, it intensified during off agricultural season. Teenagers were reported to migrate more that aged people. They mostly migrate to Phnom Penh (rank 1), followed by Thailand, Poipet and the provincial town. Out-migration from Tumnub Boeng Prey Knhey has also been substantial. This was due probably to a high level of unemployment in the subproject. The migration affected both the households and their members in various ways. It increased workload, particularly to female members and made it difficult to manage the households. Often, it led to labor shortage for cultivation and affected education of children who were left behind. Similar to those in many other areas, women in this commune has only a limited role and representation. Of the 11 councilor positions in this commune, there was only one woman. Traditional norms and customs (that women can not be leaders) as well as the lack of confidence in women are the underlying causes of women’s poor representation particularly in the community affairs.

6 Land utilization & suitability – Irrigation area (Subproject level) - 6.1 Land utilization - Potential irrigation area approx. 170 ha - Future irrigated area (expected wet+dry seasons) approx. 200 ha - Potential newly irrigated area (to be developed) n.a

6.2. Land suitability for irrigation rice crop

Soil types in the project areas were found two categories consisting of Pratea Lang and Kbal Po.

According to the referenced literature (Vang, soil TIP, 2006), the Pratea Lang soil is estimated to occupy about 28% of the total rice-growing area in the country. Based on characteristics of the sub soil that affect root penetration and water drainage, three phases of Pratea Lang soil have been defined to include 1) Shallow phase, 2) Clayey subsoil phase and 3) Loamy subsoil phase. This soil is difficult to manage for rice production. If structures for water harvesting and supplementary irrigation can be developed cheaply, then profitable yield increases may be expected on these soils.

The Kbal Po soil, on the other hand, has dark gray, very dark brown to black, clayey topsoil, which forms large deep cracks over clayey subsoil, occurring on active flat plains. It is estimated to occur on 13% of the rice growing area in Cambodia. Two phases of the Kbal Po soil are recognized: non-thionic and thionic. This soil is relatively easy to manage. It has high potential for rice production and responds well to management. This soil type is well suited to irrigation.

6.3 Additional information relevant to land suitability

Farmers grow short-, medium as well as late duration rice varieties in the area. The short duration varieties consist of Pkaromdoul, Pkamalis, Romchek and Romchong. The ones are Khar 3, Khar 4 and Khar 6. Late duration rice varieties (floating rice) include Rangchey, Popeay, Koskounsat and Romsayphal.

As things stand at the present, per hectare rice yields vary greatly due to unstable water supply. In a good year like in 2006, farmers could harvest about 2.7 tons of rice per hectare. In a bad year (such in 1984), the farmers had a severe drought and could get only about 700 kilogram per hectare. TEAM Consulting Engineering & RGC / MOWRAM TEAM Consulting and Management Management Co., Ltd. Asian Development Bank (Cambodia) Co., Ltd. TUMNUB YEIY NAIY Appendix 5-14 7

Due to good soils in the area, planted area of such cash crops as water melon, corn, cucumber and other vegetables are expected to expand largely in the area, if irrigation water becomes available.

Land preparation in the area is done largely (70%) by draft animal; the remaining 30% by machine. Harvesting (rice crop) id done however by human labor. Transporting of rice crop is also done mostly (90%) by cattle although threshing is done totally by machine. These reflect in a way that farm mechanization is not widespread yet in the area.

Although transplanting and broadcasting methods are both practiced by farmers, the majority (90%) follows the transplanting one. This could indicate that labor shortage is currently not a serious problem, although it was noted that local people use basically family labor and a traditional practice of exchange labor among themselves.

7 Scope of the project: 7.1 Work Required: - Feasibility Study - Other important work/activities should include: • Site plan survey along dike and canal, scale 1:500. • Confirmation proposed irrigation area and potential area in the field. • Checking of feeder canal from Tachan Subproject, and reconfirm its section and profile for conveyance water to this subproject.

7.2 Anticipated project components:-

1) Irrigation infrastructures to be rehabilitated/re-construct 1.1) Head work - Construction new dike closure to abutment and existing dike, 300 m (appr.) - Developing dike crest, suitable for transportation by cow and other tracking.

1.2) Canal improvement - Improvement upstream canal along dike 1 km

2) Irrigated agriculture

Based on the farmers interviewed, they expect to cultivate other economic crops, such as, water melon, corn, water convolvulus, egg plants and other vegetables too if water is available. However, promising cash crops to be planted after the rehabilitation will need to be reconfirmed, depending on market demand and other factors.

Farmers also expect to expand their livestock rearing and do fish culture. In view of these, development of irrigated agriculture should be another project component for the F/S study to be pursued, to confirm their viability and feasibility, taking fully into consideration the prevailing agricultural market and level of know-how of the farmers. Supplementary measures and assistance programs through agricultural extension services need to be identified and recommended for eventual implementation.

3) FWUC: √ Not yet exist

According to farmers who participated in the group discussion, the major reason why there is no FWUC established in their community because there has been no substantial support from the authorities concerned. Both technical and financial constraints on the farmers’ side were also quoted as part of the reasons.

As a project component, during the F/S, problems and development needs of the farmers should need to be studied thoroughly with a view to seeing the potential and constraints in these respects. Establishment of FWUC for long-term development and sustainability of the irrigation project is already a key policy of the Cambodian Government. Based on the study result, recommendations for its establishment with supports needed from PDWRAM/MOWRAM and timing of the implementation will be required.

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4) Others:

Similar to other areas nearby in the same commune, organizational aspects of the local farmers and selected agencies concerned were rather weak. Necessary new knowledge for performing their occupations and functions are normally limited. A project component aiming at institutional strengthening and capacity buildings of the farmers’ institutions (including FWUC and other social groups) and related responsible government agencies should be necessary.

8 Estimated project cost and breakdown: The following are preliminary estimates of eventual development cost of the identified physical infrastructures that need to be confirmed by the proposed Feasibility Study. 8.1 Capital and base costs Item Unit Q'tity Unit cost Cost (US$) (US$) 1. Land Compensation 1.1 For improvement canal along dike alignment ha 1.5 700 1,050 1.2 For construction new dike closure to abutment and 0.5 700 350 existing Total (1) 1,400 2. Canal improvement along dike alignment km 1 30,000 30,000 Total (2) 30,000 3. Construction new dike closure to abutment and LS 1 270,000 270,000 existing Total (3) 270,000 4. Miscellaneous 4.1 For compensation work LS 1 300 300 4.2 For road development LS 1 1,500 1,500 Total (4) 1,800 Grand total 303,200

8.2 Annual O&M costs Item Cost (US$) Annual O&M 1,800 An estimate for major maintenance in every 5 years, 10% of canal 3,000 construction cost (of new project development)

9 Expected Outputs / Outcome (at project level basis): 9.1 Increase in agricultural production (paddy equivalent) approx. 340 tons 9.2 Increased farm income ( from only rice crop) approx. 650 US$ /hh

9.3 Operational FWUC: FWUC should have been established and put into operation in the longer term. 9.4 Diversified agriculture: After the subproject is put into full operation again, apart from wet season rice, dry season rice, water melon, cassava, egg plant, corn, cucumber and other vegetables will also be grown. In addition, livestock rearing will be en emerging occupational choice for the farmers. 9.5 Cropping intensity is expected to increase by 15 % (a conservative estimate) 9.6 Stable water supplies for agriculture and domestic uses

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10 Environment and environmental impact assessment

Existing environmental condition: - Tumnub Yei Naiy is situated about 500 m in the southern side of National Road No. 6. It is located about 14 km from Beng Per Wildlife Sanctuary and about 17 kms in the north of Tonle Sap Multiple Use Area. It does not fall within any protected area. - The surrounding environment is dominated by paddy fields. - This subproject is flooded every 5 years. The flood duration is about one month but with a maximum depth of not more than 1.5 m. - From the initial field investigation, pollution black spots, dumping sites, industrial activities, noisy commercial activities, dusty open storage, etc., were not found. - Most of the local farmers reportedly apply natural fertilizers to their paddy field. - Surface water shortages do occasionally occur in the dry season due to the lack of reservoir. Many people depend on groundwater too while some other use rain water for drinking and cooking. - About 5% of the total households have toilet in their houses. - Waste management is generally poor with uncontrolled disposal and there is a lack of treatment system and facilities for collecting and transportating for solid waste. Waste water is discharge directly to waterways or grassland and solid waste is mainly (90%) managed by burning. - Many domestic animals, amphibians and reptiles, mammals, birds and fishes could be observed, e.g., native cattle, pig, chicken and duck. As reported by the farmers, the following could also be seen in the area, e.g., rat, snake, frog, dove, quail, common tailorbird, sparrow, watercock, etc. - Common trees in the area include acacia, palm, tamarind, eucalyptus tereticornis, bamboo, Morinda Tomentosa, Strychnos Nux-vomica, etc. - Regarding cultural heritage, there is no any archaeological site nearby the subproject area.

Anticipated impacts:

Rehabilitation of irrigation facilities under this project aims basically at the increase in volume of water supply, the increase in crop yields and hence, production volume in the subproject area. More fish species are expected, as volume of water increases. It is unlikely, however, that the proposed rehabilitation work will create any major barrier for the fish immigration. No significant environmental impact is anticipated.

Probable environmental category A: B : C: 9

11 Resettlement and land compensation aspects

Existing condition:

Currently, there is a report saying that some five (5) farmer households have been moved in and are cultivating in the canal within the subproject area, a total land of about 1.2 ha. Anticipated resettlement/compensation required:

If the subproject is to be rehabilitated or further developed, a short resettlement/compensation plan should be required for these affected people (APs).

Resettlement plan required 9 SRP FRP

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12 Suggested implementation plan Item 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 P/F F/S D/D FWUC promotion O&M

Prepared by: TEAM Consulting Engineering and Management Co. Ltd., Bangkok, Thailand and TEAM Consulting and Management (Cambodia) Co., Ltd., Phnom Penh, Cambodia

Date of completion: 31 October 2008

TEAM Consulting Engineering & RGC / MOWRAM TEAM Consulting and Management Management Co., Ltd. Asian Development Bank (Cambodia) Co., Ltd.

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11

Figure 1 General Map of Project Location 12 Appendix 5-14 TUMNUB YEIY NAIY

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FigureFigure 3: Selected 2 Map ofphot Subprojectographs ofArea the (Potential Tumnub Yeiy Beneficiary Naiy, October Area) 2008 14 Appendix 5-14 TUMNUB YEIY NAIY

Existing dike and existing canal (on the right) Existing water control structure

Another canal of the subproject Water control structure (downstream)

Stream from Tumnub Tachan Subproject End of the dike

Figure 4: Selected photographs of the Tumnub Yeiy Naiy Subproject, October 2008

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Appendix 5-15

PROFILE OF TUMNUB BOENG PREY KNHEY SUBPROJECT TUMNUB BOENG PREY KNHEY Appendix 5-15 1

PROFILE OF TUMNUB BOENG PREY KNHEY SUBPROJECT

TA-4848 CAM (EXTENSION PHASE) Project Data Sheet

1 Project title: Tumnub Boeng Prey Knhey

2 Project Location and description:

2.1 Headworks. Longitude 1,440,224N Latitude 443,119E Commune: Prolay District: Stoung Province: Kampong Thom

2.2 Date of construction: Constructed by Reachea Niyorm Not known/unclear

A brief development history - In 1977, the dike was once repaired by the Pol Pot regime. - After which, the dike has been repaired by local people almost every year. - However, currently, the existing irrigation system cannot be operated.

2.3.1 General map of project location (see Figure 1) 2.3.2 Map of the subproject area (potential beneficiary area) (see Figure 2) 2.3.3 Photographs (see Figure 3, 4)

2.4 Description of route Tumnub Boeng Prey Knhey is located in Kampong Thom, central part of Cambodia. The subproject is also located close to national road No. 6 and therefore, can be reached by car using this road heading northwestern direction for about 65 kms and until it reaches Prolay commune, turns southward to the local road, for only about 1.0 kilometer.

2.5 Description of the irrigation scheme

Type of scheme : Gravity system

Source of water : From MKAK reservoir and rainfall

Structures and their condition : The dike of Tumnub Boeng Prey Khney’s length is about 500 m long. There is no other structure along the dike. Urrent condition of this subproject is rather poor and some parts are broken.

2.6 Names of key informants in project area:

1) Mr. Chea Sivutha, Project Management Office (PMO) of MOWRAM 2) Mr. Hak Puthy Deputy Director of KampongThom PDWRAM 3) Mr. Hourt Try Chief Office of Kampong Thom PDWRAM 4) Mr. Kauv Sokphon Commune chief 5) Mr. Keo Sokhom Commune clerk 6) Mr. Ly Ban Deputy commune chief 7) Mr. Chum Logn Vice village chief 8) Mr. Pat Som Farmer 9) Mr. Soun Kanel Farmer 10) Mr. Sab Somnea Farmer 11) Ms. Chhoun Nom Farmer

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3 Rationale (implementation priority)

Tumnub Boeng Prey Khney has been abandon for some time as some parts of the dike have been damaged by floods and the water could no more be stored. The major source of water of this subproject is from MKAK reservoir. Water from the reservoir flows through a natural stream (Tachan canal) until it reaches a bridge at NR6 (at Wat Ta Ong) before entering into the subproject. It is basically a free surface flow crossing from field to field because the canal is generally shallow and its capacity cannot drain with a high discharge. This is actually the same situation for many other water bodies that flow from NR6 to the Tonle Sap. Presently, i this subproject can be used for planting rice only in the wet season, with the total area of about 300 ha. Expected irrigation area, after rehabilitation, is about 100 ha which may be used for growing dry season rice and other crops.

According to interviewed farmers, due to the lack of stable water supply, rice yields in the area vary greatly between good years and bad years. In 2006 when there was more rain, some farmers could obtain as high as 2.4 tons per hectare. In the bad year like in 1991, average rice yield was only 400 kilogram per hectare. Rehabilitation of the subproject is believed to help stabilize water supply and hence crop yields in the area.

It should be noted however that this subproject is one of a few projects under study that is located in the Transition Zone of the Tonle Sap Biosphea Reserve.

Irrigation area of this subproject is 390 ha which should require irrigation water of 4.79 mcm/year, comprising of 4.06 mcm and 0.75 mcm, for the wet and dry season crops, respectively. Based on the completion report of MKAK reservoir rehabilitation project (October 2005), this subproject could be considered part of irrigable area under the MKAK scheme, although was not yet irrigated due to the limited development at that stage. As the net inflow of MKAK reservoir is estimated at about 240 mcm/year out of which 187 mcm/year could be used for irrigation purpose, this subproject could depend on irrigation water from the MKAK reservoir if more development is taken place. Otherwise water availability of this subproject could be questionable.

4 Farmer Institutions - FWUC and its status Yes, existing √ No, not existing

Future work/actions required: It was explained that FWUC does not exist in the community due to the fact that local farmers lack no knowledge, fund and necessary support from outsiders. Most importantly, there is no functional irrigation system to work with.

If the subproject area is to be rehabilitated and developed further, it is important that the concept of FWUC be introduced adequately to the farmers. FWUC should be promoted for establishment in the project area during its rehabilitation stage. With the established FWUC, local farmers need to be advised and encouraged to help in performing some routine functions of operation and maintenance work of the rehabilitated infrastructures. The representative farmers or leaders should be able to perform the coordination function between and among the farmer members and authorities concerned for a long-term sustainability of the project.

Other existing institutions:

There are a few occupation groups in operation at this Prolay commune. They include saving group and rice associate which have membership of 325 hh and 50 hh, respectively.

5 Socio-economic profile (Commune level) 5.1 Area and population: - Cultivated area nearly 4,000 ha - Number of villages 14 Villages* - No. of families 2,293 hh - Total population 12,828 persons

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Of which: Male 6,235 persons Female 6,593 persons * Of which three (3) villages are beneficiary area of this subproject.

5.2 Occupation of total population: - Farming (rice growing, orchard, fishing, etc.) approx. 94 % - Non-farming (e.g., officer, carpenter, merchant, etc.) approx. 6 % 5.3 Land holding and Tenure ship - Size of land holding approx. 1.8 ha - Farmers having land title -None- - Landless households approx. 5 %

5.4 Existing Cropping Data and Calendar

Based on the secondary data provided by the commune chief and commune clerk, the existing wet- season rice area of the Prolay commune is 3,889 hectares. In addition to this Tumnub Boeng Prey Knhey subprojects, there are two others located in the same commune: Tumnub Tachan and Tumnub Yeiy Naiy.

Current crops grown in the Commune area consist of wet-season rice, cassava, water melon, cucumber, string bean, wax gourd, pumpkin and corn. Cassava was considered the second main crop after wet season rice. Average wet-season rice yield is about 1.2 tons per hectare (see Table 1). Planted areas of rice and other crops in per villages are shown in Table 2.

Different crops, however, are grown at different times and seasons. Farmers normally start cultivating wet-season rice in May, Jun and/or July and harvesting it in September, November or December/January depending on the rice varieties. Water melon is grown in October and harvested in late December. For cassava, it is normally planted in January and then harvested in June in the same year. Most cash crops, such as, cucumber, Chinese radish and pumpkin are normally grown also in January after the harvest of wet season rice (see Table 3: Crop Calendar).

Average rice yield in the area is rather low, i.e., about 1.2 tons per hectare (see Table 4).

Average paddy price was about 900 Riels per kilogram.

Table 1: Major crop grown and status of irrigation area in the Prolay Commune Current main crops Cultivation area Current irrigated Expected irrigation areas (ha) areas after rehabilitation (ha) (ha) Wet season rice 3,889 0 1,589 Dry season rice n.a n.a 150 Pumpkin 5 n.a n.a Cassava 300 n.a n.a Cucumber 4 n.a n.a Wax gourd 5 n.a n.a Water melon 50 n.a n.a Floating rice 330 (Source: Secondary data from the commune, 2008)

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Table 2: Cultivation area of the major crops per villages Village name Total Benefit Wet Dry season Other crop cultivation households from the season rice rice area(ha) areas (ha) project (ha) Ang Klaom 230 No 261.2 0 8 Krek 207 No 290 0 8 Thmei 221 No 317 0 8 Tatreal 190 No 286 0 11 Sretamern 56 No 188 0 4 Neang Boslgneach 73 No 143 126 3 Kampong Varng 170 Yes 256 0 8 Preykla 215 Yes 374 0 9 Chouk 239 Yes 496 0 8 Pralay 104 No 232 0 6 Kampreal 223 No 326 0 8 Kantheart 133 No 201 0 8 Korkroveang 120 No 237 0 5 Anlongpring 112 No 279.2 0 4 (Source: Secondary data from commune, 2008)

Table 3. Seasonal crop calendar Description Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Rice crops Short duration Medium duration Late duration Upland crops Cassava Cucumber Wax gourd Pumpkin Water melon Egg plant String bean Chinese radish Lettuce

(Feedback from the farmers interviewed, August 2008)

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Table 4: Major crop, production and yield Main crops Total cultivation area Total production Average yield (ha) (t) (t/ha) Wet season rice 3,889 4,666 1.2 Cassava 300 n.a n.a Water melon 50 n.a n.a (Source: Secondary data from the commune, 2008)

According to the interview with the village chiefs and key farmers, other key problems in the area could be identified as follows: ƒ Drought/Insufficient rain water ƒ Low crop yield ƒ Rice diseases ƒ Problems from weeds, rat, crab, grasshopper ƒ Poor soils ƒ Lack of working capital to purchase fertilizer, and herbicides ƒ Foot and mouth disease for animal, and ƒ Lack of farmyard manure and chemical fertilizer.

5.5 Other agricultural issues

Farmers living in this subproject has an access to Kampong Kdei, and Phastoung markets located closest to the area, i.e., about 18 km and 17 km respectively, to purchase their agricultural inputs. They however sell their rice and other crops at many places, including their villages, Phsastoung market, Domdek market and Kampong Kdei market.

In 2003, Agricultural extension workers based at district and CODEC (non-governmental organization) provided agricultural extension services to farmers in the area, including provision of new knowledge for raising pig, chicken and duck. However, since then farmers didn’t access to any other agricultural extension services due perhaps to their financial constraint.

Agricultural land of Tumnub Boeng Prey Knhey sub-project area is prone to drought. Children and women suffer from this problem as their rice production will be affected and frequently, they have to cut their food consumption to meet up with the rice shortage. Upon rehabilitation of the subproject, households in Tumnub Boeng Prey Knhey are expected to have an access to more water and hence, an enhancement of their food supply.

5.6 Other social-economic issues

All people in the Prolay commune area belong to Khmer ethnicity. According to an official record, of the total 2,293 households in the commune, 1,884 were of male-headed-households (MHHs) and the remainders (409 hh) were of FHHs. As part of the social infrastructures, there are 10 primary schools, thre (3) lower secondary schools and an upper secondary school; all children of school age go to these schools. In addition, there are a hospital, three (3) pagodas and a market. However, the commune has no access to electricity supply. Sources of water for drinking and other purposes of households in the commune consist of bore well (60%), rainwater (35%) and others (5%). Road (with the distance of 14 km) connecting the commune to the district town is paved. But roads connecting villages within the commune are unpaved ones. Farming is the primary occupation of the local people. About 31% of the total households are considered poor1, 50% households medium wealthy2 and the rest (19%) wealthy.3 Average annual

1 Poor households refer to households who have (i) maximum of 20A (1A= 100 M2) of agricultural land, (ii) no large ruminants (i.e., cow, buffalos), (iii) maximum of 1 small ruminants (i.e., pigs) and a few number of chicken and duck, (iv) less than 2 A of household land size, (v) maximum of 1 bicycle and no motorbike, (vi) thatched house, and (vii) shortage of rice for 4-12 months a year. 2 Medium wealthy households refer to the households who have (i) maximum of 1 hector of agricultural land, (ii) 1-2 large ruminants (i.e., cow, buffalos), (iii) maximum of 4 small ruminants (i.e., pigs) and a number of chicken and duck, (iv) 2-5 A of household land size, (v) 1 motor-bike and 1 bicycle, (vi) small wooden house, and (vii) shortage of rice for up to 3 months. TEAM Consulting Engineering & RGC / MOWRAM TEAM Consulting and Management Management Co., Ltd. Asian Development Bank (Cambodia) Co., Ltd. 6 Appendix 5-15 TUMNUB BOENG PREY KNHEY

income per household was initially estimated at Riels1.50 million (or, about US$375). Average income of FHHs is generally lower than that of MHHs. As an example, the average annual highest and lowest income from farm products of MHHs was reported to be about Riels 7.00 million and Riels 0.95 million, respectively while corresponding figures for the FHH were only Riels 3.00 million and Riels 0.85 million. Average annual highest and lowest income from non-farm activities of MHHs were Riels 7.0 million and Riels 1.50 million and those of FHHs were only Riels 3.00 million and Riels 1.00 millio, respectively. Poverty incidence is therefore higher among the FHHs compared to the MHHs. In terms of self-sufficiency in annual rice production, about 20% of the total households was said to be able to produce surplus rice. About 50% could produce just enough rice to feed members of their families around the year. The rest (30%) could not produce sufficient ricefor year-round home consumption. Of this latter category, it was reported that about 20% had shortage of rice for more than 6 months in a year. Major reasons for this problem was explained to be caused by 1) lack of irrigation facilities, 2) shortage of agricultural inputs, 3) shortage of labor force and 4), limited agricultural land. Children –both boys and girls- suffered mostly from this problem, followed by elderly people and female members of the family. In 2007, it was reported that 288 men and 598 women of Prolay commune have migrated to other areas. Although migration occurred throughout the year, it intensified during off agricultural season. Teenagers were reported to migrate more that aged people. They mostly migrate to Phnom Penh (rank 1), followed by Thailand, Poipet and the provincial town. Out-migration from Tumnub Boeng Prey Knhey has also been substantial. This was due probably to a high level of unemployment in the subproject. The migration affected both the households and their members in various ways. It increased workload, particularly to female members and made it difficult to manage the households. Often, it led to labor shortage for cultivation and affected education of children who were left behind. Similar to those in many other areas, women in this commune has only a limited role and representation. Of the 11 councilor positions in this commune, there was only one woman. Traditional norms and customs (that women can not be leaders) as well as the lack of confidence in women are the underlying causes of women’s poor representation particularly in the community affairs.

6 Land utilization & suitability – Irrigation area (Subproject level) - 6.1 Land utilization - Potential irrigation area approx. 390 ha - Future irrigated area (expected wet+dry seasons) approx. 470 ha - Potential newly irrigated area (to be developed) n.a. - Irrigated area but, not used n.a.

6.2. Land suitability for irrigation rice crop

Soil types in the project areas were found two categories consisting of Prey Khmer, and Krakor.

According to a reference (Vang, soil TIP, 2006), the Prey Khmer is a soil type occurring on old alluvial terraces or the colluvial-alluvial plains, with a sandy textured profile extending 50 cm or deeper. This soil type is estimated to occupy about 11% of the total rice growing area in the country. Based on the size of sand fraction in the surface horizon, this soil type consists of two phases: fine sandy phase and coarse sandy phase. This soil is difficult to manage for rice production and neither suitable for irrigation. Its fertility is therefore very low. Fertilizer management is very difficult with nutrients being easily leached and, it is difficult in matching nutrient supply to crop demand.

The Krokor is a soil with gray to brown but not dark gray, very dark brown or black, loamy or clayey textured topsoil over a sandy, loamy or clayey subsoil occurring on active floodplains. The soil occurs in all provinces and is estimated to occupy about 15% of the land area grown to rice in Cambodia. Two phases have been defined for the Krakor soil, non-cracking and cracking. The soil has a good potential to produce high rice yields. It responds well to improved management and, has a high suitability for irrigation if water can be managed effectively. Inherent fertility of the soil is also good.

3 Wealthy households refer to the households who have (i) more than 1 hector of agricultural land, (ii) more than 2 large ruminants (i.e., cow, buffalos), (iii) More than 4 small ruminants (i.e., pigs) and a considerable number of chicken, (iv) 5A of household land size, (v) at least of 2 motor-bike and bi-cycles, (vi) big wooden or brick built house, and (vii) surplus rice production. TEAM Consulting Engineering & RGC / MOWRAM TEAM Consulting and Management Management Co., Ltd. Asian Development Bank (Cambodia) Co., Ltd. TUMNUB BOENG PREY KNHEY Appendix 5-15 7

6.3 Additional information relevant to land suitability

Based on the interview with farmers, it was disclosed that short, medium and late duration rice varieties have been grown by the farmers in the project area. The short duration rice varieties consist of Neang Pech, Romdoul, Romchek, Malis and Domnerb. The medium varieties are Neangkung, Bakrotes, Rangchei, Khar 3, Khar 4, Khar 6, and Khar 11. The late duration rice varieties (floating rice) consist however of Neang Megn, Phaly, Sroveal, Krahorm and Pork.

Without the rehabilitation project, rice yields in the area depend heavily on the rainfall pattern and input investment. The interviewed farmers said that per hectare rice yield was about 2.4 tons in a good year (2006 figure) but, it was about 400 kilograms per hector in such bad year as 1991.

Production areas of other cash crops, such as, water melon, corn, cucumber and other vegetables are expected to expand largely if irrigation water is available.

Land preparation and transportation of rice crop are done mainly (95%) by draft animal, although harvesting is all done by human labor. Threshing is done partly by machine. This indicates that farm mechanization is not yet widespread in the area.

Transplanting and broadcasting methods are both practiced by farmers in the area project site. 7 Scope of the project: 7.1 Work Required: - Feasibility study - Other important work/activities should include:

• Site plan survey at the dike and control structure, scale 1:500 • Project area mapping, scale 1:10,000 with contour interval 0.50 m. • Confirmation of proposed irrigation area and potential area in the field.

7.2 Anticipated project components:-

1) Irrigation infrastructures (to be rehabilitated/re-constructed)

1.1) Dike and control structure - Improvement of existing dike, 300 m (approx.) - Construction of a new control structure 1.2) Canal construction (with respective approximated length in kms.) including:- - Main canal 1.9 km. 1.3) Construction of new conveyance structures, including:- - Head regulator, two (2) places - A road crossing with check - A tail regulator 1.4) Maintenance of farm roads 1.5) Demolishing of some of existing but, un-functional structures.

2) Irrigated agriculture

Based on the farmers interviewed, they expect to cultivate economic crops, such as, dry season rice, water melon, corn, egg plants and other vegetables, if irrigation water became available However, the promising cash crops to be planted after the rehabilitation could only consist a few due to market demand and other constraints. Farmers also expected to expand their livestock enterprises, such as, pig, chicken, duck and cattle. According to them, they need also new farming knowledge and skills for the purpose. TEAM Consulting Engineering & RGC / MOWRAM TEAM Consulting and Management Management Co., Ltd. Asian Development Bank (Cambodia) Co., Ltd. 8 Appendix 5-15 TUMNUB BOENG PREY KNHEY

In view of these, development of irrigated agriculture should be another project component for the F/S study to be pursued, to confirm their viability and feasibility, taking fully into consideration the prevailing agricultural market and level of know-how of the farmers. Supplementary measures and assistance programs through agricultural extension services need to be identified and recommended for eventual implementation.

3) FWUC: √ To be newly established To be strengthen

According to farmers who participated in the group discussion, due to the damage of the irrigation system, local farmers seem to lose interest in having the FWUC established. However, they also expressed their view that if the infrastructures are rehabilitated, such the FWUC could be useful to help operate and maintain the system.

As a project component, during the F/S, problems and development needs of the farmers should need to be studied thoroughly with a view to seeing the potential and constraints in these respects. Establishment of FWUC for long-term development and sustainability of the irrigation project is already a key policy of the Cambodian Government. Based on the study result, recommendations for its establishment with supports needed from PDWRAM/MOWRAM and timing of the implementation will be required.

4) Others:

Similar to other areas nearby in the same commune, organizational aspects of the local farmers and selected agencies concerned were rather weak. Necessary new knowledge for performing their occupations and functions are normally limited. A project component aiming at institutional strengthening and capacity buildings of the farmers’ institutions (including FWUC and other social groups) and related responsible government agencies should be necessary.

8 Estimated project cost and breakdown:

The following are preliminary estimates of eventual development cost of the identified physical infrastructures that need to be confirmed by the proposed F/S Study. 8.1 Capital and base costs Item Unit Q'tity Unit cost Cost (US$) (US$) 1. Land compensation ha 3.80 700 2,660 Total (1) 2,660 2. Construction of dike and hydraulic structures 2.1 Dike improvement (300 m) L.S 1 - 12,000 2.2 Construction of new dike closure to existing one L.S 1 - 20,000 (No.1&2) 2.3 Construction of control structure place 1 3,500 3,500 Total (2) 35,500 3. Construction of new conveyance structures 3.1 Head regulator (No.5) place 2 5,900 11,800 3.2 Road crossing with check (No.6) place 1 5,700 5,700 3.3 Tail regulator (No.7) place 1 7,600 7,600 Total (3) 25,100 4. Construction of main canal (1.9 km) km 1.9 40,00076,000 Total (4) 76,000 5. Miscellaneous 5.1 For compensation work L.S 1 - 500

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5.2 For demolishing work L.S 1 - 1,000 5.3 For road development L.S 1 - 15,000 Total (5) 16,500 Grand total 155,760

8.2 Annual O&M costs Item Cost Remark (US$) s Annual O&M 3,890 US$10/h a An estimate for major maintenance in every 5 years, 10% of canal 7,600 construction cost (of new project development)

9 Expected Outputs / Outcome (at project level basis): 9.1 Increase in agricultural production (paddy equivalent) approx. 660 tons 9.2 Increased farm income ( from only rice crop) approx. 600 US$ /hh

9.3 Operational FWUC: FWUC should have been established and put into operation in the longer term. 9.4 Diversified agriculture: After the subproject is put into full operation again, apart from wet season rice, dry season rice, water melon, cassava, egg plant, corn, cucumber and other vegetables will also be grown. In addition, livestock rearing will be en emerging occupational choice for the farmers.

9.5 Cropping intensity is expected to increase by 15 % (a conservative estimate) 9.6 Stable water supplies for agriculture and domestic uses 9.7 Labor migration is expected to reduce by 4%

10 Environment and environmental impact assessment Existing environmental condition:

- Tumnub Beung Prey Knhey is situated about 700m on the southern side of National Road No. 6, about 14 km from Beng Per Wildlife Sanctuary and 17 kms north of the Tonle Sap Multiple Use Area. - Surrounding environment is dominated by paddy fields. - This subproject is flooded every 5 years or so, with flood duration of about one month and a maximum depth of 1.5 m. Irrigation structures were actually damaged by these previous floods. - From the initial field investigation, pollution black spots, dumping sites, industrial activities, noisy commercial activities, dusty open storage, etc., were not found. - Surface water shortages do occasionally occur in the dry season due to the lack of reservoir. Result of the interview indicated that many people depend on groundwater as their primary source of water. In the wet season, people however use rain water for drinking and cooking. - It was reported that only about 5% of the total households have toilets in their houses. - Waste management is generally poor with uncontrolled disposal. There is a lack of treatment system and facility for collection and transportation for solid waste. Waste water is discharged directly to waterways or grassland while solid waste is mainly managed by burning. - Many domestic animals, amphibians and reptiles, mammals, birds and fishes could be observed, e.g., native cattle, pig, chicken and duck. As reported by the farmers, the following could also be seen in the area, e.g., rat, snake, frog, dove, quail , common tailorbird, sparrow, watercock, etc. - Common trees in the area include acacia, palm, tamarind, eucalyptus tereticornis, bamboo, Morinda Tomentosa, Strychnos Nux-vomica, etc. - Regarding cultural heritage, there is no any archaeological site nearby the subproject area.

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Anticipated impacts:

The proposed rehabilitation of irrigation facilities aims basically at the increase in volume of water supply, the increase in crop yields and hence, production volume in the subproject area. More fish species are expected, as volume of water increases. It is unlikely, however, that the proposed rehabilitation work will create any major barrier for fish immigration. Water storage during the dry season is expected to benefit more to local villagers, as a source of irrigation water for dry-season crops.

This subproject is, however, one of the projects under study that is located in the Transition Zone of the Tonle Sap Biosphea Reserve. Although it is small in scale, future development activities of this project should be subject to a careful consideration, as significant environmental impact could occur.

Probable environmental category 9 :A :B :C

11 Resettlement and land compensation aspects Existing condition: Currently, there is a report of only one (1) household, with the total area involved of about 2 ha, who has reclaimed land in the existing canal for cultivation.

Anticipated resettlement/compensation required: Accordingly, only a short resettlement plan/compensation scheme could be required for the affected people (AP), should development activities are to take place in the subproject area.

Resettlement plan required 9 SRP FRP

12 Suggested implementation plan Item 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 P/F F/S D/D FWUC promotion O&M

Prepared by: TEAM Consulting Engineering and Management Co. Ltd., Bangkok, Thailand and TEAM Consulting and Management (Cambodia) Co., Ltd., Phnom Penh, Cambodia

Date of completion: 31 October 2008

TEAM Consulting Engineering & RGC / MOWRAM TEAM Consulting and Management Management Co., Ltd. Asian Development Bank (Cambodia) Co., Ltd.

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Figure 1 General Map of Project Location

12 EMCnutn niern RC/MWA TEAM Consulting and Management RGC / MOWRAM Management Co., Ltd. ConsultingTEAM Engineering & Appendix 5-15 Appendix TUMNUB BOENGPREYKNHEY Asian Development Bank (Cambodia) Co., Ltd.

Figure 2 Map of Subproject Area (Potential Beneficiary Area)

EMCnutn niern RC/MWA TEAM Consulting and Management RGC / MOWRAM Management Co., Ltd. ConsultingTEAM Engineering & TUMNUB BOENGPREYKNHEY Asian Development Bank (Cambodia) Co., Ltd. Appendix 5-15 Appendix

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Figure 3: Selected photographs of the Tumnub Boeng Prey Khney, October 2008 14 Appendix 5-15 TUMNUB BOENG PREY KNHEY

Broken dike (one of the two places) Rice field in the project area

Guided channel Broken dike (the second place)

Another view of rice field Growing rice in less moisture area

Figure 4: Selected photographs of the Tumnub Boeng Prey Khney October 2008

TEAM Consulting Engineering & RGC / MOWRAM TEAM Consulting and Management Management Co., Ltd. Asian Development Bank (Cambodia) Co., Ltd.

Appendix 5-16

PROFILE OF TUMNUB KSAK SUBPROJECT TUMNUB KSAK Appendix 5-16 1

PROFILE OF TUMNUB KSAK SUBPROJECT

TA-4848 CAM (EXTENSION PHASE) Project Data Sheet

1 Project title: Tumnub Ksak

2 Project Location and description: 2.1 Headworks. Longitude 1,486,877N Latitude 444,894E Commune: Khvav District: Chi Kreng Province: Siem Reap

2.2 Date of construction: 1978 Constructed by Khmer Rouge A brief development history: - In 1978, the dike and two box culverts have been built. The dike was damaged some time afterward by heavy rains. - In 1994, the broken dike of about 20-m long was reportedly repaired by a Khmer Rouge Troop. - There has been no maintenance until now and presently, the existing system cannot be fully operated.

2.3.1 General map of project location (see Figure 1) 2.3.2 Map of the subproject area (potential beneficiary area) (see Figure 2) 2.3.3 Photographs (see Figure 3, 4)

2.4 Description of route Tumnub Ksak is located in , north-west part of Cambodia. From Siem Reap town, the subproject-site can be reached by car using national road No. 6 on the eastward direction until it crosses with a local road at St. Chi K Going northward along the local road for approximately 15 kilometers, the car should then continue on to an asphalt road which belongs to private for another 20 kilometers. The cost of entrance fee for using this private owned road is US$2.5 per car per trip. After getting the Khvav commune, the site can be reached by foot or, motorcycle.

2.5 Description of the irrigation scheme

Type of scheme : Gravity system

Source of water : From Roy mountain in the upper part of reservoir in the Preah Vihear province and, rainfall.

Structures and their condition: This subproject has a dike of approximately 1-km long, with two structures (box culverts) along the canal. In 1985, due to heavy rains, damage occurred at one place along the dike and as it has not yet been fixed/repaired, the dike is currently in poor condition and in need of improvement.

Water from the reservoir of this subproject and rainfall is distributed to irrigate cultivated lands of about 200 ha in the downstream. Currently, there is a report saying that people are also growing rice in the reservoir, a combined total of about 30 ha.

2.6 Names of key informants in project area:

1) Mr. Chea Sivutha, Project Management Office (PMO) of MOWRAM 2) Mr. Lem Sam At, Vice Chief Office PDWRAM, Siem Reap 3) Mr. Phav Phann, PDWRAM, Siem Reap 4) Mr. Kugn Hourt Commune Chief 5) Mr. Cheap Hon, Head of Khvav Village 6) Mr. Heng Phy, Vice Head Village of Khvav

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3 Rationale (implementation priority)

Location of Tumnub Ksak is quite good. It is surrounded by mountain and hills on both sites of the reservoir, forming the border of Kompong Thom and Siem Reap provinces. Its water resources are from Roy mountain located upstream in Preah Vihear province and, rainfall. Irrigation system of this subproject has been left un-attended since almost when the structures had been finished.

The two box culverts still drain water from the reservoir to downstream but, some of their parts were damaged. There used to be also two canals which connected both the culverts to areas downstream but, they became shallow and eventually, rice fields. Therefore, water flow as free surface crossing the rice fields. It is very difficult to identify now where the canals are. These need to be looked at and to be reconstructed to be efficient and effective.

The damage caused by rain in 1985 forced the direction of water flow changed and returned to the intersection between the existing stream and canal. Then water then flows through the existing stream to downstream. The flow of the existing stream is further diverting downward to two places: the first one farmers’ rice fields (according to the will of the farmers who have constructed a small embankment crossing the stream in order to divert the water) and the other one at the end of Tumnub Kambot Yeang (which has been constructed also at the same time with Tumnub Ksak). This sub- project should therefore be rehabilitated, taking into consideration also these new developments which concern relationships of more people and more complicated water management issues.

According to interviewed farmers, rice yields in the area differ greatly between good years and bad years. In 2007, they could harvest about 2.7 tons per hectare but in a bad year (drought year), sometimes they got only 400 kilograms per hectare. Rehabilitation of the existing but broken irrigation infrastructures should enable the farmers to increase productions and hence, the rice yields. In addition, they expected to grow more new economic crops, if water is available.

The farmers are in great need of not only the water but also others which reflect a rather difficult situation of livelihood of the people in the subproject area at the present. Farmers’ requirements in the following were noted: 1) Provision of agricultural techniques and know-how to the local farmers; 2) Provision of clean water and sanitation facilities; 3) Support and strengthening of existing social groups; 4) Mechanism for resolving conflicts among the people in communities concerned; and 5) Program interventions to support women’s representation in commune councils and other social groups so that women can make decision in community affairs.

Tumnub Ksak has a catchment area of 114 sq.km with annual rainfall of 1,397 mm/year. Net inflow into this subproject area is estimated at about 160 mcm/year. As irrigation area of this subproject is 350 ha, its requirement for irrigation water is estimated at only 4.30 mcm/year (comprising of 3.64 mcm and 0.66 mcm, for the wet and dry season crops, respectively). Accordingly, water availability for this subproject is considered more than adequate.

4 Farmer Institutions

- FWUC and its status Yes, existing √ No, not existing

Future work/actions required: It should be noted however that earlier, Khvav commune has established a kind of “drinking water use association”. According to this information, it indicated that farmers in the subproject are active in group working. They used to coordinate also among themselves for minor repairs of the existing structures including constructing devices for water diversion, etc. Formalization of farmers’ group/institutional should be necessary for strengthening their functions and capacities in the long term perspective.

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Accordingly, as a part of future activities to be carried out for this project area, it is important that concept of such farmers’ organization like Farmer Water Users Community (FWUC) be introduced to them. During the next phase of project’s implementation, other necessary supports from PDWRAM and/or the project should also be provided to enable them to set up the FWUC and perform operation and maintenance (O&M) of the rehabilitated project.

5 Socio-economic profile (of the Khvav Commune)

5.1 Area and population: - Cultivated area approx. 2,200 ha - Number of villages 7 Villages* - No. of families 1,991 number - Total population 10,875 number Of which: Male 5,436 persons Female 5,439 persons * Of the total, 3 villages are reportedly beneficial areas of the subproject.

5.2 Occupation of total population: - Farming (rice growing, orchard, fishing, etc. approx. 90 % - Non-farming (e.g., officer, carpenter, merchant, etc.) approx. 10 %

5.3 Land holding and Tenure ship - Size of land holding approx. 1.1 Ha/hh - Farmers having land title none - Landless households approx. 5 %

5.4 Existing Cropping Data and Calendar

Based on the secondary data provided by the commune chief, wet-season rice cultivation area of Khvav commune is 2,145 hectares. There is one subproject, i.e., the Tumnum Ksak in the commune.

Main current crops grown in the project area consist of wet season rice, corn, cucumber, egg plant, taro, pumpkin and wax gourd (see Table 1). Table 2 shows rice planted area in each village of the Commune.

Corn is considered as the second main crop after wet-season rice. It is normally planted in September and harvested in November or December. Crops are grown at different times and seasons. Farmers normally start cultivating wet-season rice in early June and harvesting it in August, November or December or, even in January depending on the rice varieties. Other cash crops such as papaya, pumpkin, chili, egg plant and cucumber are normally grown in May when the rainy season starts (see Table 3: crop season calendar).

Average wet-season rice yield is about 1.5 tons per hectare (see Table 4).

Average paddy price (in 2007) was about 850 Riels per kilogram.

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Table 1: Major crops grown and status of irrigation area in the Khvav Commune Current main crops Cultivation area Current irrigated Expected irrigation areas (ha) areas ( ha) after rehabilitation in (ha) Wet season rice 2,145 0 830 Dry season rice 0 0 40 Pumpkin 1 0 n.a Corn 10 0 n.a Cucumber 1 0 n.a Wax gourd 1 0 n.a (Source: Secondary data from commune, 2008)

Table 2: Rice planted area per villages Village name Total Benefit from Wet season rice households the project (ha) Au 281 No 395 Khav 529 Yes 525 Preah Theat 145 Yes 120 Sroung 204 No 350 Krang 157 Yes 135 Pou Tiring 233 No 230 Roveang 110 No 270 (Source: Secondary data from the commune, 2008)

Table 3: Seasonal crop calendar Description Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Rice crops Short duration Medium duration Late duration Upland crops Corn Cucumber Wax gourd Chili Pumpkin Papaya Taro

(Source: From interview with farmers, August 2008)

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Table 4: Major crop area, production and yield Main crops Total cultivation area (ha) Total production Average yield (t) (t/ha) Wet season rice 2,145 3,218 1.5 Corn 10 n.a n.a (Source: Secondary data from the commune, 2008)

According to the interview with village chiefs and key farmers, other key problems in the subproject area could be identified as following: ƒ Drought and lack of irrigation water ƒ Lack of modern rice cultivation technique and low crop yields ƒ Problem from wild pigs (damage to rice) ƒ Shortage of working capital for fertilizer , herbicides and pesticide ƒ Problems from weeds, insects and rice diseases ƒ Lack of farmyard manure ƒ Poor soils and lack of soil improvement technique In addition, the lack of FWUC was quoted as a problem.

5.5 Other agricultural issues

Farmers living in this subproject have an access to Khvav, Domdek, and Phsaler markets located about 2 km, 70 km and 100 km respectively far from the commune, to purchase their agricultural inputs and farm machinery. However, they usually sell their agricultural products particularly rice and other crops at their own villages and Kampong Kdei market located about 42 km from the commune.

In 2007, agricultural extension workers based at the provincial level had provided some extension activities to farmers but, the activities did not continue due probably to the lack of financial resources.

5.6 Other socio-economic issues

All people in the subproject area belong to Khmer ethnicity. There are five (5) primary schools and a lower secondary school; all children of school age go to these schools. In addition, there are a general hospital and two (2) pagodas in the commune. Also, the commune has a small market for common and daily consumer products. Households in the commune use water from different sources for drinking and household purposes. But majority (50%) of the households use water from river/lake followed by rainwater (30%), bore well (30%) and supply/bottle water (10%). All the households are reportedly using filters to treat water from river and pond. Roads connecting the commune to the district town and villages within the commune are unpaved. Agricultural farming is the primary occupation of the majority (90% households) of the households. About 35% of the total households are considered poor1; 50% medium wealthy2 and the rest (15%) wealthy3. Average annual income of a household in the commune is Riels 2.40 million (US$600/hh). Poverty incidence is generally higher among female-headed-households (FHHs) compared to male- headed-households (MHHs). As an example, average annual highest and lowest income from farm produces were Riels 4.90 million and Riels 0.70 million, respectively for the MHHs. Corresponding figures for the FHHs were Riels1.05 million and Riels 0.580 million, respectively. Average annual highest and lowest income from non-farm activities were Riels 0.78 million and Riels 0.33 million for MHHs and, Riels 0.59 million and Riels 0.12 million for FMMs. About 30% of the total households in the commune were reportedly indebted.

1 Poor households refer to households who have (i) maximum of 1 hector of agricultural land, (ii) maximum of 2 large ruminants (i.e., cow, buffalos), (iii) maximum of 1 small ruminants (i.e., pigs) and a few number of chicken and duck, (iv) less than 1 A (1A=100 m2) of household land size, (v) maximum of 1 bicycle, and (vi) thatched house. 2 Medium wealthy households refer to the households who have (i) maximum of 2 hectors of agricultural land, (ii) 2-4 large ruminants (i.e., cow, buffalos), (iii) maximum of 3 small ruminants (i.e., pigs) and a number of chicken and duck, (iv) 1-3 A of household land size, (v) 1 motor-bike and 1 bicycle, and (vi) small wooden house. 3 Wealthy households refer to the households who have (i) more than 2 hectors of agricultural land, (ii) more than 4 large ruminants (i.e., cow, buffalos), (iii) More than 3 small ruminants (i.e., pigs) and a considerable number of chicken, (iv) 5A of household land size, (v) More than 1 motor-bike and bi-cycles and (vi) big wooden or brick built house. TEAM Consulting Engineering & RGC / MOWRAM TEAM Consulting and Management Management Co., Ltd. Asian Development Bank (Cambodia) Co., Ltd. 6 Appendix 5-16 TUMNUB KSAK

About 20% of the total households was reportedly able to produce surplus rice. Some 45% of the households could just produce enough rice to feed their families around the year while the remainder (35%) could not produce sufficient rice. Of these households who faced rice shortage, 25% of them did not have rice for more than 6 months a year. Lack of irrigation facilities, small agricultural land, shortage of household labor, limited agricultural inputs and lack of technical know-how to produce high yielding varieties (HYV) were part of the reasons behind this food shortage problem of the households. Female members of the households were worst affected by the food shortage, followed by children and elderly members. People in this community also migrate to other areas particularly during off agricultural season to seek for jobs. The total of 22 men and 71 women migrated last year. Women were more likely to migrate compared to men. It was reported that they mostly migrated to Phnom Penh and provincial town (i.e., Siem Reap). Migration of male members of the households, however, caused the increase in workload of female members at home and adversely affected education of children (because they had to spend more time to work in the field). There is no representation of women in the commune council at the present. All councilors of the commune are men. This is part of the social problems to be noted at this particular commune. It was further reported that about 3% of women in the commune experience domestic violence. However, some social groups do exist in the commune and both women and men are reportedly members of these groups.

6 Land utilization & suitability – Irrigation area (Subproject level) 6.1 Land utilization - Potential irrigation area approx. 350 ha - Future irrigated area (expected wet+dry seasons) approx. 420 ha - Potential newly irrigated area (to be developed) n.a.

6.2. Land suitability for irrigation rice

From field observation, soil types in the subproject area consist basically of two categories: Prey Khmer and Pratea Lang. Base on a referenced liturature (Vang, soil TIP, 2006), the Prey Khmer soil occurred on old alluvial terraces or colluvial-alluvial plains, with a sandy textured profile extending 50 cm deeper. This soil type is estimated to occupy about 11% of the total rice growing area in Cambodia. Two phases of Prey Khmer group have been defined based on the size of the sand fraction in the surface horizon: fine sandy phase and coarse sandy phase. This soil is difficult to manage for rice production. This soil type is not suitable for irrigation. The fertility of this soil is very low. Glasshouse experiments have shown the soil to be potentially deficient in N, P, K, S and Mg. Organic matter levels are very low. Fertilizer management is very difficult with nutrients being easily leached; and it is difficult in matching nutrient supply to crop demand.

The Prateah Lang soil is estimated to occupy about 28% of the total rice-growing area. Three phases of Prateah Lang soil have been defined based on characteristics of the sub soil that affect root penetration and water drainage, including shallow phase, clayey subsoil phase and loamy subsoil phase. This soil is difficult to manage for rice production. If structures for water harvesting and supplementary irrigation can be developed cheaply, then profitable yield increases may be expected on these soils.

6.3 Additional information relevant to land suitability

Based on the result of the same field observation, apart from wet-season rice, farmers in the subproject area also grow other secondary cash crops, such as, corn, egg plan, chili, taro, pumpkin, wax gourd and cucumber. Short, medium and late duration rice varieties have been grown. The short duration rice varieties consist of Romdoul, Krem, Krochokches, Srovsovong, Neang rei, Pkaromchong, Neang Ouk, Neang Meas, Neang Tun, Neang Kei, Neang Bos, Srovry and Kongleav. The medium varieties are Sompun, Kachhong, Srovdomnerb and Doungsral while the late duration rice varieties are Neang Kung, Phily, Chonvaprem and Kha 9.

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Situation as it is (without the project case), rice yields depend heavily on the rain-fall pattern and input investment. As noted, average rice yield in this area could be as high as 2.7 t/ha in the good year, meaning enough rain water with appropriate amount of fertilizer applied. In bad years of drought and pest damages, average rice yields could be as low as 300-500 kilogram per hectare. However, if irrigation water becomes available, in addition to rice, farmers expect to grow a variety of crops which found to have potential there too.

Land preparation in the project area is done mainly (90%) by animal power. The remaining 10% was reportedly done by hand tractors though. For harvesting and transporting rice crop, they are done basically by manpower (90-100%). It is clearly indicated that farm mechanization is not yet widespread in the area. It should be noted also that transplanting method is the only method adopted by the farmers at the present. Labor force could therefore be a problem to the farmers in the near future as broadcasting rice is not popular in the community. However, it was of interest to note that farmers in some villages under study do the threshing (rice) by threshing machine.

7 Scope of the project: 7.1 Work Required: - Pre-feasibility study (In view of anticipated high infrastructure cost, as detailed below) - Other work/activities should include:

• Site plan survey at the head work and appurtenance structures, scale 1:500. • Project area mapping, with scale 1:10,000 and contour interval of 1 m. • Ground truth survey for the main and secondary canals. • Confirmation of proposed irrigation and potential areas in the field. • Geotechnical survey 2 bore hole at new spillway and deepest dike section 2 bore hole at elevated flume 1 bore hole at new right canal outlet

7.2 Anticipated project components:-

1) Irrigation infrastructures (to be rehabilitated/re-constructed)

Scope of work may include: 1.1) Head work and appurtenance structures - Improvement of existing dike, 800 m (approximate) - Construction of a new spillway. - Construction of a new dike closure to existing one, two (2) places. - Demolishing of an existing left canal outlet and new construction. - Construction of a new right canal outlet. 1.2) Canal improvement and new construction (with respective approximate length in km), including:- - LMC.1 5.55 km (Improvement of 3.8 km and new construction of 1.75 km) - RMC.2 4.60 km (Improvement of 2.5 km and new construction of 2.1 km) - LMC improvement of secondary canal 1.4 km - RMC improvement of secondary canal 0.85 km and new construction of 1.7 km 1.3) Construction of new conveyance structures - Waste way, 9 (nine) places. (LMC 7 places and RMC 2 places) - Check structure, 7 (seven) places. (LMC 4 places, RMC 2 places and 1R- RMC one (1) place - Road crossing with check, two (2) places. (LMC 1 place and RMC 1 place)

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- A RMC elevated flume. - Head regulator, seven (7) places. (LMC secondary canal 3 places and RMC secondary canal 4 places) - Tail regulator, nine (9) places. (LMC 1 place, RMC 1 place and secondary canal 7 places) 1.4) Maintenance of farm roads 1.5) Demolishing of some of existing but, un-functional structures.

2) Irrigated agriculture

Based on the farmers interviewed, they expect to cultivate economic crops, such as, dry season rice, water melon, corn, sugarcane, banana, cassava, lettuce, string bean, cucumber, water convolvulus, taro, lemon and other fruit trees, such as, longan, jack fruit, orange and mongo-stint. However, the promising cash crops to be planted after rehabilitation may consist of only a few, such as rice dry season, water melon, corn, lettuce, sugar can and cucumber due to the limited market demand.

According to the result of the survey, farmers also expressed their needs for new farming knowledge and skill such as rice cultivation technique, upland crop cultivation, vegetables growing, animal keeping, fertilizer application, and pesticide and herbicide application technique. In addition, some farmers expressed their intention to expand their livestock enterprises, such as, pig, chicken, duck and cattle if more water becomes available.

Therefore, development of irrigated agriculture should be another project component for the F/S study to be pursued, to confirm viability and feasibility of these new initiatives, taking into consideration the prevailing agricultural market and level of know-how of the people. Supplementary measures and assistance programs through agricultural extension services need to be identified and recommended for eventual implementation.

3) FWUC: √ To be newly established To be strengthen

According to farmers who participated in the group discussion, the reason why there is no FWUC in their community because there is no initiative and support from outsiders and especially because there is no irrigation water for their crops. However, they expect that FWUC will be formed after the rehabilitation.

Establishment and Development of FWUC should therefore be another component to be covered by the proposed F/S, to find out level of understanding of the local people and farmers in the project area on this kind of farmers’ institution and to determine a detailed scope of work and appropriate assistance to be rendered/provided by authorities concerned for further stage of the development required and the success in the establishment and operation of the FWUC in the project area in the longer term.

4) Others: A project component aiming at institutional strengthening and capacity buildings of the farmers and farmers’ institutions should be necessary. From the field observation, it was rather evident that organizational aspect of the subproject area was weak. Accordingly, institutional strengthening and capacity building should be considered as another component to be covered by the proposed F/S, with particular focus on, as an example, 1) Institutional strengthening and capacity building of local agencies in providing services to the project area; 2) Support activities to other existing social groups through supplementary programs to improve their functions and capacity; and 3) Improve leadership and skills of women.

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8 Estimated project cost and breakdown:

The following are preliminary estimates of eventual development cost of the identified physical infrastructures that need to be confirmed by the proposed P/F Study.

8.1 Capital and base costs Item Unit Q'tity Unit cost Cost (US$) (US$)

1. Land compensation 1.1 LMC canal (1,600 m) ha 700 4.0 2,800 1.2 RMC canal (2,400 m) ha 700 6.0 4,200 1.3 1R-RMC canal (1,750 m) ha 700 2.6 1,820 Total (1) 8,820 2. Construction of dike and hydraulic structures 2.1 Construction of new dike closure to existing one (L = L.S. 1 - 30,000 20 m) 2.2 Demolishing of existing left canal outlet and new L.S. 1 - 90,000 construction 2.3 Construction of new right canal outlet L.S. 1 - 85,000 2.4 Construction of new spillway L.S. 1 - 228,500 2.5 Dike improvement km 0.8 100,000 80,000 Total (2) 513,500 3. Construction of new conveyance structures 3.1 LMC - Waste way (3 receiver and 4 spill-out) place 7 13,750 96,250 - Check structure place 4 3,500 14,000 - Road crossing with check place 1 5,700 5,700 - Tail regulator place 1 7,600 7,600 3.2 1R-LMC, 2R-LMC and 3R-LMC - Head regulator place 3 5,900 17,700 - Tail regulator place 3 7,600 22,800 3.3 RMC - Waste way (a receiver and a spill-out) place 2 13,750 27,500 - Check structure place 2 3,500 7,000 - Elevated flume place 1 28,575 28,575 - Road crossing with check place 1 5,700 5,700 - Tail regulator place 1 7,600 7,600 3.4 1L-RMC, 2L-RMC and 3L-RMC - Head regulator place 3 5,900 17,700 - Tail regulator place 3 7,600 22,800 3.5 1R-RMC - Head regulator place 1 5,900 5,900 - Check structure place 1 3,500 3,500 - Tail regulator place 1 7,600 7,600 Total (3) 297,925

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4. Canal improvement and new construction 4.1 LMC - Improvement km 3.80 55,000 209,000 - New construction km 1.75 65,000 113,750 4.2 1R-LMC, 2R-LMC and 3R-LMC Improvement km 1.40 30,000 42,000 4.3 RMC - Improvement km 2.50 55,000 137,500 - New construction km 2.10 65,000 136,500 4.4 1L-RMC, 2L-RMC and 3L-RMC Improvement km 0.85 30,00025,500 4.5 1R-RMC New construction km 1.70 42,000 71,400 Total (4) 735,650 5. Drainage system 5.1 Construction of new cross drainage structure place 20 11,000 220,000 5.2 Construction of tail channel for waste way km 2 20,000 40,000 Total (5) 260,000 6. Miscellaneous 6.1 For compensation work L.S. 1 - 1,500 6.2 For demolishing work L.S. 1 - 10,000 6.3 For road development L.S. 1 - 30,000 6.4 For existing feeder canal improvement L.S. 1 - 22,500 6.5 For environmental impact during construction L.S. 1 - 15,000 Total (6) 79,000

Grand total 1,894,895

8.2 Annual O&M costs

Item Cost Remarks

Annual O&M 4,000 US$10/ha An estimate for major maintenance in every 5 years, 10% of canal 73,565 construction cost (of new project development)

9 Expected Outputs / Outcome (at project level basis): 9.1 Agricultural production (paddy equivalent) 630 tons 9.2 Increased farm income ( from only rice crop) approx. 360 US$ /hh 9.3 Operational FWUC: Farmers expect that they will have FWUC established after the broken irrigation infrastructures have been rehabilitated and, are operational again. 9.4 Diversified agriculture: Apart from wet-season rice, dry season rice, water melon, egg plant, taro, corn, cucumber, sugarcane and other vegetables are grown in the project area too. 9.5 Cropping intensity is expected to increase by 15 % or more 9.6 Stable water supplies for agriculture and domestic uses 9.7 Reduced labor migration 9.8 Increased and stabilized crop yields and water for human and animal consumption. Improved income and hence, living condition of the local people. Moreover, it was expected that natural fish population would also increase.

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10 Environment and environmental impact assessment

Existing environmental condition: - Tumnub Ksak is situated in between Phnum Khsat, Phnum Roy and Phnum Chum Dai Krau mountains. The existing dike is close to Phnum khsat mountain. Source of water from Preah Vihear flows through these mountains, including Phnum Ta Soh and Phnum Chum Dai Krau into this subproject area by Stung Khvav. - The subproject is about 4 km from Beng Per Wildlife Sanctuary, although it does not fall within the protected area. - The surrounding environment is dominated by mountains, forest, grassland and paddy fields. - This subproject is flooded when there is heavy rain. Flood duration could be about one week. Irrigation structures were damaged by some of these previous floods. - After the irrigation system was broken down, some farmers started growing their rice on a higher ground, with the total potential area of about 30 ha. - Regarding cultural heritage, there is no any archaeological site nearby the subproject area. - From the initial field investigation, pollution black spots, dumping sites, industrial activities, noisy commercial activities, dusty open storage, etc., were not found. - Surface water shortages do occur particularly in the dry season due to the lack of reservoir. Existing shallow lakes are also affected by soil erosion. Information obtained during the field visit disclosed that most people have to depend on groundwater as the primary source of water. In the wet season, they use rain water for drinking and cooking. - Only about 5 % of the households have toilets in their houses. - Waste management is generally poor with uncontrolled disposal and without any treatment system and facilities for collecting and transporting solid waste. Waste water is discharge directly to waterways or grassland. - Many Common domestic animals, amphibians and reptiles, mammals, birds and fishes could be observed. They include native cattle, pig, chicken and duck. According to the people, common rat snake, monocle cobra, king cobra, frog, dove, quail, common tailorbird, dark-necked tailorbird, plain backed sparrow, watercock, egret, lesser whistling duck, common myna,iridescent mystus, kissing gourami, climbing perch, silver rasbara, peacock eel, goldfin tinfoil barb, yellow mystus, channa marulius, chevron snake head, white lady carp, paralaubuca typus ..etc., could still be found in the area. - Common trees in the area include acacia, palm, tamarind, eucalyptus tereticornis, bamboo, eugenia spp, streblus asper, morinda tomentosa, strychnos nux-vomica, etc. - The major element that could impact to environment of the subproject is deforestation. Trees were cut by local people for both construction and commercial selling.

Anticipated impacts:

The proposed rehabilitation of the project should increase availability of more water supply in the subproject area which will help stabilizing crop yields and hence, crop production. More fish species are expected, as volume of water increases. It is unlikely, however, that the proposed rehabilitation work will create any major barrier for the fish immigration. Water storage during the dry season is expected to benefit to local villagers in general, as a source of water for drinking and dry season crops.

However, as the subproject is located close to Beng Per Wildlife Sanctuary and forest area, a careful consideration on the environmental aspect from future development activities should be necessary, as significant environmental impact could occur.

Probable environmental category 9 :A :B :C

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11 Resettlement and land compensation aspects Existing condition:

There were some evident of reclamation and/or encroachment for new lands by local farmers. About 30 households, with a total area of some 10 ha, have been cultivating in the reservoir and/or canal of the subproject.

Anticipated resettlement/compensation required:

Hence, a resettlement/compensation should be required. However, as the number of affected peoples (APs) is expected to be less than 200 person, a short resettlement plan should be required.

Resettlement plan required 9 SRP FRP

12 Suggested implementation plan Item 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 P/F FS/DD FWUC promotion O&M

Prepared by: TEAM Consulting Engineering and Management Co. Ltd., Bangkok, Thailand and TEAM Consulting and Management (Cambodia) Co., Ltd., Phnom Penh, Cambodia

Date of completion: 31 October 2008

TEAM Consulting Engineering & RGC / MOWRAM TEAM Consulting and Management Management Co., Ltd. Asian Development Bank (Cambodia) Co., Ltd.

EMCnutn niern RC/MWA TEAM Consulting and Management RGC / MOWRAM Management Co., Ltd. ConsultingTEAM Engineering & TUMNUB KSAK Appendix5-16 Asian Development Bank (Cambodia) Co., Ltd.

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Figure 1 General Map of Project Location

14 EMCnutn niern RC/MWA TEAM Consulting and Management RGC / MOWRAM Management Co., Ltd. ConsultingTEAM Engineering & Appendix 5-16 5-16 Appendix Asian Development Bank

(Cambodia) Co., Ltd. TUMNUB KSAK

Figure 2 Map of Subproject Area (Potential Beneficiary Area)

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Figure 3: Selected photographs of the Tumnub Ksak, October 2008 16 Appendix 5-16 TUMNUB KSAK

Meeting with commune leaders and farmers Discussion with MOWRAM and PDWRAM staffs

Overview of Ksak reservoir Logging in subproject area

Downstream of Ksak dam Junction of natural stream and broken dike channel

Figure 4: Selected photographs of the Tumnub Ksak, October 2008

TEAM Consulting Engineering & RGC / MOWRAM TEAM Consulting and Management Management Co., Ltd. Asian Development Bank (Cambodia) Co., Ltd.

Appendix 5-17

PROFILE OF TUMNUB PROLAY SUBPROJECT TUMNUB PROLAY Appendix 5-17 1

PROFILE OF TUMNUB PROLAY SUBPROJECT

TA-4848 CAM (EXTENSION PHASE) Project Data Sheet

1 Project title: Tumnub Prolay

2 Project Location and description: 2.1 Headworks. Longitude 1,462,735N Latitude 432,673E Commune: Pongro Kroam District: Chi Kreng Province: Siem Reap

2.2 Date of construction: 1975 Constructed by Pol Pot/Khmer Rouge

A brief development history: - After this subproject has been constructed in 1975, local farmers could enjoy benefits from it for several years. During the period, several structures have however been damaged and kept in poor condition due to the lack of routine maintenance. - In 2004, a part of the damaged structures were repaired by commune fund. - In 2007, the broken dike and three slice gates were repaired by MOWRAM. - At present, the existing system is partially operational.

2.3.1 General map of project location (see Figure 1) 2.3.2 Map of the subproject area (potential beneficiary area) (see Figure 2) 2.3.3 Photographs (see Figure 3, 4)

2.4 Description of route Tumnub Prolay is located in Siem Reap province, northwestern part of Cambodia. The subproject site may be reached by roads, starting from Siem Reap town to the eastern direction by National route No. 6 for about 60 kms and then at Chi Kreag, turn northward to the local road for another 11 kilometers. Condition of the local road is of poorly compacted soil.

2.5 Description of the irrigation scheme

Type of scheme : Gravity system

Source of water : Mkak reservoir

Structures, their condition and situation at project area: Tumnub Prolay is approximately 2-km long on which there are also six (6) conveyance structures along the canal. Other structures comprise of a small bridge with broken sliding gate, a small wooden bridge and four (4) culverts that need to be replaced.

Tumnub Prolay has been receiving water from the “Mkak Reservoir” which is then drained and regulated to benefit areas downstream by structures at the Tumnub. Some amount of the water, however, is leaked to downstream at the bridge due to broken sliding gate. Some villages in another commune, therefore, currently benefit from this subproject too.

2.6 Names of key informants in project area:

1) Mr. Chea Sivutha, Project Management Office (PMO) of MOWRAM 2) Mr. Lem Sam At, Vice Chief Office PDWRAM, Siem Reap 3) Mr. Phav Phann, PDWRAM, Siem Reap 4) Mr. Keo Veuon, Chief of Pongro Commune 5) Ms. U Hun, Farmer of village Pongro 6) Ms. Srei Chhat, Farmer 7) Ms. Prom Han, Farmer 8) Ms. Prak Lux, Farmer

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9) Ms. Mao Chhun, Farmer 10) Ms. Morm Chan, Farmer 11) Ms. Nen Noun, Farmer 12) Mr. Srei Neuon, Farmer 13) Mr. Prap Youn, Farmer 14) Mr. Pol San, Farmer 15) Mr. Sat Phorn, Farmer 16) Mr. Horng Net, Farmer 17) Mr. Sou Sy, Farmer 18) Mr. Horn Hak, Farmer 19) Mr. Lorn Saneuon, Farmer 20) Mr. Vong Korn, Farmer

3 Rationale (implementation priority)

This subproject should be improved and upgraded. As a matter of fact, the discharge from the Makak Reservoir and the natural rainfall is high compared to actual capacity of the Prolay. In short, there are at least three (3) important reasons for justifying the improvement required for this subproject: Firstly, some parts of the existing dike have been damaged by water (overtop-flow) and these made it difficult for local people who use it for transportation purpose. Secondly, cross section of some structures is too small and accordingly, should be enlarged for better capacity. Moreover, these structures should have also canals connecting to downstream. Thirdly, several parts in the canal have already become shallow (due to sediment deposition and lacking of maintenance) and need to be excavated to maintain if not improve the capacity.

According to interviewed farmers, rice yields in the area differ significantly between good year and bad years, e.g., about 3 t/ha in the good year of 2005 but, only 900 kgs/ha in the bad year of 2004. Rehabilitation of the existing irrigation structures should enable farmers to increase and/or enhance greatly their productions. Expectedly, new economic crops will also be introduced and grown by the farmers, if the subproject is to be rehabilitated and improved.

Irrigation area of this subproject is 3,000 ha, which should require irrigation water of 36.88 mcm/year, comprising of 31.25 mcm and 5.63 mcm, for the wet and dry season crops, respectively. Based on the completion report of MKAK reservoir rehabilitation project (October 2005), this subproject could be considered part of irrigable area under the MKAK scheme and as the net inflow of the MKAK reservoir is estimated at about 240 mcm/year out of which 187 mcm/year could be used for irrigation purpose, therefore, water availability for this subproject could be considered more than adequate.

4 Farmer Institutions - FWUC and its status √ Yes, existing No of members: All farmers/households Year of establishment: 2000 Established by: Commune council

Operation: Fully √ Partly Inactive

Future work/actions required:

Based on the interview with key farmers at the subproject site, the following were noted: 1) The FWUC was established by the Commune Council but, does not have yet its own regulation, statute as well as a good management team. It therefore requires to be strengthened in many respects, including realignment of its management structure. 2) Its members should be trained or provided with more information about concepts and principles of the FWUC. Additional support from PDWRAM/MOWRAM and other competent agencies should also be required. 3) There have also been some conflicts among the farmers over water use issues and unfair water distribution. Management training and other related measures need to be provided and put in place. TEAM Consulting Engineering & RGC / MOWRAM TEAM Consulting and Management Management Co., Ltd. Asian Development Bank (Cambodia) Co., Ltd. TUMNUB PROLAY Appendix 5-17 3

Other existing institutions: There are a few occupational and social groups in operation at this Pongro Kroam commune. One of them is a Credit Group which has a total membership of about 20 households.

5 Socio-economic profile (of the Pongro Kroam Commune): 5.1 Area and population - Cultivated area about 3,000 ha - Number of villages (see the details in Table below) 13 villages - No. of families 1,846 hh - Total population 8,688 persons Of which: Male 4,146 persons Female 4,542 persons

Table : Villages and households of the Commune

Village name Number of Village name Number of households households Popel 89 Cheybo 165 Pongro 1 244 Plong 150 Pongro 2 170 Tapor 1 124 Thmei 146 Tapor 2 170 Sombo 45 Oklong 137 Oroung 29 Dongphav 145 Pau 232 (Source: Secondary data from commune, 2008)

5.2 Occupation of total population: - Farming (rice growing, orchard, fishing, etc. 98 % - Non-farming (e.g., officer, carpenter, merchant, etc.) 2 % 5.3 Land holding and Tenureship: - Size of land holding average 1.6 ha/hh - Farmers having land title none - Landless households approx. 3 %

5.4 Existing Cropping Data and Calendar

Based on the secondary data provided by the commune chief and commune clerk, there is only one subproject: Tumnub Prolay which is located in the commune. Main crops grown in the subproject area consist of wet season rice, water melon, cucumber, egg plant, wax gourd, pumpkin and corn. Current average wet-season rice yield is about 1.2 t/ha (see Tables 1 and 2). Water melon was seen as the second main crop after wet season rice. The crops are grown at different times and seasons (see Table 3: crop season calendar). Farmers normally start cultivating wet season rice in June or July and harvesting it in November or December or January, depending on the rice varieties. Water melon is cultivated in April and September and collected in June and November, respectively. Corn is normally planted two times in a year, i.e., in May and November. It is harvested in July and January, respectively. Planting of most cash crops such as wax gourd, cucumber and pumpkin normally start in April/May when rain starts to fall.

In 2007, average rice price was recorded at 800 Riels per kilogram.

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Table 1: Major crop grown and status of irrigation area in the Pongro Kraom Commune Current main crops Cultivation area Current irrigated Expected irrigated areas (ha) areas ( ha) after rehabilitation in (ha) Wet season rice 2,940 1,200 2,940 Dry season rice 0 0 100 Pumpkin 1 1 3 Sugar can 2 0 3 Cucumber 2 0 5 Wax gourd 1 1 n.a Water melon 8 0 8 (Source: Secondary data from commune, 2008)

Table 2: Major crop area, production and yield Main crops Total cultivation area Total production Average yield (ha) (t) (t/ha) Wet season rice 2,940 3,600 1.2 Cucumber 2 n.a n.a Water melon 8 n.a n.a (Sources: Secondary data from the Commune Council, August 2008)

Table 3. Seasonal crop calendar Description Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Rice crops Short duration Medium duration Late duration Upland crops Corn Cucumber Wax gourd Cassava Pumpkin Egg plant String bean Water melon Rice crops

(Field survey, August 2008)

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According to the village chiefs and key farmers who were interviewed, the following were noted as currently key problems of the subproject area: ƒ Inadequate irrigation water ƒ Lack of modern rice cultivation technique ƒ Frequent drought ƒ Poor soil fertility ƒ Rice diseases ƒ Problem from rat, worms, grasshopper and crabs ƒ Lack of working capital to purchase fertilizer and herbicides ƒ Low crop yields.

5.5 Other Agricultural issues

Farmers living in the project area has an access to Kampong Kdei market located about 9.5 km from the Commune, to purchase their farm inputs. However, they sell their agricultural productions (rice and other crops) at both the villages and the Kampong Kdei market.

In 2006, agricultural extension workers based at Siem Reap have trained some farmers in rice cultivation, upland crop cultivation and animal raising technique but since then, no extension services have been provided due probably to budgetary constraints.

Farmers in the commune are basically vulnerable to drought.

5.6 Other socio-economic issues All people in the subproject area belong to Khmer ethnicity. There are three (3) pre-schools, five (5) primary schools and a lower secondary school; all children of school age go to these schools. In addition, there are a general hospital (which also provides mother and child health care) and a pagoda in the commune. There is no major market there and the commune has no access to electricity supply. Households in the commune use water from different sources for drinking and other purposes. But majority (70%) of the households use water from bore well. Roads connecting the commune to the district town and villages within the commune are unpaved. Agricultural farming is the primary occupation of the majority (98%) of the households. About 30% of the total households are considered poor1, 40% are medium wealthy2 and the rest (30%) is wealthy3. According to the interviewed farmers and commune officials, average annual income of a household in the commune could initially be estimated at about Riels 1.82 million (US$455/hh). Poverty incidence is higher among female-headed-households (FHHs) compared to male-headed-households (MHHs). As an example, average annual highest and lowest incomes from farm produces of MHHs were Riels 5.60 million and Riels1.20 million, respectively. Corresponding figures of FHHs were however only Riels 2.40 million and Riels 0.64 million. Similarly, average annual highest and lowest income of MHHs from non-farm activities were Riels 2.40 million and Riels 0.72 million while those of FHHs were only Riels 1.20 million and Riels 0.60 million, respectively. It was also reported that about 40% of the total households in the commune are indebted. On rice production, it was reported that about 30% of the total households could produce surplus rice while other 40% could produce just sufficient rice to feed their family members around the year. The remaining 30%, however, could not produce sufficient rice even for home consumption. Of these households, 15% had the problem of shortage of rice for more than 6 months in a year. Lack of irrigation water, small agricultural land, shortage of household labor and limitation of agricultural inputs in general were quoted as the reasons behind food shortage.

1 Poor households refer to households who have (i) maximum of 40 A (1A=100 m2) of agricultural land, (ii) maximum of 1 large ruminants (i.e., cow, buffalos), (iii) maximum of 2 small ruminants (i.e., pigs) and a few number of chicken and duck, (iv) no vehicle, and (v) small wooden house. 2 Medium wealthy households refer to the households who have (i) maximum of 1 hector of agricultural land, (ii) maximum of 2 large ruminants (i.e., cow, buffalos), (iii) maximum of 4 small ruminants (i.e., pigs) and less than 10 chicken and duck, (iv) 1 bicycle, and (v) small wooden house. 3 Wealthy households refer to the households who have (i) 1-5 hectors of agricultural land, (ii) more than 2 large ruminants (i.e., cow, buffalos), (iii) More than 4 small ruminants (i.e., pigs) and a considerable number of chicken, (iv) 1 motor-bike and 1 rice mill and (v) big wooden or brick built house. TEAM Consulting Engineering & RGC / MOWRAM TEAM Consulting and Management Management Co., Ltd. Asian Development Bank (Cambodia) Co., Ltd. 6 Appendix 5-17 TUMNUB PROLAY

People in this community usually migrate to other area for seeking jobs too, particularly during off agricultural season. It was reported that 120 men and 136 women migrated last year. Women were more likely to migrate compared to men. Moreover, the number of teenagers was higher among the migrants. They mostly migrated to Phnom Penh and provincial town (i.e., Siem Reap). Similar to many other areas, women poorly represent in affairs of the commune. As an example, there is only one female among the current seven councilor members. Traditional norms and customs (that women can be leaders) as well as the lack of confidence and competencies of women are probably underlying causes of women’s poor representation in the project area. About 3% of women in the commune were having bad experiences in domestic violence. Four persons are living with HIV/AIDS. Some other social groups do exist in the commune and both women and men are reportedly members of these groups.

6 Land utilization & suitability – Irrigation area (Subproject level) 6.1 Land utilization - Potential irrigation area approx. 3,000 ha - Future irrigated area (expected wet+dry seasons) approx. 3,600 ha - Potential newly irrigated area (to be developed) n.a. ha - Irrigated area but, not used none

6.2 Land suitability for irrigation rice crop

Two major soil types were found in the subproject area: Prateah Lang and Toul Somrong.

According to a reference (Vang, soil TIP, 2006), the Prateah Lang soil is estimated to occupy about 28% of the total rice-growing area in the country. Based on characteristics of the sub soil that affect root penetration and water drainage, this soil type has three different phases: 1) Shallow phase, 2) Clayey subsoil phase and 3) Loamy subsoil phase. This soil is generally difficult to manage for rice production but, if supplementary irrigation can be developed and provided, rice yields could substantially increase.

The Toul Samroung, on the other hand, is a soil occurring on old alluvial terraces or the colluvial-alluvial plains that have a clayey or loamy top-soil which forms wide cracks that penetrate deeper than 5 cm into the soil over clayey or loamy subsoil. Color of the topsoil is grey or brown. The soil occupies about 10% of rice area in the country. Two phases of the soil have been defined, subject to its color and fertility, including 1) brown phase and gray phase. The soil is well suited to rice production. It has moderate to high potential for rice growing and yields respond well to improved management, i.e., suited to irrigation. The soil also well respond to the application of N and P.

6.3 Additional information relevant to land suitability

Based on the field observation, apart from wet season rice, farmers in the subproject area cultivate such other secondary cash crops such as water melon, corn, pumpkin and cucumber. Short, medium and late duration rice varieties are grown also by the farmers. The short duration rice varieties consist of Neang Pech, Neang Meas, Kerng, Ret, Neang Ouk, Krem, Krahorm and Senpidor. The medium ones are Chaovaypdaov, Romdoul, Romchang, Pkachek, Srovpegn, Tongprola, Neangkung, Thysral, Chhong, Pkamalis, Khar 1, Metapheap, Philippine, Khar 2, Khar 3, and Khar 4. For the late duration rice varieties, they include Doungvea, Kungkser, Longphnum and Pkasla.

Situation as it is at present (without rehabilitation), crop yields depend heavily on rainfall pattern and the level of input investment. According to the farmers interviewed, average rice yield per hectare could be as high as 3 t/ha in the good year. Suitability of land for rice production has been evident and accordingly, rehabilitation of the project could enhance greatly rice yields and production in the area.

In addition to rice, the farmers also indicated that in addition to dry season rice, they would try to grow other cash crops such as water melon, corn and other vegetables if irrigation water is available. Land preparation in the area is still done basically by animal power. Harvesting rice crop is done principally by human labor. Threshing and transporting of rice, however, are done by draft animal (cattle). It is clearly indicated that farm machinery is not yet widespread in the community. TEAM Consulting Engineering & RGC / MOWRAM TEAM Consulting and Management Management Co., Ltd. Asian Development Bank (Cambodia) Co., Ltd. TUMNUB PROLAY Appendix 5-17 7

It should be noted that transplanting method is practiced widely by farmers in the subproject area. However, labor is not a main constraint for the farmers. It was explained that labor forces come basically from family members and the exchange of labors which have been a long traditional practice in the community.

7 Scope of the project: 7.1 Work Required: - Feasibility Study & Detailed Design (In view of generally favorable factor endowments and low investment cost) - Other important activities should include:

• Site plan survey covering dike area, at a scale of 1:500, contour interval 0.50 m with cross section every 25 m. • Plan profile and cross section survey of the feeder canal, scale 1:4,000. • Plan profile and cross section survey of the main canal, scale 1:4,000. • Project area mapping, scale 1:10,000 with contour interval of 1 m. • Ground truth survey for the secondary canal. • Confirmation of proposed irrigation area and potential area in the field. • Geotechnical survey 1 bore hole at LMC head regulator 1 bore hole at road crossing with check along feeder canal (check water level for RMC.4 canal)

7.2 Anticipated project components:-

1) Irrigation infrastructures (to be rehabilitated/re-constructed)

1.1) Head work and appurtenance structures: - Construction of new RMC.1 and LMC head regulator, two (2) places. - Modification of existing RMC.2, RMC.3 and feeder canal gates, and lifting devices, three (3) places. - Construction of new road crossing with check at the feeder canal, one (1) place. - Improvement of existing dike, 1,500 m (approximate) 1.2) Canal improvement and new construction (with respective approximate length in km), including:- - RMC.1 1.25 km (Improvement) - RMC.2 5.50 km (Improvement) - RMC.3 2.70 km (Improvement) 0.30 km (New construction) - RMC.4 6.25 km (Improvement) - LMC 5.35 km (Improvement) 0.65 km (New construction) - 1R-LMC 2.50 km (Improvement) - 2R-LMC 2.15 km (Improvement) - 1L-2R-LMC 0.90 km (Improvement) 2.10 km (New construction) - 2L-2R-LMC 0.90 km (Improvement) - 3L-2R-LMC 3.50 km (New construction) - Distribution canal improvement 10 km. 1.3) Construction of new conveyance structures - Head regulator at main and secondary canal, six 6) places. - Check structure at main and secondary canal, 11 places. - Road crossing with check at main and secondary canal, 10 places. - Road crossing with chick at feeder canal, one (1) place.

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- Tail regulator at main and secondary canal, 10 (ten) places. 1.4) Maintenance of farm roads 1.5) Demolishing of some of existing but, un-functional structures.

2) Irrigated agriculture

Based on the farmers interviewed, they expect to start growing other economic crops, such as dry season rice, water melon, egg plant, corn and water convolvulus. However, promising cash crops could be limited to a few based on market demand and knowledge of the farmers.

Similarly, the farmers expect to expand their livestock rearing activities, including raising of pig, chicken, duck and cattle. Some farmers prefer to try fish culture in their ponds after more water became available. Result of the interview also indicated that the farmers are generally in need of essential farming knowledge and skills for both new crop cultivation techniques, animal raising and the fish culture.

In view of the above, development of irrigated agriculture should therefore be another project component for the F/S study to be pursued, to confirm their viability and feasibility, taking fully into consideration the prevailing agricultural market and level of know-how of the people. Supplementary measures and assistance programs through agricultural extension services need to be identified and recommended for eventual implementation.

3) FWUC: To be newly established √ To be strengthen According to the farmers who participated in the group discussion, FWUC has already been established by the commune council. However, the established FWUC still does not have its own regulation and statute. It neither has a competent management team. Therefore, it needs to be strengthened in many respects through provision of appropriate guidance, training and other supports from PDWRAM/MOWRAM and/or the project authority who are responsible for implementing the next phase of this subproject.

As a project component, during the F/S, problems and development needs of the existing FWUC should be studied with a view to having it fully formalized, with identification of supports needed and timing of the implementation to be recommended.

4) Others:

Also as a result of the field observation, generally, organizational aspects of the local farmers and stakeholders were rather weak. Necessary new knowledge for performing their occupations and functions are limited and often, not up-to-date. A project component aiming at institutional strengthening and capacity buildings of the farmers’ institutions (i.e., FWUC and other social groups) and related responsible government agencies should be necessary.

8 Estimated project cost and breakdown: The following are preliminary estimates of eventual development cost of the identified physical infrastructures that need to be confirmed by the proposed F/S & DD. 8.1 Capital and base costs Item Unit Unit cost Q'tity Cost (US$) (US$) 1. Land compensation 1.1 Area km.0+550 to 3+600 (RMC.3) ha 700 7.65 5,355 1.2 Area km.3+850 to 4+500 (LMC) ha 700 1.65 1,155 1.3 Area km.0+900 to 3+000 (1L-2R-LMC) ha 700 5.25 3,675 1.4 Area km.0+000 to 3+500 (3L-2R-LMC) ha 700 8.75 6,125 Total (1) 16,310 TEAM Consulting Engineering & RGC / MOWRAM TEAM Consulting and Management Management Co., Ltd. Asian Development Bank (Cambodia) Co., Ltd. TUMNUB PROLAY Appendix 5-17 9

2. Construction of dike and hydraulic structures 2.1 Dike improvement (1,500 m) L.S. - 1 91,740 2.2 RMC.1 Head Regulator improvement place 15,000 115,000 2.3 RMC.2 Head Regulator improvement place 15,000 1 15,000 2.4 RMC.3 Head Regulator improvement place 15,000 1 15,000 2.5 Feeder canal regulator improvement place 25,000 1 25,000 2.6 LMC. Head regulator (Demolish and new place 35,000 1 35,000 construction) 2.7 Feeder canal improvement (From Mkak reservoir to L.S. - 1454,619 embankment 5,500m) Total (2) 651,359

3. Construction of new conveyance structures 3.1 RMC.1 – Tail regulator place 7,600 1 7,600 3.2 RMC.2 – Check structure place 3,500 2 7,000 - Road crossing with check place 5,700 1 5,700 - Tail regulator place 7,600 1 7,600 3.3 RMC.3 – Check structure place 3,500 3 10,500 - Road crossing with check place 5,700 2 11,400 - Tail regulator place 7,600 1 7,600 3.4 RMC.4 – Head regulator place 5,900 1 5,900 - Road crossing with check place 5,700 2 11,400 - Check structure place 3,500 1 3,500 - Tail regulator place 7,600 1 7,600 3.5 LMC – Check structure place 3,500 2 7,000 - Road crossing with check place 5,700 2 11,400 - Tail regulator place 7,600 1 7,600 3.6 1R-LMC – Head regulator place 5,900 1 5,900 - Road crossing with check place 5,700 1 5,700 - Tail regulator place 7,600 1 7,600 3.7 2R-LMC – Head regulator place 5,900 1 5,900 - Check structure place 3,500 1 3,500 - Tail regulator place 7,600 1 7,600 3.8 1L-2R-LMC – Head regulator place 5,900 1 5,900 - Check structure place 3,500 1 3,500 - Tail regulator place 7,600 1 7,600 3.9 2L-2R-LMC – Head regulator place 5,900 1 5,900 - Road crossing with check place 5,700 1 5,700 - Tail regulator place 7,600 1 7,600 3.10 2L-2R-LMC – Head regulator place 5,900 1 5,900 - Road crossing with check place 5,700 1 5,700 - Check structure place 3,500 1 3,500 - Tail regulator place 7,600 1 7,600 3.11 Road crossing with check in feeder canal place 60,000 1 60,000 Total (3) 266,900

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4. Canal improvement and new construction 4.1 RMC.1 Improvement km.0+000 to 1+250 km 21,000 1.25 26,250 4.2 RMC.2 Improvement km.0+000 to 5+500 km 30,000 5.50 165,000 4.3 RMC.3 km.0+000 to 5+550 Improvement km 30,000 0.55 16,500 km.0+550 to 3+600 New construction km 40,000 3.05 122,000 km.3+600 to 5+750 Improvement km 30,000 2.15 64,500 4.4 RMC.4 Improvement km 30,000 6.25 187,500 4.5 LMC. km.0+000 to 3+850 Improvement km 30,000 3.85 115,500 km.3+850 to 4+500 New construction km 31,000 0.65 20,150 km.4+500 to 6+000 Improvement km 21,000 1.50 31,500 4.6 1R-LMC. Improvement km.0+000 to 2+500 km 21,000 2.50 52,500 4.7 2R-LMC. Improvement km.0+000 to 2+150 km 21,000 2.15 45,150 4.8 1L-2R-LMC. km.0+000 to 0+900 Improvement km 21,000 0.90 18,900 km.0+900 to 3+000 New construction km 31,000 2.10 65,100 4.9 2L-2R-LMC. km.0+000 to 0+900 Improvement km 21,000 0.90 18,900 4.10 3L-2R-LMC. km.0+000 to 3+500 New construction km 31,000 3.50 108,500 4.11 Distribution canal improvement km 18,000 10.00180,000 Total (4) 1,237,950 5. Drainage system 5.1 Construction new cross drainage structure km 11,000 10 110,000 5.2 Modification existing cross drainage structure km 4,000 5 20,000 Total (5) 130,000 6. Miscellaneous 6.1 For compensation work L.S. 22,500 1 22,500 6.2 For demolish work L.S. 22,500 1 22,500 6.3 For road development L.S. 22,500 122,500 6.4 For existing feeder canal improvement L.S. 22,500 122,500 Total (6) 90,000 Grand total 2,392,519

9.2 Annual O&M costs Item Cost Remarks (US$) Annual O&M 26,900 US$10/ha An estimate for major maintenance in every 5 years, 10% of canal 169,250 construction cost (of new project development) 9 Expected Outputs / Outcome (at project level basis): 9.1 Agricultural production (paddy equivalent) Approx. 6,720 tons 9.2 Increased farm income ( basically from rice crop) approx. 750 US$/hh 9.3 The FWUC: Strengthening activities should lead to a fully operational and effective FWUC, capable of performing operation and maintenance of the rehabilitated irrigation system by the farmers, with gradual phasing out of supports from the government agencies. 9.4 Diversified agriculture: Apart from wet season rice, dry season rice, water melon, egg plant, pumpkin, string bean, corn, cucumber and other vegetables should be grown widely in the project area, with a higher portion of products from livestock rearing and fish culture.

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9.5 Cropping intensity is expected to increase by 20 % or more 9.6 Stable water supplies for agriculture and domestic uses 9.7 Reduced labor migration 9.8 Improved security of food production, increase in the household income and eventually, improved standard of living the local people.

10 Environment and environmental impact assessment

Existing environmental condition: - Tumnub Prolay is situated close to Stung Chi Kreng, about 3 kms southwest of Boeng Per Wildlife Sanctuary and about 26 km north of Tonle Sap Multiple Use Area. However, it does not fall within any protected area. - The surrounding environment is dominated by paddy fields, grassland, common forest and scrubland. - Most of the local farmers reportedly apply chemical pesticide and fertilizers to their paddy fields. - From the initial field investigation, pollution black spots, dumping sites, industrial activities, noisy commercial activities, dusty open storage, etc., could not be found; - Result of the interview with farmers disclosed that many people depend on water from Stung Chi Kreng as the primary source. Ground water is also used by some although in wet season, people basically use rain water for drinking and cooking. - Only about 3% of the households have toilets. Others use forest or dig the land around the houses. - Waste management is generally poor with uncontrolled disposal. There is also a lack of treatment system and facility for collection and transportation of solid waste. Waste water is discharge directly to waterways or grassland while solid waste is mainly (80%) managed by burning. The rest (20%) is disposed of in waterways, open area and burying. - Many Common domestic animals, amphibians and reptiles, birds and fishes could still be observed in the subproject area. In addition to native cattle, pig, chicken and duck, such others as common rat snake, cobra, frog, dove, common tailorbird, plain -backed sparrow, watercock, egret, peacock eel , goldfin tinfoil barb, chevron snake head, white lady carp, etc., also largely exit in the area. - Common trees in the area include acacia, palm, tamarind, eucalyptus tereticornis, bamboo, Eugenia spp, Streblus Asper, Morinda Tomentosa, Strychnos nux-vomica, etc. - Regarding cultural heritage, there is no any archaeological site nearby the subproject area. - No major element of the surrounding environment which might affects the area in which the Subproject is located, could be observed.

Anticipated impacts: - After the rehabilitation and during operational stage of this subproject, water level is expected to rise along with the increase in water volume. - Rehabilitation of the existing canal and new construction do not appear to be a major barrier for fish immigration. - Water at downstream of the Tumnub Prolay canal will join and flow into the Stung Chi Kreng. - Storage of water during the dry season should benefit more to local villagers, as a new source of domestic water supply and irrigation water. Moreover, water quality is expected to improve over time. The increase in volume of water supply and water bodies is expected to also enhance fish catch in the area. - No other significant environmental impact is anticipated.

Probable environmental category :A :B 9 :C

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11 Resettlement and land compensation aspects

Existing condition:

Currently, there has been some record of land reclamation and/or encroachment by local farmers for new lands in the existing reservoir or canal.

Anticipated resettlement/compensation required:

As there will be some affected people (APs) caused by the rehabilitation (or reconstruction), it is important that a short resettlement plan should be required for this case. A new piece of land may have to be secured also for the APs, to help maintain at least their present standard of living.

Resettlement plan required 9 SRP FRP

12 Suggested implementation plan Item 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 P/F F/S D/D FWUC promotion O&M

Prepared by: TEAM Consulting Engineering and Management Co. Ltd., Bangkok, Thailand and TEAM Consulting and Management (Cambodia) Co., Ltd., Phnom Penh, Cambodia

Date of completion: 31 October 2008

TEAM Consulting Engineering & RGC / MOWRAM TEAM Consulting and Management Management Co., Ltd. Asian Development Bank (Cambodia) Co., Ltd.

EMCnutn niern RC/MWA TEAM Consulting and Management RGC / MOWRAM Management Co., Ltd. ConsultingTEAM Engineering & TUMNUB PROLAY Appendix5-17 Asian Development Bank (Cambodia) Co., Ltd.

13

Figure 1 General Map of Project Location

14 EMCnutn niern RC/MWA TEAM Consulting and Management RGC / MOWRAM Management Co., Ltd. ConsultingTEAM Engineering & Appendix 5-17 5-17 Appendix Asian Development Bank

(Cambodia) Co., Ltd. TUMNUB PROLAY

Figure 2 Map of Subproject Area (Potential Beneficiary Area)

EMCnutn niern RC/MWA TEAM Consulting and Management RGC / MOWRAM Management Co., Ltd. ConsultingTEAM Engineering & TUMNUB PROLAY Appendix5-17 Asian Development Bank (Cambodia) Co., Ltd.

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Figure 3: Selected photographs of the Tumnub Prolay, October 2008 16 Appendix 5-17 TUMNUB PROLAY

Gate opening on feeder canal regulator (Mkak dam) Downstream of the feeder canal regulator

Spillway (Mkak dam) LMC canal

RMC.2 canal Feeder canal

Figure 4: Selected photographs of the Tumnub Prolay, October 2008

TEAM Consulting Engineering & RGC / MOWRAM TEAM Consulting and Management Management Co., Ltd. Asian Development Bank (Cambodia) Co., Ltd.

Appendix 5-18

PROFILE OF TUMNUB TRONUM KHOEK SUBPROJECT TUMNUB TRONUM KHOEK Appendix 5-18 1

PROFILE OF TUMNUB TRONUM KHOEK SUBPROJECT

TA-4848 CAM (EXTENSION PHASE) Project Data Sheet

1 Project title: Tumnub Tronum Khoek

2 Project Location and description: 2.1 Headworks. Longitude 1,439,683N Latitude 439,440E Commune: Lveang Russei District: Chikreng Province: Siem Reap

2.2 Date of construction: In 1976 Constructed by Pol Pot Regime

A brief development history: - Since the construction of this scheme has been completed, there was no report of any major maintenance. - Presently, the existing irrigation system cannot be operated.

2.3.1 General map of project location (see Figure 1) 2.3.2 Map of the subproject area (potential beneficiary area) (see Figure 2) 2.3.3 Photographs (see Figure 3, 4)

2.4 Description of route Tumnub Tronum Khoek is located in Siem Reap, northwestern of Cambodia. From Siem Reap town, the project area can be reached by car using national route No. 6 heading southeastern direction for about 70 kms and until it reaches Lveang Russei commune, turns southward to the local road of Ballangk for approximately 2.5 kilometers. The route is however not convenient for normal car because of its bumpy condition.

2.5 Description of the irrigation scheme

Type of scheme : Gravity system

Source of water : From MKAK reservoir and downstream sheet flow

Existing structures, their condition and situation in the area: Tumnub Tronum Khoek has a dike of approximately 7 kms long. There is no other structure along the dike and as the dike’s elevation is about the same elevation as of rice field, it is difficult to identify an exact boundary/location of the project.

Due to the damage of this subproject, no irrigation water is available and accordingly, rice production in the area decreases every year. Some families are already living under the situation of food shortage. Several other families (about 20% of all households) have abandoned their rice fields. However, as this area is in the floodplain, water from Tonle Sap can reach and store in its rice fields with the depth of around 20 cm. Inundation by water from Tonle Sap occurs about 2 times in every 5 year and, is considered good for the rice fields because it brings natural fertilizer and humus to the area.

2.6 Names of key informants in project area:

1) Mr. Chea Sivutha, Project Management Office (PMO) of MOWRAM 2) Mr. Phav Pharn Staff of Siem Reap PDWRAM 3) Mr. Len Sam At Staff of Siem Reap PDWRAM 4) Mr. Lung Phon Commune chief 5) Mr. Sao Sat Commune clerk 6) Mr. Horm Lorm Farmer 7) Mr. Soun Kimse Farmer 8) Mr. Chhorm Tha, Commune member

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9) Mr. Sem Set Farmer 10) Ms. Seang Pik Farmer 11) Mr. Moun Phun Farmer 12) Mr. Yen Met Farmer 13) Mr. Gnem Teav Farmer 14) Ms. Oung Da Farmer

3 Rationale (implementation priority)

Location of this subproject is suitable for the development of irrigation system. Its major source of water comes from MKAK reservoir. Water from MKAK flows in the natural canal down to National Route No.6 and through a box culvert, to the project area. However, as there is no canal connecting from this box culvert to the subproject area, water flows as free surface continuously to the Tonle Sap. Presently, as mentioned, boundary of this Tumnub/dike is difficult to identify. Some of its part even became rice fields bunds due to the long absent of maintenance work. As a consequence, the dike can hardly function anymore.

According to interviewed commune chief and local people, irrigable area of this subproject could be as large as 2,834 ha in the wet-season. If this subproject will be rehabilitated, its dry season area could be about 700 ha. The commune chief and farmers requested that rehabilitation of this dike is made with control structures to maintain water at upstream for rice fields in the downstream. In addition, there was a request for structure to control/manage water from the Tonle Sap.

According to interviewed farmers, rice yields in the area differ greatly between good years and bad years. In 2007, some farmers could obtain as high as 2.8 tons per hectare. But in a bad year (like 2005), they could get only 500 kilograms per hectare. Apart from the fact that this subproject is located in the Transition Zone of the Tonle Sap Biosphea Reserve, it represents one of a few potential areas that should be considered carefully if future development are to take place.

Irrigation area of this subproject is 1,930 ha, which should require irrigation water of 23.72 mcm/year, comprising of 20.10 mcm and 3.62 mcm, for the wet and dry season crops, respectively. Based on the completion report of MKAK reservoir rehabilitation project (October 2005), this subproject could be considered part of irrigable area under the MKAK scheme and as the net inflow of the MKAK reservoir is estimated at about 240 mcm/year out of which 187 mcm/year could be used for irrigation purpose, therefore, water availability for this subproject could be considered likely adequate.

4 Farmer Institutions - FWUC and its status Yes, existing √ No, not existing

Future work/actions required:

If the subproject area is to be rehabilitated and developed further, it is important that the concept of FWUC be introduced simultaneously to the farmers. FWUC should be promoted for establishment in the project area during its rehabilitation stage. With the established FWUC, local farmers need to be advised and encouraged to help in performing some routine functions of operation and maintenance work of the rehabilitated infrastructures. The representative farmers or leaders should be able to perform the coordination function between and among the farmer members and authorities concerned for a long-term sustainability of the project.

Other existing institutions:

A few other occupations groups are reportedly operational in the Lveang Russei commune. They include saving group, rice associate, vegetable group and, pig and chicken associate. Each has its membership of some 30 to 50 households.

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5 Socio-economic profile (of the Commune) 5.1 Area and population: - Cultivated area about 4,700 ha - Number of villages 13 Villages* - No. of families 2,322 number - Total population 15,248 number Of which: Male 7,584 persons Female 7,664 persons * Of which eight (8) villages are likely beneficial area of the subproject. 5.2 Occupation of total population: - Farming (rice growing, orchard, fishing, etc. approx. 97 % - Non-farming (e.g., officer, carpenter, merchant, etc.) approx. 3 % 5.3 Land holding and Tenure ship - Size of land holding 2.1 ha/hh - Farmers having land title approx. 5 - Farmers who do not have land title approx. 95 %

- Landless households approx 7 %

5.4 Existing Cropping Data and Calendar

Based on the secondary data provided by the commune chief, and commune clerk, rice wet cultivation area of Lveang Rusei commune is about 5,822 hectares. Tumnub Tronum Khoek is a major project located in the area. According to the PDWRAM officer and the commune chief, however, benefit area of this subproject could be about 1,900 to 2,600 ha.

Current crops grown in the area consist of wet season rice, water melon, wax gourd, pumpkin (see Table 1). Table 2 shows planted areas of rice and other crops per villages of the commune.

Farmers in the area normally start cultivating wet season rice in May, Jun and July and harvesting it in September, December and January depending on rice varieties. Dry season rice is usual planted in January and harvested in March or April. Water melon is cultivated in January and harvested in March. Most cash crops such as cucumber, lettuce and sweet corn are normally started also in January after the harvesting wet season rice (see Table 3: crop season calendar).

Average wet-season rice yield in the area is about 1.2 tons per hectare while that of dry-season could be as high as 2.0 tons per hectare (see Table 3).

Average farm-gate price obtained by the farmers last year was 850 Riels per kilogram.

Table 1: Major crops grown and irrigation area in the Commune Current main crops Cultivation area Current irrigated Expected irrigated areas (ha) areas ( ha) after rehabilitation in (ha) Wet season rice 4,697 0 3,379 Dry season rice 1,125 300 450 Pumpkin 1 0 n.a Cucumber 2 0 5 Wax gourd 1 0 n.a Water melon 4 n.a 10 (Source: Secondary data from the commune, 2008)

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Table 2: Cultivation area of the major crops per villages Village name Total Benefit Wet Dry season Other crop cultivation households from the season rice rice area(ha) areas (ha) project (ha) Ta Ong 327 Yes 430 n.a 2.5 Kuk Ampil 203 Yes 380 n.a 2 Chrey Chrus 171 Yes 560 n.a 1.5 Thnol 160 Yes 259 n.a 1.5 Khnong 102 Yes 150 n.a 2 Prey Toteng 265 Yes 606 n.a 3 Kbal Kdouch 195 Yes 544 n.a 2 Balang 215 Yes 450 n.a 2 Chombokpos 165 No 400 n.a 2 Roung Thmei 103 No 198 n.a 1.5 Lveang Rusei 184 No 330 n.a 2 Ta Ngoun 110 No 301 n.a 2 Kokos n.a. No 89 n.a 2.5 (Source: Secondary data from the commune, 2008)

Table 3. Seasonal crop calendar Description Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Rice crops Short duration Medium duration Late duration Upland crops Cucumber Wax gourd Pumpkin Water melon

(Based on farmers’ interview, August 2008)

Table 4: Major crop area, production and yield Main crops Total cultivation area Total production Average yield (ha) (t) (t/ha) Wet season rice 4,697 5,636 1.2 Dry season rice 1,125 2,250 2 Cucumber 2 n.a n.a Water melon 4 n.a n.a (Source: Secondary data from the commune, 2008)

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According to the farmers interviewed, the following were quoted as key problems in the area: ƒ Drought ƒ Poor soils ƒ Rice diseases including problem from rats and birds ƒ Lack of labor force (because some family members migrate to work for garment factories in Phnom Penh) ƒ Lack of farmyard manure and chemical fertilizer ƒ Lack of working capital to purchase fertilizer, and herbicides ƒ Low crop yields.

5.5 Other agricultural issues in the project area

Farmers living in the project area have an access to Kampong Kdei market located about 12 km from the commune, to purchase their agricultural inputs. They however usually sell their rice and other crops at their respective villages, in addition to the Kampong Kdei market.

The farmers used to obtain also some extension services provided by agricultural extension workers based at the provincial level who had trained them on such subject as rice cultivation technique, compost making and animal raising but, the services did not cover many farmers due probably to their budgetary constraint.

5.6 Other socio-economic issues

People in this commune are homogeneous in terms of their ethnicity. All the people belong to Khmer ethnic group. There are eight (8) primary schools and a lower secondary school; all children of school age go to these schools. In addition, there are a general hospital and four (4) pagodas in the commune. There is also a small market and about 10% of the households in the commune are connected to electricity supply. Major sources of water of the commune are rain (45%) and underground (40%) water. Roads connecting the commune to district town are paved although those within the commune are unpaved. Farming is the primary occupation of the majority (97% of all households). Other occupations include repairing electronics and motorbikes, rice husking, hairdressing and commerce (small retail shops). Average annual household income in this commune was reportedly about Riels 2.5 million (or, 625 US$/hh). Comparatively, a higher percentage of the households in this commune are considered medium wealthy to wealthy, i.e., about 30% of the households are poor1, 40% are medium wealthy2 and the rest (30%) wealthy3. Similar to other areas of the country, income of female-headed-households (FHHs) is generally lower than that of male-headed-households (MHHs). As example, average annual highest and lowest income from farm produces is Riels 8.0 million and Riels 2.0 million, respectively per MHH. Corresponding figures for the FHH are Riels 6.0 million and Riels 1.5 million. Average annual highest and lowest incomes from non-farm activities are Riels 10.0 million and Riels 2.0 million, respectively per MHH and the corresponding figures for FHH are only Riels 7.0 million and Riels1.0 million. It was of interest to note also that as high as 30% of the households are indebted. They got their loans either from bank or saving groups. Among them, it was reported that only one (1) % has extreme difficulty to repay the loan. Majority of the households could produce sufficient rice to feed family members throughout the year. While about 20% of the households could produce surplus rice, another 50% could produce just sufficient rice for home consumption. The remaining 30% has a problem of insufficient rice production and of the that face this problem of rice shortage, 5% was reported to lack of rice for more than 6 months a year. Limited arable land, lack of irrigation facilities and lack of household labor force were quoted as the major reasons behind food shortage of households in the area.

1 Poor households refer to households who have (i) <1 hector of agricultural land, (ii) no large ruminants (i.e., cow, buffalos), (iii) maximum of 1 small ruminants (i.e., pigs) and a few number of chicken and duck, (iv) less than 6 A (1 A= 100 m2) of household land size, (v) posses 1 bicycle (no motorbike), (vi) thatched house, and (vii) <6 months rice shortage. 2 Medium wealthy households refer to the households who have (i) maximum of 3 hectors of agricultural land, (ii) maximum of 3 large ruminants (i.e., cow, buffalos), (iii) maximum of 4 small ruminants (i.e., pigs) and a number of chicken and duck, (iv) 6-20 A of household land size, (v) 1-2 motor-bike and 1 bicycle, (vi) small wooden house, and (vii) rice sufficiency (no shortage). 3 Wealthy households refer to the households who have (i) more than 3 hectors of agricultural land, (ii) more than 4 large ruminants (i.e., cow, buffalos), (iii) More than 4 small ruminants (i.e., pigs) and a considerable number of chicken, (iv) 20A of household land size, (v) 2 motor-bikes and 1 bicycle, (vi) big wooden or brick built house, and (vii) surplus rice production TEAM Consulting Engineering & RGC / MOWRAM TEAM Consulting and Management Management Co., Ltd. Asian Development Bank (Cambodia) Co., Ltd. 6 Appendix 5-18 TUMNUB TRONUM KHOEK

People in the community usually migrate to other areas throughout the year to seek for more jobs and income. Some 435 men and 494 women migrated outside last year. They migrated to Phnom Penh (rank 1-most common destination), provincial town (rank 2), Poi Pet (rank 3) and Thailand (rank 4 –least common destination). Migration affects household and household members on different issues. Migration increases workload, particularly of female members. Also, it hampers agricultural production, affects education of children, and makes women vulnerable to HIV/AIDS transmitted via migrant husband. At this commune, of the 9 councilors, there was one woman in the position. It reveals that women are poorly represented in the community affairs. However, prevalence of domestic violence in this commune is also low (5%). Solidarity groups exist in the commune. They provides cows, pigs, chicken and vegetable seed among the members. Both men and women are the members of these solidarity groups.

6 Land utilization & suitability - Irrigated area (Subproject basis) - 6.1 Land utilization - Potential irrigation area approx. 1,930 ha - Future irrigated area (expected wet+dry seasons) approx. 2,140 ha - Potential newly irrigated area (to be developed) n.a. ha - Irrigated area but, not used n.a.

6.2. Land suitability for irrigation rice crop

Soil types in the project areas were found to be of three soil groups consisting of Prey Khmer, Prateah Lang and Krakor.

According to a referenced literature (Vang, soil TIP, 2006), the Prey Khmer is a soil-type occurring on old alluvial terraces or the colluvial-alluvial plains, with sandy textured profile extending up to 50 cm or deeper. This soil type is estimated to occupy about 11% of the total rice growing area in the country. Prey Khmer group consists of fine sandy phase and coarse sandy phase. This soil is therefore difficult to manage for rice production. This soil type is not suitable for irrigation and its fertility is very low. It is potentially deficient in N, P, K, S and Mg. Organic matter levels are also low. Fertilizer management is very difficult with nutrients being easily leached and it is difficult in matching nutrient supply to crop demand.

The Prateah Lang soil is estimated to occupy about 28% of the total rice-growing area in the country. Based on characteristics of the sub soil that affect root penetration and water drainage, this soil type has three different phases: 1) Shallow phase, 2) Clayey subsoil phase and 3) Loamy subsoil phase. This soil is generally difficult to manage for rice production but, if supplementary irrigation can be developed and provided, rice yields could substantially increase.

For the Krokor, it is a soil with gray to brown but not dark gray, very dark brown or black, loamy or clayey textured topsoil over sandy, loamy or clayey subsoil occurring on active floodplains. The soil occurs in all provinces and is estimated to occupy about 15% of the land area grown to rice in Cambodia. Two phases have been defined for the Krakor soil, non-cracking and cracking. The soil has a good potential to produce high rice yields. It responds well to improved management and, has a high suitability for irrigation if water can be managed effectively. Inherent fertility of the soil is also good.

6.3 Additional information relevant to land suitability

Based on the information obtained from the farmers interviewed, farmers in the area grow various kind of rice varieties. Short duration rice varieties consist of Senpidor and IR. Medium duration rice varieties are Pkamalis, Pkaromdoul, Neangkung, Penh and Riengthy and, late duration rice varieties which include Doung, Kamplech, Pholy and Pok.

As explained, situation as it is at the present, rice yields are rather low. According to the farmers interviewed, however, the yield could be as high as 2.8 t/ha in a good year (2005 figure). On the other hand, farmers could get as low as 900 kilograms per hectare in a bad year (2004 figure).

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If the subproject is rehabilitated, planted areas of such cash crops as water melon, corn, cucumber and

other vegetables is expected to be largely expanded, including about 200 hectares of dry season rice.

Land preparation in the project area is done basically (96% of all households) by animal. Similarly, threshing and transporting of rice crop is done generally by cattle. Harvesting (of rice) is however done by human labor. Transplanting method is also mostly (90%) practiced by farmers. It is indicated that farm mechanization is not yet widespread in the area.

7 Scope of the project: 7.1 Work Required: - Feasibility study - Other important work/activities should include:

• Site plan survey at 2 barrages, at scale 1:500 and size 100mx100 m., with contour interval 0.50 m. • Project area mapping at scale 1:10,000, with contour interval of 1 m. • Strip topographic survey for main canal and existing canal/stream, scale 1:4,000 and cross-section every 100 m. • Confirmation of proposed irrigation area and potential area in the field. • Geotechnical survey 4 bore hole at 2 barrages. 2 bore hole at 2 road crossing with check

7.2 Anticipated project components:-

1) Irrigation infrastructures (to be rehabilitated/re-constructed)

1.1) Appurtenance structures and dike - Construction of dike closure to existing, 250 m. (approx.) - Construction of new barrages, two (2) places. - Construction of a new control structure. 1.2) Canal/stream improvement and new construction (with respective approximate length in kms.) including:- - Canal No.3 2.85 km. (Improvement) - Canal No. 4 1.95 km. (New construction) - Stream No. 5 3.95 km. (Improvement) - Canal No.7 6.40 km. (New construction) - Canal No.8 1.15 km. (Improvement) - Canal No.11 3.90 km. (Improvement) 1.3) Construction of new conveyance structures, including:- - Head regulator No.12, four (4) places. - Road crossing with check No.9, three (3) places. - Waste way No. 10, five (5) places. - Modification of existing structure along the rural road No.11, eight (8) places. 1.4) Maintenance of farm roads. 1.5) Demolishing of some of existing but, un-functional structures.

2) Irrigated agriculture

Based on the farmers interviewed, they expect to cultivate more economic crops such as dry season rice, water melon, cassava, sugarcane, water convolvulus, Chinese radish, string bean, sweet potato, corn. However, promising cash crops need to be reconfirmed, based on market demand and other aspects. In addition, some farmers expressed their intention to try livestock rearing and perhaps, fish culture if irrigation water is available and manageable. TEAM Consulting Engineering & RGC / MOWRAM TEAM Consulting and Management Management Co., Ltd. Asian Development Bank (Cambodia) Co., Ltd. 8 Appendix 5-18 TUMNUB TRONUM KHOEK

In view of these, development of irrigated agriculture should be another project component for the F/S study to be pursued, to confirm their viability and feasibility, taking fully into consideration the prevailing agricultural market and level of know-how of the farmers. Supplementary measures and assistance programs through agricultural extension services need to be identified and recommended for eventual implementation.

3) FWUC: √ To be newly established

According to farmers who participated in the group discussion, FWUC does not exist in the community.

As a project component of the F/S, problems and development needs of the farmers should be studied thoroughly with a view to seeing the potential and constraints in promoting the establishment of FWUC for long-term development and sustainability of the subproject under consideration. Based on the study result, recommendations for its establishment with supports needed from PDWRAM/MOWRAM and timing of the implementation will be required.

4) Others (capacity building and other related activities):

Also as a result of the field observation, generally, organizational aspects of the local farmers and selected agencies concerned were rather weak. To the farmers, new knowledge for performing their occupations and functions are limited and not always up- to-date. A project component aiming at institutional strengthening and capacity buildings of farmers’ institutions (including the FWUC and other social groups) and related responsible government agencies should be necessary.

8 Estimated project cost and breakdown:

The following are preliminary estimates of eventual development cost of the identified physical infrastructures that need to be confirmed by the proposed F/S Study. 8.1 Capital and base costs Item Unit Q'tity Unit cost Cost (US$) (US$) 1. Land compensation 1.1 New construction of canal (No.4) 1.95 km ha 3.9 700 2,730 1.2 New construction of main canal (No.7) 6.4 km ha 12.8 700 8,960 Total (1) 11,690 2. Construction of dike and hydraulic structures 2.1 New construction of barrage (No.1) L.S 1 - 65,000 2.2 New construction of barrage (No.6) L.S 1 - 80,000 2.3 New construction of head regulator (No.12) place 4 5,900 23,600 2.4 New construction of road crossing with check (No.9) place 3 28,000 84,000 2.5 New construction of waste way (No.10) place 5 57,000 285,000 2.6 Modification of existing structures along rural road place 8 1,500 12,000 (No.11) 2.7 Construction of new dike closure to existing one L.S 1 - 300,000 (No.2) 2.8 Construction of new control structure (No.13) L.S 1 - 55,000 Total (2) 904,600

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3. Construction of new conveyance structures 3.1 Canal No.3 improvement km 2.85 85,000 242,250 3.2 Canal No.4 new construction km 1.95 100,000 195,000 3.3 Stream No.5 improvement km 3.95 85,000 335,750 3.4 Canal No.7 new construction km 6.40 50,000 320,000 3.5 Canal No.8 improvement km 1.15 30,000 34,500 3.6 Canal No.11 improvement km 3.90 21,000 81,900 Total (3) 1,209,400 4. Drainage system 4.1 Construction of new cross drainage structures place 5 11,000 55,000 4.2 Modification of existing cross drainage structures place 3 4,000 12,000 Total (4) 67,000 5. Miscellaneous 5.1 For compensation work L.S - 1 1,500 5.2 For demolishing work L.S - 1 5,000 5.3 For road development L.S - 1 25,000 5.4 For improvement of existing feeder canal L.S - 1 20,000 Total (5) 51,500 Grand total 2,244,190

8.2 Annual O&M costs Item Cost Remarks (US$) Annual O&M 19,300 US$10/ha An estimate for major maintenance in every 5 years, 10% of canal 120,940 construction cost (of new project development)

9 Expected Outputs / Outcome (at project level basis): 9.1 Agricultural production (paddy equivalent) approx. 3,650 tons 9.2 Increased farm income ( from only rice crop) approx. 830 US$/hh 9.3 Operational FWUC: FWUC should have been established and put into operation in the longer term. 9.4 Diversified agriculture: After the subproject is rehabilitated, apart from wet season rice, planted areas for dry season rice, water melon and other economic crops should be largely expanded. In addition, livestock rearing should be an emerging occupational choice for the farmers. 9.5 Cropping intensity is expected to increase by 20 % 9.6 Stable water supplies for agriculture and domestic uses 9.7 Labor migration is expected to reduce 9.8 Besides the expectations above, the local farmers also expressed their hope to improve their living condition by means of improved income, improved access road to project and other environment conditions.

TEAM Consulting Engineering & RGC / MOWRAM TEAM Consulting and Management Management Co., Ltd. Asian Development Bank (Cambodia) Co., Ltd. 10 Appendix 5-18 TUMNUB TRONUM KHOEK

10 Environment and environmental impact assessment

Existing environmental condition:

- Tumnub Tronum Khoek is situated on the southern side of national road No. 6, also about 14 kms south of Boeng Per Wildlife Sanctuary and about 16 kms north of the Tonle Sap Multiple Use Area. - Surrounding environment is dominated by paddy fields and grassland. - This subproject is flooded every year, either by heavy rains and/or flood from the Tonle sap Great Lake, The flood duration from heavy rain is normally short (about 2-3 days each) but the flood from the Tonle Sap great Lake could be about 1.5 months or longer per year, with a maximum depth of about 0.7 m. - Existing land-use is dominated by paddy fields. Most of the local farmers reportedly apply natural fertilizers to their paddy fields. - From the initial field investigation, pollution black spots, dumping sites, industrial activities, noisy commercial activities, dusty open storage, etc., were not found. - Surface water shortages do occasionally occur in the dry season due to the lack of reservoirs. Some people depend on groundwater as well as rain water for drinking and cooking. - However, only about 3% of the households were reportedly having toilet in their houses. - Waste management is generally poor with uncontrolled disposal and there is a lack of treatment system and facilities for collection and transportation for solid waste. Waste water is discharge directly to waterways or grassland while solid waste is mainly (80%) managed by burning. The rest is by open area and burying. - Many domestic animals, amphibians and reptiles, mammals, birds and fishes could be observed, e.g., native cattle, pig, chicken and duck. As reported by the farmers, the following could also be seen in the area, e.g., rat, snake, frog, dove, quail, common tailorbird, sparrow, watercock, etc. - Common trees in the area include acacia, palm, tamarind, eucalyptus tereticornis, bamboo, Morinda Tomentosa, Strychnos Nux-vomica, etc. - Regarding cultural heritage, there is no any archaeological site nearby the subproject area.

Anticipated impacts:

The proposed rehabilitation of this subproject should have no significant effect to floating rice cultivation in the wet season. Farmers should still be able to grow wet season rice in the existing area upstream of the dike. In the dry season, however, more farmers are expected to gain more benefit from water which could be retained in the canal and in addition to rice, may grow some other cash crops too. However, as rice price has a tendency to increase recently, it is expected that dry season rice area could be expanded to cover fully the potential lands. No other environmental impact is anticipated.

The proposed rehabilitation of irrigation facilities under the project aims basically at the increase in volume of water supply, the increase in crop yields and hence, production volume in the subproject area. More fish species are expected, as volume of water increases. It is unlikely, however, that the proposed rehabilitation work will create any major barrier for the fish immigration. Water storage during the dry season is expected to benefit to local villagers, particularly as a source of water for home consumption and irrigation water for dry season crops.

However, as mentioned, this subproject is located in the Transition Zone of the Tonle Sap Biosphea Reserve, it deserves a careful consideration should development activities are to take place, as significant environmental impact could occur.

Probable environmental category 9 :A :B :C

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11 Resettlement and land compensation aspects Existing condition:

Currently, there has been some record of land reclamation and/or encroachment by local farmers for new lands in the existing reservoir or canal.

Anticipated resettlement/compensation required:

As there will be some affected people (APs) caused by the rehabilitation (or reconstruction), it is important that a short resettlement plan should be required for this case. A new piece of land may have to be secured also for the APs, to help maintain at least their present standard of living.

Resettlement plan required 9 SRP FRP

12 Suggested implementation plan Item 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 P/F F/S D/D FWUC promotion O&M

Prepared by: TEAM Consulting Engineering and Management Co. Ltd., Bangkok, Thailand and TEAM Consulting and Management (Cambodia) Co., Ltd., Phnom Penh, Cambodia

Date of completion: 31 October 2008

TEAM Consulting Engineering & RGC / MOWRAM TEAM Consulting and Management Management Co., Ltd. Asian Development Bank (Cambodia) Co., Ltd.

12

EMCnutn niern RC/MWA TEAM Consulting and Management RGC / MOWRAM Management Co., Ltd. ConsultingTEAM Engineering & Appendix 5-18 5-18 Appendix Asian Development Bank TUMNUB TRONUMKHOEK (Cambodia) Co., Ltd.

Figure 1 General Map of Project Location

EMCnutn niern RC/MWA TEAM Consulting and Management RGC / MOWRAM Management Co., Ltd. ConsultingTEAM Engineering & TUMNUB TRONUMKHOEK Asian Development Bank (Cambodia) Co., Ltd. Appendix 5-18 Appendix

13

Figure 2 Map of Subproject Area (Potential Beneficiary Area)

14 EMCnutn niern RC/MWA TEAM Consulting and Management RGC / MOWRAM Management Co., Ltd. ConsultingTEAM Engineering & Appendix 5-18 5-18 Appendix Asian Development Bank TUMNUB TRONUMKHOEK (Cambodia) Co., Ltd.

Figure 3: Selected photographs of the Tumnub Tronum Khoek, October 2008

TUMNUB TRONUM KHOEK Appendix 5-18 15

Discussion with MOWRAM and PDWRAM staffs Rice field in the project area

Box culvert under National Road No.6 Rural road and water control structure (No.11 Figure2)

Land preparation Water control structure along rural road and canal (No.11, Figure2)

Figure 4: Selected photographs of the Tumnub Tronum Khoek, October 2008

TEAM Consulting Engineering & RGC / MOWRAM TEAM Consulting and Management Management Co., Ltd. Asian Development Bank (Cambodia) Co., Ltd.

Appendix 5-19

PROFILE OF TUMNUB SPEAN KMENG SUBPROJECT

TUMNUB SPEAN KMENG Appendix 5-19 1

PROFILE OF TUMNUB SPEAN KMENG SUBPROJECT

TA-4848 CAM (EXTENSION PHASE) Project Data Sheet

1 Project title: Tumnub Spean Kmeng

2 Project Location and description: 2.1 Headwork Longitude 1,535,160N Latitude 342,237E Commune: Srei Spean District: Srei Snam Province: Siem Reap

2.2 Date of construction: Ancient Dike 1975 Constructed by Khmer Rouge Regime

A brief development history: - In 1975, two box culverts have firstly been built. There are three (3) ancient bridges along dike. - In 2005, a spillway was then built and added to the system. Presently, however, the existing system cannot be operated due basically to damages on many of the existing infrastructures.

2.3.1 General map of project location (see Figure 1) 2.3.2 Map of the subproject area (potential beneficiary area) (see Figure 2) 2.3.3 Photographs (see Figure 3, 4)

2.4 Description of the route to project site Spean Kmeng is located in the northwestern part of Siem Reap province, Cambodia. From Siem Reap town, the site can be accessed by National Road No. 6 on the way to Bantey Meanchey for about 50 kms and then, turn northward entering laterite road No. 68 (at Kralanh district) for another 40 kilometers to reach the subproject-site. Road condition is slushy all along and most parts are still under construction or repair.

2.5 Description of the irrigation scheme

Type of scheme: Gravity system and flood recession with no distribution system.

Source of water: Natural flow from Stung Sreng and rainfall from upper part of the reservoir.

Structures, condition and situation at the project area:

The existing components of the subproject comprise of a spillway, three (3) ancient bridges, two (2) box culverts, a 3-km long west–east dike and a 2-km long north–south dike along Stung Sreng. There are two (2) other culverts along the Stung Sreng dike that help divert flooding from the river flow to the reservoir in wet season and the water from the reservoir to the river in dry season but, both are damaged.

During the Pol Pot period, the whole upper area of the dike was served as a reservoir for the downstream area. In 1980, due to the flood damage to the dike, farmers started to cultivate in the reservoir area which could be divided basically into two parts by a rural road; the western part of the road is still functional as a reservoir while the eastern part has been dried up and is being used by farmers as cultivated area for normal rice. In the reservoir area, however, farmers practice floating rice, covering about 20% of the total reservoir area. Information obtained from an interviewee disclosed that as elevation the eastern part of the reservoir is higher than the western part, when water level in the western part is high enough it flows to the eastern part through the bridges along the rural road. Moreover, it was explained that rice grown in the eastern part has never been badly affected by flooding problem from the western part. In 2005, Activist Development and Relief Agency (ADRA) provided fund for constructing a regulator to retain water, including spill water in the flood season. Due to this, as explained, the western part of the road became a healthy reservoir again.

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However, according to the interview with the Chief of Commune and PDWRAM officer, it was noted that some parts of the reservoir area belong now to a private company. Due to this, there is a problem of land-use conflict between the company and local people to be noted. The company has been trying to develop their area by filling up the land but the local people prefer to reserve it as the reservoir: their source of water.

2.6 Names of key informants in project area:

1) Mr. Phav Pharn Staff of Siem Reap PDWRAM 2) Mr. Len Sam At Staff of Siem Reap PDWRAM 3) Mr. Chem Chre Commune chief 4) Mr. Det Polo First deputy commune chief 5) Mr. Men Koy Commune clerk 6) Mr. Leoung Poeuy Chief Village 7) Mr. Chhean Khot Farmer 8) Mr. Sok Sagn Farmer 9) Mr. Thour Ry Farmer 10) Mr. Oun Koy Farmer 11) Mr. Nob Aerp Farmer 12) Mr. Smok Sarun Farmer 13) Ms. Mol Heng Farmer 14) Ms. Khut Po Farmer 15) Ms. Morn Choye Farmer 16) Ms. Neb Tek Farmer 17) Ms. Soch Sieb Farmer 18) Ms. Oum Soung Farmer 19) Ms. Peng Berk Farmer 20) Ms. Khien Serk Farmer 21) Ms. Mok Ter Farmer 22) Ms. Chea Yerb Farmer 23) Ms. Chan Sun Farmer 24) Ms. Noy Phouk Farmer 25) Ms. Chea Kei Farmer 26) Ms. Khol Soavny Farmer

3 Rationale (implementation priority)

From the initial field study conducted in August 2008 and earlier, it could be seen that this subproject has a high potential for irrigated agriculture and the local farmers also actively expressed their wishes to see the development in this respect. From the technical points of view, two regulators should (as an example) be constructed to replace the damaged culverts.

In considering future water requirement of this subproject area, the following parameters were applied: 1. Irrigation efficiency in wet season = 40% 2. Water use in paddy fields preparation within 4 weeks = 200 mm (also in wet season) 3. Percolation loss = 1.8 mm/day.

Based on these parameters, average monthly water requirement for the 1,240 ha (irrigable area, normal rice) of the Tumnub Spean Kmeng subproject can be estimated and shown below: Unit 106 m3 Areas (ha) July Aug Sep Oct Nov 1,240 2.84 2.33 3.88 3.62 0.26

From the table, it may be said that water requirement of this subproject area is 12.91 million cubic meters (MCM).

From an existing reference (Srei Snam, 2000-2007 and Preah Netr Preah, Completion Report of Mongkol Borei River Basin (pakage 1) March 2007), an average rainfall in this subproject area from July to November is about 724 mm. According to discharge data recorded at Kralanh station from 1999 – 2004 (5 year data), it was also evident that flood peak periods in the area varied from year to year, e.g., TEAM Consulting Engineering & RGC / MOWRAM TEAM Consulting and Management Management Co., Ltd. Asian Development Bank (Cambodia) Co., Ltd. TUMNUB SPEAN KMENG Appendix 5-19 3

in 1999, they were in June and October. In normal years, however, the peaks could be just one time a year, although in different months. It is therefore necessary that new control structures to receive water from Stung Sreng be constructed for this subproject, to ensure sufficient water planting rice at the beginning of growing season, etc., because of the uncertainty of flooding periods. Otherwise, availability of water resources for this subproject compared to the requirement seemed to be questionable.

However, it was noted that during 2006 – 2007, Economic and Social Relaunch of Northwest Provinces in Cambodia (ECOSORN) conducted a survey aiming at funding the improvement of the west–east dike. The implementation could not materialize because the people who used to grow rice in the eastern upstream area were worrying about the increase in water level (after the implementation) that could affect their normal rice. Moreover, there is a concern over the 3 ancient bridges along the dike which are under the mandatory area of the APSARA Authority. Initiatives on new developments nearby these ancient structures should need prior consultation and perhaps, consent from the Authority.

From the farmers and local people points of view, there has been a strong requirement for rehabilitation and needs for further development of this subproject to improve and enhance their food security and related social and economic conditions but at the same time, there exist several constraints and factors that need to be fully taken into consideration during the next stage of project preparation study.

4 Farmer Institutions - FWUC and its status Yes, existing √ No, not existing

Future work/actions required: Based on a discussion with key farmers at the subproject site, damage of the existing irrigation system was of their concern and it was always their question “why” the broken system can not be rehabilitated? Among others, lacking of a Farmer Water Users Community (FWUC) was conceived as a reason, although they did not have a clear idea on how to go about it. It is therefore important that concept of FWUC be introduced properly to the farmers in this subproject area, with all the other necessary supports from PDWRAM and/or the project during the next phase of project’s implementation, in order to enable them to set up the FWUC and perform operation and maintenance (O&M) of the rehabilitated project In the longer-term.

Other existing institutions:

Initial information indicated that there is hardly any other occupation groups in operation in the Srei Spean commune. The key one is the farmer’s association which has members of only 15 hh. In terms of rural development, a study should be undertaken on how to promote establishment of more professional groups in the subproject area.

5 Socio-economic profile (of the Commune) 5.1 Area and population: - Net subproject area (cultivated area) > 2,100 ha - Total villages 15 Villages* - No. of families 1,641 hh - Total population 9,092 persons Of which: Male 4,762 persons Female 4,330 persons * Of which four (4) are beneficial villages of the subproject. 5.2 Occupation of total population: - Farming (rice growing, orchard, fishing, etc.) approx. 94 % - Non-farming (e.g., officer, carpenter, merchant, etc.) approx. 6 %

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5.3 Land holding and Tenure ship - Size of land holding approx. 1.2 ha/hh - Farmers having land title None

5.4 Existing Cropping Data and Calendar

Based on the secondary data provided by the commune chief and clerk, cultivation area of rice in the wet season in this commune is about 2,146 hectares. Tumnub Spean Kmeng is the only project benefited to this commune.

Main crops grown in the project area consist of wet season rice, water melon, corn, cucumber, wax gourd, chili, cassava, and sugarcane. Floating rice was also cultivated in a large scale, i.e., about 430 ha altogether (for more, see Table 1). Table 2 shows planted areas of different crops in each village of the commune, both inside and outside the project area.

Crops are grown in different times and seasons. Farmers normally start cultivating wet season rice in May and Jun and harvesting in December and January, depending on verities.Water melon is normally cultivated at two different times, i.e., in early May and December, and harvested in July and February. Most other cash crops (e.g., water melon, corn, pumpkin, chili, papaya, and sugar) are also grown at similar time in May when the rainy season start. Vegetables, including cucumber, wax gourd and pumpkin, are usually grown in mid-April or early May and harvested in Jun or July. (see Table 3: Crop calendar).

However, crop yields are reportedly low due to the lack of water in the reservoir caused by the damages to the dike. Average wet-season rice yield is only about 1 t/ha (see Table 4).

In 2007, rice price was about 550 Riels per kilogram.

Table 1: Crop cultivation areas in the commune Current main crops Cultivation area Current irrigated Expected irrigation area (ha) area ( ha) after rehabilitation in (ha) Wet season rice 2146 0 850 Dry season rice 0 0 50 Floating rice 429 0 430 Pumpkin 2 0 0 Corn 10 0 15 Cucumber 4 0 10 Sugar cane 10 0 5 (Source: Secondary data from commune, 2008)

Table 2: Cultivation area of the major crops, by villages in the commune Village name Total Benefit Wet Dry season Other crop households from the season rice rice area areas project (ha) (ha) (ha)

Sleng Spean 356 Yes 339 0 55 Phnum Dei 154 Yes 184 0 25 Chrea Thearng 135 Yes 230 0 20 Prea Sket 39 Yes 95 0 15 Chomcarchek 179 239 0 30

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Domnakdomrei 78 111 0 10 Thlok 182 221 0 30 Tram Kos 88 128 0 15 Dongkor 69 94 0 25 Sala 103 166 0 40 Leab 51 81 0 2 Kandal 66 95 0 3 Romeat 70 58 0 2 Kok Phnov 40 60 0 2 Cha 31 55 0 1 (Source: Secondary data from commune, 2008)

Table 3. Seasonal crop calendar Description Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Rice crops Medium duration Late duration Upland crops Water melon Cucumber Wax gourd Chili Pumpkin Papaya Corn

(Source: Reported by interviewed farmers, August 2008)

Table 4: Major crop area, production and yield Main crops Total cultivation area (ha) Total production Average yield (t) (t/ha) Wet season rice 2,146 2,146 1.0 Floating rice 429 429 1.0 (Sources: Report by commune officials, August 2008)

Based on the interview with village chiefs and key farmers, some key problems being faced by the local people could be identified as follows: ƒ Lack of labor force ƒ Lack of agricultural tools and equipment for farming ƒ Lack of water irrigation ƒ Low crop yield ƒ Drought ƒ Shortage of working capital for fertilizer, herbicides and pesticide ƒ Problems from weed, insects, birds, rat and crab ƒ Lack of draft animal

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ƒ Lack of farmyard manure ƒ Lack of soil improvement technique. It should be noted that FWUC has not yet been established in this subproject area.

5.5 Other agricultural issues

Local farmers have an access to Kralanh, Somroung and Svay markets, located about 5 km, 40 km and 150 kms respectively from the project-site, to purchase their agricultural inputs and machineries. However, they usually sell their agricultural products, particularly rice and water melon to middlemen in the villages.

In 2002, agricultural extension workers based at the district level had provided extension services to the farmers in this project area but, the extension activities could not continue due to the lack of financial resources (as it was explained).

In 2008, ECOSORN has provided also some extension services on compost making, rice cultivation technique and animal raising (including chicken, duck and cattle). However, since the project has only a limited scope and resource, only few farmers could access to those new knowledge provided.

5.6 Other socio-economic issues

All the people in the sub-project area belong to Khmer ethnicity. At commune level, there are nine (9) primary schools; all children of school age go to these schools. In addition, there are a general hospital (which provides services for mother and child health care too) and three (3) pagodas. There is no any big People use water from different sources for drinking and household purposes. The majority (50%) of the households, however, use water from bore well. Roads connecting the commune to the district town and other villages are basically unpaved. Farming is the primary occupation of the majority of the households. Repairing motorbike is an emerging occupation to be noted. About 20% of all the households are considered poor1, 65% are medium wealthy2 and the rest (15%) wealthy3. According to partial information provided by the interviewed farmers and commune council officials, average annual household income in the project area is about Riels 1.46 million (approx. US$365/hh). Poverty incidence is higher among female-headed-households (FHHs) compared to male-headed-households (MHHs). As an example, for MHHs, their average annual highest and lowest incomes from farm products were reported to be Riels 4.0 million and Riels 0.8 million, respectively. The corresponding figures for FHHs were only Riels 1.2 million and Riels 0.32 million, respectively. Furthermore, average annual highest and lowest income from non-farm activities were Riels 6 million and Riels 0.84 million for MHHs but, only Riels 0.6 million and Riels 0.24million for the case of FHHs. It was reported that about 10% of the total households (all were MHHs, though) could produce surplus rice while about 50% (45% MHHs and 5% FHHs) could just produce enough rice to feed their household members all-year-round. The remainder (5%), however, could not produce sufficient rice even for the home consumption. Lack of irrigation facilities, small agricultural land, shortage of household labor and limited agricultural inputs, among others, were quoted as the major reasons behind food shortage of the households. Children were reported to be worst affected by food shortage, followed by women and elderly members. People in the community usually migrate to other areas throughout the year for aspiration of improved income for better living. It was reported that 236 men and 174 women migrated last year. In relative terms, there was also a tendency that teenagers would migrate more compared to adults. Most of these people migrate to Thailand. Migration of particularly male members hampers agricultural production of the household, increases corresponding workload of female members, and adversely affects education of their children (because they have to work more in the fields).

1 Poor households refer to households who have (i) maximum of 25A (1A= 100 M2) of agricultural land, (ii) maximum of 2 large ruminants (i.e., cow, buffalos), (iii) maximum of 1 small ruminants (i.e., pigs) and a few number of chicken and duck, (iv) less than 1 A of household land size, (v) maximum of 1 bicycle, and (vi) thatched house. 2 Medium wealthy households refer to the households who have (i) maximum of 1.5 hectors of agricultural land, (ii) 2-5 large ruminants (i.e., cow, buffalos), (iii) 1-5 small ruminants (i.e., pigs) and a number of chicken and duck, (iv) 1-4 A of household land size, (v) 1 motor-bike and 1 bicycle, and (vi) small wooden house. 3 Wealthy households refer to the households who have (i) more than 5 hectors of agricultural land, (ii) more than 5 large ruminants (i.e., cow, buffalos), (iii) More than 3 small ruminants (i.e., pigs) and a considerable number of chicken, (iv) 4-6A of household land size, (v) More than 2 motor-bike and bi-cycles and (vi) big wooden or brick built house. TEAM Consulting Engineering & RGC / MOWRAM TEAM Consulting and Management Management Co., Ltd. Asian Development Bank (Cambodia) Co., Ltd. TUMNUB SPEAN KMENG Appendix 5-19 7

While women and men normally make decisions in household affairs, it was reported that only men make decision in the commune affairs. Currently, all the five (5) commune councilors are men. Traditional norms and customs as well as lack of confidence and competencies of women seem to be underlying causes of women’s poor representation in the community affairs. About 5% of women in the commune were reported to have experience with domestic violence. Lastly, it was important to note that there is no person in the commune living with HIV/AIDS.

6 Land utilization & suitability – Irrigation area (subproject level) 6.1 Land utilization - Potential irrigation area approx. 1,240 ha - Future irrigated area (expected wet+dry seasons) approx. 1,490 ha - Potential newly irrigated area (to be developed) n.a. - Irrigated area but, not used (if any) none ha

6.2. Land suitability for irrigation rice crop

Soil types in the subproject were found to be of two categories: Prateah Lang and Krakor. The Prateah Lang soil is estimated to occupy about 28% of the total rice-growing area.

Based on literature (Vang, soil TIP, 2006), Prateah Lang soil can be divided into three (3) different phases depending on characteristics of the subsoil that affect root penetration and water drainage, including 1) shallow phase, 2) clayey subsoil phase and 3), loamy subsoil phase. This soil-type is difficult to manage for rice production. If structures for water harvesting and supplementary irrigation can be developed cheaply, then profitable yield increases may be expected on these soils.

The Kroko soil, on the other hand, is a soil with a gray to brown but not dark gray, very dark brown or black, loamy or clayey textured topsoil over a sandy, loamy or clayey subsoil occurring on the active floodplains. The soil occurs in all provinces and is estimated to occupy about 15% of the land area grown to rice in Cambodia. Two phases have been defined for the Krakor soil, non-cracking and cracking. It is expected that this soil group can perhaps be further subdivided into more phases following further detailed work. The soil has a good potential to produce high rice yields. It responds well to improved management and has a high suitability for irrigation if water can be managed effectively. Inherent fertility of this soil type is good.

6.3 Other relevant information on land-use and land suitability

Based on the field observation in August 2008, apart from rice, some farmers cultivate secondary cash crops such as water melon, pumpkin, wax gourd, and cucumber. Medium and late duration rice varieties have been grown by the farmers too. Medium duration rice varieties include Pka romdoul, Neang Pech, Smaly, Neang Noy, Kong Kser, Lak Slek, Chok Cheas, Chung Mearn, Kha 1, Kha 2, Kha 3, Kha 4, Soun and Neang Ngek. Late duration rice or floating rice are Sean, Tomlerktek and Beikor.

Situation as it is at present (without rehabilitation), rice yields depend heavily on the rain fall pattern and input investment. According to the farmers interviewed, in the good year (e.g., in 2007) of enough rain with appropriate application of fertilizers but little damage from pest, average rice yield per hectare in this subproject area could be as high as 2.5 tones. In a bad year (e.g., in 2002), farmers could harvest only 200 to 500 kilograms of rice per hectare due to severe drought.

Based also on the farmers’ view, due to their suitability, planted areas of other cash crops, such as, water melon, corn, cucumber and vegetables, are expected to be largely expanded if irrigation water become more available.

Land preparation is still being done mostly by animal power (some 90% of total farmers). The rest (10%) was reported to use hand tractors. Harvesting and transporting rice crop are done basically by manpower (100% and 95%, respectively. It is rather evident that farm mechanization in the subproject area is still limited due probably to economic constraints of the general households. However, it was noted that at least for threshing, all the farmers do use threshing machine.

Both transplanting and broadcasting rice methods are still practiced by the farmers, at a ratio of about 70:30, respectively. TEAM Consulting Engineering & RGC / MOWRAM TEAM Consulting and Management Management Co., Ltd. Asian Development Bank (Cambodia) Co., Ltd. 8 Appendix 5-19 TUMNUB SPEAN KMENG

7 Scope of the project: 7.1 Work Required: - Feasibility study - Other important work/activities should include:

• Plan and profile along the existing dike, at scale of 1:4,000 with cross section every 25 m • Site plan with a scale of 1:500, covering an area of 50mx50m, with contour internal of 0.50 m for new control structures • Ground truth survey for main canal and secondary canal • Confirmation of proposed irrigation area and potential area in the field • Geotechnical survey for control structures, 5 bore holes.

7.2 Anticipated project components:- For success, along with the rehabilitation/re-construction of the existing irrigation system, the project should: 1) Strengthen and improve the knowledge and capacities of local farmers; 2) Promote establishment of farmers’ association, especially FWUC; 3) Promote effective use of irrigation water and the related development of irrigated agriculture; and 4) Strengthening capacities and functions other social groups, such as, saving group, rice bank and animal bank. In addition, leadership and skills of women to play decision-making roles in their community and its development process should be promoted. Accordingly, the project should comprise of 3-4 major components as explained hereunder.

1) Irrigation infrastructures (to be rehabilitated/re-constructed)

Based on the initial field investigation, the following infrastructures should need to be considered: 1.1) Dike and appurtenance structures - Improvement of the dike, 6,600 m - Construction of a new dike behind the existing dike, 1,200 m - Construction of a new dike closure to the existing one, 130 m - Construction of a new control structure, five (5) places - Modification of existing gates and lifting devices, two (2) places 1.2) Canal improvement 1.3) Maintenance of farm roads 1.4) Demolishing some of the existing but un-functional structures.

2) Irrigated agriculture

Based on the farmers interviewed, they expect to cultivate economic crops such as dry season rice, water melon, corn, cucumber, water convolvulus, ground nut, sweet potato, taro, pumpkin chili, and sugarcane, if more irrigation water became available. According to the current market demand, however, promising cash crops to be planted in the area could include dry season rice, groundnut and water melon.

Farmers also expect to expand their livestock enterprises such as pig, chicken, duck and cattle after the dam rehabilitation. In addition to organizational arrangements, individual farmers often expressed their need for new farming techniques and skills for improving their lives and living standards.

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In view of the above, agricultural development component, including livestock rearing and related extension services, should be included in the next phase of the F/S taking fully into consideration the prevailing agricultural market and know-how of the people. Supplementary measures and assistance programs through agricultural extension services need to be identified and recommended for eventual implementation.

3) FWUC: √ To be newly established To be strengthen

According to the farmers who participated in the group discussion, they have limited knowledge on the FWUC and accordingly, no initiative to have the FWUC established of their own. They felt, however, that this kind of farmers’ institution should be required and with support from outsiders, the damaged dam should be rehabilitated and put it back into operation again.

A project component to provide necessary knowledge on the FWUC and related training for the farmers’ leaders should be formulated and implemented simultaneously, aiming at an early establishment of the FWUC by the farmers, with appropriate and timely support by the responsible authorities, particularly MOWRAM and PDWRAM.

4) Others (capacity building and other related activities):

Also as a result of observations during the field survey, institutionally, the local farmers and stakeholders are generally weak. Necessary new knowledge for performing their jobs/occupations to earn their living are limited and often, not up-to-date. A project component aiming at institutional strengthening and capacity buildings of the farmers’ institutions and related responsible government agencies should be necessary.

8 Estimated project cost and breakdown: The following are preliminary estimates of eventual development cost of the identified physical infrastructures that need to be confirmed by the proposed F/S. 8.1 Capital and base costs Item Unit Unit cost Q'tity Cost (US$) (US$)

1. Land compensation for new dike construction ha 700 7.2 5,040 L=1,200 m Total (1) 5,040 2. Construction of dike and hydraulic structures 2.1 Construction of new dike, L=1,200 m (No.16) L.S. - 1 1,440,000 2.2 Dike improvement, L=6,600 m (No.15) L.S. - 1 660,000 2.3 Construction of new dike closure to existing one L.S. - 1 156,000 (No.7) 2.4 Construction of new control structure (No.1, 2, 9, 12 place 30,000 5 150,000 & 14) 2.5 Modification of existing gates and lifting devices place 2,500 2 5,000 (No.5 & 6) Total (2) 2,411,000 3. Canal improvement 3.1 Improve main canal (No.17) km 29,000 11.8 342,200 3.2 Improve secondary canal km 21,000 5.0 105,000 3.3 Improve distribution canal km 18,000 5.0 90,000 Total (3) 537,200

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4. Miscellaneous 4.1 For compensation work (farmers cultivate in canal) L.S. 2,200 1 2,200 4.2 For demolish work L.S. 1,100 1 1,100 4.3 For road development L.S. 20,000 120,000 Total (4) 23,300 Grand total 2,976,540

8.2 Annual O&M costs Item Cost Remarks (US$) Annual O&M 12,400 US$10/ha An estimate for major maintenance in every 5 years, 10% of canal construction 53,720 cost (of new project development)

9 Expected Outputs / Outcome (at project level basis): 9.1 Agricultural production (paddy equivalent) 4,480 tons 9.2 Increased farm income ( from only rice crop) approx. 700 US$/hh 9.3 Operational FWUC: Farmers expect that FWUC will be established and put into operation in the longer term.

9.4 Diversified agriculture: Apart from wet season rice, it is expected that dry season rice, string bean, water melon, corn, cucumber, sugarcane and other vegetables will also be grown in the area after rehabilitation of the project.

9.5 Cropping intensity is expected to increase by 20 %. 9.6 Stable water supplies for agriculture and domestic uses. 9.7 Reduced labor migration. 9.8 In addition, through the development process of irrigated agriculture in the area, it is expected that various crop yields will be increased and stabilized. As a result, farmers could enjoy a higher income for improving their living conditions. Water for home consumption and other economic uses will be more adequate, leading to other related developments in the area.

10 Environment and environmental impact assessment

Existing environmental condition: - Tumnub Spean Kmeng is situated on the south of Stung Sreng. Water from the Stung Sreng flows into the project area through Pheah Khsaet Village via a tributary. - The Tumnub Spean Kmeng subproject, however, is not located in any protected area. - The surrounding environment is dominated by paddy fields, grassland, forest and scrubland. This subproject is subject to annual flooding, with duration of about 1.5 months per year and a maximum depth of 2 - 3 m. - Many existing irrigation structures have been damaged by floods and currently, are not functional. - After the irrigation system was broken down, local farmers had to grow their rice basically on a higher ground. - Existing land-use is dominated by paddy fields. Most of the local farmers reportedly apply chemical pesticide and fertilizers to their paddy fields too. - Regarding cultural heritage, there are three archaeological sites (ancient bridges) located on the dike of the subproject. These ancient bridges are looked after by APSARA authority. - From the initial field investigation, pollution black spots, dumping sites, industrial activities, noisy commercial activities, dusty open storage, etc., could not be found.

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- Surface water shortages do occasionally occur in the dry season due to the lack of reservoirs for surface water storage and shallow lakes affected by soil erosion. Result of the interview disclosed that many people depend on groundwater as a primary source of water. In the wet season, people then use rain water for drinking and cooking. - It was reported that only about 5% of the total population have toilets in their houses. - Waste management is generally poor with uncontrolled disposal. Treatment system and facilities for collection and transportation for solid waste are lacking. Waste water is discharge directly to waterways or grassland, and solid waste is mainly (about 80%) managed by burning. The rest is is disposed of in waterways, open area and/or burying. - Many common domestic animals, amphibians and reptiles, such as native cattle, pig, chicken, duck, birds and fishes could be observed. In addition, it was also reported by the farmers that rat snake, monocle cobra, king cobra, frog, dove, quail, common tailorbird, dark-necked tailorbird, plain-backed sparrow, watercock, egret, lesser whistling duck, common myna, iridescent mystus, kissing gourami, climbing perch ,silver rasbara, peacock eel, goldfin tinfoil barb, yellow mystus, channa marulius, chevron snake head, white lady carp, paralaubuca typus, etc., still exit and could be seen in the area. - Common trees in the area include acacia, palm, tamarind, eucalyptus tereticornis, bamboo, eugenia spp, streblus asper, morinda tomentosa, strychnos nux-vomica, etc. - From the initial field observation, there should be no any major element surrounding environment that might affect negatively to the area in which the subproject is located.

Anticipated impacts:

If the subproject is to be rehabilitated, positive environmental impacts are anticipated. Floating rice cultivation in the wet season will not be significantly affected as a structure or spillway to control the water level would be in place. In the dry season, however, larger number of farmers is expected to gain more benefit from irrigation water which could be retained in the reservoir and canals. In addition to rice, farmers should be able to grow some other cash crops too. However, as rice price has a tendency to increase recently, it is expected that dry season rice area could be expanded too.

The proposed rehabilitation of irrigation facilities under the project aims basically at the increase in volume of water supply, crop yields and hence, production volume in the subproject area. More fish species are expected, as water bodies expand. It is unlikely, however, that the proposed rehabilitation work will create any major barrier for the fish immigration from Stung Sreng to reservoir. Water storage during the dry season is expected to benefit to all the local villagers, particularly as a source of water during the dry season.

However, as mentioned, there are three ancient bridges being looked after by APSARA authority, it deserves a careful environmental consideration should development activities are to take place.

Probable environmental category 9 :A :B :C

11 Resettlement and land compensation aspects

Existing condition:

There has been no record of land reclamation and/or encroachment by local farmers for new lands in the existing reservoir or canal at the present. However, the proposed rehabilitation of this subproject could affect some of the local farmer during the implementation stage.

Anticipated resettlement/compensation required:

If the subproject is to be rehabilitated or reconstructed, it is important that compensation scheme be prepared for the affected people. In addition, a new piece of land may need to be identified for the related resettlement purpose.

Resettlement plan required 9 SRP FRP

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12 Suggested implementation plan Item 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 P/F F/S D/D FWUC promotion O&M

Prepared by: TEAM Consulting Engineering and Management Co. Ltd., Bangkok, Thailand and TEAM Consulting and Management (Cambodia) Co., Ltd., Phnom Penh, Cambodia

Date of completion: 31 October 2008

TEAM Consulting Engineering & RGC / MOWRAM TEAM Consulting and Management Management Co., Ltd. Asian Development Bank (Cambodia) Co., Ltd.

EMCnutn niern RC/MWA TEAM Consulting and Management RGC / MOWRAM Management Co., Ltd. ConsultingTEAM Engineering & TUMNUB SPEANKMENG Appendix5-19 Asian Development Bank (Cambodia) Co., Ltd.

13

Figure 1 General Map of Project Location

14 EMCnutn niern RC/MWA TEAM Consulting and Management RGC / MOWRAM Management Co., Ltd. ConsultingTEAM Engineering & Appendix 5-19 5-19 Appendix Asian Development Bank

TUMNUB SPEANKMENG (Cambodia) Co., Ltd.

Figure 2 Map of Subproject Area (Potential Beneficiary Area)

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Figure 3: Selected photographs of the Tumnub Spean Kmeng, October 2008 16 Appendix 5-19 TUMNUB SPEAN KMENG

Consultation with people at the Commune Pipe culvert (under village road, enabling flow to rice fields)

Flood recession area Ancient culvert (No.13 in Figure 2)

Rice field in the project area Culvert (No.6 in Figure 2)

Figure 4: Selected photographs of the Tumnub Spean Kmeng, October 2008

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Appendix 5-20

PROFILE OF TUMNUB LOK SUBPROJECT TUMNUB LOK Appendix 5-20 1

PROFILE OF TUMNUB LOK SUBPROJECT

TA-4848 CAM (EXTENSION PHASE) Project Data Sheet

1 Project title: Tumnub Lok

2 Project Location and description: 2.1 Headworks. Longitude 1,512,100N Latitude 331,900E Commune: Ta An District: Kralanh Province: Siem Reap

2.2 Date of construction: Unknown Constructed by Khmer Rouge (according to report by local farmer)

2.3.1 General map of project location (see Figure 1) 2.3.2 Map of the subproject area (potential beneficiary area) (see Figure 2) 2.3.3 Photographs (see Figure 3, 4)

2.4 Description of route Tumnub Lok is located in western part of Siem Reap in northwestern part of Cambodia. The subproject site may be reached by road, starting from Siem Reap to northern direction by National Route No. 6 for about 10 kms and then at Kampong Thkov, turn northward to the laterite road No. 68 for another 16 kms.

2.5 Description of the irrigation scheme

Type of scheme : Gravity irrigation system

Source of water : Water from Spean Sraeng-Trapeang Ambel reservoir.

Structures and their condition : There is an earthen dike of approx. one kilometer long, with a water control structure made of concrete. However, the structure is currently not functional due to lacking of sliding gate. There is neither distribution system and therefore, benefit areas are limited to those near by the existing canal.

2.6 Names of key informants in project area:

1) Mr. Phav Pharn Staff of Siem Reap PDWRAM 2) Mr. Len Sam At Staff of Siem Reap PDWRAM 3) Mr. Kae Yorn Commune Chief 4) Mr. Blouk Lak Commune First Vice Chief 5) Mr. Nit Kort Commune Second Vice Chief 6) Mr. Phum Ratana Commune Clerk 7) Mr. Varn Seoun Village Chief 8) Un Art Village Vice Chief 9) Mr. Yaem Sameit Farmer 10) Hub Hay Farmer 11) Mr. Kim Hourt Farmer 12) Mr. Chhe Eoun Farmer

3 Rationale (implementation priority)

There is main canal in Spean Sreang-Tranpean Ambel area which condition is shallow and narrow. Upstream reservoir cannot be stored the water, consequently, area of Tumnub Lok does not have water to supply during rain spell. The development of water irrigation canal in Spean Sreang- Tranpean Ambel is not only enhancement of large irrigation area in downstream, but also by-products for developing Tumnub Lok project in points of rice yield, household income and standard of living. It is noted that Tumnub Lok is as a part of secondary canal in Spean Sreang-Tranpean Ambel project.

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According to interviewed farmers, this subproject area has a high potential for development as it receives water from a big reservoir of Spean Sreang-Tranpeag Ambel. However, they do not benefit much from the existing but limited irrigation infrastructures which are currently in poor condition. As a result, rice yields in the area vary significantly between good years and bad years. In the good year (like in 1998), they could harvest rice up to 2.8 tons per hectare but in a bad year (2007), they got only 200 kilograms per hectare.

Rehabilitation of the existing broken system should enable the farmers to make better use of the available irrigation water for growing crops, stabilizing crop yields and hence, the increase in their production.

Irrigated area of this subproject is 100 ha, which should require irrigation water of 1.23 mcm/year, comprising of 1.04 mcm and 0.19 mcm, for the wet and dry season crops, respectively. This subproject receives water through a canal from Spean Sraeng – Trapeang Ambel (SS-TA) subproject. Based on the completion report of water resources management sector project (May 2007), the net inflow into this SS-TA is estimated at 1,874 mcm/year out of which 127.5 mcm/year may be used for irrigation purpose. Therefore, water availability for this subproject could be considered more than adequate.

4 Farmer Institutions - FWUC and its status √ Yes, existing

Future work/actions required: According to the farmers interviewed, the Farmer Water Users Community (FWUC) already exists in the area. It is, however, not fully functional due to both weak management and practically, the poor condition of the infrastructures. It is important that the existing FWUC is re-activated and strengthened, if the subproject is to be rehabilitated. Various trainings need to be provided to the FWUC personnel, in addition to the general support and guidance from responsible government agencies.

Other existing institutions: It was reported that a cow bank also exists in the area, with membership of seven (7) households.

5 Socio-economic profile 5.1 Area and population: - Cultivated area approx. 1,600 ha - Number of villages involved 10 villages - No. of families 718 number - Total population 3,893 number Of which: Male 1,899 persons Female 1,994 persons 5.2 Occupation of total population: - Farming (rice growing, orchard, fishing, etc.) approx. 98 % - Non-farming (e.g., officer, carpenter, merchant, etc.) approx. 2 %

5.3 Land holding and Tenure ship - Size of land holding approx. 2.2 ha - Farmers having land title none - Landless households approx. 12

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5.4 Existing Cropping Data and Calendar

Based on the secondary data provided by the commune chief, members of the commune council and commune clerk, wet-season rice area of Ta An commune is about 1,570 hectares. Tumnub Lok is one of a few subprojects located in and nearby the commune. Main crops grown in the project site consist of wet season rice, floating rice, water melon, cucumber, wax gourd, pumpkin, corn and lettuce. Water melon was seen as the second main crop after wet season rice (see Table 1: Major crops grown and status of irrigation area). Table 2 provides statistics of planted areas of major crops per villages of the Ta An commune.

Crops are grown at different times and seasons. Farmers normally start cultivating wet season rice in early July and harvesting it in November, December or January, depending on rice varieties. Corn is usually planted in mid-August and harvested in mid-November. Cultivation of most cash crops, such as, cucumber, lettuce, chili and pumpkin normally is started in May or June when the rainy season begins (see Table 3: crop season calendar). Average wet-season rice yields are extremely low, i.e., about 1.0 ton per hectare (see Table 4). In 2007, average paddy price was reported at about 900 Riels per kilogram.

Table 1: Major crop grown and status of irrigation area Current main crops Cultivation area Current irrigated Expected irrigated areas (ha) areas ( ha) after rehabilitation in (ha) Wet season rice 1,570 0 1,570 Dry season rice 0 0 200 Pumpkin 2 0 3 Corn 3 3 3 Cucumber 10 10 15 Wax gourd 5 0 5 Water melon 20 20 40 Floating rice 150 0 n.a. (Source: Secondary data from the commune, 2008)

Table 2: Major crops grown, per villages Village name Total Benefit Wet Dry season Other crop cultivation households from the season rice rice area(ha) areas (ha) project (ha) Kdol 117 Yes 316 0 20 Phnum Touch 60 Yes 110 0 15 Ta Arn 108 Yes 167 0 21 Phom Thmei 14 Yes 28 0 5 Ta Leng 49 Yes 145 0 15 Som Roung 56 Yes 88 0 10 Tek Chom 43 Yes 90 0 12 Trapeang Chouk 63 Yes 201 0 11 Anlong 99 Yes 211 0 25 Sorseipong 109 Yes 214 0 25 (Source: Secondary data from the commune, 2008)

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Table 3. Seasonal crop calendar Description Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Rice crops Short duration Medium duration Late duration Upland crops Corn Cucumber Wax gourd Chili Pumpkin Lettuce String bean Egg plant (Based on the farmers’ interview, August 2008)

Table 4: Major crop area, production and yield Main crops Total cultivation area (ha) Total production Average yield (Tones) Tone/ha Wet season rice 1,570 1,570 1 Floating rice 150 135 0.9 Water melon 20 n.a n.a (Based on the farmers’ interview, August 2008)

Discussions with the village chiefs and key farmers also disclosed that the following represent key problems on the subproject area: ƒ Pests, including rat and grasshopper ƒ Lack of working capital to purchase fertilizer and herbicides ƒ Lack of draft animal ƒ Lack of labor force ƒ Lack of irrigation water ƒ Lack of new rice cultivation technique ƒ Low crop yield ƒ Rice diseases ƒ Lack of farmyard manure ƒ Lack of suitable rice seeds.

5.5 Other agricultural issues

Farmers living in the subproject area have an access to Kampong Thkov market located about 11 kms far from the commune to purchase their agricultural inputs. They however sell their rice and other crops at their respective villages as well as the Kampong Thkov market.

Agricultural extension workers based at the provincial level used to provide some extension activities on compost making and chemical fertilizer application but, only a few farmers had such an access to the services due to the limited scale and probably, budgetary constraints.

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5.6 Other socio-economic issues

All people in the sub-project area belong to Khmer ethnicity. There are four (4) primary schools; all children of school age go to these schools. Apart from this, there are three (3) pagodas but no market place and nor electricity supply. Households in the commune use water from different sources for drinking and household purposes; some 40% use water from river/lake and wells (by hand pumps). Roads connecting the commune to the district town and villages within the commune are unpaved. Agricultural farming is the primary occupation of the majority (98% of all households). About 30% of all households are considered poor1, 68% are medium wealthy2 and only 2% are wealthy3. Average annual household income was reported to be about Riels 1.64 (or, 410US$/hh). Income of female-headed-households (FHH) is lower than that of male-headed-households (MHH) and accordingly, poverty incidence is higher among the FHHs compared to MHHs. As an example, average annual highest and lowest income from farm produces are Riels 4.95 million and Riels 1.35million, respectively per MHH. Corresponding figures for a FHH are Riels 1.35 million and Riels 0.81 million. Average annual highest and lowest incomes from non-farm activities are Riels 4.44 million and Riels1.80 million per MHH and Riels 1.80 million and Riels 0.84 million, respectively for a FHH. Only about 3% of the households in the commune could roduce surplus rice while 60% could just produce sufficient rice to feed their household members around the year. As high as 37% of the households were unable to produce sufficient rice for their home consumption. Among them, 10% laws said to face shortage of rice for more than 6 months a year. Lack of irrigation facilities, shortage of household labor and limited agricultural inputs were quoted as the major reasons behind food shortage in the area. Female members of the households are worst affected by this food shortage, followed by children and elderly members. People in this community also migrate to other areas particularly during off agricultural season to seek more jobs and income. It was reported that 246 men and 216 women migrated last year. Teenagers were more likely to migrate compared to adults. They mostly migrated to Thailand. There is no representation of women in the council of this commune. All councilors are men. Traditional norms and customs (that women can be leaders) as well as lack of confidence and competencies of women could perhaps be the underlying causes of women’s poor representation in the community affairs. It was also reported that about 3% of women in the commune experience domestic violence. Four 4 persons are reportedly living with HIV/AIDS.

6 Land utilization & suitability – Irrigation area (Subproject level) - 6.1 Land utilization - Potential irrigation area approx. 100 ha - Future irrigated area (expected wet+dry seasons) approx. 120 ha - Potential newly irrigated area (to be developed) none - Irrigated area but, not used (if any) . some ha Reasons for non-use irrigation area: Principally due to the limited volume of available water and the lack of distribution system.

1 Poor households refer to households who have (i) maximum of 25A (1A= 100 M2) of agricultural land, (ii) maximum of 2 large ruminants (i.e., cow, buffalos), (iii) maximum of 1 small ruminants (i.e., pigs) and a few number of chicken and duck, (iv) less than 1 A of household land size, (v) maximum of 1 bicycle, and (vi) thatched house. 2 Medium wealthy households refer to the households who have (i) maximum of 1.5 hectors of agricultural land, (ii) 2-4 large ruminants (i.e., cow, buffalos), (iii) maximum of 4 small ruminants (i.e., pigs) and a number of chicken and duck, (iv) 1-3 A of household land size, (v) 1-2 motor-bikes, and (vi) small wooden house. 3 Wealthy households refer to the households who have (i) more than 5 hectors of agricultural land, (ii) 4-10 large ruminants (i.e., cow, buffalos), (iii) More than 5 small ruminants (i.e., pigs) and a considerable number of chicken, (iv) 3A of household land size, (v) More than 2 motor-bike and bi-cycles and (vi) big wooden or brick built house. TEAM Consulting Engineering & RGC / MOWRAM TEAM Consulting and Management Management Co., Ltd. Asian Development Bank (Cambodia) Co., Ltd. 6 Appendix 5-20 TUMNUB LOK

6.2. Land suitability for irrigation rice crop

Soil types in the project areas were found to be of two categories: Prateah Lang and Krokor.

Based on the referenced literature (Vang, soil TIP, 2006), the Prateah Lang soil is estimated to occupy about 28% of the total rice-growing area in the country. Three phases of Prateah Lang soil have been defined based on characteristics of the sub soil that affect root penetration and water drainage. They include shallow phase, clayey subsoil phase and loamy subsoil phase. This soil is difficult to manage for rice production. If structures for water harvesting and supplementary irrigation can be developed cheaply, profitable yield increases may be expected on this soil.

The Krokor is a soil with a gray to brown but not dark gray, very dark brown or black, and with loamy or clayey textured topsoil over sandy, loamy or clayey subsoil occurring on active floodplains. The soil occurs in all provinces and is estimated to occupy about 15% of the land area grown to rice in Cambodia. Two phases have been defined for the Krakor soil, non-cracking and cracking. The soil has a good potential to produce high rice yields. It responds well to improved management and has a high suitability for irrigation if water can be managed effectively. The inherent fertility of this soil is good and, could respond well to N and sometimes P fertilizer application.

6.3 Additional information relevant to land suitability

Based on the farmers interviewed, apart from wet season rice, some other farmers also cultivate secondary cash crops, such as, water melon, corn, chili, pumpkin, wax gourd, lettuce and cucumber. For rice, the farmers use short, medium as well as late duration rice varieties. The short duration ones, they include Angkrong, Cheung Mean, Neang Meas, Srovkrohorm, Neang Pei, Neang Pech, IR and Krochakcheas. The medium duration varieties include Srovchmar, Somali, Pkaromdoul, Neang Nouch, Sreignorgnom, Dokmalis and Kremcarlein and, the late duration ones are Sneatslek, Khar6, ChongKormprak, Neang Res, Asean, Senbour, Vealsour and Chmarlengtek.

At the present (without rehabilitation), average per hectare rice yield is reportedly about 3 tons in a good year (e.g., in 1998). On the other hand, in such bad year as 2007, the farmers could get only 200 to 400 kilograms per hectare. Irrigation water was considered a key factor input for rice yield in the area.

According to the farmers, planted areas of other cash crops, such as, water melon, corn, cucumber and other vegetables could be expanded largely in the area if irrigation water is available. In addition, dry season rice is also expected to increase after the rehabilitation.

Land preparation in the area is done basically (90%) by machinery, such as, hand tractor and/or tractor. The rest of 10% of the farmers prepare their lands by draft animal. Threshing (rice) and transportation of rice are also done mainly (90%) by machinery (i.e., vehicle and threshing machine). It is indicated that farm mechanization in the area is quite progressing.

It should be noted that only broadcasting method is practiced by the farmers in the project area. This reflects in a way that a problem of labor shortage is prevailing in the area.

7 Scope of the project: 7.1 Work Required: - Feasibility Survey and Detailed Design (In view of generally favorable factor endowments and low investment cost) - Important work/activities should include:

• Project area mapping at scale 1:10,000, with contour interval of 1 m. • Strip topographic survey along the main canal, scale 1:4,000 with cross- section of every 100 m off-set to each side 100 m. • Site plan at scale 1:500 for head regulator, 50mx50 m cover area. • Confirmation of proposed irrigation area and potential area in the field.

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7.2 Anticipated project components:-

1) Irrigation infrastructures (to be rehabilitated/re-constructed)

1.1) Improvement of the main canal, 1.75 km and secondary canal 1.0 km. 1.2) Construction of new conveyance structures, including:- - Head regulator, 3 (three) place. - A check structure - Tail regulator, 3 (three) place. 1.3) Maintenance of farm roads 1.4) Demolishing of some of existing but, un-functional structures

2) Irrigated agriculture

Based on the farmers interviewed, they expect to cultivate economic crops such as dry season rice, water melon, egg plant, string bean, corn, cucumber, water convolvulus, lettuce and taro. However, promising cash crops could consist of a few crops depending on market demand. Farmers also expect to try livestock rearing including pig, chicken, duck and cattle. Some indicated to do also fish culture after the rehabilitation.

From the same interview, the farmers also expressed their need for new farming knowledge and skills, such as, new rice cultivation technique, knowledge on fertilizer application, pesticide and herbicide application technique, etc. Development of irrigated agriculture should therefore be another important component for the F/S study to be pursued, to confirm their viability and feasibility. Important extension service activities should also be looked at and identified.

3) FWUC: √ To be strengthen

Initial information obtained from the interviewed farmers indicated likely that a kind of farmers’ water user group (WUG) used to exist in their community but due to the heavy damage to the existing infrastructures and currently nonfunctional irrigation system, the group is not functional.

It is recommended that Establishment and Development of FWUC be another project component to be covered by the proposed F/S for this subproject area, to find out exactly present situation of this farmers’ group, level of understanding of the local people and farmers in the project area on FWUC and then, to determine a detailed scope of work and appropriate assistance that should be rendered/provided by authorities concerned. It is important that FWUC is firmly established in the project area for sustainability of the subproject in the longer term.

4) Others (capacity building and other related activities):

According to the field observations, organizational and institutional aspects at field level, particularly within the subproject area, were generally weak. Without a well established farmer group and a provision of appropriate institutional support, absorbing capacity of the farmers and local people in general will continue to be limited. As a component, a study on capacities and institutional aspects of the farmers as well as selected responsible government agencies should be covered in the F/S.

8 Estimated project cost and breakdown:

The following are preliminary estimates of eventual development cost of the identified physical infrastructures that need to be confirmed by the proposed F/S & DD.

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8.1 Capital and base costs Item Unit Q'tity Unit cost Cost (US$) (US$) 1. Land compensation for main and secondary canal ha 4.2 700 2,940 Total (1) 2,940 2. Construction of new conveyance structures 2.1 Head regulator place 3 5,900 17,700 2.2 Check structure place 1 3,5003,500 2.3 Tail regulator place 3 7,600 22,800 Total (2) 44,000 3. Improvement of main and secondary canal km 2.75 21,00057,750 Total (3) 57,750 4. Drainage system L.S 1 - 17,500 Total (4) 17,500 5. Miscellaneous 5.1 For compensation work L.S 1 - 500 5.2 For road development L.S 1 - 15,000 5.3 For survey and detailed design L.S 1 - 7,200 Total (5) 22,700 Grand total 144,890

8.2 Annual O&M costs Item Cost Remarks (US$) Annual O&M 1,000 US$10/ha An estimate for major maintenance in every 5 years, 10% of canal 5,775 construction cost (of new project development)

9 Expected Outputs / Outcome (at project level basis):

9.1 Agricultural production (paddy equivalent) approx. 190 tons 9.2 Increased farm income ( from only rice crop) approx. 930 US$/hh 9.3 Operational FWUC: A strong and fully functional FWUC should be in place for long-term operation and sustainability of the subproject. 9.4 Diversified agriculture: Apart from wet season rice, dry season rice, water melon, egg plant, pumpkin, string bean, taro, corn, cucumber and other vegetables should be widespread in the project. In addition, a higher degree of development in livestock rearing and fish culture should be seen in the area. 9.5 Cropping intensity is expected to increase by 15 % (a conservative estimate) 9.6 Stable water supplies for agriculture and domestic uses

9.7 Reduced labor migration

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10 Environment and environmental impact assessment Existing environmental condition:

- Tumnub Lok is situated close to the Stung Sreng, its major source of water. - Surrounding environment is dominated by paddy fields, grassland, common forest and scrubland. This subproject is flooded every year, with flood duration of about 2 months. - The existing irrigation structures were also damaged by these previous floods. - After the irrigation system was broken down, some farmers started growing their rice in the canal. - Existing land-use is dominated by paddy fields. Most of the local farmers reportedly apply chemical pesticide and fertilizers to their paddy fields too. - Tumnub Lok subproject is however located outside the protected area. - Regarding cultural heritage, there is no any archaeological site nearby. - From the initial field investigation, pollution black spots, dumping sites, industrial activities, noisy commercial activities, dusty open storage, etc., were not found. - Although many people depend on water from Stung Sreng, some use also rain water for drinking and cooking. - About 10% of the households have toilet in their houses. - Waste management is generally poor with uncontrolled disposal and there is a lack of treatment system and facilities for collection and transportation for solid waste. Waste water is discharge directly to waterways or grassland while solid waste is mainly (80%) managed by burning. - Common domestic animals, including amphibians, reptiles, birds and fishes could be observed. In addition, the local farmers reported that the following could also be seen in the project area, e.g., cobra, frog, dove, common and dark-necked tailorbird, plain backed sparrow, chevron snake head, white lady carp, etc. - Common trees in the area include acacia, palm, tamarind, eucalyptus and bamboo. - There is no any major element of the surrounding environment which might affect the area in which the subproject is located.

Anticipated impacts:

The proposed rehabilitation of irrigation facilities under the project aims basically at the increase in volume of water supply, the increase in crop yields and hence, production volume in the subproject area. More fish species are expected, as volume of water increases. It is unlikely, however, that the proposed rehabilitation work will create any major barrier for the fish immigration from Stung Sreng to the reservoir. Water storage during the dry season is expected to benefit to local villagers, particularly as a source of irrigation water for dry season crops. No other significant environmental impact is anticipated.

Probable environmental category :A :B 9 :C

11 Resettlement and land compensation aspects

Existing condition:

There is a record of only one household that has moved in and cultivated in the subproject area.

Anticipated resettlement/compensation required:

As of the reporting date (August 2008), there was probably only one affected people (AP) in this subproject, with the total area involved of about 0.1 ha. In addition, there could be more APs caused by the rehabilitation (or reconstruction). It is important that a short resettlement plan should be required for this case.

Resettlement plan required 9 SRP FRP

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12 Suggested implementation plan Item 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 P/F F/S D/D FWUC promotion O&M

Prepared by: TEAM Consulting Engineering and Management Co. Ltd., Bangkok, Thailand and TEAM Consulting and Management (Cambodia) Co., Ltd., Phnom Penh, Cambodia

Date of completion: 31 October 2008

TEAM Consulting Engineering & RGC / MOWRAM TEAM Consulting and Management Management Co., Ltd. Asian Development Bank (Cambodia) Co., Ltd.

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11

Figure 1 General Map of Project Location

12 EMCnutn niern RC/MWA TEAM Consulting and Management RGC / MOWRAM Management Co., Ltd. ConsultingTEAM Engineering & Appendix 5-20 5-20 Appendix Asian Development Bank

(Cambodia) Co., Ltd. TUMNUB LOK

Figure 2 Map of Subproject Area (Potential Beneficiary Area)

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Figure 3: Selected photographs of the Tumnub Lok, October 2008 14 Appendix 5-20 TUMNUB LOK

Guided channel to subproject area Existing control structure

Existing canal (flood recession irrigation system) Discussion with MOWRAM and PDWRAM staffs

Guided channel Land preparation

Figure 4: Selected photographs of the Tumnub Lok, October 2008

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Appendix 5-21

PROFILE OF TUMNUB KAMPONG TAKOV SUBPROJECT

TUMNUB KAMPONG TAKOV Appendix 5-21 1

PROFILE OF TUMNUB KAMPONG TAKOV SUBPROJECT

TA-4848 CAM (EXTENSION PHASE) Project Data Sheet

1 Project title: Tumnub Kampong Tkov

2 Project Location and description: 2.1 Headwork Longitude 1,504,937 N Latitude 331,270 E Commune : Kampong Tkov District Kralahn Province Seam Reap

2.2 Date of construction: 1977 Constructed by Khmer Rouge

Important dates/events to be noted: - In 2007, with assistance from Natural Resources Management Livelihood’s (NRML), the damage embankment of 78 m was repaired; - In 2008, about 850 m of damaged embankment was repaired with assistance from the same source (NRML). In addition, another 900 m of the damaged embankment was repaired using budget from the Commune; - Currently, only some parts of the existing system can be operated and utilized.

2.3.1 General map of project location (see Figure 1) 2.3.2 Map of the subproject area (potential beneficiary area) (see Figure 2) 2.3.3 Recent photographs of the subproject area (June 2008) (see Figure 3, 4) 2.4 Description of the irrigation scheme Type of scheme: Gravity irrigation, with simple distribution system but, without a permanent reservoir of its own Source of water: Water for this project area is diverted from Spean Sraeng – Trapeang Ambel (SS-TA Subproject) reservoir located upstream, through the main canal (feeder canal) until the tail-end at km.7+400 from where the Tumnub Kampong Tkov will receive water for further distribution to basically paddy fields: beneficiary area in the downstream. Structures and their condition: Currently there is no head regulator to control water in this subproject. The existing structures include checks and farm turn-outs are in poor condition and, can hardly be used. The existing conveyance system condition is fair. The main canal (some 3 kms long) is also in poor condition that needs improvement. Existing distribution canals and other on-farm facilities require either improvement or reconstruction. Right of way of the main and distribution canals already exist. Ring canals along road No.6 can be used as drainage canals. Occasionally, there is a problem of water shortage during plantation. Natural rainfall is the only major supplementary source of water in the subproject area.

Accordingly, this subproject requires rehabilitation of the many existing structures which are currently in poor condition and in particularly, the off-take structure from the main canal. Reconstruction is also required for some on-farm structures to improve the function of distribution system.

2.5 Names of key informants in project area: 1) Mr. Nuon Kresna , Director of Seam Reap PDWRAM 2) Mr.Yin Sovann , PIU Staff of Seam Reap PDWRAM 3) Mr. Mith Vanna , PIU Staff of Seam Reap PDWRAM 4) Mr.So Sieng , PIU Staff of Seam Reap PDWRAM 5) Mr.Yoeun Sokhom , PIU Staff of Seam Reap PDWRAM 6) Mr.Peang Kay , District Seam Reap PDWRAM 7) Mr.Saing Sophal , PIU Staff of Seam Reap Agriculture 8) Mr. Lim Horn , First Deputy Chief of Kampong Tkov Commune 9) Mr. Chum Hourt , Second Deputy Chief of Kampong Tkov Commune 10) Mr. Chheng Theng , Dour Dantrey Village Chief 11) Mr. Hourn Pang Farmer

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12) Mr. Hong Pearom Farmer 13) Mr. Kan Kimsang Farmer

3 Rationale (implementation priority) Current wet season rice yield in the subproject area is significantly low due to shortage of water. Average rice yield of the past season was about 800 kg/ha. However, in a good year, some farmers could reportedly harvest up to around 2.5 t/ha. New crops may be selected and grown by the farmers after the rehabilitation. The farmers expressed their need for more and stable water supply. Therefore, rehabilitation of the existing structures meets essentially with their views.

To enhanced water use capacity and maximize the benefit from irrigation water being made available upstream by Spean Sraeng-Trapeang Ambel (SS-TA) subproject, paddy fields within this Tumnub Kampong Tkov subproject area should be utilized effectively by improving the existing irrigation facilities. The improvement work should be planned in such the manner that they can be implemented and completed soon after the SS-TA subproject is fully operational. The following work/activities are considered important and priority should be accorded to their implementation (see also, Figure 2) : 1) Construction of new conveyance structures; 2) Canal improvement; 3) Establishment of a new Farmer Water Use Committee (FWUC) within the subproject area; 4) Maintenance of farm roads; and 5) Demolition of some of existing but, un-functional structures.

Irrigated area of this subproject is 1,600 ha which should require irrigation water of 19.66 mcm/year, comprising of 16.66 mcm and 3.00 mcm, for the wet and dry season crops, respectively. This subproject receives water through a feeder canal from Spean Sraeng – Trapeang Ambel (SS-TA) subproject located upstream. Based on the completion report of water resources management sector project (May 2007), the net inflow into this SS-TA is 1,874 mcm/year out of which 127.5 mcm/year could be used for irrigation purpose. Therefore, water availability for this subproject could be considered more than adequate.

4 Farmer Institutions - FWUC and its status Yes, existing √ No, not existing

Future work/actions required: In view of the non-existence of FWUC in this subproject area, the following work should be required: - Detailed study of the existing socio-economic conditions of the farmers, for effective facilitation and promotion of the FWUC to be established; - As soon as the implementation of rehabilitation/reconstruction programs start, the target farmers should be provided with adequate knowledge on the basic concept and necessity of FWUC, by various means of education and public relation (PR) materials. In addition, outstanding farmer leaders and potential FWUC officials should be identified and trained specifically in such subjects as administrative and managerial functions of the FWUC, O&M of irrigation facilities and other functions of the FWUC, etc., to enable them to utilize the rehabilitated irrigation scheme in the most economical way and sustainable manner.

Other existing institutions:

Currently, there are a few other farmers’ institutions in the subproject area, such as as following:

1) Water and sanitation, education and women’s empowerment

Women are particularly worse-off in terms of empowerment and decision-making in commune affairs. All 5 (five) commune councilors at the present are men and hence, it may be stated that commune council related decisions are male dominated and exclusive. In general household affairs and decision-making, however, both men and women make joint decisions. But men have greater stake in household sphere. Women make decision in household petty matters such as purchasing food, clothes etc. This institution provides a stake for women to perform their greater roles in the community.

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2) Community Development Committee This Committee is basically responsible for road construction, flood victims, village bank, skill and leadership development programs.

3) Cow bank and pig raising groups A number of occupation groups are in operation in this commune. They include: savings group, cow bank and rice bank. Both men (10%) and women (90%) are affiliated with these groups. Women therefore dominate these groups, in terms of membership and authoritative role. A higher percentage (90%) of women holds decision-making positions (i.e., president, secretary, and vice president) in groups.

5 Socio-economic profile 5.1 Area and population: According to the initial information provided by PDWRAM, command area of Kampong Tkov subproject was conceived to be about 600 ha. Result of the field investigation and based on the additional information provided by the local people (commune officials), a lot larger command area was reported, as shown below. - Gross subproject area 1,600 ha - Subproject area (cultivated area, approx.) 1,600 ha - Number of villages involved 8 number - No. of families 1,008 hh Of which: - Female Headed Households (16%) 161 hh - Male Headed Households (84%) 874 hh - Total population 5,111 persons Of which: Male (48%) 2,445 persons Female (52%) 2,666 persons 5.2 Occupation of total population:

- Farming population (rice growing, orchard, etc.) 81 % - Non-farming (e.g., wage labour, carpenter, merchant, 19 % etc.) 5.3 Land holding and Tenureship - Average size of land holding approx. 0.8 ha/hh - Farmers having land certificates approx. 80 % - Farmers who do not have land certificates approx. 20 % Landless households approx. 1 %

5.4 Existing Cropping Data and Calendar Based on the secondary data given by the Commune Chief and the Commune Clerk, main crops grown in the subproject site are (wet season) rice, water melon, cucumber, pumpkin, wax gourd and vegetables. Rice shares the largest part of cultivation area. These crops are grown, however, at different time in a season. Farmers normally start growing wet season rice in May or June and harvesting in November or December, for medium and late duration rice varieties. For short-term variety, rice is usually grown in mid-October and harvested in December. After the canal and structures had been broken, farmers stopped growing dry season rice and started converting the land in to grass fields for cattle. On the other hand, vegetables and other crops have not been widely cultivated due to the lack of irrigation water. Farmers therefore depend heavily only on wet season rice production.

Average rice yield is reported at about 800 kgs/ha and in view of the small average farm-size, local farmers normally can not produce enough rice for their year-round family consumption. In 2007, although varying by rice varieties, average farm-gate rice price was 650 Riels/kg. Other related information on crop cultivation in the subproject area are given in Tables below.

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Table 1: Land-use in the subproject area, with and without irrigation Crops Area grown Current, before Future (anticipation after (ha) rehabilitation rehabilitation), ( ha) with irrigation water (ha) Wet season rice 799 0 1,600 Dry season rice 0 0 240 Cucumber 0.5 0.5 2 Water melon 1 1 10 String bean 1 1 2 Wax gourd 0.7 0.7 1 ( Source: Secondary data from Tang Krasau commune, 2008)

Table 2: Crop production and land productivity

Main crops Total production (t) Land productivity (t/ha) Wet season rice 639 0.80 Dry season rice 0 n.a.* String bean n.a n.a Cucumber n.a n.a Water melon n.a n.a Wax gourd n.a n.a ( Sources: Field survey, June 2008) * Data not available. For other crops than rice, production quantities are negligible due basically to the generally small production scale (home-yard).

Table 3: Current land-use per beneficial villages

Village name Wet season Dry season Other crop areas rice area (ha) rice area (ha) (ha) Kampong Tkov Muoy 80 0 n.a Kampong Tkov Pir 50 0 n.a Khsach 100 0 n.a Ou Tkov 105 0 1 Kouk Doung 98 0 2 Dour Dantrei 110 0 5 Chambak Haer 140 0 n.a Phnum Trong Bat 116 0 n.a ( Source: Secondary data from Kampong Tkov commune, 2008)

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Table 4: Cropping calendar

Description Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Rice crops Short duration Medium duration Late duration Dry season Upland crops Water melon Cucumber Pumpkin Wax gourd Sesame (Field survey, June 2008)

From the face-to-face interview with village chiefs and key farmers conducted in June 2008, the following were cited as the existing key problems faced by the villagers in performing their agriculture (cultivation): ƒ Inability to retain water due to damage of the existing dike and water gates and accordingly, the lack of irrigation water; ƒ Poor rice seeds and lack of improved seed varieties; ƒ Lack of farmyard manure, chemical fertilizers; ƒ Occasional lack of labor force because young family members migrate to work for off-farm income jobs in other areas; ƒ Lack of knowledge on new farm/modernized technique; ƒ Lack of grass lands for cattle; ƒ Animal diseases such as feet and mouth, Newcastle, etc.; ƒ Lack of animal raising technique; and ƒ Lack of knowledge for fish culture/raising.

Some farmers mentioned about the problems of poor soils and inadequate working capital the extent of which should be reconfirmed by future studies.

Additional remarks on future water requirement in the subproject area The previous feasibility study of Spean Sraeng-Trapeang Aambel (SS-TA) subproject (located at immediate upstream of this subproject) had adopted the following parameters: 1. Irrigation Efficiency in wet season = 40% 2. Water used in paddy fields preparation within 4 weeks = 200 mm in the wet season 3. Percolation loss = 1.8 mm/day.

Based on this same set of the parameters and assuming that physical nature of the two subproject areas are the same, average monthly water requirement of the 1,600 ha of the Kampong Tkov subproject can be estimated as shown below. Unit 106 m3 Area (ha) Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1,600 3.56 2.97 4.93 4.53 0.43

From the table, it may be concluded that water requirement in wet season of his subproject area is 16.42 million cu.m. According to the SS-TA feasibility study, study result has indicated, however, that in the wet season, water that could be made available for its immediate downstream areas (Kampong Tkov and other) could be adequate for as many as 5,000 ha. This aspect may be reconfirmed by future F/S of the present subproject.

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5.5 Other issues related to agriculture in the project area

There are two important markets, namely, Kralanh and Kampong Tkov markets located near each others at Kralanh district town. According to the farmers who were interviewed, Kampong Tkov market is a place where most farmers living in this subproject area purchase their agricultural inputs and sell their agricultural commodities. Its location is only a few kilometers away from the Commune and easily accessible by roads.

For agricultural inputs, there are 5 (five) stores in this market compound. Prices of chemical fertilizers vary, depending on their types, commercial brands and origins. Merchants sell chemical fertilizers to farmers in two ways, i.e., in cash and credit. Farmers are normally charged with 3 % interest rate per month if they buy chemical fertilizers in credit.

Most farmers at this subproject area do not have an access to agricultural extension services provided by provincial and district agricultural extension workers, since the services are not provided regularly and as it was explained, the extension workers normally lack of both financial resources and means (e.g., motorbike, materials and tools to support extension activities) for carrying out their work.

5.6 Other issues related to socio-economic conditions in the project area In Kampong Tkov subproject area, there are 2 schools (1 pre-school and 1 primary school); all children of school age go to these schools. In addition, there are a government managed hospital (which provides both general and maternal health care), a pagoda and 2 market places. Some 60% of households are already connected to electricity. Households of this commune collect drinking water from a variety of sources including rain water (45% households), lake water/Stung Sreng (30% households), hand-pump (10% households), bore well (10% households), and bottled water (5%). Roads connecting the commune to the district town (2 km long) are paved. However, roads connecting villages within the communes are earthen (some 32 km long). Farming is the major occupation of the commune people. Emerging occupations in the commune include repairing phone, beauty salon, sewing and rice threshing depot.

There are cases of out-migration among the people in the commune. It was reported that 84 men and 86 women migrated in 2007 to different places such as Poi Pet (first rank), provincial town (second rank), Thailand (third rank), and Phnom Penh (fourth rank). They mostly migrate in off-agricultural and rainy seasons. Aspiration for better living and seasonal migration are the push factors of their migration. Male members’ migration, in particular, affects education of children (rank 1), workload (increased) to female members (rank 2) and risk of wife to HIV/AIDS (rank 3).

Flood and drought affect the people in the commune. Children and women are more affected with these natural calamities. A total of 44 persons in the commune are living with HIV/AIDS.

Debt is a common phenomenon in the commune. Some 30% of the people in the commune are indebted. They usually borrow loan/debt from banks, relatives and neighbors. Some of the debt persons already face extreme difficulty to repay their debt.

Commune people receive support from external sources for improvement of their living and living standard. Banteay Srey (NGO) and Commune Fund, as an example, provide supports for the Cow Bank, Rice Bank, etc.

Gender and poverty Average annual income of households in the commune is Riel 5.40 million ($1,350 per household). Some 30% of the total households (70% MHH and 30% FHH) are considered poor1, 59% medium poor2, and the rest wealthy3. It is also of a concern that incidence of poverty is generally worse among female-headed-households compared to male-headed-households.

1 According to the commune council, a poor household is a household which has a small thatched house, smaller than 20 square meter of homestead land, 100-1,000 square meter of agricultural land, more or equivalent to half of the household members are unemployed and indebted for a period of 8-12 months. 2 According to the commune council, medium wealthy household is a household which has a wooden house, 20-50 square meter of homestead land, 1-2 pigs, 1-2 cattle, 1-5 goats, 2,000-5,000 square meter of agricultural land, half of the household members do not have paid work and indebted for a period of 2-7 months.

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From fragmented information obtained, it could be estimated that the highest annual values of farm produces of male and female-headed-households are about Riel 3.25 million and Riel 1.63 million, respectively. On the other hand, the highest annual values of income from non-farm activities are Riel 6.02 million and Riel 4.93 million per male and female-headed-household. As it could be observed, income of female-headed-household is always less than that of the male-headed-household, either from farm or non-farm activities. Food supply It was also reported that some 31% of the total households in the Commune (30% MHHs and 70% FHHs) lack of rice to feed their members throughout the year. Of them, 22% has the problem of rice shortage for more than 6 months in a year. Only about 10% of the total households (100% MHHs) produce surplus rice, while the remainder (59%) produce rice just enough quantity to feed their members throughout the year. Rice shortage affects female members (rank 1), children (both boys and girls, rank 2), elderly members (rank 3) and male members (rank 4). Households with rice shortage take up a range of strategies to cope with the crises, e.g., stop schooling of children, doing non-farm activities for cash income, etc.

6 Land utilization & suitability - Irrigated area 6.1 Land utilization - Irrigated rice area - Potential irrigation area approx. 1,600 ha - Future irrigated area (expected wet+dry seasons) approx. 1,920 ha - Irrigated area but, not used (if any) none ha - Reasons for non-use of irrigation area: n.a.

6.2 Land suitability for irrigated rice

From the same field observation, it was seen that soils within the subproject area are generally fertile for growing rice. Once irrigation water is secured, use of improved rice varieties coupled with introduction of other modern inputs could contribute largely to the increase in land productivity and hence, in rice production in the area.

6.3 Additional relevant land suitability information Results of the interview with local farmers disclosed that, as the major crop, short, medium and late duration rice varieties have been growing by the farmers. Short duration rice varieties consist of Malis, Krem, Srovekrohorm, Cherngmern, Ken, Neang Meas, and Neang Pei. Medium duration rice varieties are Pkadong, Norch, Neangkongleat, Lakslek, Khar 4, Khar 3 and Khar 11. For the late duration rice varieties, they include Beikur, Chongkomprak, Chomrounphal, Soseibourn and Sroveal. In addition, many farmers were reported to cultivate other cash crops like water melon, string bean, wax gourd, and cucumber in the area where water is available.

Dry season rice is currently not cultivated due to the lack of water. The farmers expect that they will be able to cultivate early wet season rice and dry season rice when the broken irrigation systems have been rehabilitated.

Situation as it is (without project case), land productivity depends heavily on the amount and pattern of natural rainfall, with only a limited input investment by farmers. As indicated, in the good year, average rice yield in the subproject area could be as high as 2.5 t/ha. In such bad year as in 2007, many farmers could obtain only about 200 kgs/ha.

Based on a secondary source, soils in the subproject area comprise of types: (1) Prateah Lang and (2) Krakor. According to the estimate, the Prateah Lang soil covers about 28% of the total rice-growing area. Based on characteristics of sub-soil that affect root penetration and water drainage, Prateah Lang soil can be divided into 1) shallow phase, 2) clayey subsoil phase and 3) loamy subsoil phase. This soil could therefore be difficult to manage for rice production.

3 According to the commune, a wealthy household is a household which has a brick/rock build house, more than 51 square meter of homestead land, 8-9 pigs, 8-9 cattle, 16-19 goats, 5,000 square meter of agricultural land, not more than ¼ of family members are not in paid work, and indebted for a period up to 2 months .

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The Krokor soil occurs in all and, is estimated to occupy about 15% of the land area grown to rice in the country. The soil has a good potential to produce high rice yields, and responds well to improved water management. Inherent fertility of this soil is good and therefore, the major part of paddy fields in this subproject area is considered suitable for irrigation development.

On the other hand, mechanism in the subproject area is emerging. Some 97% of the farmers were reported to have used power tiller for land preparation. However, all of the farmers (100%) still prefer broadcasting method, due basically to the fact that they lack of labor force.

The level of input application in terms of farmyard manure and fertilizer is still limited, due to the lack of working capital to general farmers. An initial estimate revealed, however, that farmers apply about 3 ox- carts of farmyard manure and 85 kg of fertilizer per one ha of their paddy fields.

7 Scope of the project 7.1 Work Required: - Feasibility Study + Detailed Design (In view of generally favorable factor endowments and low investment cost) - Other important activities should include: - Site plan survey at head work and regulators, cross section and longitudinal profile of main canal; - Contour line and flow direction checking; - Strip topographic survey for secondary & distribution canals; - Confirmation proposed irrigated area and potential area in the field; - Geotechnical survey, 1 bore hole at head regulator; - Rice growing area and households working in canal right of way.

7.2 Anticipated project components:- Basically, there could be 3-4 components, as following:

1) Irrigation infrastructures to be rehabilitated/re-constructed: 1.1 Construction of new conveyance structures, including:- - Head regulator at the main canal, 1 (one) place - Check structure at the main canal, 1 (one) place - Tail regulator at the main canal, 1 (one) place - Head regulators at secondary canal, 6 (six) places - Check structures at secondary & distribution canals, 5 (five) places - Road crossing with checks at secondary & distribution canals, 7 (seven) places - Tail regulators at secondary & distribution canals, 10 places. 1.2 Canal improvement (with respective approximate lengths in kms), including:- - Main canal (MC) 3 km - 1R – MC 1.1 km - 2R – MC 1.3 km - 3R – MC 1.1 km - Distribution canal (Right) 3.7 km - 1L – MC 2.9 km - 2L – MC 5.4 km - 3L – MC 5.3 km - Distribution canal (Left) 16 km - Ring canal 4.6 km. 1.3 Maintenance of farm roads.

1.4 Demolition of some of existing but, un-functional structures.

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2) Irrigated agriculture

Agricultural development program, including extension services and related trainings that suited particularly for target beneficiary farmers in the subproject area. Detailed studies on the various factor endowments and development potentials of irrigated agriculture in the subproject area, covering such things as land suitability, agricultural market, credit facilities, availability and content of extension services, etc., will be required development potential

As reflected partly by the farmers during the initial field study, farmers in the subproject area are in need of new knowledge and technique for growing rice and vegetables. Also, they need to know “how” to make good compost (green manure), supporting knowledge for fertilizer and pesticide application, pest control, weed control, seed selection, fish culture, pig raising, integrated pest management and pesticide application. Of these, the most essential knowledge and skills required by the farmers seem to include fertilization application technique, seed selection and how to maintain rice crop. Detailed study on these should be covered by the F/S.

3) FWUC: 9 To be newly established To be strengthened Following the policy guidelines established by MOWRAM and in connection with 3) above, a new Farmer Water Use Committee (FWUC) will need to be promoted and established within the subproject area for the beneficiary farmers to perform the various functions of water management and O&M of the irrigation facilities being transferred to their responsibilities. The newly established FWUC is also expected to perform a close coordination with the FWUC of the SS-TA subproject (upstream area) and help ensure an adequate and timely allocation of water between the two subprojects. In addition, the FWUC and its members are expected to help maintain the rehabilitated irrigation structures in the longer term. Despite of these high expectations, the FWUC is practically “new” to all farmers in the subproject area. Therefore, in addition to the requirement for detailed studies on the existing social economic conditions of the farmers to know their problems and requirements, their perception towards their new institution being established, etc., appropriate education and training programs should be designed and provided to the different target farmers’ groups during the F/S stage.

4) Others

In parallel to the above, a study related to other local institutions and organizational set up should be undertaken, to identify their respective capacities, supporting roles in project’s implementation and/or requirements for such additional inputs as capacity building and/or institutional strengthening programs.

8 Estimated project cost and breakdown: The following are preliminary estimates of eventual development cost of the identified physical infrastructures that need to be confirmed by the proposed F/S & DD. 8.1 Capital and base costs Unit Cost Cost Item Quantity Unit (US$) (US$) 1. Construction of New Component Structure 1.1 Head Regulator (MC) 1 each 60,000 60,000 1.2 Check Structure (MC) 1 each 45,000 45,000 1.3 Tail Regulator (MC) 1 each 35,000 35,000 1.4 Head Regulator (Secondary Canal) 6 each 5,900 35,400 1.5 Check Structure (Secondary & Distribution Canal) 5 each 3,500 17,500 1.6 Road Crossing with Check (Secondary & 7 each 5,700 39,900 Distribution Canal) 1.7 Tail Regulator (Secondary & Distribution Canal) 10 each 7,600 76,000 Total (1) 308,800

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2. Canal Improvement 2.1 Main Canal (MC) 3.0 km. 29,600 88,000 2.2 1R-MC 1.1 km. 21,000 23,100 2.3 2R-MC 1.3 km. 21,000 27,300 2.4 3R-MC 1.1 km. 21,000 23,100 2.5 Distribution Canal (Right) 3.7 km. 18,000 66,000 2.6 1L-MC 2.9 km. 21,000 60,900 2.7 2L-MC 5.4 km. 21,000 113,400 2.8 3L-MC 5.3 km. 21,000 111,300 2.9 Distribution Canal (Left) 16.0 km. 18,000 288,000 2.10 Ring Canal 4.65 km. 18,000 84,600 Total (2) 885,700 3. Miscellaneous 3.1 Demolish Existing Structure 1 L.S. 20,00020,000 3.2 Maintenance Road Development 1 L.S. 40,000 40,000 3.3 Hydraulic and related structures 1 L.S. 100,000 100,000 Total (3) 160,000

Grand total 1,354,500

8.2 Annual O&M costs Item Cost Remarks (US$) Annual O&M 16,000 US$ 10/ha An estimate for major maintenance in every 5 years, 10% of canal construction 88,570 cost (of new project development)

9 Expected Outputs / Outcome (at project level basis):

9.1 Agricultural production (paddy equivalent) approx. 3,680 tons 9.2 Increased farm income (financial) approx. 300 US$/hh 9.3 Operational FWUC: Farmers expect that after the irrigation is rehabilitated, FWUC would be established and they would have sufficient irrigation water for their current crops and other potential new cash crops to be introduced into the project area. 9.4 Diversified agriculture: Apart from wet season rice, dry season rice, water melon and vegetables are expected to be introduced and grown more in the project area, once the existing broken irrigation system has been rehabilitated.

9.5 Crop intensity: expected to be increased by 25-30 % 9.6 Stable water supplies for agriculture and domestic uses 9.7 Besides the expectation above, farmers expect to see the increase in land productivity, including crop diversification in the project site. Some farmers hope to see also an increase in fish population after the rehabilitation is completed. 9.8 The project is expected to reduce migration problem of people (labor) from the commune, as a result of income increase and improvement of living standard.

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10 Environment and environmental impact assessment Existing environmental condition:

- Tumnub Kampong Tkov is situated beside and in the east of Stung Sreng. Water from Stung Sreng flow into the subproject area through Dour Dantrey Village located about one km from the river. This subproject is, however, located outside any protected area; - Part of the existing paddy fields are located along the canals; - Reportedly, farmers in the area apply also chemical pesticide and fertilizers to their paddy fields; - This subproject area is flooded annually, with average duration of about three month/year. - As some parts of the system was broken down, some farmers started to grow rice in the canal too, but with the combined total area of about 2 ha only; - No new housing in the canal is seen and therefore, no displacement is expected; - According to the local inhabitants, several species of domestic animals, mammals, birds, amphibians and reptiles can be observed in the area, such as, cattle, pig, chicken, duck, mouse, snake, cricket, frog, crab, cat fish, chevron snakehead, tawes, shrimp, dove and quail; - There are no any significant archaeological features near the subproject area that could possibly be affected by the rehabilitation project; - There are no pollution black spots, dumping sites, industrial activities, noisy commercial activity, dusty open storage uses and potentially hazardous installations nearby; - Also, there is no any major element of the surrounding environment which might affect the subproject.

Anticipated impacts:

If the subproject is rehabilitated/reconstructed, the following changes or impacts may be expected: - Water level in the Tumnub Kampong Tkov could generally be raised up to the elevation that irrigation water can be divert to paddy fields in the project area; - Accordingly, fish production in the canals could increase and construction of structures on the existing canals does not appear to be a major barrier for fish immigration; - The storage of water during particularly the dry season could benefit to local villagers as a new source of domestic water supply, in addition to irrigation water; - Quality of surface water is expected to be greatly enhanced; - The rehabilitation of irrigation facilities under the project should increase an overall productivity of lands and welfare of the local people, in terms of agricultural production, volume of water supply, etc. - No other significant environmental impact is anticipated.

Probable environmental category :A :B 9 :C

11 Resettlement and land compensation aspects Existing condition:

To date, there are some 5 (five) farming households who grow rice in the damaged canal. The total area grown is estimated at 2 (two) ha. These five families may therefore be affected by the rehabilitation project, if to be implemented.

Anticipated resettlement/compensation required:

In view of the small number of affected people involved (< 200 persons), only a limited compensation is anticipated.

Resettlement plan required 9 SRP FRP

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12 Suggested implementation plan Item 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 P/F F/S D/D FWUC promotion O&M

13 Other information of interest People in the Commune expressed their desire to have the following, as a matter of preferences, for the development of their Commune: - Rehabilitated irrigation facilities; - Improved know-how on agricultural production; - Clean water supply for household use; and - Improved sanitation facilities.

Prepared by: TEAM Consulting Engineering and Management Co. Ltd., Bangkok, Thailand and TEAM Consulting and Management (Cambodia) Co., Ltd., Phnom Penh, Cambodia

Date of completion: 31 October 2008

TEAM Consulting Engineering & RGC / MOWRAM TEAM Consulting and Management Management Co., Ltd. Asian Development Bank (Cambodia) Co., Ltd.

TUMNUB KAMPONGTAKOV Management Co., Ltd. TEAM Consulting Engineering & TEAM Consulting Engineering & RGC / MOWRAM TEAM Consulting and Management Management and Consulting TEAM RGC/MOWRAM Co.,Ltd. Management & Engineering Consulting TEAM 5-21 Appendix Asian Development Bank Bank Asian Development Asian Development Bank G ORM RGC /MOWRAM TEAMConsulting and Management (Cambodia) Co., Ltd. (Cambodia) (Cambodia)Co., Ltd.

13

Figure 1 General Map of Project Location

14 Appendix 5-19 5-19 Appendix TEAM Consulting Engineering & RGC / MOWRAM TEAM Consulting and Management Management and Consulting TEAM RGC/MOWRAM Co.,Ltd. Management & Engineering Consulting TEAM Asian Development Bank Bank Asian Development

TUMNUBKAMPONGTAKOV (Cambodia) Co., Ltd. (Cambodia)

Figure 2 Map of Subproject Area (Potential Beneficiary Area)

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15

Figure 3 Recent Photographs of the Subproject Area (October 2008)

16 Appendix 5-21 TUMNUB KAMPONG TAKOV

People’s participation Rice field

Discussion among MOWRAM and PDWRAM staffs Pipe culvert at the vicinity of km.0+000 main canal

Main canal and road No.68 (behind) Existing distribution canal

Figure 4: Selected photographs of the Kampong Tkov, October 2008

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Appendix 5-22

PROFILE OF PROLAY DONKAIY THMEI SUBPROJECT

PROLAY DONKAIY THMEI Appendix 5-22 1

PROFILE OF PROLAY DONKAIY THMEI SUBPROJECT

TA-4848 CAM (EXTENSION PHASE) Project Data Sheet

1 Project title: Prolay Donkaiy Thmei

2 Project Location and description: 2.1 Headwork Longitude: 339,449E Latitude: 1,512,358N Commune: Chanloas Dai District: Kralanh Province: Siem Reap

2.2 Date of construction: 1995 Constructed by Concern Worldwide (NGO)

A brief development history: - In 1995, three (3) conveyances have been built along canal. - At present, the existing system can not be fully operational due to damages.

2.3.1 General map of project location (see Figure 1) 2.3.2 Map of the subproject area (potential beneficiary area) (see Figure 2) 2.3.3 Photographs (see Figure 3, 4)

2.4 Description of the route to project-site Prolay Donkaiy Thmei is located to the west of Siem Reap, northwestern part of Cambodia. The subproject site may be reached by road (National Route No. 6), starting from Siem Reap town to Kralanh district and then, turn northeastward at Kampong Tkov, using the laterite road No. 68 for another 16 kms. Condition of the laterite road is fairly good to slushy due to damages caused by rains. Some parts, however, are quite good and accessible many months of a year.

2.5 Description of the irrigation scheme

Type of scheme : Gravity system

Source of water : Rainfall from upland

Structures, their conditions and situation of project area:

In the subproject area, there are a main canal of approximately 4 km long and four (4) structures (located along the canal), including a culvert crossing road No.68. Some parts of the canal become shallow due to soil sedimentation.

Sources of water of this subproject are from rainfall in canal network along the rural road and another from Stung Moung in northern area of this subproject. The water is diverted to the main canal along the rural road.

2.6 Names of key informants in project area:

1) Mr. Lem Sam At, Vice Chief Office PDWRAM, Siem Reap 2) Mr. Phav Phann, PDWRAM, Siem Reap 3) Mr. Peang Kay, Chief PDWRAM of Kralanh District 4) Mr. Lam Lak, Vice Head Village of Donkaiy Thmei

3 Rationale (implementation priority)

Prolay Donkaiy Thmei subproject is located in Chanloas Dai Commune. It was developed in 1995, by Concern Worldwide which has funded to construct the main canal (of about a 4-km long) running from east to west, and four (4) structures along the canal. The structures comprise of a box culvert to receive

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water from canal network along the rural road, two (2) checks along the canal and a tail end regulator. The distance between each structure is 1 km approximately. Water is distributed in two (2) sides of the main canal to irrigate an area about 300 ha. At the present day, the tail end regulator cannot be used.

According to the interview with the Chief of Commune, Stung Moung in the upstream was blocked by farmers at Kol Commune in order to divert water to their area. Consequently, it has become a conflict between the upstream and downstream communes. Flow direction of Stung Moung start from Kol, Krouk Kol down to Saen Sok and Chonloas Dai communes, respectively.

As mentioned above, this project is risky as it has to depend on water being diverted from basically only one source. A study should also be undertaken to determine whether this subproject should be a part of development of the whole area and in a wider context, to ensure security of its sources of water.

Based also on the information obtained from the local farmers, rice yields at this subproject area vary greatly between good years and bad years, e.g. about 2.5 t/ha in the good year and only 0.3 t/ha in the bad one (basically, due to water shortage). Due to this, rehabilitation of the existing broken irrigation infrastructures and securing of stable water resources should enable the local farmers to increase and stabilize the farmers’ production.

Irrigated area of this subproject is 850 ha which should require irrigation water of 14.23 mcm/year, comprising of 12.06 mcm and 2.17 mcm, for the wet and dry season crops, respectively. This subproject receives water basically from rainfall and Stung Phlang. Therefore, adequacy and stability of water supply for this subproject should be studied further at the feasibility stage.

4 Farmer Institutions - FWUC and its status Yes, existing √ No, not existing

Future work/actions required: Based on the result of interview with key farmers, it was noted that the so-called Farmer Water Users Community (FWUC) is not readily known to local people. It is important that if this subproject is to be rehabilitated, a concept of FWUC be introduced and the FWUC is promoted for establishment. With the established FWUC, in addition to the normal and routine functions of operation and maintenance, its representative farmers or leaders could perform more effectively in coordinating function with the farmers or their institution in the upstream area when discussing about water management and/or allocation of water from the same resource they are sharing.

Other existing institutions:

From the same interview, it was noted that some other occupation groups do also exit in the Chanloas Dai commune. They include in particular “rice bank” which has a total member of more than 1,000 hh.

5 Socio-economic profile 5.1 Area and population (of the Chanloas Dai Commune): - Cultivated area >3,000 ha - Total number of villages 12* villages - No. of families 1,591 number - Total population 7,592 number Of which: Male 3,635 persons Female 3,957 persons

* Of which four (4) are beneficial villages of the subprojects.

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5.2 Occupation of total population: - Farming (rice growing, orchard, fishing, etc.) approx. 95 % - Non-farming (e.g., officer, carpenter, merchant, etc.) approx. 5 %

5.3 Land holding and Tenure ship - Average size of land holding approx. 2.60 ha - Farmers having land title -None- - Landless households approx. 2 %

5.4 Existing Cropping Data and Calendar

Based on the secondary data provided by the commune chief and commune clerk, rice area in wet season of Chanloas Dai commune is 3,041 hectares. The Prolay Donkeiy Thmei subproject is located in this commune.

Main crops currently grown in the area consist of wet season rice, floating rice, water melon, cucumber, wax gourd, pumpkin and corn. Water melon was seen as the major second crop after wet season rice (see Table 1: Major Crops Grown in the Commune). Table 2 shows cultivate area of paddy fields per villages of the commune.

The crops are grown however at different times and seasons. Farmers normally start cultivating their wet season rice in mid-April or early May and harvesting it in November or December or January depending on the rice varieties. Water melon is cultivated in May and November and harvested in August and January, respectively. Growing of most cash crops such as taro, cucumber, chili and pumpkin normally commence in early May when the rainy season starts (see Table 3: crop season calendar).

According to the farmers who were interviewed, average wet season rice yield in the project area is rather low, i.e., only about 700 kg/ha. Table 4 shows area, production and yields of major crops grown.

In 2007, average farm get rice price was 650 Riels per kilogram.

Table 1: Major crops grown and irrigation area in the Chanloas Dai Commune Current main crops Cultivation area Current irrigated Expected irrigated areas (ha) areas ( ha) after rehabilitation in (ha) Wet season rice 3,041 0 1,339 Dry season rice 0 0 0 Pumpkin 1 0 0 Corn 1 0 n.a. Cucumber 10 n.a. n.a. Wax gourd 0.5 0.5 n.a. Water melon 36 n.a. n.a. Floating rice 60 60 (Source: Secondary data from commune, 2008)

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Table 2: Cultivation area of the major crops per villages Village name Total Benefit from Wet Dry season rice households the project season rice area (ha) (ha) Tramkong 216 No 199 0 Choukroath 113 No 330 0 Run 114 No 290 0 Kokthnout 95 No 250 0 Khnada 111 No 250 0 Domreislab 144 No 402 0 Tameak 69 No 135 0 Chonlosdei 221 No 231 0 Preahlean 184 Yes 302 0 Rolumsvay 112 Yes 487 0 Kombaur 139 Yes 319 0 Daunkay 73 Yes 231 0 (Source: Secondary data from commune, 2008)

Table 3. Seasonal crop calendar Description Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Rice crops Short duration Medium duration Late duration Upland crops Corn Cucumber Wax gourd Chili Pumpkin Lettuce String bean Taro Water melon

(Based on farmers’ interview, August 2008)

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Table 4: Major crop area, production and yield Main crops Total cultivation area (ha) Total production Average yield (Tons) Ton/ha Wet season rice 3,041 2,128 0.7 Floating rice 60 60 1 Water melon 36 n.a n.a (Source: Secondary data from commune, 2008)

From the interview with village chiefs and key farmers, the following key problems at the subproject area could be noted: ƒ Lack of rain water ƒ Drought ƒ Problems from insects, weeds, rat, worms and grasshopper ƒ Lack of working capital to purchase fertilizer, and herbicides ƒ Lack of draught animal ƒ Lack of irrigation water ƒ Lack of new rice cultivation technique ƒ Low crop yield ƒ Rice diseases ƒ Hard and poor soils ƒ Lack of farmyard manure ƒ Lack of soil improvement technique.

5.5 Other agricultural issues

Farmers living in this subproject area have an access to Kampong Thkov and Kralanh markets located about 16 kms and 18 kms, respectively from the Commune center to purchase agricultural inputs and agricultural machineries.

Farmers usually sell their agricultural productions, i.e., rice and other crops, at either their villages or, at the Kralanh and Kampong Tkov markets.

In 2002, agricultural extension workers based at the province provided training courses on rice cultivation technique to the local farmers but since then, there has been no continuation on this kind of extension services from the government.

5.6 Other socio-economic issues

All people in the area belong to Khmer ethnicity. There are nine (9) primary schools and a lower secondary school; all children of school age go to these schools. In addition, there are a general hospital (which provides also services for mother and child health care) and two (2) pagodas in the commune. The commune has no access to electricity. Households in the commune use water from different sources for drinking and household purposes. But majority (65%) of the households use water from hand pumps followed by rainwater (25%) and bore well (10%). Roads connecting the commune to the district town and villages within the commune are unpaved. Agricultural farming is the primary occupation of the majority of the households. Some 40% households are considered poor1 while another 55% are medium wealthy.2 Only the remainder of 5% that are considered wealthy3. According to the partial information obtained from the

1 Poor households refer to households who have (i) maximum of 25A (1A= 100 M2) of agricultural land, (ii) maximum of 2 large ruminants (i.e., cow, buffalos), (iii) maximum of 1 small ruminants (i.e., pigs) and a few number of chicken and duck, (iv) less than 1 A of household land size, (v) maximum of 1 bicycle, and (vi) thatched house. 2 Medium wealthy households refer to the households who have (i) maximum of 1.5 hectors of agricultural land, (ii) 2-4 large ruminants (i.e., cow, buffalos), (iii) maximum of 4 small ruminants (i.e., pigs) and a number of chicken and duck, (iv) 1-3 A of household land size, (v) 1-2 motor-bikes, and (vi) small wooden house. TEAM Consulting Engineering & RGC / MOWRAM TEAM Consulting and Management Management Co., Ltd. Asian Development Bank (Cambodia) Co., Ltd. 6 Appendix 5-22 PROLAY DONKAIY THMEI

interviewed farmers and council officials, an average annual income of households in the commune is about Riel 1.20 million (or, about US$300). Poverty incidence is higher among female-headed- households (FHHs) compared to male-headed-households (MHHs). As an example, average annual highest and lowest income from farm produces of the MHHs were reported to be Reil 5.0 million and 0.6 million, respectively while the corresponding numbers of the FHHs were only Reil1.0 million and Riel 0.30. On the other hand, average annual highest and lowest income from non-farm activities were estimated at Riel 1.20 million and Riel 0.60 million for the MHHs and, Riel 1.00 million and and Riel 0.48 million for the FHHs. Only 5% of the total households were reported to be capable of producing surplus rice for sell. About 20% could produce just sufficient rice to feed their household members around the year. The majority rest of 75%, however, could not produce sufficient rice. Of the households that face rice shortage, nearly a half (45%) have to suffer for more than 6 months a year. Lack of irrigation facilities, small agricultural land, shortage of household labor, limited agricultural inputs and lack of technical know-how to grow high yielding varieties (HYV) were quoted as part of the reasons behind food shortage problem of these households. People in the community usually migrate to other areas particularly during off agricultural season to avoid seasonal unemployment (i.e., to earn income). Some 304 men and 216 women were reported to have migrated last year, most of them were teenagers too. They mostly migrated to Thailand. Migration of male members of the households often hampers agricultural activities and increases workload to female members. Similar to other project areas under study, women poorly represent in the commune affairs. Out of seven councilors in the commune, only one woman was reported to be present. However, only a few women in the commune used to have bad experiences from domestic violence. There was also no report of people living with HIV/AIDS in the commune. A few other social groups reportedly exist in the commune and both women and men are members of these groups. However, according to the same source, men still predominantly occupy positions of these groups.

6 Land utilization & suitability – Irrigation area (Subproject basis) 6.1 Land utilization - Potential irrigation area approx. 850 ha - Future irrigated area (expected wet+dry seasons) approx. 1,000 ha - Irrigated area but, not used almost whole project area Reasons for non-use irrigation area: Basically, due to the lack of water caused by the diversion in upstream area and, the damages of the regulator and shallow canals.

6.2. Land suitability for irrigation rice crop

Soil types in the project areas were found to be of two categories: Prateah Lang and Bakan. According to a reference (Vang, soil TIP, 2006), the Prateah Lang soil is estimated to occupy about 28% of the total rice-growing area in the country. Based on characteristics of the sub soil that affect root penetration and water drainage, this soil typr has been defined to include three phases: 1) Shallow phase, 2) Clayey subsoil phase and 3) Loamy subsoil phase. This soil is generally difficult to manage for rice production but, if supplementary irrigation can be developed and provided, rice yields could increase profitably.

Bakan, on the other hand, is a soil occurring on colluvial plains or old alluvial terrace that has loamy or clayey topsoil which does not crack or has only shallow surface cracks occurring over a mottled loamy or clayey subsoil. The soil can be found in all rice-growing area and is estimated to occupy about 12% of the total rice-growing area in the country. The soil is well suitable to rice production. Where conditions are favorable, rice yields could respond well to improved management. Rice grown on this soil is likely to respond to N, P, K fertilizer application.

3 Wealthy households refer to the households who have (i) more than 5 hectors of agricultural land, (ii) 4-10 large ruminants (i.e., cow, buffalos), (iii) More than 5 small ruminants (i.e., pigs) and a considerable number of chicken, (iv) 3A of household land size, (v) More than 2 motor-bike and bi-cycles and (vi) big wooden or brick built house. TEAM Consulting Engineering & RGC / MOWRAM TEAM Consulting and Management Management Co., Ltd. Asian Development Bank (Cambodia) Co., Ltd. PROLAY DONKAIY THMEI Appendix 5-22 7

6.3 Additional information on land suitability and others

Based on the feedback interview with key farmers, farmers in the subproject area expect to cultivate also other secondary cash crops such as water melon, corn, chili, pumpkin, wax gourd, lettuce, and cucumber, if irrigation water became available. Various kinds of rice varieties have been grown by the farmers in this subproject area. Short-term rice varieties, as an example, consist of Neang Pei, Senpidor and IR66. Medium duration ones are Pkaromdoul, Malis, Neang Noye, Srovkrahorm, Pkapil, and Kha 11. For late duration rice varieties, they include Sneatslek, Neang Kung, Neang Mign, Chomrounphal and Changkoumprak.

At the present stage (without rehabilitation case), rice yields depend heavily on rainfall pattern and level of input investments by farmers. Result of the interview disclosed that average per hectare rice yield in the subproject area could be about 2.5 tons in a good year (i.e., enough rain water, with appropriate amount of fertilizer but, little damage from pest). In a bad year (e.g., in 2007), most farmers harvested very low yields of 300-400 kgs/ha as there was not enough rain water.

The farmers expect that apart from stabilization of wet season rice production, planted areas for such other cash crops as water melon, corn, cucumber and other vegetables should be expanded largely in the subproject area if supplementary irrigation water is available.

Land preparation is still done mainly (70% of total farmers) by animal power. The rest is reportedly by machines. Harvesting of rice crop, however, is generally done by man power. About 70% of the farmers use draught animal (cattle) for threshing and transporting of rice crop. In a broad term, it may be said that mechanization is not widespread yet in this community and subproject area due probably to socio- economic constraints of the people.

For rice cultivation, both transplanting and broadcasting methods are practiced by the local farmers. About 80 percent of the farmers adopt transplanting method while the remainder adopts the broadcasting one. Also, it may be noted that farmers in the subproject area have a practice of “labor exchange” among themselves and accordingly, labor shortage does not represent a major constraint in the community (at least for the time being).

7 Scope of the project: 7.1 Work Required: - Feasibility Study and Detailed Design (In view of generally favorable factor endowments and low investment cost) - Other important work/activities should include:

• Study of the existing canal and head work conditions (including hydraulic structures on the Stueng Phlang). • Study of area beside the newly proposed canal to confirm an overall irrigation area. • Strip topographic survey along the existing (feeder) canal and normal ground elevation of the newly proposed canal.

7.2 Anticipated project components:-

1) Irrigation infrastructures (to be rehabilitated/re-constructed) Scope of work may include: 1.1) Re-checking of the existing structures 1.2) Ground truth survey of the main canal and re-check its capacity 1.3) Identification of new conveyance structures along the newly proposed canal 1.4) Reconfirmation of items and quantities of the overall infrastructures required for rehabilitation/re-construction.

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2) Irrigated agriculture

Based on the farmers interviewed, they expect to cultivate more economic crops such as papaya, water melon, banana, tomato, taro, sweet potato, cassava, egg plant, string bean, corn, water convolvulus, garlic and taro. However, the promising cash crops to be planted after rehabilitation could consist of a few potential ones, including water melon, corn, lettuce, string bean egg plant and cucumber, taking into consideration of their high market demand.

Farmers were in need of many things, such as, new farming knowledge and skills for rice cultivation, growing of upland crops and vegetables, etc. In addition, they expect to try new areas of their farming businesses, including livestock rearing (i.e., raising of pig, chicken, duck and cattle) as well as fish culture in paddy fields and ponds after water became available. Development of irrigated agriculture should therefore be another component for the P/F study to be pursued, to confirm their viability and feasibility at an early stage.

3) FWUC: √ To be newly established To be strengthen

Farmer Water Users Community (FWUC) does not exit in the subproject area. According to the farmers who participated in the group discussion, the FWUC could not be established in their community because there has been no irrigation water and the irrigation system has been broken down for so long. However, if the project is to be rehabilitated/re-constructed, they would prefer to have the FWUC established to help operate and maintain the irrigation system.

Establishment and Development of FWUC should therefore be another component to be covered by the proposed Study, to find out level of understanding of the local people and farmers in the project area on this kind of farmers’ institution and to determine a detailed scope of work and appropriate assistance to be rendered/provided by authorities concerned, for further stage of the development required and the success in the establishment and operation of the FWUC in the project area in the longer term.

4) Others (capacity building and other related activities):

According to the field observations, organizational and institutional aspects at field level, particularly within the subproject area, were generally weak. Without a well established farmer group and provision of appropriate institutional support, absorbing capacity of the farmers and local people in general will continue to be limited.

As a component, a study on capacities and institutional aspects of the farmers as well as selected responsible government agencies should be covered in the F/S & DD.

8 Estimated project cost and breakdown: The following are preliminary estimates of eventual development cost of the identified physical infrastructures that need to be confirmed by the proposed F/S & DD. 8.1 Capital and base costs Item Unit Q'tity Unit cost Cost (US$) (US$) 1. Land compensation - Area along new canal 3.95 km (approximate) ha 10 700 7,000 Total (1) 7,000 2. Construction of new structure - Check each 1 3,500 3,500 - Farm bridge each 2 10,000 20,000 Total (2) 23,500 TEAM Consulting Engineering & RGC / MOWRAM TEAM Consulting and Management Management Co., Ltd. Asian Development Bank (Cambodia) Co., Ltd. PROLAY DONKAIY THMEI Appendix 5-22 9

3. Construction feeder canal 3.95 km (approximate) km 3.95 40,000158,000 Total (3) 158,000 4. Miscellaneous 4.1 For compensation work L.S. 1 - 2,000 4.2 For road development L.S. 1 - 5,000 4.1 For improvement of the existing canal L.S. 1 - 10,000 4.1 For construction of feeder canal L.S. 1 - 10,000 Total (4) 27,000 Grand total 215,500

8.2 Annual O&M costs Item Cost Remarks (US$) Annual O&M 2,500 US$10/ha An estimate for major maintenance in every 5 years, 10% of canal construction 15,800 cost (of new project development)

9 Expected Outputs / Outcome (at project level basis): This subproject is being proposed for F/S & DD, the result of which should help determine whether the project should be pursued at a full feasibility study (F/S), the following outcome are expected: 9.1 Increase in agricultural production (paddy equivalent) 4,480 tons 9.2 Increased farm income ( basically from rice) 700 US$/hh

In the longer term, water supplies for agriculture and domestic uses in the subproject area should be more adequate and stabilized. Farmers’ income should increase and accordingly, reduce the problem labor migration. Standard of living of the local people should be improved and enhanced.

10 Environment and environmental impact assessment Existing environmental condition: - Prolay Donkaiy Thmei is situated about 8 kms in the south of Stung Moung and, 7 kms to the west of Stung Phlang. Water from Stung Moung and Stung Phlang flows through paddy fields into the subproject area. - The Prolay Donkaiy Thmei Subproject is in the north of Tonle Sap Multiple Use Area (about 24 kms) but, does not fall within any protected area. - Surrounding environment is dominated by paddy fields, common forest and scrubland. This subproject is flooded only when there is heavy rain. Flood duration is only about 2-3 days each, with a maximum depth of 1.0 - 1.5 m. - Existing land-use is dominated by paddy field. About a half of the farmers reportedly apply chemical pesticide and fertilizers to their paddy fields. - Regarding cultural heritage, there is no any archaeological site nearby the subproject area. - From the initial field investigation, pollution black spots, dumping sites, industrial activities, noisy commercial activities, dusty open storage, etc., could not be found. - Surface water shortages do occasionally occur in dry season due to the lack of irrigation reservoir. Many people have to depend on groundwater as a primary source of water. In the wet season, they however use rain water for drinking and cooking. - About 20 % of the households were reportedly having toilets in their houses. - Waste management is generally poor with uncontrolled disposal. There is no any treatment system or facility for collection and transportation for solid waste. Waste water is discharge directly to waterways or grassland.

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- Common domestic animals, including amphibians, reptiles, birds and fishes could be observed. In addition, the local farmers reported that the following could also be seen in the project area, e.g., cobra, frog, dove, common and dark-necked tailorbird, plain backed sparrow, chevron snake head, white lady carp, etc. - Common trees in the area include acacia, palm, tamarind, eucalyptus and bamboo. - There is no any major element of the surrounding environment which might affect the area in which the subproject is located.

Anticipated impacts: Although the subproject is proposed for P/F study, eventual implementation (if all are proved feasible) should not lead to a particular concern over its environmental impacts. Rehabilitation of the project could lead to a minimum increase in water level, sufficiently to be diverted to paddy fields downstream. The rehabilitation does not appear to be a major barrier for fish immigration. On the contrary, storage of water during the dry season should benefit to a large number of local villagers, as a stable source of domestic water supply and irrigation. Ecology of the subproject area should also be enhanced this development initiative. No other significant environmental impact is anticipated.

Probable environmental category :A :B 9 :C

11 Resettlement and land compensation aspects

Existing condition:

Currently, it is reported that about 15 farmer families are cultivating along the road (dike) that will probably be used for constructing a new canal. Area involved is however small, i.e., with the total combined area of 2.4 ha.

Anticipated resettlement/compensation required:

During the next stage of study, this aspect of land reclamation should be looked at in details, as these farmer households could be part of the affected people (APs) whom should be taken care of. A short resettlement/compensation plan could be required.

Resettlement plan required 9 SRP FRP

12 Suggested implementation plan Item 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 F/S D/D FWUC promotion O&M

Prepared by: TEAM Consulting Engineering and Management Co. Ltd., Bangkok, Thailand and TEAM Consulting and Management (Cambodia) Co., Ltd., Phnom Penh, Cambodia

Date of completion: 31 October 2008

TEAM Consulting Engineering & RGC / MOWRAM TEAM Consulting and Management Management Co., Ltd. Asian Development Bank (Cambodia) Co., Ltd.

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Figure 1 General Map of Project Location

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PROLAY DONKAIY THMEI PROLAY DONKAIY (Cambodia) Co., Ltd.

Figure 2 Map of Subproject Area (Potential Beneficiary Area)

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Figure 3: Selected photographs of the Prolay Donkaiy Thmei, October 2008 14 Appendix 5-22 PROLAY DONKAIY THMEI

Existing conveyance structure at road No. 68 Existing canal (Main canal)

(downstream)

Existing conveyance structure at road No. 68 Rice field in the project area (upstream)

Rice field Rice field

Figure 4: Selected photographs of the Prolay Donkaiy Thmei, October 2008

TEAM Consulting Engineering & RGC / MOWRAM TEAM Consulting and Management Management Co., Ltd. Asian Development Bank (Cambodia) Co., Ltd. Appendix 5-23

PROFILE OF SPEAN SRAENG (UPPER AREA) SUBPROJECT

SPEAN SRAENG (UPPER AREA) Appendix 5-23 1

PROFILE OF SPEAN SRAENG (UPPER AREA) SUBPROJECT

TA-4848 CAM (EXTENSION PHASE) Project Data Sheet

1 Project title: Spean Sraeng (Upper Area)

2 Project Location and description: 2.1 Headworks. Longitude 1,517,665 N Latitude 325,150 E Commune : Spean Sraeng District : Phnom Srok Province : Banteay Meanchay

2.2 Date of construction: 1977 Constructed by Khmer Rouge

2.3.1 General map of project location (see Figure 1) 2.3.2 Map of the subproject area (potential beneficiary area) (see Figure 2) 2.3.3 Selected photographs of project-site (June 2008) (see Figure 3, 4) 2.4 Description of the irrigation scheme

Project area: This subproject area covers basically Spean Sraeng commune which is located upstream closed to the Spean Sreang dike. Other communes including Toek Chhour and Tram Sasar could be part of the project area, although not significant in terms of the area covered.

Type of scheme: Gravity irrigation, with simple distribution system but without a permanent reservoir of its own Source of water: The water could be made available from Spean Sraeng–Trapeang Ambel (SS-TA) reservoir in upstream area (through a canal) and O Spean Kameng in the northwestern area of the subproject. Structures condition: Existing structures (irrigation canals and control structures) in this subproject were constructed since the Khmer Rouge regime and currently, can not be used or operated. Conditions of the canals (partly) are still good but, require dredging to improve/expand their capacity. All control structures are however in poor condition.

Accordingly, this subproject requires reconstruction and/or rehabilitation of some major structures which include the head regulator, control structures and the distribution system. Some of the exiting irrigation and drainage canals will have to be excavated to improve their capacity.

2.5 Names of key informants in project area: 1) Mr.Yim Bunrom, Director of Banteay Meanchay PDWRAM 2) Mr.But Pov, Banteay Meanchay PDWRAM officer 3) Mr.Hanh Vuthear, Banteay Meanchay PDWRAM officer 4) Mr.Tim Narun, Banteay Meanchey PDWRAM 5) Mr.Phrum Chay, Chief of Spean Sraeng Commune 6) Mr.Peang Kay, District Seam Reap PDWRAM officer 7) Mr. Chou Somrith Farmer 8) Mr. You Chert Farmer 9) Mr. Liv Chhay Farmer 10) Mr. Sou Kin Farmer 11) Mr. At savorn Farmer 12) Mr. Um Ouk Farmer 13) Mr. Prom Kert Farmer 14) Mr. Chey Chert Farmer 15) Mr. Chom Krok Farmer

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3 Rationale (implementation priority)

This subproject is located in one of the major rice producing areas of Cambodia where lands are fairly fertile. However, the local farmers have long been living in a rather poor state due to the damages and non-operational condition of the existing irrigation system. According to the PDWRAM of Banteay Meanchay province, it was disclosed that in 2009, government budget would be used to improve the main canal (with the total length of some 13 kms) a part of which will pass through this subproject. Additional information provided by H.E.Veng Sakhon of MOWRAM on 19 June 2008 indicated that the Government of India was pledging a financial assistance to rehabilitate irrigation facilities in the Spean Sraeng area within the Banteay Meanchey part. While these reflected the importance of this subproject area being accorded by different parties, a good coordination among the parties concerned should be required for effective implementation and efficient use of all the available resources. An appropriate modality of implementation should need to be agreed upon and established, to be successful.

From the technical points of view, it is also important that this subproject be implemented after the completion of Spean Sraeng-Trapeang Ambel subproject from where irrigation water is expected to be come available.

From agricultural development points of view, crop yields in the area are currently low in general due to the limitation of many production factors. Dry season crops can not be practiced in any significant scale due to the lack of water in dry season. According to farmers interviewed, yields of wet season rice could be as high as 2.5 t/ha. For future and during the dry season, in addition to rice, other cash crops, e.g., water melon, and vegetables should also be of high potential.

Irrigated area of this subproject is 1,500 ha which should require irrigation water of 18.43 mcm/year, comprising of 15.62 mcm and 2.81 mcm, for the wet and dry season crops, respectively. This subproject receives water through a canal from Spean Sraeng – Trapeang Ambel (SS-TA) subproject. Based on the completion report of water resources management sector project (May 2007), the net inflow into this SS-TA is estimated at 1,874 mcm/year out of which 127.5 mcm/year could be used for irrigation purpose. Therefore, water availability for this subproject could be considered more than adequate.

4 Farmer Institutions - Farmer Water User Community (FWUC) and its status Yes, existing √ No, not existing

Future work/actions required:

Based on the result of initial assessment conducted in June 2008, the following may be noted: - Although FWUC does not exist at the present, it was explained that villagers have been working together in many ways whenever they are called by the village chief or community leaders. Farmers’ institution like FWUC should be introduced without much difficulty into this community. It should be desirable, however, that leading activities to have the FWUC established are carried out timely before and/or during rehabilitation of the irrigation system in this area. The potential beneficiary farmers, for example, should firstly be educated about FWUC concept and its usefulness, functions/duties of the parties involved and including their own, etc. - It is important that this subject of FWUC is covered also as an integral part of the Feasibility Study being undertaken for this subproject area. - Other existing institutions Apart from the Commune Council, there are not many other farmer institutions in the area. Women’s presence and roles are also less significant. However, at household level, women are better off in terms of decision-making. At commune level, women are less empowered. Men, compared to women, have more authority and occupy more of decision-making positions. At Spean Sraeng commune, the proportion of male to female commune councilors is 4:1.

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Community Development Committee does exist and, is responsible for road construction, flood victims, village bank, skill and leadership development programs.

Cow bank and pig raising groups also exist at the Spean Sraeng commune. Both women and men are members of these groups with about equal proportion. However, in terms of decision- making, men represent more (60%) than women (40%).

5 Socio-economic profile 5.1 Area and population: Data as of June 2008 indicated that there were 734 households in the Spean Sraeng commune. Of these, 653 (or 89%) were male-headed-household and the rest (81 hh or 11%) was female-headed- households. The total population was 4,148 people (of them, 2,118 or 51% was men and the rest (2,030 or 49%) was women.

Spean Sraeng commune has a total cultivated area of about 2,370 ha. The area being covered by this subproject is estimated, however, at only 1,500 ha (compared to 2,000 ha indicated by PDWRAM Office).

5.2 Occupation of total population: Farming (rice growing, orchard, fishing, etc.) is the major occupation of the people at Spean Sraeng Commune. Of the total population, 3,775 people (91%) perform some kinds of farming activities for their income. Of the total farmers, 1,661 (44%) was men and 2,114 (56%) women.

For non-farming population (e.g., officer, carpenter, merchant, etc.), there were 373 (or, 9%) of the total population. Of them, 220 (59%) was men and 153 (41%) women.

5.3 Land holding and Tenureship - Size of land holding approx. 3.2 ha - Farmers having land certificates ( not land title) approx. 85 % - Farmers who do not have land certificates approx. 15 % Landless households approx. 15 % Regarding land certificate, experience from the Phase 1 study has also shown that most of the farmers in rural area do not have land title-deeds.

5.4 Existing Cropping Data and Calendar

Major crops grown in this subproject area include wet season rice, water melon and some vegetables. Farmers normally grow short and medium duration rice varieties in June and harvest them in September and early November, respectively. For late duration rice and floating rice, growing starts at about the same time but, late harvest.

Water melon (although in very limited area) is grown in dry season after the harvest of first rice. It is normally grown in mid-November and February and harvested in December and mid-March, respectively. As mentioned, since there is not much water in the dry season, only few farmers could cultivate this crop.

For rice, average rice yield is said to be about 1.5 t/ha. In 2007, due to severe drought, some farmers were reported to get only about 200 kgs/ha. Rice price varied depending on rice varieties. In the same year of 2007, average rice price was about 570 Riels/kg.

Table 1 below shows a broad land-use in the Commune, location of this subproject. Of the total agricultural land, irrigable area located along the existing canals is estimated at about 400 ha (supplementary irrigation). According to the commune chief and the farmers whom were interviewed, after rehabilitation, as many as 300 ha require irrigation water for growing crops in the dry season. Detailed study on other crop requirements should be undertaken at F/S stage, however.

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Table 1. Crop cultivation areas in the commune Current main crops Total cultivation Current irrigated Expected irrigated areas areas (ha) areas ( ha) after rehabilitation in (ha) Wet season rice 2,372 400 2,372 Dry season rice 0 0 300 Water melon 7 4 n.a Vegetables 1 1 n.a ( Source: Secondary data from Spean Sraeng commune, 2008)

Table 2. Rice cultivation area in the beneficial villages Village name Wet season Dry season area (ha) rice area (ha) Rouk 800 n.a. Mukh Chhneang 227 n.a. Spean 178 n.a. Kouk Char 800 n.a. Kandaol 180 n.a. Pongro 187 n.a. ( Source: Secondary data from Spean Sraeng commune, 2008)

Table 3. Cropping calendar Description Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Rice crops Short duration Medium duration Long duration Dry season Other crops Water melon Cucumber Pumpkin Wax gourd (Interview with farmers, June 2008)

Based on the farmers’ interview, the following key problems (to the local farmers) were identified: ƒ Lack of irrigation water for rice crops due to the damage of Arng Spean Sreng (the dike upstream) ƒ Damage of the existing water distributional canals ƒ Low rice yield due perhaps to low degree of input investment and shortage of water ƒ Lack of working capital ƒ Limited agricultural knowledge (on new farming technology) ƒ Lack of diversified income generation options ƒ Lack of farmyard manure

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ƒ Lack of improved rice seeds ƒ Lack of rice cultivation technique (from improved varieties) ƒ Limited chemical fertilizer application technique ƒ Limited knowledge and skills for livestock rearing ƒ No knowledge on fish culture ƒ High migration to Cambodia-Thailand border ƒ Illiteracy among the farmers ƒ Scarcity drinking water in dry season ƒ Lack of agricultural extension service

The source of water of this subproject is Spean Sraeng reservoir located upstream.

Assuming the same cropping calendar as that of the Spean Sraeng-Trapeang Ambel (SS-TA) area and based on the previous feasibility study undertaken by the Consultant in 2007, total water requirement for the Spean Sraeng (upper area, about 1,500 ha) subproject could be estimated at 15.40 million cu.m. in wet season. The following key parameters may be noted: 1. Irrigation Efficiency 40% in wet season 2. Water used in paddy fields preparation within 4 weeks = 200 mm in the wet season 3. Percolation loss = 1.8 mm/day

Water requirements by months may also be estimated, as shown in the Table below. Unit 106 m3 Area (ha) Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1,500 3.34 2.78 4.62 4.25 0.40

5.5 Agricultural issues in the project area Farmers living in the proposed subproject area have an access to two markets nearby, namely, Kralagh and Kampong Thkov markets which are located near to each other at Kralagh district town, Siem Reap province. Another market is called Phnom Srok market, located at , Bateay Meanchey province. According to the interviewed farmers, Kampong Thkov market and Phnom Srok market are the major markets where most people living in this proposed subproject area purchase agricultural inputs and sell their commodities. The Kralanh market is about 14 km from the commune. In addition, there is a market at Serei Sophearn district.

Result of PRA done in 2007 (TA-4848), indicated that about 60 % of the farmers in Spean Sraeng- Trapean Ambel (areas nearby) lack of food for a year-round consumption due generally to low rice yield caused by drought. This subproject area faces a similar situation. There has also been a general lack of agricultural extension workers from the province and districts concerned. However, not many farmers could access to such the services since government extension workers have a very limited financial resource to carry out their work.

5.6 Other related information on socio economic conditions in the project area There are 5 schools (4 primary schools and 1 lower secondary school); all children of school age go to these schools. In addition, there are 7 pagodas in the commune. However, the commune does not have an access yet to electricity. There is neither a big market nor a good hospital there. Households at the commune collect their drinking water from various sources: rain water (30% of total households), river/lake water (100%), handpump (30%) and bore well (3%). There are 10 km-long earthen road connecting to district town and 13-km earthen road connecting to other villages. None is of paved road.

There were reports of out-migration problem among the people in the commune. In 2007, some 111 men and 86 women migrated to different places, such as, Thailand (first rank), provincial town (second rank), Phnom Penh and Poi Pet. They mostly migrated during off-agricultural and rainy season. Aspiration for better living and seasonal migration are the push factors of their migration. Migration, particularly of male population affects education of children (rank 1), workload (increased) of female members, risk of their wives to HIV/AIDS, difficulty in managing households and difficulty in cultivating lands.

Flood and drought often affect people in the commune. Children and women are more affected with these natural calamities.

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Currently, there are 4 persons (3 men and 1 woman) in the commune reported living with HIV/AIDS.

Debt is a common phenomenon among the population. It was reported that about 40% of the people are indebted. They usually borrow loan/debt from bank, relatives and neighbors. The debt persons face also extreme difficulty to repay their debt.

Commune people receive from time to time supports from external sources for improvement of their living and living standard. Asian Development Bank (ADB), Ministry of Rural Development (MRD), Northwestern Rural Development Project (NRDP), Commune Fund and Prime Minister’s Office were part of the agencies that used to provide supports to the area, in such areas as rural infrastructures, water supply and school.

Gender and poverty

Average household income in the commune was estimated at about US$360 per year. From a quick interview and assessment made in June 2008, about 35% of all the households (of which 43% MHH and 57% FHH) were considered poor1, 50% (of which 70% MHH and 30% FHH) medium-poor2 and 15% (of which 80% MHH and 20% FHH) wealthy3. It was apparent that incidence of poverty is lower among female-headed-households.

Of the total income, value from farm products is generally higher than that from the non-farm one. Apart from this, it may be added that average incomes of MHHs are always higher than those of FHHs in all categories. From the same field work, it was found that among the highest income group, average annual values of farm produces of MHHs and FHHs in the subproject area were US$300 and US$150, respectively. On the other hand, the average annual values of farm produces of MHHs and FHHs in the lowest income group were only US$75 and US$45.

Food shortage

Some 87% of all the households were reported to face a problem of inadequate rice production to feed their members throughout the year. Of them, 54% did not have rice for more than 6 months. Of the remainder, 12% (all were MHHs) produced just enough rice to feed their members throughout the year while there was only 7% that could produce surplus rice. Female-headed-households often experience rice shortage due mainly to the lack of irrigation water/facilities (Rank 1), shortage of agricultural inputs (rank 2), lack of know-how to produce high-yield varieties (rank 3) and lack of labor force (rank 4).

Rice shortage affects everyone in the families, particularly female members (rank 1), children (rank 2) and elderly members (rank 3). 6 Land utilization & suitability - Irrigated area 6.1 Land utilization - Irrigated rice area - Potential irrigation area approx. 1,500 ha - Future irrigated area (expected wet+dry seasons) approx. 1,800 ha - Existing irrigated area but, not used (if any) approx. none Reasons for non-use of irrigable area - Shortage of water irrigation - Flooding hazard - Poor soil fertility and lack of soil improvement technique - Lack of labor/scarcity of agri. Inputs - Lack of land title

1 According to the commune council, a poor household is a household which has a small thatched house, smaller than 30 square meter of homestead land, 4,000 square meter of agricultural land and no cattle. 2 According to the commune council, medium wealthy household is a household which has a wooden house, 30-40 square meter of homestead land, 20000 square meter of rice land, and 2 cattle. 3 According to the commune, a wealthy household is a household which has a brick/rock build house, 40 square meter of homestead land,4 cattle and owns 30,000 square meter of agricultural land.

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6.2 Additional relevant land suitability information Based on the result of initial field investigation, apart from the wet season rice, farmers cultivate other cash crops such as water melon and vegetables. Short duration rice varieties grown in the area include Neang Pech and Neang Per, Somaly, Phkathnong, Chhungmern,Neang meas, Senpidor, Pkaromdoul, Pkadong, Kraphty, while medium duration rice varieties consist of Khar3, Khar8, Pkagnei, Bakroteas. For long duration rice variety are Lark Slek, Lolokchek. Farmers used to grow also floating rice before Arng Spean Sreng (dike) was broken in 1997. Such rive varieties include Malyloy, Asean, Vealsor, Krochokcheas, Chomkoumlpak.

Without rehabilitation, rice yields depend heavily on rain fall pattern and the degree of input investment. According to the key farmer interviewed, rice yield per hectare is about 2.2-2.5 t/ha in the good year, meaning that there is enough rain water, with some amount of fertilizer applied and without pests’ damage. In bad years (like 2007), many farmers could get only about 200 kg/ha.

Soil types in the area were found to be of two principal groups: (1) Prey Khmer and (2) Kbal Po. From an existing literature (Ref. Vang, soil TIP, 2006), Prey Khmer occupies about 11% of the total rice growing area in the country. Two phases of this soil type have been defined, based on the size of the sand fraction in surface horizon, i.e., 1) fine sandy phase and 2), coarse sandy phase. Prey Khmer is therefore difficult to manage for rice production and not quite suitable for irrigation. Its fertility is generally low. Glasshouse experiments have shown that Prey Khmer is potentially deficient in N, P, K, S and Mg. Organic matter levels are low. Fertilizer management is difficult with nutrients being easily leached and accordingly, it is difficult in matching nutrient supply to crop demand.

The Kbal Po, on the other hand, is a dark gray, very dark brown to black, clayey topsoil, which forms large deep cracks over a clayey subsoil, occurring on active flat plains. It is estimated to occur on some 13% of rice growing area in Cambodia. Kbal Po soil is recognized, based on soil chemical properties: nonthionic and thionic. The soil is relatively easy to manage and, has high potential for rice production. This soil type is well suited to irrigation. If water became available, other cash crops, such as, water melon, vegetables, cucumber can possibly be introduced more into the subproject area.

Regarding agricultural mechanization in the area, the use of power tiller for land preparation could largely be observed (i.e., about 90% of all the farmers; 10 % is done by animal power). Threshing and transporting rice to markets are also done basically by machines/vehicle. However, all the farmers adopt broadcasting practice for their rice cultivation, due probably to the fact that plots of paddy fields in the area are generally large. Therefore, it may be said that farm mechanization in the area is in its progressing stage, although crop yields are still relative low due to several other factors as already explained.

7 Scope of the project: 7.1 Work Required: - Feasibility Study + Detailed Design (In view of generally favorable factor endowments and anticipated high benefits) • Site plan survey of control structures, cross section and longitudinal profile of the main canal; • Contour line and flow direction checking; • Strip topographic survey for secondary canal& ground truth survey for tertiary canals; • Confirmation proposed irrigated area and potential area in the field; • Geotechnical survey, 1 bore hole at head regulator (No.2), 1 bore hold represented head regulator of RMC and 1 bore hole represented head regulator of LMC; • Rice growing area and households in canal right of way, land compensation of new canal RMC and LMC.

7.2 Anticipated project components: 1) Irrigation infrastructures to be rehabilitated/re-construct Details of proposed system and structures are presented in item 8 of this Subproject Data Sheet.

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2) Irrigated agriculture

Based also on the farmers’ view, potentially economic crops which could be cultivated in the subproject areas should be studied and identified, in addition to what they have experienced, i.e., water melon, cucumber, vegetables and other home garden crops. Farmers need to know also how to make appropriate crop plan after the rehabilitation of irrigation system. In addition, farmers expect to learn more about new technique in livestock rearing including fish culture. Therefore, study on agricultural development pertaining to the area should constitute a major component too. 3) FWUC: √ To be newly established, a study and appropriate recommendation on the approach and action plan are required. 4) Others:

As mentioned, at the grassroots level, farmers largely require new knowledge and skills, to perform better their agricultural practices and improve their respective productivities. Detailed study on this subject is expected under the suggested component on irrigated agriculture. However, at a higher level of project management and supervision, appropriate provision of resources for capacity building and institutional strengthening should also be considered and provided to the responsible PDWRAM and local communities, in view of their currently limited resources and for the high success of the project.

8 Estimated project cost and breakdown: The following are preliminary estimates of eventual development cost of the identified physical infrastructures that need to be confirmed by the proposed F/S & DD. 8.1 Capital and base costs Item Quantity Unit Unit Cost Cost (US$) (US$) 1. Land Compensation 1.1 Construction of RMC, km.0+000 to km. 0+800 6 ha 700 4,200 1.2 Construction LMC, km.0+000 to km.1+000 8 ha 700 5,600 Total (1) 9,800 2. Construction of New Hydraulic Structures 2.1 Control Structure (No.1) 1 L.S. 142,000 142,000 2.2 Head Regulator (No.2) 1 L.S. 60,000 60,000 2.3 New Canal (RMC km.0+000 to km.0+800) (No.3 0.8 km. 32,000 25,600 2.4 Head Regulator (No.4) 1 L.S. 60,000 60,000 2.5 New Canal (LMC km.0+000 to km. 1+000) (No.5) 1km. 32,000 32,000 2.6 Detour Embankment (No.6) 1 L.S. 10,000 10,000 Total (2) 329,600 3. Construction of New Conveyance Structures and Canal Improvement (RMC) 3.1 Head Regulator along RMC and etc. 17 place 60,000 1,020,000 3.2 Check Structure along RMC 4 place 45,000 180,000 3.3 Tail Regulator along RMC 1 place 35,000 35,000 3.4 Check Structure along Secondary & Tertiary Canal 8 place 3,500 28,000 3.5 Tail Regulator along Secondary & Tertiary Canal 11 place 7,600 83,600 3.6 Improve RMC canal 4.8 km. 29,600 142,080 3.7 Improve 1L-RMC canal 2.3 km. 21,000 48,300 3.8 Improve 2L-RMC canal 2.35 km. 21,000 49,350 3.9 Improve 3L-RMC canal 2.35 km. 21,000 49,350

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3.10 Improve 4L-RMC canal 2.25 km. 21,000 47,250 3.11 Improve 5L-RMC canal 2.45 km. 21,000 51,450 3.12 Improve 6L-RMC canal 2.45 km. 21,000 51,450 3.13 Improve 7L-RMC canal 2.45 km. 21,000 51,450 3.14 Improve 8L-RMC canal 2.25 km. 21,000 47,250 3.15 Improve 9L-RMC canal 2.2 km. 21,000 46,200 3.16 Improve 10L-RMC canal 2.15 km. 21,000 45,150 3.17 Improve 1R-10L-RMC canal 1.85 km. 18,000 33,300 3.18 Improve Distribution canal 3.3 km. 18,000 59,400 Total (3) 2,068,580 4. Construction of New Conveyance Structures and Improve Canal (LMC) 4.1 Head Regulator along LMC 10 place 60,000 600,000 4.2 Check Structure along LMC 3 place 45,000 135,000 4.3 Tail Regulator along LMC 1 place 35,000 35,000 4.4 Check Structure along Secondary Canal 4 place 3,500 14,000 4.5 Tail Regulator along Secondary Canal 9 place 7,300 65,700 4.6 Improve LMC canal 2.6 km. 29,600 76,960 4.7 Improve 1R-LMC canal 1.7 km. 21,000 35,700 4.8 Improve 2R-LMC canal 1.15 km. 21,000 24,150 4.9 Improve 3R-LMC canal 0.95 km. 21,000 19,950 4.10 Improve 4R-LMC canal 0.65 km. 21,000 13,650 4.11 Improve 1L-LMC canal 0.5 km. 21,000 10,500 4.12 Improve 2L-LMC canal 0.4 km. 21,000 8,400 4.13 Improve 3L-LMC canal 0.45 km. 21,000 9,450 4.14 Improve 4L-LMC canal 0.35 km. 21,000 7,350 4.15 Improve 5L-LMC canal 0.8 km. 21,000 16,800 Total (4) 1,072,610 5. Construction of Drain Canal 5.1 Improve Drain Canal 4.9 km 18,000 88,200 5.2 Construction Cross Drainage Structure 1 place 11,000 11,000 Total (5) 99,200 6. Demolish and Modify Existing Structure and etc. 6.1 Demolish Existing Hydraulic Structures 1 L.S. 40,000 40,000 6.2 Modify Structures along Trapeang Ambel Flood 1 L.S. 40,000 40,000 Control Dike 6.3 O Kral Canal Improvement 5 km. 21,000 105,000 6.4 O Kral Canal & Drain Canal Junction Structure 1 place 33,000 33,000 Total (6) 218,000 7. Miscellaneous 7.1 Miscellaneous for Compensation work 1 L.S. 20,000 20,000 7.2 Miscellaneous for Demolish work 1 L.S. 20,000 20,000 7.3 Miscellaneous for Road Development 1 L.S. 40,000 40,000 Total (7) 80,000 Grand Total 3,877,790

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8.2 Annual O&M costs Item Cost Remarks (US$) Annual O&M 15,000 US$ 10/ha An estimate for major maintenance in every 5 years, 10% of canal 109,000 construction cost (of new project development)

9 Expected Outputs / Outcome (at project level basis): If this subproject is implemented as outlined and fully operational again, the following are expected: 9.1 Increase in agricultural production (paddy equivalent) about 1,950 tons 9.2 Increase in farm income (W + D season rice crop and approx. 600 US$/hh others by about 40%)

9.3 FWUC is newly established in the area/community, with appropriate supports and resources to be provided by PDWRAM of Bateay Meanchey province, MOWRAM 9.4 Diversified agriculture in the subproject area, with an increase in livestock rearing and fish culture 9.5 Increased crop intensity by 30 % 9.6 Stable water supplies for agriculture and domestic uses 9.7 Decrease in labor migration by 50% 9.8 Through the various training programs and extension services, it is expected that local farmers will be able to improve largely their knowledge and skills on the farming and accordingly, enjoy more benefits in economic terms from their productions and value added thereof. Household incomes of the farmers are expected to increase significantly due to the good access to markets, etc. 9.9 In addition, farmers in the subproject area expect to see the following development: o Improved irrigation facilities o Other related infrastructure development o Vocational training o Provision of cow, chicken, duck, and o Clean water and sanitation.

10 Environment and environmental impact assessment Existing environmental condition:

- The Spean Sraeng subproject is situated beside and to the west of Stung Sreng. As a source of resource, water from Ou Spean Khmeng (a tributary of Stung Sreng) could also be expected to flow through Khcheay and Trapeang Prei villages. - Beside and along the existing canal, there are paddy fields, grassland, woodland and scrubland. Paddy fields constitute the major part. - Most farmers were reported to be acquainted with the use of pesticides and fertilizers. - The Spean Sraeng subproject is however located outside all the protected area. - The subproject is flooded annually, with duration of about three months per year, i.e., from September to November. - Some parts of the existing system were broken down. Inhabitants started growing also lotus in the canal (for about 2 ha) near the bridge across Ou Spean Khmeng. - There is no record of housing being constructed in the canal(s) and therefore, no displacement/compensation is anticipated. - Many common domestic animals, mammals, birds, amphibians and reptiles such as cattle, pig, chicken, duck, mouse, snake, cricket, frog, crab, cat fish, chevron snakehead, shrimp, dove and quail could be observed and reported to be there.

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- There are, however, no archaeological features near the subproject area that could be affected by the anticipated rehabilitation of this subproject. - There is a duck farm near Ou Spean Khmeng, with the size of about 1 ha. - However, there are no pollution black spots, dumping sites, industrial activities, noisy commercial activities, dusty open storage uses and potentially hazardous installations nearby. - There is neither any major element of the surrounding environment which might affect the area in which the subproject is located.

Anticipated impacts: - After the rehabilitation and during operational stage, water level is expected to raise and diverted to the paddy fields downstream. - Rehabilitation of the existing canal and new construction do not appear to be a major barrier for fish immigration. - Downstream of the Spean Sraeng canal will join and flow into the Stung Sreng. - Storage of water during the dry season should benefit to local villagers, as a new source of domestic water supply, irrigation water. Moreover, water quality should be improving. - Rehabilitation of irrigation facilities under the project should help increase crop yields, volume of water supply and fish catch in the area. - No other significant environmental impact is anticipated.

Probable environmental category :A :B 9 :C

11 Resettlement and land compensation aspects Existing condition: - Currently, there are some peoples who grow lotus in swamp area, with the combined total area of about 2 ha. If the area is to be developed under the proposed rehabilitation program, those farmer households could be affected (APs). Number of the households involved, although could be very few, is not readily known. - In addition, there will be several other households whose lands are located along the RMC and LMC being constructed or rehabilitated. Area involved that should require compensation. In view of this, several farmer households will be affected by this development initiative and further study to determine the exact number of APs and corresponding cost for compensation should be required. As this may involve with considerable excavation of one of the canals, number of APs could be less than 200 households and accordingly, a short resettlement (compensation) plan could be required.

Resettlement plan required 9 SRP

12 Suggested implementation plan Item 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 P/F F/S D/D FWUC promotion O&M

Prepared by: TEAM Consulting Engineering and Management Co. Ltd., Bangkok, Thailand and TEAM Consulting and Management (Cambodia) Co., Ltd., Phnom Penh, Cambodia

Date of completion: 31 October 2008

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12 Appendix 5-23 Appendix TEAM Consulting Engineering & RGC / MOWRAM TEAM Consulting and Management Management and Consulting TEAM RGC/MOWRAM Co., Ltd. Management & Engineering Consulting TEAM

Asian Development Bank Bank Asian Development SPEAN SRAENG(UPPERAREA) (Cambodia) Co., Ltd. (Cambodia)

Figure 1 General Map of Project Location

SPEAN SRAENG (UPPER AREA) Appendix 5-23 13

Figure 2 Map of Subproject Area (Potential Beneficiary Area)

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14 Appendix 5-23 Appendix TEAM Consulting Engineering & RGC / MOWRAM TEAM Consulting and Management Management and Consulting TEAM RGC/MOWRAM Co., Ltd. Management & Engineering Consulting TEAM Site Visit Spean Sraeng Subproject, Spean Sraeng Commune, Phnom Srok District, Banteay Meanchay Province

Asian Development Bank Bank Asian Development

SPEAN SRAENG(UPPERAREA) (Cambodia) Co., Ltd. (Cambodia)

Figure 3 Selected Photographs of Project-Site (October 2008)

SPEAN SRAENG (UPPER AREA) Appendix 5-23 15

New canal,RMC.(No.3) alignment on upstream Existing bridge to be remained and construction the of the dike new control structure(No.1) near this bridge

Canal Over view on rice field

Right main canal Spean Sraeng river (looking downstream)at the position of broken dike

Figure 4: Selected photographs of the Spean Sraeng (upper area), October 2008

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Appendix 5-24

PROFILE OF PRASART PRAM SUBPROJECT

PRASART PRAM Appendix 5-24 1

PROFILE OF PRASART PRAM SUBPROJECT

TA-4848 CAM (EXTENSION PHASE) Project Data Sheet

1 Project title: Prasart Pram

2 Project Location and description: 2.1 Headworks. Longitude 1,525,501N Latitude 289,811E Commune: Tapho District: Svey Chek Province: Banteay Meanchey

2.2 Date of construction: 20 February 1978 Constructed by/during: Khmer Rouge

A brief development history - In 1994, with assistance provided by the World Food Program, a broken dike of 200-m long has been repaired. - Some farmers used to collect water for their own rice fields by constructing small culverts. - At present, the existing system cannot be operated.

2.3.1 General map of project location (see Figure 1) 2.3.2 Map of the subproject area (potential beneficiary area) (see Figure 2) 2.3.3 Photographs (see Figure 3, 4)

2.4 Description of route Prasart Pram is located in Banteay Meanchey, in north-western part of Cambodia. The subproject site may be reached by roads, starting from Banteay Meanchey to the northern direction by National Route No. 6 for about 24 kms and then at , turn eastward to the laterite road for another 12 kms. Condition of the laterite road is fairly good particularly in compacting sections. Otherwise, it is bumpy one, due to damages caused by rains. As the subproject area is relatively large and vehicles cannot go through in the rainy season, site-visit may be made on foot (a distance of about 1.5 kms).

2.5 Description of the irrigation scheme

Type of scheme : Flood recession by gravity but, with no distribution system.

Source of water : Rainfall and small river flow from upland areas

Structures and their condition: There is a dike of approximately 2-km long on which two places were broken due to heavy rainfall and flooding from upland areas. Some parts of the dike have leakages through root trees (people reported). There are 6 other structures along the dike. In addition, there is a spillway built by local people. Majority of these structures are still operational in the wet season although the dike is in bad need for rehabilitation..

2.6 Names of key informants in project area:

1) Mr. Yim Bunrom, Director of Banteay Meanchey PDWRAM 2) Mr. Buth Pao , Staff of Banteay Meanchey PDWRAM 3) Mr. Svay Thoeun, First deputy commune chief 4) Mr. Varin Commune Council member 5) Mr. Khun Ny, Commune clerk 6) Mr. Sem Khak, Village Chief 7) Mr. Yorn Los, Farmer 8) Mr. Deng Vert, Farmer 9) Mr. Neb Yor, Farmer 10) Mr. Ngourn Sophal, Farmer 11) Mr. Sem Nourt, Farmer 12) Mr. Ne Lam, Farmer 13) Mr. Sem Kheng, Farmer TEAM Consulting Engineering & RGC / MOWRAM TEAM Consulting and Management Management Co., Ltd. Asian Development Bank (Cambodia) Co., Ltd. 2 Appendix 5-24 PRASART PRAM

14) Mr. Kouv Lourm, Farmer 15) Mr. Hang Sang, Farmer

3 Rationale (implementation priority)

Prasart Pram sub-project was developed many years ago (since 1978, during the Pol Pot Regime). The project name was adopted from an ancient Prasart (pavilion) located in the project area, although it is almost completely damaged at the present day. Existing project structures comprise of a reservoir and two main canals to divert water to the downstream area. Sources of water of this subproject are from rainfall and natural stream. In 1985, a culvert was constructed in the upstream area but, there is still no any canal system. In 2005, two head regulators in the main canal were broken and consequently, the reservoir can not store water in the wet season anymore. In the following and subsequent years, farmers started to grow wet season rice in this reservoir. About 50 households (hh) are reported to be cultivating therei, with the total planted area of about 200 ha.

According to interviewed farmers, rice yields at the subproject area vary greatly between good year and bad year, e.g., about 3.0 t/ha in the good year and only 1.0 t/ha one in the bad one (basically, due to water shortage). Due to this, rehabilitation of the existing broken irrigation infrastructures should enable the local farmers to increase their rice yields significantly. Expectedly, new crops will be grown also by the farmers after the rehabilitation.

Prasat Pram has a catchment area of 61 sq.km with an annual rainfall of 1,121mm/year. Net inflow into this subproject is estimated at 20.51 mcm/year. As irrigation area is 1,100 ha which should require irrigation water of only 13.52 mcm/year (comprising of 11.46 mcm and 2.06 mcm, for the wet and dry season crops, respectively), water availability for this subproject could be considered more than adequate.

4 Farmer Institutions - FWUC and its status Yes, existing √ No, not existing

Future work/actions required: Based on a discussion with key farmers at the subproject site, damage of the existing irrigation system was of their concern and it was always their question “why” the broken system can not be rehabilitated? Among others, lacking of a Farmer Water Users Community (FWUC) was conceived as a reason, although they did not have a clear idea on how to go about it. It is therefore important that concept of FWUC be introduced properly to the farmers in this subproject area, with all the other necessary supports from PDWRAM and/or the project during the next phase of project’s implementation, in order to enable them to set up the FWUC and perform operation and maintenance (O&M) of the rehabilitated project In the longer-term.

Other existing institutions:

There are several occupations groups that are in operation in this Tapho commune. They include saving and self-help group (with members of about 100 hh), cow bank (members of 11 hh) and rice associate (almost every household is a member).

5 Socio-economic profile (of the Commune) 5.1 Area and population: According to the initial information provided by the local people, results of the field investigation made in August 2008 were as following: - Net rice (paddy field) area more than 7,000 ha - Number of villages involved 11 Villages* - No. of families 1,639 hh - Total population 7,352 persons

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Of which: Male 3,676 persons Female 3,676 persons * Of which, seven (7) are beneficiary areas of the subproject.

5.2 Occupation of total population: - Farming (rice growing, orchard, fishing, etc. approx. 89 % - Non-farming (e.g., officer, carpenter, merchant, etc.) approx. 11 %

5.3 Land holding and Tenure ship - Average size of land holding approx. 3.6 ha - Farmers having land title - None - - Landless households approx. 1 % (one)

5.4 Existing Cropping Data and Calendar

Based on the secondary data provided by the commune chief and clerk, rice area in wet season of Tapho commune is 7,056 hectares. In the commune, only Prasart Pram subproject exists.

Main crops currently grown in the area consist of wet season rice, cassava, water melon, cucumber, wax gourd and pumpkin. Basic statistics of crops grown in the commune, also per villages, are given in Tables 1~2 below.

The crops are grown however at different times and seasons. Farmers normally start cultivating wet season rice in mid-May or early June and harvesting it in November or December in the same year. Cassava is the second major crop grown in the area. Farmers normally cultivate cassava in mid-May when there is rain water and harvest it in February or March of the following year. Growing of other vegetables, such as, cucumber, wax gourd and pumpkin, usually begins in mid-April or early May before cultivating them in Jun or July of the same year (see Table 3: Crop season calendar).

Current average wet season rice yield is about 1.5 tons per hectare. Average cassava production is 13.2 tons per hectare (see Table 3).

In 2007, rice price was about 600 Riels per kilogram. .

Table 1: Major crops grown and status of irrigation area in the Tapho Commune Current main crops Cultivation area Current irrigated Expected irrigated (ha) areas ( ha) areas after rehabilitation in (ha) Wet season rice 7,056 200 3,557 Dry season rice 0 0 600 Cassava 103 0 0 Pumpkin 1 0 0 (Source: Secondary data from Tapho commune, 2008)

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Table 2: Cultivation area of the major crops, by villages Village name Total Benefit Wet Dry season households from the season rice rice area Cassava project (ha) (existing and (ha) future: ha) Ta Pho 225 Yes 974 200 37 Pong Ror 197 Yes 863 0 10 Ta Srey 157 Yes 97 0 7 Prech Kei 138 Yes 605 130 20 Kork Kei 90 Yes 382 100 10 Khneas 87 Yes 325 100 9 Thmei 70 Yes 311 70 3 Barayka 181 No 785 0 4 Pchek 156 No 680 0 2 Prech Tbong 107 No 460 0 1 Bantortbos 231 No 974 0 0 (Source: Secondary data from Tapho commune, 2008)

Table 3. Seasonal crop calendar Description Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Rice crops Short duration Medium duration Late duration Upland crops Cassava Water melon Cucumber Wax gourd Chili Pumpkin

(Based on interview with farmers, August 2008)

Table 4: Major crop area, production and yield Main crops Total cultivation area (ha) Total production Average yield (Tones) Tone/ha Wet season rice 7,056 1,056 1.5 Cassava 103 1,356 13.2 (Source: Secondary data from Tapho commune, 2008)

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According to the interview with village chiefs and key farmers at the subproject site, some key problems could be identified as follows: ƒ Drought ƒ Lack of water irrigation ƒ Lack of animal power ƒ Poor crop seeds ƒ Crops destroyed by pests ƒ Rice damaged by rice diseases ƒ Lack of farmyard manure ƒ Lack of soil improvement technique ƒ No land title-deed ƒ Lack of compost making knowledge and technique ƒ Lack of working capital ƒ Lack of agricultural extension services ƒ Limited knowledge of cattle keeping.

In addition, FWUC has not yet been established in the subproject area.

5.5 Other agricultural issues in the project area

Farmers living in this subproject-area have an access to Svay Chek market located about 10 kms from the Commune center to purchase agricultural inputs and sell their agricultural productions, particularly rice, to middlemen.

Not many farmers have an access to agricultural extension services provided by agricultural extension workers from district, due partly to the fact that extension workers could not diffuse agricultural techniques to farmer at any large scale level because of constraints on budget and other means. In 2005, CIVO and ACEDO (non governmental organizations) provided some agricultural extension services on such subjects as compost making and animal keeping. However, since then, no any other such services could be observed in the subproject area.

5.6 Other socio-economic issues

All people in the subproject area belong to Khmer ethnicity. There are seven (7) primary schools and a lower secondary school; all children of school age go to these schools. In addition, there are a general hospital that provides services on health care for mother and child and three (3) pagodas in the commune. However, here is no any major market there. Some 95% of households in the commune use water from nearby pond or river for drinking and household-use purposes. About 100 households in the commune use filter to treat water from these sources. Roads connecting the commune to the district town and villages within the commune are unpaved. Farming is a primary occupation of the majority of the households. Beauty-salon, weaving and repairing motorbike and TV are emerging ones for women and men in the commune. About 80% of all the households are considered poor1, 15% are medium wealthy2 and the rest (5%) are wealthy3. Result of the interview with selected group of farmers and commune officials indicated that an average annual income of a household in the commune is about Riels 2.5 million (or, 626 US$/hh). Poverty incidence is higher among female-headed-households (FHHs) compared to male-headed- households (MHHs). Partial information indicated that for MHHs, average annual highest and lowest income from farm produces are Riels 6.0 million and Riels 1.0 million, respectively. Corresponding figures for FHHs are only Riels 2.0 million and Riels 0.7 million. From non-farm activities, average annual highest and lowest income are Riels 1.0 million and Riels 0.18 million, respectively for MHHs and Riels 0.8 million ands Riel 0.1 million for FHHs.

1 Poor households refer to households who have (i) less than 1 hector of agricultural land, (ii) maximum of 2 large ruminants (i.e., cow, buffalos), (iii) maximum of 1 small ruminants (i.e., pigs) and a few number of chicken and duck, (iv) less than 1 A of household land size (1 A=100 square meter), (v) 1-2 bicycles, and (vi) thatched house. 2 Medium wealthy households refer to the households who have (i) 1-5 hectors of agricultural land, (ii) 2-10 large ruminants (i.e., cow, buffalos), (iii) 1-5 small ruminants (i.e., pigs) and a number of chicken and duck, (iv) 1-3 A of household land size (1 A=100 square meter), (v) 1-2 motor-bike, and (vi) wooden house. 3 Wealthy households refer to the households who have (i) 5-10 hectors of agricultural land, (ii) more than 10 large ruminants (i.e., cow, buffalos), (iii) More than 5 small ruminants (i.e., pigs) and a considerable number of chicken, (iv) More than 3 A of household land size (1 A=100 square meter), (v) More than 2 motor-bike and bi-cycles and (vi) brick or stone built house. TEAM Consulting Engineering & RGC / MOWRAM TEAM Consulting and Management Management Co., Ltd. Asian Development Bank (Cambodia) Co., Ltd. 6 Appendix 5-24 PRASART PRAM

On an average, some 30% of all the households produce surplus rice while another 50% produce just

enough rice to feed their household members throughout the year. The remainder (20% of the households), however, could not produce sufficient rice to feed the members. Lack of irrigation facilities, small agricultural land, shortage of household labor and limited agricultural inputs were quoted as some of the major reasons behind “food shortage” of these households. Children and elderly members are worst affected by this kind of food shortage. People in the community usually migrate to other areas throughout the year for aspiration of improved income for better living. They mostly migrate to Thailand. It was also reported that migration of male members of households hampered particularly agricultural production, made women members vulnerable to HIV/AIDS infection (through migrant husbands), increased workload of female members and adversely affected education of children (because they had to work in agricultural fields). Women have poor representation in the commune affairs. It was noted that only one out of seven commune councilors in this commune is woman. Traditional norms and customs as well as lack of confidence and competencies of women seemed to be the underlying causes of women’s poor representation in the community affairs. 6 Land utilization & suitability – Irrigation area (Subproject level) - 6.1 Land utilization - Potential irrigation area approx. 1,100 ha - Future irrigated area (expected wet+dry seasons) approx. 1,230 ha - Irrigated area but, not used none

6.2. Land suitability for irrigation rice crop

In general, soil fertility in the project area is considered fair to good for rice cultivation. Based on the field reconnaissance, soil types in this subproject area could be classified into two groups: Prateah Lang and Kbal Po. The Prateah Lang soil is estimated to occupy about 30% of the total rice-growing area.

Based on literature (Vang, soil TIP, 2006), Prateah Lang soil can be divided into three (3) different phases depending on characteristics of the subsoil that affect root penetration and water drainage, including 1) shallow phase, 2) clayey subsoil phase and 3), loamy subsoil phase. This soil-type is difficult to manage for rice production. If structures for water harvesting and supplementary irrigation can be developed cheaply, then profitable yield increases may be expected on these soils.

Kbal Po soil has a dark gray, very dark brown to black, clayey topsoil, which forms large deep cracks over clayey subsoil, occurring on the active flat plains. Two phases of the Kbal Po soils are recognized based on soil chemical properties: nonthionic and thionic. This soil is relatively easy to manage. It has high potential for rice production and responds well to management. These soils are well suited to irrigation. This phase has a subsoil pH below 4.5, with an impact on rice production if the soil is plowed too deeply.

6.3 Additional information relevant to land suitability

Information obtained during the field visit (August 2008) disclosed that apart from wet season, farmers in this subproject area also cultivate others secondary cash crops, such as, cassava, water melon, pumpkin, wax gourd, and cucumber. Short, medium as well as late duration rice varieties have been grown by farmers. For the short duration rice varieties, they consist of Pka Malis, Pka romdoul, Somaly, Khor pi, Cheung Mean, Senpidor, Thovhay, Neang Rous and IR. Medium duration rice varieties are Pka Kngei, Lolokphek, Neangdom and Mlek. For the late duration rice varieties, however, only Neang Khon and Neang Megn were found in the subproject area.

As things stand at present (without rehabilitation), rice yields depend heavily on the rain fall pattern and volume of input applied by individual farmers. According to a key farmer who was interviewed, per hectare rice yield in the subproject area could be as high as 3 tons in a good year (e.g., in 2007 which witnessed an adequate rainfall and a limited damage from pest). On the other hand, in a bad year of drought or inadequate rainfall, farmers harvest very low yields (e.g., in 1994, many farmers harvested on the average of only 1.0 t/ha). Similarly, dry season rice yields could differ significantly, i.e., 4.0 t/ha in the good year and only about 0.5 t/ha in the bad year (2005 record). TEAM Consulting Engineering & RGC / MOWRAM TEAM Consulting and Management Management Co., Ltd. Asian Development Bank (Cambodia) Co., Ltd. PRASART PRAM Appendix 5-24 7

It is understood that production areas of other upland cash crops, such as, water melon, pumpkin, cucumber, cassava and even dry season rice can be largely expanded in this subproject area if irrigation water becomes available.

As of the present, land preparation is being done by both animal power and machinery (about half and half). Both transplanting (about 90%) and broadcasting (10%) methods still prevail in the subproject area. Harvesting is done mainly by human labor, transportation of crops rely basically on the use of vehicles. It was noted also that traditional threshing method done by animal and manpower was no longer popular in the community and accordingly, most of the farmers in the area do the threshing by using threshing machine.

7 Scope of the project: 7.1 Work Required: - Feasibility Study - Other important work/activities should include:

• Site plan survey at head work and appurtenance structure of scale 1:500 • Project area mapping of scale 1:10,000, with contour interval of 1 m. • Ground truth survey for main canal and secondary canal. • Confirmation proposed irrigation area and potential area in the field. • Geotechnical survey 1 bore hole at new spillway 1 bore hole at LMC.1 road crossing with check 1 bore hole at IR-2L-LMC.1 crossing with check 1 bore hole at 2L-LMC.1 crossing with check

7.2 Anticipated project components:

For the success of the subproject, the following project components should be considered:

1) Irrigation infrastructures (to be rehabilitated/re-constructed)

1.1) Head work and appurtenance structures - Improvement of existing dike, 3,400 m (approximate) - Construction of a new LMC. and a head regulator - Construction of a new spillway - Modification of existing gate and lifting devices at RMC.1, RMC.2, RMC.3, LMC.2 and LMC.3, and the head regulator - Construction of a new dike closure to the existing one, 2 (two) places - Demolishing of the existing spillway and closure the dike, 1 (one) place

1.2) Canal improvement and new construction (with respective approximate length in kms), including the following:- - LMC.1 1.75 km (Improvement) - LMC.2 1.45 km (Improvement) - LMC.3 1.15 km (New construction) - 2L-LMC.1 3.55 km (Improvement) - 1R-2L-LMC.1 1.75 km (Improvement) - RMC.1 1.65 km (Improvement) - RMC.2 2.60 km (New construction) - RMC.3 1.50 km (New construction) 1.3) Construction of new conveyance structures, including:- - Head regulator at secondary canal, 2 (two) places - Check structure at the main canal, 3 (three) places - Check structure at secondary canal, 1 (one) place - Road crossing with check at the main canal, 2 (two) places

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- Road crossing with check at secondary canal, 2 (two) places - Tail regulator at the main and secondary canals, 9 (nine) places - Road crossing structure at secondary canal, 1 (one) place 1.4) Maintenance of farm roads 1.5) Demolish some of the existing but un-functional structures

2) Irrigated agriculture

Based on the focus group discussion, farmers expect to expand production area of economic (cash) crops within the subproject after the irrigation system is rehabilitated. Such crops include dry season rice, water melon, corn, cucumber, lettuce, water convolvulus, egg plant, wax gourd, pumpkin, garlic, tomato, chili, sugarcane and lemon grass. However, taking into consideration current market demand, promising crops could be limited to corn, string bean, water melon and lettuce.

From the same field survey and discussion, the farmers expressed their need for certain knowledge and skills, including rice cultivation technique, chemical fertilizer application, pesticide application, making of animal feed and compost making technique.

In addition, the farmers expect to expand their livestock activities, such as, pig, chicken, duck and cattle. Development of irrigated agriculture should therefore be another project component for the F/S study to be pursued, to confirm their viability and feasibility, taking fully into consideration the prevailing agricultural market and level of know-how of the people. Supplementary measures and assistance programs through agricultural extension services need to be identified and recommended for eventual implementation.

3) FWUC: √ To be newly established To be strengthen According to the farmers who participated in the group discussion, there is a strong requirement for Farmer Water Use Community (FWUC) after rehabilitation of the subproject since as they argued, there has been no proper utilization of the irrigation system. Without FWUC, they were of a concern that the system would be destroyed again.

It was also noted however that a kind of “water user committee” used to be established in the project area once in 2002 by the Commune Council but, without support from PDWRAM. The committee was eventually failed and abolished, as there were no strong committee members to perform the functions and as a result, the existing structures could not be maintained properly.

Establishment and Development of FWUC should therefore be another component to be covered by the proposed Study, to find out level of understanding of the local people and farmers in the project area on this kind of farmers’ institution and to determine a detailed scope of work and appropriate assistance to be rendered/provided by authorities concerned, for further stage of the development required and the success in the establishment and operation of the FWUC in the project area in the longer term.

4) Others:

A project component aiming at institutional strengthening and capacity buildings of the farmers and farmers’ institutions should be necessary. For a high success, in terms of institutional strengthening and capacity building, the following may be considered as a component to be covered by the proposed F/S: 1) Support activities to other existing social groups (such as self-help groups, savings groups, rice bank and cow bank) through supplementary programs to improve their functions and capacity; 2) Build awareness of both men and women on their respective tasks and roles in the community affairs, including commune councils; and 3) Improve leadership, skills and participation of women in decision-making positions/capacities.

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8 Estimated project cost and breakdown: The following are preliminary estimates of eventual development cost of the identified physical infrastructures that need to be confirmed by the proposed F/S Study. 8.1 Capital and base costs Item Unit Q'tity Unit cost Cost (US$/ha) (US$) 1. Land compensation 1.1 Area km.0+000 to km.1+150 (1L-RMC) ha 5.75 700 4,025 1.2 Area km.0+000 to km.1+150 (LMC.3) ha 5.75 700 4,025 1.3 Area km.0+000 to km.2+600 (RMC.2) ha 13.0 700 9,100 1.4 Area km.0+000 to km.1+500 (RMC.3) ha 7.50 700 5,250 1.5 Area in reservoir for water retention ha 160.00 700 112,000 Total (1) 134,400 2. Construction of dike and related structures 2.1 Demolish existing LMC.1 head regulator and place 1 11,000 11,000 new construction (1-Ø 1.00 m) 2.2 Construction new spillway place 1 570,000 570,000 2.3 Renovation of existing RMC.1 head regulator place 1 2,500 2,500 2.4 Construction new dike closure to existing (L=25 L.S. 1 - 35,500 m) 2.5 Construction new dike closure to existing (L=30 L.S. 1 - 42,600 m) 2.6 Demolish existing spillway and construction L.S. 1 - 1,000 new dike closure to existing 2.7 Renovation of existing RMC.3 head regulator place 1 2,500 2,500 2.8 Renovation of existing LMC.2 head regulator place 1 2,500 2,500 2.9 Renovation of existing LMC.3 head regulator place 1 2,500 2,500 2.10 Construction new RMC.2 head regulator place 1 5,900 5,900 2.11 Dike improvement KM 3.4 100,000 340,000 Total (2) 1,016,000 3. Construction of new conveyance structures 3.1 LMC.1 - Road crossing with check place 1 5,700 5,700 - Tail regulator place 1 7,600 7,600 3.2 LMC.2 - Road crossing with check place 1 5,700 5,700 - Tail regulator place 1 7,600 7,600 3.3 LMC.3 - Road crossing with check place 1 5,700 5,700 - Tail regulator place 1 7,600 7,600 3.4 1L-LMC.1 - Road crossing structure place 1 4,500 4,500 - Road crossing with check place 1 5,700 5,700 - Tail regulator place 1 7,600 7,600 3.5 2L-LMC.1 - Road crossing structure place 1 4,500 4,500

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- Check structure place 1 3,500 3,500 - Road crossing with check No.1 place 1 5,700 5,700 - Road crossing with check No.2 place 1 5,700 5,700 - Tail regulator place 1 7,600 7,600 3.6 1R-2L-LMC.1 - Road crossing with check place 1 4,500 4,500 - Tail regulator place 1 3,500 3,500 3.7 RMC.1 - Check structure place 1 3,500 3,500 - Tail regulator place 1 7,600 7,600 3.8 RMC.2 - Road crossing structure place 1 4,500 4,500 - Road crossing with check place 1 5,700 5,700 - Check structure place 1 3,500 3,500 - Tail regulator place 1 7,600 7,600 3.9 RMC.3 - Check structure place 1 3,500 3,500 - Tail regulator place 1 7,600 7,600 Total (3) 136,200

4. Canal improvement & new construction 4.1 LMC.1 (Improvement) km 1.75 30,000 52,500 1L-LMC.1 (New construction) km 1.15 40,000 46,000 2L-LMC.1 (Improvement) km 3.55 30,000 106,500 1R-2L-LMC.1 (Improvement) km 1.75 21,000 36,750 4.2 LMC.2 (Improvement) km 1.45 30,000 43,500 4.3 LMC.3 (New construction) km 1.15 40,000 46,000 4.4 RMC.1 (Improvement) km 1.65 30,000 49,500 4.5 RMC.2 (New construction) km 2.60 40,000 104,000 4.6 RMC.3 (New construction) km 1.50 30,000 45,000 Total (4) 529,750

5. Drainage system 5.1 Improve drain canal along rural road km 4 18,000 72,000 5.2 Construction new cross drainage structure place 15 11,000 165,000 5.3 Modification existing cross drainage structure place 5 4,000 20,000 Total (5) 257,000

6. Miscellaneous 6.1 Miscellaneous for compensation work L.S. 1 - 20,000 6.2 Miscellaneous for demolish work L.S. 1 - 20,000 6.3 Miscellaneous for road development L.S. 1 - 40,000 6.4 Miscellaneous for reservoir clearing L.S. 1 - 20,000 6.5 Miscellaneous for existing downstream channel L.S. 1 - 20,000 improvement Total (6) 120,000 Grand Total 2,193,350

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8.2 Annual O&M costs Item Cost Remarks (US$) Annual O&M 11,000 $US10/ha An estimate for major maintenance in every 5 years, 10% of canal 52,975 construction cost (of new project development)

9 Expected Outputs / Outcome (at project level basis): 9.1 Agricultural production (paddy equivalent) 2,530 tons 9.2 Increased farm income approx. 1,270 US$/hh

9.3 Operational FWUC: Farmers expect that they will have a new FWUC established after the rehabilitation of the subproject. As a project component, necessary study should be undertaken and inputs provided for the success. 9.4 Diversified agriculture: Apart from wet season rice, dry season rice, lettuce, egg plant, corn, cucumber, sugarcane and other vegetables will be grown in the project area after rehabilitation of the project. In addition, aquaculture and livestock rearing could become more popular among the farmers.

9.5 Cropping intensity is expected to increase by 25 % (an estimate from initial input by the farmers and commune officials). 9.6 Stable water supplies for agriculture and domestic uses 9.7 Reduced labor migration 9.8 Increase in crop yields due to the more stable water-supply and perhaps, the gradual increase in other agricultural inputs which could subsequently be afforded by the farmers.

10 Environment and environmental impact assessment

Existing environmental condition: - Tumnub Prasat Pram is situated about 500 m, on the southern side of Tadong Mountain. Its source of water is from a river which flows through Banthey Chmar Protected Landscape to the subproject area via Stung Svay Chek and Ou Ta Kay Stream. - Prasat Pram subproject is about 16 km from the Banthey Chmar Protected Landscape, although it does not fall within the boundary of the protected area. - Surrounding environment is dominated by paddy fields, grasslands, forest and scrubland. Common trees in the area include acacia, palm, tamarind, eucalyptus trees and bamboo. According to the local people, this subproject is flooded every year, with a duration of about 2 months (each year) and a maximum depth of 2-3 m. - Therefore, this area is subject to annual flood which has caused also damages to the existing irrigation structures. - After the irrigation system was broken down, farmers grow their rice basically on a higher ground, with the total potential area of about 200 ha. - Existing land-use is dominated by paddy fields. Most of the local farmers reportedly apply chemical pesticide and fertilizers to their paddy fields too. - Regarding cultural heritage, there is an ancient temple nearby namely Prasart Pram but, the temple is currently in a very poor condition. - From the initial field investigation, pollution black spots, dumping sites, industrial activities, noisy commercial activities, dusty open storage, etc., were not observed. - Surface water shortages do occasionally occur, mostly in the remote area. In the dry season, due to the lack of reservoir for water storage, existing shallow lakes are further affected by soil erosion. From the field visit and interview, it was found that many people depend on groundwater as their primary source of water too. In the wet season, they however use rain- water for drinking and cooking.

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- It was reported that only about 25 % of the total households have “toilet” in their houses. - Waste management is generally poor with uncontrolled disposal. There is no treatment system and neither facilities for collection and transporting solid waste and therefore, it is mainly managed by burning (about 90 %) and the rest is disposed of in waterways, open area and burying. Waste water is discharged directly to waterways or grassland. - Many Common domestic animals, amphibians and reptiles, birds and fishes could be observed. They include native cattle, pig, chicken and duck. In addition, according report by the people met, common rat snake, monocle cobra, king cobra, frog, dove, quail, common tailorbird, dark- necked tailorbird, plain –backed sparrow, watercock, egret, lesser whistling duck, common myna, iridescent mystus, kissing gourami, climbing perch, silver rasbara, peacock eel, goldfin tinfoil barb, yellow mystus, channa marulius, chevron snake head, white lady carp, paralaubuca typus .etc., could also be found in the subproject area.

Anticipated impacts:

The proposed rehabilitation scheme should have insignificant impact to floating rice cultivation in the wet season, as farmers should still be able to grow wet season rice in the existing area upstream of the dike. In the dry season, however, more farmers are expected to gain more benefit from newly available water retained in the canal. In addition to rice, farmers are expected grow some other cash crops too. Furthermore, as rice price had a tendency to increase recently, it is expected that dry season rice area could be largely expanded too to cover the remaining lands of potential irrigation area.

In addition, as the proposed rehabilitation scheme aims basically at the increase in volume of water in the area, more fish species are expected to also increase. It is unlikely, however, that the proposed rehabilitation work will create any major barrier for the fish immigration. Lastly, water storage during the dry season is expected to be beneficial to other local villagers too, particularly as a source of water for consumption and other household uses.

However, as there is the ancient temple located in the subproject area, due consideration should be given to the environmental impact if the subproject is to be rehabilitated/reconstructed.

Probable environmental category :A 9 :B :C

11 Resettlement and land compensation aspects

Existing condition:

Currently, there are some local farmers who have encroached the project area to reclaim new lands (particularly in the damaged canals). Based on the information obtained from the Community Council, there are five (5) households), with the total combined area of about 0.8 ha.

Anticipated resettlement/compensation required:

However, as this subproject is expected to involve with several new constructions, it could lead to compensation and resettlement scheme for a large number of affected people (APs), a full resettlement/compensation plan could be required.

Resettlement plan required SRP 9 FRP

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12 Suggested implementation plan Item 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 P/F F/S D/D FWUC promotion O&M

Prepared by: TEAM Consulting Engineering and Management Co. Ltd., Bangkok, Thailand and TEAM Consulting and Management (Cambodia) Co., Ltd., Phnom Penh, Cambodia

Date of completion: 31 October 2008

TEAM Consulting Engineering & RGC / MOWRAM TEAM Consulting and Management Management Co., Ltd. Asian Development Bank (Cambodia) Co., Ltd.

14 EMCnutn niern RC/MWA TEAM Consulting and Management RGC / MOWRAM Management Co., Ltd. ConsultingTEAM Engineering & Appendix 5-24 5-24 Appendix Asian Development Bank PRASART PRAM

From Roluos to Prasart Pram = 12.5 km

National Route No.6 (Cambodia) Co., Ltd.

From nation road No. 6 to Rolous = 23.7 km

Total length of road from Banteay Meanchey town to Prasart Pram = 36.2 km

Figure 1 General Map of Project Location

EMCnutn niern RC/MWA TEAM Consulting and Management RGC / MOWRAM Management Co., Ltd. ConsultingTEAM Engineering & PRASART PRAM Appendix5-24 Asian Development Bank (Cambodia) Co., Ltd.

15

Figure 2 Map of Subproject Area (Potential Beneficiary Area)

16 EMCnutn niern RC/MWA TEAM Consulting and Management RGC / MOWRAM Management Co., Ltd. ConsultingTEAM Engineering & Appendix 5-24 5-24 Appendix

Asian Development Bank PRASART PRAM (Cambodia) Co., Ltd.

Figure 3: Selected photographs of the Prasart Pram, October 2008

PRASART PRAM Appendix 5-24 17

Consultation with the Commune officials Culvert (no.1 in figure 2)

Staff gage Culvert (no.8 in figure 2)

Rice field in the reservoir Cow track along canal

Figure 4: Selected photographs of the Prasart Pram, October 2008

TEAM Consulting Engineering & RGC / MOWRAM TEAM Consulting and Management Management Co., Ltd. Asian Development Bank (Cambodia) Co., Ltd.