Lesson - 1 Geography (U.G), SEM- VI, Paper – C13T : Schools of Geographical Thought: French The modern Geographical thought in France had been evolving since the last decade of 19th century, when Geography as a distinct subject and its disciplinary trends gradually advanced, in the contextual of prevalent diverse intellectual concepts proposed by some early and modern European Scholars. Prevailing scientific concepts like deductive approach, Darwin’s theory of evolution, Newtonian cause and effect relationships, which influenced many contemporary geographers in France. Who laid down the foundation of the modern school in France and established Geography as a separate discipline in early of 20th century. French school made Geography as a subject integrating humanities and natural science. This subject becomes more applied and scientific because of some of the following French scholars. Philippe Buache Paul Vidal de la Blache BORN Auguste Louis Himly Jacques Élisée Reclus BORN 7 February 1700 BORN BORN 22 January1845, Pezenas, France DIED 28 March 1823, Strasbourg, France 28 March 1823, Strasbourg, France DIED 24 January 1773 DIED DIED 15 April 1918 (aged 73) Tamaris-sur-Mer, France 6 Octobre 1906, Sèvres, France 6 Octobre 1906, Sèvres, France Geography (U.G), SEM- VI, Paper – C13T : Schools of Geographical Thought: French Lucien Louis Joseph Gallois Jean Brunhes Camille Vallaux Albert Demangeon BORN BORN BORN BORN 21 February 1857 2 octobre 1870 25 October 1869, Toulouse, France 13 June 1872 DIED DIED DIED DIED 21 March 1941 10 septembre 1945 25 August 1930, Boulogne-Billancourt 25 July 1940 Emmanuel de Martonne André Siegfried Raoul Blanchard Jean Gottmann BORN BORN BORN BORN 1 April 1873 April 21, 1875 4 September 1877 10 October 1915, in Kharkov DIED DIED DIED DIED 24 March 1965 24 July 1955 March 28, 1959 28 February 1994, in Oxford Geography (U.G), SEM- VI, Paper – C13T : Schools of Geographical Thought: French Philippe Buache Biography BORN: At La Neuville-au-Pont, 7 February 1700 SUBJECT: Physical geography DIED: At Paris, 24 January 1773 Contribution on Geography He was the first French Scholar who led the movement for the evolution of “Pure Geography” (Reine Geography ) According to him, “Geography can only be studied through natural regions demarcated on the Earth Surface.” He expressed that a river basin was the best suited natural regions for Geographical study. Buache was nominated first geographer of the king in 1729. In 1754, he published an "Atlas physique." he also wrote several pamphlets. He was also a pioneer in the use of contour lines to express relief on maps. Geography (U.G), SEM- VI, Paper – C13T : Schools of Geographical Thought: French Paul Vidal de la Blache Biography BORN: January 22, 1845 Pezenas, France B.A: In Geography and History in 1865 STUDIED: Greek archeology (3YR.), SUBJECT: Human Geography MARRIED: Laure Marie Elizabeth Mondont (1870), he had five children, DOCTORATE: At the Sorbonne (Nansy University) in 1872 with a dissertation in ancient history, his thesis is “La France de I’ Est”. WORKING AS A PREFACER: At first join a school teacher in Attains, then foreseer in Nancy- Université, then Université de Paris (up to 1909) in Sorbonne, FOUNDED: French school of geography and, together with Marcel Dubois and Lucien Gallois, the Annales de Géographie (1893), PUBLICATIONS: 17 books, 107 articles, and 240 reports and reviews, his best-known writings are Tableau de la Géographie de la France (1903) and Principles of Human Geography (1918). FOUNDER: “Annales de Geographie” STUDENT AND FOLLOWING GEOGRAPHERS: E. Reclus, Bruhnes, A. Demangeon, E. Martonne, J. Gottman etc. DIED: April 5, 1918 (aged 73) Tamaris-sur-Mer, France Geography (U.G), SEM- VI, Paper – C13T : Schools of Geographical Thought: French Paul Vidal de la Blache Contribution on Geography nd Ratzel’s 2 volume of “Anthropogeographie” analyzed human socio- Friedrich Ratzel economic activities and culture in relation to the physical environment (August 30, 1844 – which later massively influenced French geographers like vidal de la August 9, 1904) Blache. Pays and Paysage (Habitat) Genre de-Vie Three main or Life style or ways of life Contributions Paul Vidal de la Blache 22 January1845 – 15 April 1918 Carl Ritter Pollibilism August 7, 1779 – September 28, 1859 Geography (U.G), SEM- VI, Paper – C13T : Schools of Geographical Thought: French Paul Vidal de la Blache Contribution on Geography Individual regional approach (Pays concept): He explain the “Pays or Paysage” (Homogeneous area or region) concept in his book “ Tableau de la Geographie de la France” in 1903. Also publised in journal “ Annals de Geography”. His geographical approach was field studies in France, through which he developed a concept of “Pays”. “Pays” means regional units in rural France which are having unique agricultural patterns due to its specific soil and water supply, economic specialty and people’s demand at surrounding cities. Each “pays” had uniquely settlement pattern , mainly compacts or dispersed settlement. The uniqueness of “pays” maintained over generations with specific interaction between the man-environment relationship. Example – Each pays has its own distinctive agriculture due to its highland water supply, and also due to its economic is specialization made possible by the demand of the people living in towns. Geography (U.G), SEM- VI, Paper – C13T : Schools of Geographical Thought: French Six Principles of “Annales de Geographie” (1893) (1891) Recognize the role of man in modifying his basic Need for a environment. scientific method in Unity if Earth Annales de Geographie classifying Phenomena and defining Six Principles phenomena of “Annales de Geographie” Recognize the (1893) Variable environmenta combination By l force in its and Vidal de la Blache various forms modification and types. Geography of phenomena 1893 concerns all phenomena at the earth’s surface Geography (U.G), SEM- VI, Paper – C13T : Schools of Geographical Thought: French Paul Vidal de la Blache Contribution on Geography Genre-de-Vie Approach: Its mean, how man adjusts and adapt with environment defer distinctive modes of life. He belief that, there is no reasoning to draw boundaries between natural and cultural phenomena. As they are so closely interlinked, hence united and inseparable. His student Emm de Martonne, after his death concept “Genre-de-Vie” related all research paper togather publish by namr “ Principles of Human Geography” in 1921. He conceived the idea of “Genre de Vie” which is the belief that the lifestyle of a particular region reflects the economic, social, ideological and psychological identities imprinted on the landscape. Geography (U.G), SEM- VI, Paper – C13T : Schools of Geographical Thought: French Paul Vidal de la Blache Contribution on Geography Possibilism: A possibilism is an approach to the study of man and environment relationship. According that concept, nature offers opportunities for developing the cultural landscape within the certain limits. He told that, “ Nature has set boundaries and has provided possibilities for human settlement, but the way a person responds to these conditions or adjusts it depends on the traditional way of life.” also told that – Man was part of nature and therefore, its most active collaborator. French historian Lucien Febvre, further elaborated the concept of possibilism. Cultural explanation of possibilism: Spatial explanation of possibilism : Temporal or historical explanation of possibilism : Lucien Febvre In Alaska people live with facing In desert area man leave with high extreme cold weather condition. temperature and dust. People are They have learned to accommodate able to overcome this is by using by igloos and hunting in sea animals modern day technology, providing such as seals and whales. cooling systems and drinking water. Geography (U.G), SEM- VI, Paper – C13T : Schools of Geographical Thought: French Paul Vidal de la Blache Contribution on Geography Human Geography: His most important work was “Principles of Human Geography” which was published by his Son-in-law De Martonne in 1932 (1921) after his death. This book emphasis on “concept of territorial unity”., which mean factors operating on the Earth surface are intricately interlinked. Establishment of Geography as distinct discipline: He firs time separately established to Geography from the History in France . Geography is the individual subject, which explain or review to lithosphere, atmosphere, and Hydrosphere. Man and Nature is a two main object in geography, which concatenated to social science and environmental science. To explain the change of physical environment which change by the man in the review of man environmental relationship. He is the founder of modern French Geography and French School of Geopolitics, and together with Marcel Dubois and Lucien Gallois, He prepare the Atlas of Geography and History in 1894. He wrote his book “Annales de Geographie” in 1893, of which he was the editor until his death. This book promoted the concept of human geography as the study of man and his relationship to his environment. Geography (U.G), SEM- VI, Paper – C13T : Schools of Geographical Thought: French Auguste Louis Himly Biography BORN: 28 March 1823, Strasbourg, France. SCHOOLING: Native town in Strassburg and higher education (University) in Berlin (1842-1843). SUBJECT: Geography DOCTORATE: at the Paris in 1849 with a two theses, one of “Wala et Louis le Debonnaire”. WORKING