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Tallinna Ülikool Balti Filmi, Meedia, Kunstide Ja Kommunikatsiooni

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Tallinna Ülikool Balti Filmi, Meedia, Kunstide Ja Kommunikatsiooni Tallinna Ülikool Balti filmi, meedia, kunstide ja kommunikatsiooni instituut Foto: J. Vendelin.1979. (EFA.204.0.115553) Anni Martin MAARJAMÄE MEMORIAALI TÄHENDUSTE VÄLJAD – TEISEST MAAILMASÕJAST KOMMUNISMIOHVRITE MEMORIAALI RAJAMISENI (1940–2018) MEEDIATEKSTIDE JA ARHIIVIMATERJALIDE SISUANALÜÜS Magistritöö Juhendaja: Esta Kaal, MA Kaasjuhendaja: Katrin Aava, PhD Kaitsmisele lubatud Tallinn 2019 RESÜMEE Ülikool Instituut Tallinna Ülikool Balti filmi, media, kunstide ja kommunikatsiooni instituut Autor Anni Martin Pealkiri Maarjamäe memoriaali tähenduste väljad – teisest maailmasõjast kommunismiohvrite memoriaali rajamiseni (1940 – 2018). Meediatekstide ja arhiivimaterjalide sisuanalüüs. Õppekava Tase Kommunikatsioon Magistritöö Kuu ja aasta Lehekülgede arv Mai 2019 164 Kokkuvõte Käesoleva magistritöö eesmärk oli avada küsimust, kuidas tegeleda ideoloogiliselt tundlike mäluobjektide ümbermõtestamisega, et aidata toime tulla lähiajaloo kultuuriliste traumadega ning pidada diskussiooni erinevate institutsioonide vahel ja avalikkusega. Töö uurimisküsimusteks on: 1. Milline on arhiivimaterjalidele ja meediatekstidele tuginedes uuritava koha faktoloogiline ja kontekstil põhinev ajalooline taust alates II maailmasõjast kuni tänapäevani? 2. Milliseid tähendusi on uuritavates meediatekstides memoriaalile konstrueeritud kuuel erineval ajaperioodil eenduvate (eristuvate) teemade ja nimetamiste kaudu? Analüüsin arhiivmaterjale ja meediatekste ajavahemikust 1940–2018 kvalitatiivse sisuanalüüsi meetodil. Tulemused näitasid, et Maarjamäe nõukogudeaegse memoriaalile erinevatel aegadel konstrueeritud tähendused on lineaarselt muutumises ja põhjuslikus seoses ühiskonnakorra ja konteksti muutustega. Memoriaali ümbermõtestamisel ja sellel tähendus(likkus)e konstrueerimisel on kasutatud monumentaalse nõrgestamise strateegiaid – see valmis poolikuna, mitmes järgus, alalt on pidevalt mäluobjekte ära viidud ning memoriaal mureneb ja laguneb silmanähtavalt. Maarjamäe mälumaastiku ühe osa – nõukogudeaegse memoriaali – tähenduste ümbermõtlemine on mitmetahuline kultuurilist traumat väljendav nurjatu probleem, millel ei ole lihtsaid ega kiireid lahendusi. Töö on oluline memoriaali muinsuskaitse alla võtmise perspektiivis. Loodud ülevaade näitab Maarjamäe kui paiga ja ehitise ajaloolise konteksti ning mälumaastike muutustest selle rajamisest tänapäevani. Märksõnad Maarjamäe, monumendid, memoriaalid, monumentaalsed mälumaastikud, nurjatu probleem, tähenduste muutmine ja nõrgestamine Säilitamise koht Tallinna Ülikool, Balti filmi, media, kunstide ja kommunikatsiooni instituut ABSTRACT University School Tallinn University Baltic Film, Media, Arts and Communication School Author Anni Martin Heading Memory fields of the Maarjamäe Memorial – From Second World Word to the Memorial of the Victims of Communism (1940–2018). Content analysis of media text and archives. Curriculum Level Communication Master Month and Year Page Count May 2019 164 Abstract The aim of this Master's thesis was to open up the issue of how to rethink ideologically sensitive memory objects, in order to help cope with cultural traumas of recent history and to hold a discussion with different institutions and the public. The research questions are: 1. What is the factual and context-based historical background of the Maarjamäe War Memorial Site from World War II to the present, based on archive materials and media texts? 2. What meanings have been created to the memorial in the invested media texts during six different periods of time through emerging themes and naming the object? I examined archive materials and media text from the period 1940–2018 using qualitative content analysis. The results showed that the meanings constructed at different times to the Maarjamäe Soviet era Memorial are changing linearly and related casually to the changes in social order and context. Weak monument theory has been used in rethinking the meanings and meaningfulness of the memorial – it is completed in half, in several stages, the memory objects have constantly been removed from the site and the memorial is eroding and visibly decaying visibly. Rethinking of the meanings of one part of the Maarjamäe memory field – the soviet-era memorial – is a multifaceted wicked problem, expressing cultural trauma and has no simple of quick solutions. The study is important in the perspective of heritage conservation process. The created overview shows the historical context of Maarjamäe as a site and the building and the changes of memory fields in change from its establishment to the present day. Keywords Maarjamäe, monuments, memorials, monumental memory field, wicked problem, weak monument, rethinking the meanings and meaningfulness Place of Preservation Tallinn University, Baltic Film, Media, Arts and Communication School SISUKORD RESÜMEE ................................................................................................................................ 2 ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................. 3 SISUKORD ............................................................................................................................... 4 SISSEJUHATUS ...................................................................................................................... 6 1. TEOOREETILISED LÄHTEKOHAD .......................................................................... 9 1.1 Monumentaalsete mälumaastikega seotud probleemistik ............................................... 9 1.2 Monumentide tähenduse ümbermõtestamine kui nurjatu probleem ............................. 15 1.3 Tähenduste konstrueerimine ja meedia roll selles ......................................................... 21 1.4 Nimetamise olulisus tähenduste konstrueerimisel ........................................................ 22 1.5 Monumentide tähenduste nõrgestamine ........................................................................ 25 1.6 Varasemad uuringud ..................................................................................................... 28 2. METOODIKA ................................................................................................................. 32 2.1 Uuringu eesmärk ja uurimisküsimused ........................................................................ 32 2.2 Uurimismetoodika ........................................................................................................ 33 2.3 Andmekogumismeetod ja valim ................................................................................... 34 2.4 Andmeanalüüsimeetod ................................................................................................. 39 3. UURINGU TULEMUSED ............................................................................................. 41 3.1 Faktoloogiline ülevaade Maarjamäe memoriaali monumentaalsest mälumaastikust teisest maailmasõjast tänapäevani ja konteksti muutustest ............... 42 3.1.1 Ülevaade Maarjamäe ajaloost enne teist maailmasõda ......................................... 42 3.1.2 Maarjamäe monumentaalne mälumaastik – siia 1940.–2018. aastatel rajatud, hävinud ja säilinud monumendid ...................................................................................... 43 3.1.3 Memoriaalansambli loomisel konstrueeritud tähendused: arhitektuurikonkursi lähteülesandest välja ehitatud suurteoseni ........................................................................ 56 3.1.4 Ideoloogiliste narratiivide konstrueerimine Maarjamäel 1940 – 1975.................. 67 3.1.5 Rituaalid ja tseremooniad Maarjamäe memoriaalkompleksis 1975 – 1994 .......... 71 3.1.6 Konteksti muutused ja argumendid, mis tänapäeval mõjutavad memoriaali ümbermõtestamist ja tema väärtustamist .......................................................................... 76 3.2 Maarjamäe memoriaali tähenduste konstrueerimine uuritavates meediatekstides ................................................................................................................... 85 3.2.1 Ühised ja eristuvad kategooriad ja teemad eri ajastutel memoriaalile antud tähenduste edasiandjana .................................................................................................... 85 3.2.2 Võtmetähtsusega teemad ja kategooriad ning nihked nendes 2018. aasta uuritavates meediatekstides............................................................................................... 96 3.3. Maarjamäe memoriaalile tähenduste konstrueerimine uuritavates meediatekstides nimetamiste kaudu ............................................................................... 112 3.3.1. Memoriaali ametliku nimetuse ja selle muganduste kasutamine uuritavates meediatekstides – memoriaali rajamise eesmärgi tähenduslikkuse konstrueerimine ..... 112 3.3.2 Memoriaali nimetamine meediatekstides kui sellele tähenduste andmine otseselt teadvustamata metatasandil ............................................................................................ 117 4. JÄRELDUSED JA ETTEPANEKUD ........................................................................... 130 KOKKUVÕTE ..................................................................................................................... 139 KASUTATUD ALLIKAD ................................................................................................... 144 Publitseeritud, käsikirjalised, internetiallikad ja suulised allikad: ..................................... 144 Kasutatud arhiivimaterjalide
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