Koepsell, David. "Index." Innovation and Nanotechnology: Converging Technologies and the End of . London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2011. 232–242. Bloomsbury Collections. Web. 26 Sep. 2021. <>.

Downloaded from Bloomsbury Collections, www.bloomsburycollections.com, 26 September 2021, 20:53 UTC.

Copyright © David Koepsell 2011 2011. You may share this work for non-commercial purposes only, provided you give attribution to the copyright holder and the publisher, and provide a link to the licence. 232

Index

abstract ideas. See ideas artifi cial monopolies. See monopoly rights accidents artifi cial scarcity, 19–20, 22–23 artifacts versus, 57 asbestos, 30, 49, 91–92 defi ned, 56 assembly-line model of production, 7–8 ACLU (American Civil Liberties Union), ix–x atomic theory, 1 adrenaline, for, 53 attorneys, moral culpability of, 186–187 aesthetic/utilitarian distinction. Austin, John, 163 See utilitarian/aesthetic distinction authorship, works of, 117, 120 African Americans, experiments on, 96–97 autonomy, right to, 138–139, 167 Against Intellectual Monopoly, 155 agriculture, invention of, 4 Babbage, Charles, 9, 11 AlbinoBlacksheep (website), 170 ‘Banana Man’ (song), 170 Albright, Madeleine, 172 barter and trade systems, 5–6 algorithms battery life, nanomaterials and, 48 mathematical formulas versus, 131–132 Bayh–Dole Act, 158 patentability, 57–58, 130, 132 Belmont Principles (bioethics) video codecs, 76 application of, 97–100, 182–184 ‘allegory of the cave’, 51 consent and, 94 Amazon.com, 57–58, 59 description, 222n American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), smallpox virus and, 188–189 ix–x benefi cence (Belmont Principles), 182–183 americium, patent for, 53 Bentham, Jeremy, 162–163 analog computers, 10 Beta video format, 76–77 animal research, 188 Bilski v. Kappos, 52 Annan, Kofi , 172 BioBricks Consortium, 60 anthrax, weaponized, 102 bioethics anti-patent movement, 112 human subjects and, 96–97, 180–182 Apache (web server), 78–79, 124 in synthetic biology, 104 apocalyptic visions. See ‘grey goo’ scenario biological systems, design and engineering of. App Store, 208, 210, 215 See synthetic biology Apple biological weapons, 102, 103. code sharing, 77 See also smallpox virus new markets, 208–209 Biological Weapons Convention, 178 , 17 bio-terrorism, 103, 188. personal computers, release of, 28 See also synthetic biology ‘apps’, 208–209, 210 black markets, 108, 172 ‘The Apriori Foundations of the Civil Law’, 167 ‘blue boxes’, 77 Arduino micro-controllers, 86–87, 88 Boldrin, Michele, 146, 155 Arrhenius equation, 132 books. See also specifi c titles Aristotle, 57 cost of printing, 81 arms races, 176 patentability, 18 artifacts. See also expressions; nano-artifacts printing on-demand services, 11 accidents versus, 57 publishing contracts, 73 criteria, 54 royalties, 129 defi ned, 3, 27 BP (British Petroleum) oil spill, 98 human intention and, 3, 54 BRCA genes, ix–x means of creating, 4–5 breakthroughs, scientifi c, vi–vii relationship with, revising our, 133–135 breast cancer genes, patent on, ix–x virtual, 115–116 Bridgman, Percy, 24–25 ‘artifactual’ creation, 54, 59 British Petroleum (BP) oil spill, 98 artifi cial intelligence (AI), 205–206 Brownian motion, effects of, 47

Koep.indb 232 17/03/11 7:20 PM INDEX 233

brute facts. See also possession, brute fact of civilization, beginning of, 4 in IP hierarchy, 133 classes, social, 35 justice and, 150–151 in utopian visions, 43 natural law grounded in, 167–168 Clinton, Bill, 179 ‘social reality’ versus, 224n CO2 emissions, 92 buckyballs (Buckminsterfullerene) CocaCola ®, 32 discovery, vi, 45, 48 ‘Code of Conduct for Responsible patent on process, vii, 58–59 Nanosciences and Nanotechnologies Bug Labs, 87, 88 Research’, 100 ‘building up’ method of artifact creation, 5 cold fusion, 159 ‘bundling’ practices, software, 152 Cold War, 105, 106, 108 Bush, Vannavar, 158 Commission of the European Communities, 100 Commission on Intellectual Property

C60. See buckyballs (Buckminsterfullerene) Rights, 174 calculus of risk-harm-likelihood, 190–192, 193, ‘common rule’, 180 202 ‘commons by choice’, 22, 141–142 ‘California Years’ (album), 171 ‘commons by logical necessity’, 142–143 Calvinism, 16–17 ‘commons by necessity’, 22, 51, 141–142, 156 capital new theory of IP and, 206 creativity as, 211 communalism, 204 intellectual, 12, 172–173 compact disks (CDs), 171 captive markets, 151 computers. See also software carbon. See also fullerenes as disruptive technology, 28 chain molecules, vi history, 2 as feed source, 35 as machines, 15 forms of, 60 mechanical versus digital, 10 carbon dioxide emissions, 92 miniaturization, 9–12 ‘carbon neutral’ energy sources, 92 production and, 24 Carlisle, Anthony, 54 revolution, 28 case studies consent, informed, 96, 97 micromanufacturing, 84–88 Constitution, United States, 111 nanowares, 213–217 consumer protection, need for, 49–50 ‘seed’ versus ‘feed’ technology, 61–64 continuants. See products (continuants) utilitarian/aesthetic expressions, unifi ed contracts scheme of protection for, 144–148 monopoly rights, alternative to, 122–123 Cat’s Cradle (novel), 184, 189 publishing, 73 CDC (Centers for Disease Control and ‘’, 122, 125, 216 Prevention), 179 Copyright Act (1972), 14 CDs (compact disks), 171 Copyright Act (1976), 15 Center for Bits and Atoms, 68 copyright protection. See also monopoly rights Center for Strategic and International ‘direct perception’ test, 14 Studies (CSIS), 104 legislation, 149 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention nanowares, 147–148 (CDC), 179 patents versus, 15, 16–17, 32 centralization, industrialization and, 7–8 software, 50–51 Charles, Prince, 29 terms of, 145 chemical industry, 91 counterfeit products, 119 chemical inertness of nanomaterials, 49 cowpox virus, 181 chemical weapons, 101 creation children. See also pedophilia artifactual, 54 experiments on, 181 individuality of, 146–147 choice to reject IP, 201–203 as a service, 169–170 chronometers, miniaturization of, 9 of types versus goods, 135–138 circle, area of a, 131–132 creative commons license, 125, 216

Koep.indb 233 17/03/11 7:20 PM 234 INDEX

creativity duty of fi delity, 98 as capital, 211 duty to foresee and prevent harm, 176–177 intellectual capital and, 12 duty to inform, 94 liberation of, 40 duty-based theories of ethics, 162–163 rewarding, 72 DVDs (digital video disks), 171 scarcity of, 207 Dworkin, Ronald, 167 as a service, 207, 209–211 dystopian visions, 43–44, 195 value of, 82 Crichton, Michael, 19, 26 eBay (website), 86 cross-licensing, 76 ecological impact, 43 CSIS (Center for Strategic and International economic downturns, 125 Studies), 104 economic growth Cuban Missile Crisis, 105 intellectual property (IP) protection and, 80–83 culture, beginning of, 4 in patent-free Europe, 156 Curl, Robert, 45, 48, 58 economic impact, 70–72. ‘cutting away’ method of artifact creation, 4–5 See also free markets Cydia (website), 209, 215 altered, 35 projected, 83–84 Darwin 1.0 machines, 38 of technological trends, 26 DDT (pesticide), 49, 91 economic trends, 28 deontology, 162, 202 Eichmann, Adolf, 96 DesignJet 3D printer, 69 Einstein, Albert, 1 desktop fabrication, 69–70, 71 electricity, miniaturization and, 9 developing markets, 172–175 embedding feature (video), 170 The Diamond Age (novel), 43, 61–64, 176, 195 End User License Agreements (EULAs) Diamond v. Diehr, 132, 223n as contract, 122 Difference Engine, 9 for hardware, 88 Digital Equipment Corporation, 28 violation of, 214 Digital Rights Management (DRM), 63, 74–75 Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of digital video disks (DVDs), 171 Nanotechnology, 30, 42, 44 dioxin, 91 Enlightenment, Age of, 161–162 ‘direct perception’ test, 14, 33 environmental impact, 90–95 disinterestedness, 204 ethics. See also bioethics; disruptive technology deontology; moral culpability of computers as, 28 science; utilitarianism nanotechnology as, 27 duty-based theories of, 162–163 public policy and, 31 innovation and, 199–201 dissemination of types versus goods, 135–138, of nanotechnology, 50 168–171 regulation and, 90 distributed production, 85–88 of traditional IP protection, 20, 138–144 DNA, customized, 103 training requirements, institutions and, Doom (video game), 74 192–194 ‘downstream’ monopolies, 76 ethos of science, viii, 203–205 Drake, Sir Francis, 32 Etsy (website), 86 Drexler, Eric, 25, 28, 30 Europe, IP protection rejected in, 112, 156 The Foresight Institute, 100 European Group on Ethics, 104 Smalley, debate with, 45–46 ‘eventual’ fallacy, 190–192 utopian visions, 42–43 ‘evil’ uses of technology. See security issues DRM (Digital Rights Management), 63, 74–75 exclusionary rights, 129 drug trade, 108 expression, freedom of, 139 dual-use research, 178, 181–182, 187. expressions. See also artifacts; utilitarian/ See also biological weapons; nuclear aesthetic distinction technology defi ned, 16, 56 duties, categorical, 165–166 fi xed versus non-fi xed, 118–119

Koep.indb 234 17/03/11 7:20 PM INDEX 235

human perception of, 14 friction, effect of, 47 ideas versus, 33, 57–58, 113–117 ‘From Understanding to Action: intention, manifestation of human, 56 Community-Based Options for IP protection and, 116 Improving Safety and Security in levels of, 146–147 Synthetic Biology’, 103 machines versus, 14–16 fullerenes. See also buckyballs man-made objects, 139–140 (Buckminsterfullerene); nanotubes, carbon ‘prior restraint’ of, 139 applications, vii spectrum of, 206 properties, 49 usefulness of, 16–17 funding, grant-based, 158–159, 160–161 ethics training and, 193 Fab Labs Charter, 68–69 Gates, Bill, 77, 221n core capabilities, 37, 68 Gelsinger, Jessie, 183 cost, 68 gene patents, ix–x, 22, 51 goals, 38 genetic engineering origin, 68 food, 93 Fab: The Coming Revolution on Your human demise and, 44 Desktop, 68 mousepox virus, 179 Fab@Home project, 38, 69–70 genetically modifi ed foods (GMOs), 93 Facebook, 210 geophysical limitations to factories, 7–8 ownership, 141 ‘nanofactories’, 34 Gershenfeld, Neil, 37, 67–68 Fahrenheit 451 (novel), 195 Ghosts I–IV (album), 170–171 ‘fat fi ngers’ problem, 45–46 global warming, 44 Faust (play), 44, 177 GMOs (genetically modifi ed foods), 93 fear, public, 42 GNU (operating system), 78 Fedora (operating system), 79 GNU Manifesto, 78 ‘feed’ technology Google, 17, 210 ‘seed’ technology versus, 61–64 Gottschalk v. Benson, 132 sources, 35, 43 government intervention. See funding, fertilizers, 100, 102 grant-based; monopoly rights; Feynman, Richard, 24, 28, 42 regulation fi lm production, 12, 209 grant funding. See funding, grant-based fi re, patentability of, 54–55 graphical user interfaces, 146–147 fi rst sale ‘green revolution’, 91 exclusionary rights over, 129 ‘grey goo’ scenario nanowares, defi ning for, 120 description, 30–31, 43–44 Fleischmann, Martin, 159 public panic, 29 ‘Foresight Guidelines for ‘grounding’, 167 Responsible Nanotechnology grundnorm, 163, 167 Development’, 100 The Foresight Institute, 100 hacker culture, 77–78 fossil fuels, 92 Hackers, 77 France, intellectual property protection in, 112 ‘harm principle’, 139, 200 Frankenstein (novel), 44, 177 Harrison, John, 9 free markets Hart, H.L.A., 163 IP protection, ineffi ciency of, 156 Hart, Michael, 39 justice and, 149–150 heat, effects of, 47 monopoly rights in, 151 Heim, Michael, 115 , 38, 78 ‘Here It Goes Again’ (song), 169–170 licensing versus, 79 Hewlett-Packard, 69, 79 freedom of expression, 139 High Level Commission on Legal ‘freeloaders’, 20 Empowerment and The Poor, 172

Koep.indb 235 17/03/11 7:20 PM 236 INDEX

Hobbes, Thomas, 161 intellectual capital. See also ideas ‘honest’ infringement, 17 creativity and, 12 Hooker Chemical, 93–94 model for improving access to, 172–175 ‘How to Make (Almost) Anything’ intellectual labor, 20 (coursework), 68 intellectual openness, viii human beings, extinction of, 44 intellectual property (IP) protection self-extinction, 194 alternatives to, 60, 75–80, 135–138, 206–211 human intention. See intention, human as artifi cial scarcity, 19–20 human subjects bureaucracy of, 150 ethics and, 96–97, 180–182 challenges, 119–121 expanding concept of, 193 choice to reject, 201–203 humanity as a whole, responsibility toward, context-specifi c approach, 174–175 97–98, 190 death of, viii, x, 196–199 via institutions, 192 ethical issues, 20, 138–144 ‘Hundreds of Lions’ (album), 169 expressions and, 116 HVAC technology, nanomaterials and, 48 history and theory, 7, 111–113, 127–129, 206–211 IBM and the computer revolution, 28 ideas and, 116 ice-nine (fi ctional material), 184, 189–190 innovation and growth, impact on, viii, 80–83 ‘ideals,’ world of, 51–52 internal consistency of, 134 ideas. See also intellectual capital nanotechnology, incompatibility with, 2–3 as commons, 143, 156 ontology of, 59, 135f expressions versus, 33, 57–58, 113–117 property rights, interference with, 140 freedom of, 21–22 public policy and, 31 IP protection and, 116 software and, 12–13, 16–18, 32–33, 72–75, material objects versus, 52 120 nature of, 56–59, 112 theft of, 74–75 virtual artifacts, confl ation with, 115–116 unifi ed scheme of protection, 144–148 independent discovery, 191 intention, human industrialization, 27, 65–66 artifacts and, 3, 54 centralization and, 7–8 brute facts and, 224n information and communication technology expressions as manifestation of, 56 (ICT). See also computers; internet transforming nature with, 132–133 challenges, 50, 129 interest versus necessity, 5 impact, 32–33, 81–82 internet innovation in, 75–80 micro-manufacturing sites, 86–87 manufacturing, convergence with, 196–199 music industry, impact on, 74–75 informed consent, 96, 97 transmissions, 115 infringement, 146 videos, 169–170 ‘honest’, 17 invention, science versus, 131 innovation iPhones, 77 development and, 172–175 iTunes, 208, 215 ethics and, 199–201 in ICT, 75–80 J. Craig Venter Institute, 104 impediments, 121, 155, 156 Jacquard, Joseph, 13 IP protection and, viii, 80–83 Jacquard looms, 9–10, 13 open, logical necessity of, 203–206 Jefferson, Thomas, 20–22 promotion of, 149–150 Jenner, Edward, 181 risk of, 66–67 Jobs, Steve, 28, 77 as a service, 168 Jones, Richard, 46–47 Institute for Liberal Democracy, 174–175 Joy, Bill, 26 institutions, ethical training duties of, dystopian visions, 30, 43, 44, 176 192–194 Joyce, James, 18 insulin, patent for, 53 just (man-made) laws, 141

Koep.indb 236 17/03/11 7:20 PM INDEX 237

justice man-made objects, 56, 139–140 forms of, 165 manufacturing legal theory and, 161–164 See also micro-manufacturing; monopoly rights and, 151–155 nanoscale manufacturing nanotechnology and, 34 ICT, convergence with, 196–199 progress and, 167–168 methods, 7–8 regulation and, 108 niche, 85 justice (Belmont Principles), 183 markets JVC, cross-licensing by, 76 captive, 151 entering, 66–67 Kant, Immanuel, 90, 162 failure of, 95 Kelsen, Hans, 163, 167 new, 208–209, 210, 215 Kinsella, Stephan, x Marx, Karl, 27 knowledge, suppression of, 107–108 mass production, 65–66, 85 Koepsell, David, viii Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Kroto, Harry, 45, 48, 58 code sharing, 77 Kulash, Damien, 170 Fab Labs, 37, 68 Kurzweil, Ray, 25, 28 J. Craig Venter Institute, 104 utopian visions, 43 mathematical formulas algorithms versus, 131–132 land, occupation and improvement of, 172, 175 ‘eventual’ fallacy, 191 Langmuir, Irving, 184 ‘matter compilers’, 217 laws of nature. See also natural objects and McKeown, Erin, 169 processes McLuhan, Marshall, 115 application of, 131 McVeigh, Timothy, 100 as formulated, 130 mechanical computers, 10 depicting, 131 media formats lawsuits, ix–x, 52, 132 idea/expression dichotomy and, 114–116 legal positivism ‘tangible’, 133 ‘moral wrongness’ and, 164–165 media industry, 63 rejection of, 161–164 Mendel machines, 38, 70, 213 legal rules Menger, Carl, 156 ‘grounding’ and, 167 mens rea, 193 types, 163 mercuric oxide, 52–53 letters patent, 32, 111, 127 Merton, Robert, 203–204 Levine, David, 146, 155 metals as nano-materials, 49 Levy, Steven, 77 Metaphysics of Virtual Reality, 115 liberalism, 201–202 micro-manufacturing online (website), 86 licensing schemes, fl exible, 122–123, 124 microcontrollers, 86–87, 88 Linux (operating system), 78–79 microfabrication graphical user interfaces, 146–147 current technologies, 36–39 openness and, 124 scarcity and, 18–22 litigation, 52 micro-manufacturing Locke, John, 153–154, 161–162 case studies, 84–88 Love Canal disaster, 93–94 defi ned, 8, 85 LP records, 33 molecular nanotechnology (MNT), Luddism, 27 precursor to, 197 trend of, 67–70 machines, expressions versus, 14–16 Microsoft MAD (mutually assured algorithms, 17 destruction) policy, 105 code sharing, 77 Mallock machines, 10 graphical user interfaces, 146–147 Manhattan Project, 158 monopoly rights, 152, 153 man-made (just) laws, 141 Microsoft Offi ce (software), 79

Koep.indb 237 17/03/11 7:20 PM 238 INDEX

Milgram, Staley, 96, 180 nano-assembly, obstacles to, 45–46 Mill, John Stuart, 139 ‘nanofactories’, 34 Millennium Agreement on Intellectual nanomaterials research, 45, 48 Property Rights and Development, 174 nanoscale manufacturing, 1, 25, 26 Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), 174 challenges, 41, 45–47 miniaturization Nanosystems: Molecular Machinery, history, 1–2, 9–12 Manufacturing, and Computation, 42 trends, 24–26 nanotechnology MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), 37 achievements, 48–51 molecular confi gurations, challenges, technological, 44–45 maintaining stability of, 46–47 as disruptive technology, 27 ‘molecular mills’, 47 ecological impact, 43 Molecular Nanotechnology, 42 empirical work to be done, 125–126 molecular nanotechnology (MNT) harms and risks, 24–26, 98–100 full realization of, 42, 197 human demise and, 44 goals, 44 initial requirements, 124–125 impact, 50 IP, incompatibility with, 2–3 precursors, 85–88 justice and, 34 scarcity and, 82–83 liabilities, potential, 124 transitioning into, 8, 47 licensing schemes, fl exible, 124 monopoly rights. See also copyright protection; principles, 39–40 natural monopoly rights; patents promise versus reality, 41–42 alternatives to, 116, 122–123, 124–125 safety, human, 98–100 effi ciency of, 153 security issues, 100–102 expiration of, 32 utopian visions, 42–45 in free markets, 151 nanotubes, carbon, 30, 45 injustice in, 151–155 nanowares IP protection and, 139–140 as ‘apps’, 210 justifi cations for granting, 113 case studies, 213–217 purpose, 80–81 challenges, 119–121 ‘upstream’ and ‘downstream’, 76 concerns, xi in utopian visions, 43 copyright scheme for, 146–147 Moore, Gordon E., 24, 28 creation paradigm, 5 Moore’s law, 24 description, viii moral culpability of science, examples, 85–88 184–187, 193. See also ethics licensing schemes, fl exible, 123 ‘moral wrongness’, 164–165 philosophical inquiry and, 211–213 Motor Vehicle Manufacturers’ Association, 75 worldviews, impact on, 40 mousepox virus, 179 National Nanotechnology Initiative, 48 movie production, 12 natural law theory (philosophy) Mozilla Firefox (web browser), 78–79, 117 brute facts, grounded in, 167–168 openness and, 124 origin, 161–162 MP3 technology, 39 property, regarding, 141, 224n MS DOS, 77 natural monopoly rights, 151, 152 music industry justice in, 154 circumventing, 39, 169–171, 207–208 natural objects and processes, 53–56. internet, impact of the, 74 See also laws of nature music production, 209 human intention, transforming with, 132–133 mutually assured destruction (MAD) policy, 105 natural phenomena. See natural objects and Myriad Genetics, ix–x processes natural philosophers, 6–7, 57 nano-artifacts Nazi physicians, human experiments by, 96, 180 analysis of, 50 necessity versus interest, 5 philosophical challenges, 51–56 ‘newness’, 56, 57

Koep.indb 238 17/03/11 7:20 PM INDEX 239

Newton’s second law, 130 paintings, format of, 114 niche manufacturing, 85 paradigm shifts in technology, 27 Nicholson, William, 54 Parker v. Flook, 132 Nine Inch Nails (musical group), 170–171 Patent and Trademark Offi ce (PTO), 132 Nobel Laureates, 24, 45, 185 patents. See also gene patents; nuclear technology, 41, 101–102 letters patent; monopoly rights openness and, 105–107 algorithms, 17, 57–58, 130 nuclear waste, 91 arguments in support of, 112 Nuremberg Code, 96, 180, 188 buckyball process, vii, 58–59 challenges, 221n objects. See products (continuants) copyright versus, 15, 16–17, 32 obligation, services and, 169 eligibility, 52–56, 57–59, 128 occurrents. See processes innovation, impediment to, 155, 156 Odysseus, 146 legislation, 149 Of Chemistry, Love, and Nanobots (essay), 46 ‘one-click’ patent, 57–58, 59 OK Go (musical group), 169–170 rejection of, 112, 156 Oklahoma City bombing (1995), 100 scarcity and, 150 Olsen, Ken, 28 software, 17–18, 50–51 ‘one-click’ patent, 57–58, 59 ‘patent industry’, x, 197–198 Onnes, Kamerlingh, 24 ‘pathological’ science, 159 The Ontology of Cyberspace: Law, Philosophy, PDF (portable document format), 170 and the Future of Intellectual Property pedophilia, 186 artifacts, 51 peer-to-peer (P2P) technology, impact of, 36, expressions, characteristics of, 16 39, 63 IP schemes, alternative, 137 pesticides, 49, 91 software, 33, 110 Pew Foundation, 49 unifi ed scheme of IP protection, ix, 22 philosophical inquiry open courseware, 68 challenges, 51–56 open source licensing converging, 211–213 description, 17–18 physical phenomena, 53, 55 free software versus, 79 pi, 143 IP protection, alternative to, 75–80 pianos, player, 13–14 opposition to, 79 pirates, 32, 127 profi t from, 79 Plato, 51–52, 56–57 projects, 38 policy. See public policy open standards, 76–77 polio virus, synthetic, 103 openness political liberalism, 201–202 innovation and, 203–206 polonium, patent for, 53 intellectual, viii ponoko.com (website), 86 licensing schemes and, 124 Pons, Stanley, 159 path to, 105–109 portable document format (PDF), 170 scientifi c discovery and, 127–128, possession 157–158, 159 brute fact of, 128, 140–141, 167 OpenOffi ce (software), 79, 117 self-possession, 167 Organization for International Dialogue and post hoc analysis, 193 Confl ict Management, 104 poverty, combating, 172 organized skepticism, 204 precautionary principle, 26, 90 originality, 129–130 defi ned, 93 OSX, 77 Prey (novel), 19, 26 ownership, right of, 140–141 Priestly, Joseph, 52–53, 130 oxygen, patentability of, 52–54 primary legal rules, 163 ‘principle of liberty’, 139 P2P (peer-to-peer) technology. See peer-to-peer printing technology, 11. See also 3D printing (P2P) technology, impact of prior art, 132

Koep.indb 239 17/03/11 7:20 PM 240 INDEX

‘prior restraint’ of expression, 139 ‘replicators’, 43 privateers, 32, 127 RepRap project, 38, 69–70 procedural justice, 165 case study, 213–217 processes (occurrents) reproduction naturally occurring, 53 exclusionary rights over, 129 products versus, 55–56, 57 nanowares and, 121 protecting, 118–119 Republic (Plato), 51 products (continuants) respect for persons (Belmont Principles), 182 delivered via software, 123, 124 reverse-engineering, 7, 113 man-made, 56, 139–140 Reznor, Trent, 170–171 nanowares, present and future, 119 RIAA (Recording Industry naturally occurring, 53 Association of America), 39 processes versus, 55–56, 57 ribosomes as nano-assemblers, 46 protecting, 118–119 risk-harm-likelihood, calculus of, 190–192, product liability, 123, 124 193, 202 production risks of nanotechnology, 29–30 computing and, 24 robotics, human demise and, 44 distributed, 85–88 Rosen, William, 155 mass, 65–66 Ross, Andy, 170 methods, 7–8 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 161 music and fi lm, 209 Royal Society, 158 scarcity and cost of, 81 royalties, 129 ‘programmable matter’, 51 RP (Rapid Prototyping), 38 Project Gutenberg, 39 Russia, smallpox stockpiles in, 179, 205 Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies, 49 property rights, 140–141, 167 safety concerns, 95–100, 124 land, 172, 175 Sagan, Carl, 194 natural law and, 224n scanning tunneling microscopes (STMs), 46 public fear, 42 scarcity. See also economic impact Public Patent Foundation, ix of creativity, 207 public policy, 29–31 justice and, 34 considerations, 50–51 markets without, 168–171 synthetic biology and, 104 microfabrication and, 18–22 public-private partnerships, 161 patents, created by, 150 publishing production costs and, 81 liability and, 123 of services, 169 ‘printing on demand’, 11 scholasticism, 6, 201 punch cards, 9–10, 13–14 science age of, 6–7 quantum-physical effects, 41 duty to foresee and prevent harm, 176–177 ethos of, viii, 203–205 radioactivity exposure, 94 funding for, 158–159, 160–161 Rapid Prototyping (RP), 38 invention versus, 131 Rawls, John, 90, 163, 165–166 moral culpability of, 184–187 Recording Industry Association of America openness and, 127–128, 157–158, 159 (RIAA), 39 ‘pathological’, 159 records, LP, 33 promotion of, 149–150 Red Hat, 79 technology versus, vi, 157 regulation values of, 204 justice and, 108 Science and Engineering Ethics (journal), 97 prohibitive, 89 science fi ction, 184, 195. See also The risks, 89–90, 185 Diamond Age (novel) self-regulation, industry, 95–96 scientifi c discovery, 127–128 Reinach, Adolf, 167 Searle, John, 224n

Koep.indb 240 17/03/11 7:20 PM INDEX 241

secondary legal rules, 163 specialization in IP history, 6 secondhand smoke exposure, 94 Stallman, Richard, 78, 79 secret-keeping Stanford University, 77 in history, 6 Star Trek (television show), 43 innovation, impediment to, 121 steam age, race for patents and, 155 trade secrets, 17, 32, 112–113 steam engines, 146, 152 security issues, 100–105 stem cell research, 89 duty to foresee and prevent, 176–177 Stephenson, Neil, 61–64 ‘seed’ technology, 43 security issues, nanotech, 176 ‘feed’ technology versus, 61–64 utopian visions, 43 self-extinction, human, 194 ‘sticky fi ngers’ problem, 45–46 self-possession, 167 Stirling, Robert, 146 self-regulation, industry, 95–96 Strasbourg Agreement, 101 effi ciency of, 98–99 substantive justice, 165 synthetic biology, 103 Sun Microsystems, 79 self-replication, dangers of, 43–44. See also SUNY Stony Brook, 103 ‘grey goo’ scenario supply and demand, law of, 81 services, 168–171 surface area of nanomaterials, 49 creativity as, 207, 209–211 Synbiosafe, 104 shareware, 216 Synth-ethics project, 104 ‘shrink-wrap’ agreements, 122 synthetic biology, 47. silicon, computing and, 11 See also bio-terrorism; genetic engineering ‘The Singularity’ concept, 25, 43 anticipated harms, 93 ‘Six Challenges for Molecular collaborative efforts, 60 Nanotechnology’, 46–47 security issues, 102–105 skepticism, organized, 204 self-regulation, need for, 103 Smalley, Richard Synthetic Biology 2.0 (conference), 103, 104 buckyballs, discovery of, 48 Synthetic Biology: Options for Governance, 104 Drexler, debate with, 45–46 syphilis, research on, 96–97 patents, 58 systems biology. See synthetic biology smallpox virus ‘eventual’ fallacy and, 191 Tally Hall (musical group), 170 US/Russian stockpiles, 178–179, 187–190 technology. See also disruptive technology Snow Crash (novel), 61 consequences, unintended, 44 Sobule, Jill, 171 ethos, lack of, 204 social dystopias, 195 history of, 3–6 social impact, 35–36 paradigm shifts, 27 ‘social reality’, 224n science versus, vi, 157 software standards of living, improved, 149 algorithms, patentability of, 132 trends, 24–26 ‘bundling’ practices, 152 technology transfer, 158, 161 capital requirements, low, 67 Terminator (movie), 44 collaborative efforts, 60 terrorism, 102, 107 copyright protection, 50–51 bio-terrorism, 103, 188 as expression, 15 Tesla, Nikola, 9 Free Software Movement, 78 thalidomide, 49 IP protection and, 12–13, 16–18, 32–33, There’s Plenty of Room at the 72–75, 120 Bottom (lecture), 42 patents, 17–18, 50–51 things. See products (continuants) physical goods delivered via, 123, 124 T.H.I.S. (Internet show), 170 as process and product, 120 thoughts, ideas versus, 56–57 Sony, 76–77 3D printing, 37–38, 69–70 Soto, Hernando de, 172–175 tiered pricing models, 170–171 sovereign law, 161, 163 timepieces, miniaturization of, 9

Koep.indb 241 17/03/11 7:20 PM