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47267342.Pdf View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by REPOSITORIO DIGITAL IMARPE Quñones - Dávila Scyphozoa en el mar de Pisco CHRYSAORA PLOCAMIA LESSON, 1830 (CNIDARIA, SCYPHOZOA), FRENTE A PISCO, PERU CHRYSAORA PLOCAMIA, LESSON 1830 (CNIDARIA, SCYPHOZOA) OFF PISCO, PERU Javier Quiñones-Dávila1 RESUMEN Quiñones-Dávila J. 2009. Chrysaora plocamia Lesson, 1830 (Cnidaria, Scyphozoa) frente a Pisco, Perú. Inf. Inst. Mar Perú. 35(3): 221 - 230.- En los últimos 20 años se ha observado una generalizada proliferación de medusas, que llegan a formar “blooms” o poblaciones de alta densidad que podrían reemplazar organismos tradicionalmente dominantes en la cadena trófica. En el Pacífico sureste, la especie Chrysaora plocamia es la más frecuente; ha alcanzado alta densidad frente a las costas de Pisco, Perú (13°30’-14°30’S), por la influencia de factores ambientales y antropogénicos. La fase planctónica (medusa) se presenta durante el periodo primavera-verano-otoño y la fase bentónica o fija (pólipo) en invierno. En la bahía Independencia alcanzó una densidad promedio de 290 medusas juveniles/1000 m3, cuyos máximos se hallaron en áreas cercanas a la playa. Se halló una correlación significativa entre los índices de avistamiento y el incremento gradual de la TSM promedio de los años 2004 – 2007. Palabras clave: Cnidaria, Scyphozoa, Chrysaora plocamia, medusa, mar peruano. ABstract Quiñones-Dávila J. 2009. Chrysaora plocamia Lesson, 1830 (Cnidaria, Scyphozoa) off Pisco, Perú. Inf. Inst. Mar Perú. 35(3): 221 - 230.- In the last 20 years, a global trend in jellyfish increasing biomass has been observed, whose dense aggregations, or blooms, could replace traditional dominant species in the food chain. In the Southwest PacificChrysaora plocamia is a dominant species, whose life cycle is influenced by the climate changes and human activities; its pelagic phase (medusa) exists during the period spring-summer-autumn; and the benthic phase (polyp) in winter. In the Pisco area (14°S), off Independencia bay shore, the species reached high average juvenile densities (290 medusae/1000 m3), whose highest concentrations were found close to the shoreline areas. A significant correlation was obtained between the sighting index and the average SST progressive increase for the 2004 – 2007 periods. Keywords: Cnidaria, Scyphozoa, Chrysaora plocamia, jellyfish, Peruvian sea. INTRODUCCIÓN (Kawahara et al. 2006), Chrysaora Cabe resaltar el caso del norte hysoscella y Aequorea fosrskalea en de la corriente de Benguela, La proliferación de medusas o la corriente de Benguela, Namibia, donde la biomasa de medusas “malaguas”, se ha intensificado Sudáfrica (Sparks et al. 2001); (Chrysaora hysoscella y Aequorea desde las dos últimas décadas en Pelagia noctiluca en el Mediterráneo forskalea) han casi cuadriplicado diversos ecosistemas. En opinión las biomasas de peces comerciales de Pauly et al. (1998, 2002) en (Mills 2001). También hay mención de Ctenóforos, como Mnemiopsis (Engraulis encrasicolus y Sardinops un futuro, las medusas serán sagax) en el área (Lynam et al. los organismos dominantes en leydii en el mar Negro (Mills 2001), y en el mar Caspio (Daskalov y 2006). Según Purcell (2005), este áreas marinas con fuerte presión efecto podría relacionarse con pesquera. Mamedov 2007). En algunos casos ha ocurrido que estos grandes cambios en la química oceánica observada a nivel global, o por “blooms” han desplazado o Estos “blooms” cada vez son más factores antropogénicos como frecuentes e intensos, como el caso disminuido las pesquerías de peces contaminación y sobrepesca, lo de Chrysaora melanaster en el Mar de comerciales (Mills 2001, Kawahara que incentivaría la proliferación Bering, en el Pacífico extremo norte 2006, Brodeur 2002), como el caso de pólipos en sustratos “no (Brodeur et al. 1999, 2002); Chrysaora del arenque, Clupea harengus, en el naturales” (Holst & Jarms 2007). fuscescens en el norte de la corriente mar del norte (Lynam et al. 2005), Es todavía muy poco lo que se ha de California, Oregon (Suchman la anchoveta kilka, Clupeonella estudiado en el Pacífico sureste. et al. 2005), Nemopilema nomurai en engrauliformis, en el Mar Caspio Por eso es primordial comprender el mar Amarillo y mar de Japón (Daskalov y Mamedov 2007). la influencia de estas medusas 1 Sede IMARPE Pisco. 221 Inf Inst Mar Perú 35(3) Julio - Setiembre 2008 ISSN 0378 - 7702 Mendieta Gallinazo B a h i a I n d e p e n d e n c i a El Chucho Sacasemita Canastones 14°10'S Pta. Carretas Carhuaz Tunga El Queso La Vieja . Ventosa Santa Rosa 01.5 3 6 14°20'S Morro Nautical Miles Quemado 76°20'W 76°10'W Figura 1.- Ejemplar de una medusa de Chrysaora plocamia observado en la Figura 2.- Mapa de Bahía Independencia, donde se zona de Tunga. Bahía independencia, mayo 2007. realizó gran parte del estudio de medusas. como predadores del ictioplancton la obtención de medusas: (1) con muestreo se realizó entre diciembre (Purcell et al. 1994) o compitiendo redes de arrastre pelágico del BIC 2006 a noviembre 2007; (2) el por el zooplancton como fuente de SNP2; (2) con redes de cerco de segundo, basado en los índices de energía (Purcell 1997). la flota artesanal de Pisco; (3) con avistamiento, definido como la redes colectoras o “chinguillos”; presencia superficial de medusas El presente estudio sobre Chrysaora (4) con baldes cuando estaban en estaciones fijas dividida entre el plocamia (Figura 1) en el mar frente en superficie; (5) por buzos con número total de estaciones fijas en a Pisco, está dirigido a determinar bolsas colectoras, (6) ejemplares un área geográfica determinada, su abundancia y distribución, la varados en playa. La diversidad de por ejemplo si en la zona de Tunga influencia de los parámetros ocea- métodos de colección empleados hubo 20 estaciones fijas, y en 15 de nográficos; y analizar parámetros se debe a que cada método es ellas se avistaron medusas, el índice biológicos (tallas, longitud-peso, específico para determinado tipo sería: 0,75. Esta técnica se realizó estacionalidad, distribución verti- de actividad, por ejemplo las redes en cada oportunidad, durante las cal). Para determinar su abundan- comerciales (arrastre y cerco) se evaluaciones de concha de abanico cia, se ha utilizado una serie de usan para determinar abundancia en Bahía Independencia entre métodos aplicados a otras grandes relativa por volumen filtrado, las el 2004 al 2007, este método nos medusas, en diversas áreas. redes colectoras o chinguillos y permite observar las fluctuaciones baldes en superficie para examinar estacionales de medusas, ya que contenidos estomacales, y los las evaluaciones de concha de MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS varados en playa se usan como abanico se realizaron en diversos Área de estudio.- Comprendió un indicador indirecto de su meses del año. parte de la zona centro sur del mar abundancia. peruano (13°44’ a 14°19’S), frente Abundancia relativa por volumen a la provincia de Pisco, pero con Métodos para evaluar la filtrado.- En verano y primavera mayor intensidad dentro de la abundancia.- Se ensayaron dos 2007 se registró la abundancia re- bahía Independencia, entre 14°08’– métodos: (1) el primero, basado lativa (densidad y biomasa) de la 14°19’S (Figura 2), así como las en capturas y estimaciones de medusa o fase pelágica de C. ploca- zonas costeras al norte de la bahía densidad y biomasa, para lo cual mia (en invierno predomina el pó- de Paracas y el área Lagunillas - se usaron las capturas incidentales lipo o fase bentónica). Se utilizaron Laguna Grande. Cabe resaltar la en redes arrastreras y de cerco, capturas de la flota anchovetera importancia de la pesquería de los usándose solo las calas positivas artesanal bolichera, con malla de invertebrados “concha de abanico” con medusas; la hora fue indistinta, 13 mm y dimensiones de red de y “concha navaja” y de los peces el muestreo es aleatorio y las 324 m de largo y 30 m de altura en anchoveta, pejerrey, cabinza. unidades fueron No de medusas/ promedio. Se registró el número 1000 m3 de agua de mar filtrada de ejemplares y biovolúmenes por Captura de las medusas.- Se para la densidad y kg medusa/ medida de agua filtrada, estanda- utilizaron hasta seis métodos para 1000 m3 para la biomasa, este rizándose a 1000 m3 (Purcell et 222 Quñones - Dávila Scyphozoa en el mar de Pisco al. 2000), esta es la unidad que se Tabla 1.- Distribución vertical de adultos (n=176) y juveniles usa en diversas publicaciones so- (n=42) de C. plocamia en Bahía independencia. 2004-2007 bre abundancia relativa de medu- sas de grandes dimensiones. Para Posición en la columna de agua Adultos (%) Juveniles (%) determinar la biomasa de calculan Sólo superficie 37,50 0,00 los biovolúmenes o los kilogramos Superficie y columna de agua 2,84 2,38 de medusa capturada por volu- Superficie y fondo 2,27 0,00 Toda la columna de agua 9,09 0,00 men de agua de mar filtrada. A media agua 37,50 47,62 Columna de agua y fondo 2,84 33,33 Utilizando una red de arrastre pe- Sólo fondo 7,95 16,67 lágico del BIC SNP2 que presenta un copo con paño anchovetero, en este aparejo se registraron capturas La abundancia relativa se expresó teriormente fueron usados para el de C. plocamia en lances aleatorios. en: Densidades: N°medusas/1000 cálculo de las densidades. Para el cálculo del agua filtrada en m3; Biomasa o Biovolúmenes: mL redes de arrastre se utilizó el área de medusas/1000 m3 (Purcell et Método de abundancias en proa, de la boca de la red, y se calculó al. 2003). o método de Sparks.- En mayo el volumen de agua filtrada entre Identificación taxonómica.-Se uti- 2007 se realizaron las observacio- el tiempo inicial y final efectivo de nes en superficie de C. plocamia arrastre. lizaron tres trabajos: 1) La clave de Collins & Gershwin (2002) para usando la metodología de Sparks Scyphozomedusas de la familia et al.
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