Ecologia E Interações Tróficas De Cetáceos No Atlântico Sul Ocidental

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Ecologia E Interações Tróficas De Cetáceos No Atlântico Sul Ocidental UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO GRANDE – FURG INSTITUTO DE OCEANOGRAFIA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM OCEANOGRAFIA BIOLÓGICA ECOLOGIA E INTERAÇÕES TRÓFICAS DE CETÁCEOS NO ATLÂNTICO SUL OCIDENTAL GENYFFER CIBELE TROINA Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Oceanografia Biológica da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande – FURG, como requisito parcial à obtenção do título de DOUTOR, em co- tutela com a Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB). Orientador: Prof. Dr. Eduardo R. Secchi Co-orientadora: Profa. Dra. Silvina Botta Orientador: Prof. Dr. Frank Dehairs (VUB) Co-orientador: Prof. Dr. Marc Elskens (VUB) RIO GRANDE Agosto, 2019 Agradecimentos Aos meus orientadores Prof. Dr. Eduardo R. Secchi, Profa. Dra. Silvina Botta e Prof. Dr. Frank Dehairs por todos esses anos trabalhando juntos, por serem pessoas inspiradoras e motivadoras. Cresci e aprendi muito com vocês; Ao Prof. Dr. Marc Elskens por co-orientar este trabalho; A Profa. Dra. Virginia Machado e ao Prof. Dr. Osmar Möller por terem acompanhado este trabalho desde o início; A Dra. Valentina Franco-Trecu (Universidad de la República, Uruguai), Dra. Natacha Brion (Vrije Universiteit Brussel, VUB, Bélgica), Prof. Dr. Harry Olde Venterink (VUB) e ao Prof. Dr. Steven Bouillon (Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Bélgica) por aceitarem fazer parte da banca de avaliação desta tese; A Universidade Federal do Rio Grande e ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Oceanografia Biológica (Instituto de Oceanografia); em especial a Vera, ao Prof. Dr. Luis Gustavo Cardoso e ao Prof. Dr. Luciano Dalla Rosa; À Vrije Universiteit Brussel e a todos no laboratório de Analytical, Environmental and Geo-Chemistry (AMGC), especialmente ao Prof. Dr. Philippe Claeys; A Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) pela concessão da bolsa de estudos; A Chevron por financiar o Projeto Talude; A frota do Navio Oceanográfico Atlântico Sul, aos pesquisadores do Projeto Talude, a Dra. Juliana Di Tullio e a Lília Fidélix, por todo o trabalho desde a organização dos cruzeiros até a coleta das amostras utilizadas nesse estudo; Ao Laboratório de Ecologia e Conservação da Megafauna Marinha (EcoMega) e a todos os colegas, que continuam ou que em algum momento fizeram parte dessa equipe ao longo desses anos: Lília, Wagner, Suzana, Eli, Lu, Dani, Su, Bárbara, Renan, Ana Karol, Ju, Liane, Rodrigão, Pedro, Jusp, Jony...; Aos colegas da VUB, Dr. Debany Batista e Florian Deman pelas diversas discussões e contribuições; Ao Laboratório de Zooplâncton (Instituto de Oceanografia, FURG), ao seu Waldemar Amaral e ao Prof. Dr. Erik Muxagata por me ensinarem a identificar as amostras de zooplâncton; Ao Prof. Dr. Luciano Fischer (Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ) e seus alunos, por identificar e ajudar a processar as amostras de peixes e cefalópodes; i Ao Dr. Philip Riekenberg, Dr. Marcel van der Meer e Prof. Dr. Stefan Schouten, do Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ, Texel, Holanda), por aceitarem fazer a colaboração para as análises de isótopos estáveis em aminoácidos, especialmente ao Philip por ter pacientemente me ensinado esse método trabalhoso; Ao meu filho Thomas Pollet Troina, que me proporcionou o melhor título que eu poderia ter obtido nesses últimos quatro anos, pelo sorriso (agora com quase três dentinhos) que derrete o meu coração toda vez que nossos olhares se cruzam. A mamãe te ama; Ao meu marido Pieter Pollet. Sem palavras pra descrever o tamanho da minha gratidão por todos esses anos de companheirismo, respeito e apoio. Eu te amo; A minha querida sogra Linda Michiels, pelo imenso apoio e por sempre ter acreditado em mim. Sem a tua ajuda eu não teria conseguido terminar este trabalho e concluir mais essa etapa; Aos meus pais, Adalberto Lapuente Troina e Maria Cecília Pereira. E a toda a minha família; Muito obrigada. ii ÍNDICE RESUMO .......................................................................................................................................................... 1 ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................................................ 3 INTRODUÇÃO .................................................................................................................................................. 5 HIPÓTESES ....................................................................................................................................................... 9 OBJETIVOS ..................................................................................................................................................... 10 MATERIAL E MÉTODOS .................................................................................................................................. 11 DADOS COSTEIROS ........................................................................................................................................... 11 Amostras de toninhas .................................................................................................................................. 11 Amostras das presas .................................................................................................................................... 11 DADOS OCEÂNICOS .......................................................................................................................................... 12 Amostragem nas estações oceanográficas ................................................................................................. 12 Amostragem durante os transectos ............................................................................................................. 12 PREPARAÇÃO DAS AMOSTRAS PARA ANÁLISE DE ISÓTOPOS ESTÁVEIS .......................................................... 13 EXTRAÇÃO DE AMINOÁCIDOS E ANÁLISE DE Δ15N .......................................................................................... 14 ANÁLISE DE DADOS .......................................................................................................................................... 15 SÍNTESE DOS RESULTADOS ............................................................................................................................ 17 CONCLUSÕES ................................................................................................................................................. 21 REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS ...................................................................................................................... 21 CAPÍTULO 1 .................................................................................................................................................... 30 ONTOGENETIC AND SEXUAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE FEEDING HABITS OF FRANCISCANAS, PONTOPORIA BLAINVILLEI, BASED ON TOOTH DENTIN CARBON AND NITROGEN STABLE ISOTOPES .............. 30 CAPÍTULO 2 .................................................................................................................................................... 64 ZOOPLANKTON-BASED Δ13C AND Δ15N ISOSCAPES FROM THE OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELF AND SLOPE IN THE SUBTROPICAL WESTERN SOUTH ATLANTIC ............................................................................................ 64 CAPÍTULO 3 .................................................................................................................................................. 109 THE ISOTOPIC NICHE AREA, OVERLAP AND PARTITION AMONGST ODONTOCETE SPECIES FROM THE WESTERN SOUTH ATLANTIC ......................................................................................................................... 109 CAPÍTULO 4 .................................................................................................................................................. 149 FROM BOTTOM TO TOP: THE TROPHIC STRUCTURE OF THE SOUTH ATLANTIC PELAGIC SYSTEM USING BULK AND COMPOUND SPECIFIC STABLE ISOTOPES ..................................................................................... 149 iii RESUMO As águas costeiras e oceânicas do sudeste-sul brasileiro sustentam uma grande diversidade de espécies de cetáceos, e o principal objetivo do presente estudo é entender a ecologia e interações tróficas dessas espécies. Para este fim, foi analisada a composição isotópica do carbono (δ13C) e nitrogênio (δ15N) em uma espécie de cetáceo costeira (toninha, Pontoboria blainvillei) e suas presas, e em amostras de pele de dez espécies de cetáceos oceânicas e dos organismos que compõem os diferentes compartimentos da cadeia alimentar (material orgânico particulado – MOP, zooplâncton, peixes e lulas). As amostras de toninhas foram obtidas de animais acidentalmente capturados em redes de pesca na costa sul do Brasil entre 1994-2010. No primeiro capítulo avaliamos as diferenças ontogenéticas e sexuais em seus hábitos alimentares usando os valores de δ13C e δ15N nos dentes de toninhas e aplicando modelos de mistura isotópica para estimar a contribuição proporcional de suas principais presas à sua dieta. Não foram observadas diferenças nos hábitos alimentares entre machos e fêmeas, nem entre adultos de diferentes idades. Além disso, houve diferença na importância das principais presas estimadas pelos modelos de mistura e estudos anteriores com base no conteúdo estomacal. As amostras de cetáceos e presas oceânicas, bem como a dos organismos que compõem a base das teias tróficas (MOP e zoolpâncton) foram obtidas durante dez cruzeiros de pesquisa (2012-2015) realizados nos meses
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