Oikos O17430 Ness, J. H., Morin, D. F. and Giladi, I. 2009. Uncom- mon specialization in a mutualism between a temperate herbaceous plant guild and an ant: are Aphaenogaster ants keystone mutualists? – Oikos 118: 1793–1804.

Horvitz, C. C. and Schemske, D. W. 1986. Seed dispersal of a neotropical Appendix 3 myrmecochore: variation in removal rates and dispersal distance. – Biotropica 18: 319–323. Supplement to Table 2: References of published studies used to Hughes, L. and Westoby, M. 1990. Removal rates of seeds adapted for compare partner diversity among different plant–animal mutual- dispersal by ants. – Ecology 71: 138–148. Hughes, L. and Westoby, M. 1992. Fate of seeds adapted for dispersal isms by ants in Australian sclerophyllous vegetation. – Ecology 73: 1285– 1299. Andersen, A. N. and Morrison, S. C. 1998. Myrmecochory in Australia’s Kato, M. et al. 1990. Insect–flower relationship in the primary beech seasonal tropics: effects of disturbance on distance dispersal. – Austral forest of Ashu, Kyoto: an overview of the flowering phenology and Ecol. 23: 483–491. seasonal pattern of insect visits. – Contr. Biol. Lab. Kyoto Univ. 27: Baird, J. W. 1980. The selection and use of fruit by birds in an eastern 309–375. forest. – Wilson Bull 91: 63–73 Le Corff, J. and Horvitz, C. C. 1995. Dispersal of seeds from chasmoga- Barrett, S. C. H. and Helenurm, K. 1987. The reproductive biology of mous and cleistogamous flowers in an ant-dispersed tropical herb. boreal forest herbs. 1. Breeding systems and pollination. – Can. J. – Oikos 73: 59–64. Bot. 65: 2036–2046 Malmberg, P. K. and Wilson M. F. 1988. Foraging ecology of avian frugi- Beattie, A. J. et al. 1979. Interactions between ants and the diaspores of vores and some consequences for seed dispersal in an Illinois woodlot. some common spring flowering herbs in West Virginia. – Castanea – Condor 90: 173–186. 44: 177–186. Mossop, M. K. 1989. Comparison of seed removal by ants in vegetation Blüthgen, N. et al. 2004. Bottom–up control and co-occurrence in com- on fertile and infertile soils. – Austral Ecol. 14: 367–373. plex communities: honeydew and nectar determine a rainforest ant Motten, A. F. 1986. Pollination ecology of the spring wildflower commu- mosaic. – Oikos 106: 344–358 nity of a temperate deciduous forest. – Ecol. Monogr. 56: 21–42. Bossard, C.C . 1991. The role of habitat distrurbance, seed predation and Ness, J. H. 2004. Forest edges and fire ants alter the seed shadow of an ant dispersal on establishment of the exotic shrub Cytisus scoparius in ant-dispersed plant. – Oecologia 138: 228–454. California. – Am. Midl. Nat: 126: 1–13 Ohara, M. and Higashi, S. 1987. Interference by ground beetles with the Culver, D. C. and Beattie, A. J. 1978. Myrmecochory in Viola: dynamics dispersal by ants of of seed–ant interactions in some West Virginia species. – J. Ecol. 66: seeds of Trillium species (Liliaceae). – J. Ecol. 75: 1091–1098. 53–72. Ohkawara, K. and Higashi, S. 1994. Relative importance of ballistic and Davidson, D. W. and Fisher, B. L. 1991. Symbiosis of ants with Cecropia ant dispersal in two diplochorous Viola species (Violaceae). – Oeco- as a function of light regime. – In: Huxley, C. R. and Cutler, D. F. logia 100: 135–140. (eds), Ant–plant interactions. Oxford Univ. Press, pp. 289–309. Ohkawara, K. et al. 1996. Effects of ants, ground beetles and the seed-fall Davidson, D. W. et al. 1989. Competition among ants for myrmeco- patterns on myrmecochory of Erythronium japonicum Decne. (Lil- phytes and the significance of plant trichomes. – Biotropica 21: iaceae). – Oecologia 106: 500–506. 64–73. Ohkawara, K. et al. 1997 The evolution of ant-dispersal in a spring- Fiala B. et al. 1999. Diversity, evolutionary specialization and geographic ephemeral Corydalis ambigua (Papaveraceae): timing of seed-fall and distribution of a mutualistic ant–plant complex: Macaranga and Cre- effects of ants and ground beetles. – Ecography 20: 217–223. matogaster in South East Asia. – Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 66: 305–331. Parr C. L. et al. 2007. Savanna fires increase rate and distances of seed Fonseca, C. R. and Ganade, G. 1996. Asymmetries, compartments and dispersal by ants. –Oecologia 151: 33–41 null interactions in an Amazonian ant–plant community. – J. Anim. Pudlo, R. J. et al. 1980. Population consequences of changes in an ant– Ecol. 66: 339–347. seed mutualism in Sanguinaria canadensis. – Oecologia 146: 32–37. Fredrickson, M. E. 2005. Ant species confer different partner benefits on Schatral A. et al. 1994. Seed dispersal by Hibbertia hypericoides (Dille- two neotropical myrmecophytes. – Oecologia 143: 387–395 niaceae) by ants. – J. R. Soc. West. Aust. 77: 81–85 Gibson, W. 1993. Selective advantages to hemi-parasitic annuals, genus Schemske, D. W. et al. 1978. Flowering ecology of some spring woodland Melampyrum, of a seed-dispersal mutualism involving ants. II. Seed herbs. – Ecology 59: 351–366. predator avoidance. – Oikos 67: 345–350. Schemske, D. W. 1982. Ecological correlates of a neotropical mutualism: Giladi, I. 2004. The role of habitat specific demography, habitat specific ant assemblages at dispersal, and the evolution of dispersal distances in determining cur- Costus extrafloral nectaries. – Ecology 63: 932–941 rent and future distributions of the ant-dispersed herb, Hexastylis ari- Snow, B. K. and Snow, D. W. 1988. Birds and berries. – Calton, Eng- folia. PhD thesis. – Inst. of Ecology, Univ. of Georgia. land. Gomez, C. and Espadaler, X. 1998. Seed dispersal curve of a Mediterra- Sorensen, A. E. 1981. Interactions between birds and fruit in a temperate nean myrmecochore: Influence of ant size and the distance to nests. woodland. – Oecologia 50: 242–249. – Ecol. Res. 13: 347–354. Zelikova, T. J. et al. 2008. Variation in seed dispersal along an elevational Heithaus, E. R. 1986. Seed dispersal mutualism and the population den- gradient in Great Smoky Mountains National Park. – Acta Oecol. sity of Asarum canadense, an ant-dispersed plant. – In: Estrada, A. 34: 155–162. and Fleming, T. H. (eds), Frugivores and seed dispersal. Dr. W. Junk, pp. 199–210.

1