Programming Languages
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Programming Paradigms & Object-Oriented
4.3 (Programming Paradigms & Object-Oriented- Computer Science 9608 Programming) with Majid Tahir Syllabus Content: 4.3.1 Programming paradigms Show understanding of what is meant by a programming paradigm Show understanding of the characteristics of a number of programming paradigms (low- level, imperative (procedural), object-oriented, declarative) – low-level programming Demonstrate an ability to write low-level code that uses various address modes: o immediate, direct, indirect, indexed and relative (see Section 1.4.3 and Section 3.6.2) o imperative programming- see details in Section 2.3 (procedural programming) Object-oriented programming (OOP) o demonstrate an ability to solve a problem by designing appropriate classes o demonstrate an ability to write code that demonstrates the use of classes, inheritance, polymorphism and containment (aggregation) declarative programming o demonstrate an ability to solve a problem by writing appropriate facts and rules based on supplied information o demonstrate an ability to write code that can satisfy a goal using facts and rules Programming paradigms 1 4.3 (Programming Paradigms & Object-Oriented- Computer Science 9608 Programming) with Majid Tahir Programming paradigm: A programming paradigm is a set of programming concepts and is a fundamental style of programming. Each paradigm will support a different way of thinking and problem solving. Paradigms are supported by programming language features. Some programming languages support more than one paradigm. There are many different paradigms, not all mutually exclusive. Here are just a few different paradigms. Low-level programming paradigm The features of Low-level programming languages give us the ability to manipulate the contents of memory addresses and registers directly and exploit the architecture of a given processor. -
A Feature Model of Actor, Agent, Functional, Object, and Procedural Programming Languages
Accepted Manuscript A feature model of actor, agent, functional, object, and procedural programming languages H.R. Jordan, G. Botterweck, J.H. Noll, A. Butterfield, R.W. Collier PII: S0167-6423(14)00050-1 DOI: 10.1016/j.scico.2014.02.009 Reference: SCICO 1711 To appear in: Science of Computer Programming Received date: 9 March 2013 Revised date: 31 January 2014 Accepted date: 5 February 2014 Please cite this article in press as: H.R. Jordan et al., A feature model of actor, agent, functional, object, and procedural programming languages, Science of Computer Programming (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scico.2014.02.009 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. Highlights • A survey of existing programming language comparisons and comparison techniques. • Definitions of actor, agent, functional, object, and procedural programming concepts. • A feature model of general-purpose programming languages. • Mappings from five languages (C, Erlang, Haskell, Jason, and Java) to this model. A Feature Model of Actor, Agent, Functional, Object, and Procedural Programming Languages H.R. Jordana,∗, G. Botterwecka, J.H. Nolla, A. Butterfieldb, R.W. Collierc aLero, University of Limerick, Ireland bTrinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland cUniversity College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland Abstract The number of programming languages is large [1] and steadily increasing [2]. -
The Machine That Builds Itself: How the Strengths of Lisp Family
Khomtchouk et al. OPINION NOTE The Machine that Builds Itself: How the Strengths of Lisp Family Languages Facilitate Building Complex and Flexible Bioinformatic Models Bohdan B. Khomtchouk1*, Edmund Weitz2 and Claes Wahlestedt1 *Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract 1Center for Therapeutic Innovation and Department of We address the need for expanding the presence of the Lisp family of Psychiatry and Behavioral programming languages in bioinformatics and computational biology research. Sciences, University of Miami Languages of this family, like Common Lisp, Scheme, or Clojure, facilitate the Miller School of Medicine, 1120 NW 14th ST, Miami, FL, USA creation of powerful and flexible software models that are required for complex 33136 and rapidly evolving domains like biology. We will point out several important key Full list of author information is features that distinguish languages of the Lisp family from other programming available at the end of the article languages and we will explain how these features can aid researchers in becoming more productive and creating better code. We will also show how these features make these languages ideal tools for artificial intelligence and machine learning applications. We will specifically stress the advantages of domain-specific languages (DSL): languages which are specialized to a particular area and thus not only facilitate easier research problem formulation, but also aid in the establishment of standards and best programming practices as applied to the specific research field at hand. DSLs are particularly easy to build in Common Lisp, the most comprehensive Lisp dialect, which is commonly referred to as the “programmable programming language.” We are convinced that Lisp grants programmers unprecedented power to build increasingly sophisticated artificial intelligence systems that may ultimately transform machine learning and AI research in bioinformatics and computational biology. -
Introduction: C++ and Software Engineering
Comp151 Introduction Background Assumptions • This course assumes that you have taken COMP102/103, COMP104 or an equivalent. The topics assumed are: – Basic loop constructs, e.g., for, while, repeat, etc. – Functions –Arrays – Basic I/O – Introduction to classes – Abstract Data Types – Linked Lists – Recursion – Dynamic Objects Why Take This Course You all know how to program, so why take this course? • In COMP104 you essentially only learned “the C part” of C++ and can write “small” C++ programs. • Most of the time you write code that is (almost) the same as code that’s been written many times before. How do you avoid wasting time “re-inventing the wheel”? How do you re-use coding effort? • What if you need to write a large program and/or work with a team of other programmers? How do you maintain consistency across your large program or between the different coders? • In this course you will learn the essence of Object Oriented Programming (OOP). The goal is to teach you how to design and code large software projects. A Short “History” of Computing • Early programming languages (e.g., Basic, Fortran) were unstructured. This allowed “spaghetti code” – code with a complex and tangled structure - with goto’s and gosub’s jumping all over the place. Almost impossible to understand. • The abuses of spaghetti code led to structured programming languages supporting procedural programming (PP) – e.g., Algol, Pascal, C. • While well-written C is easier to understand, it’s still hard to write large, consistent code. This inspired researchers to borrow AI concepts (from knowledge representation, especially semantic networks) resulting in object-oriented programming (OOP )languages (e.g., Smalltalk, Simula, Eiffel, Objective C, C++, Java). -
A Formal Component-Based Software Engineering Approach for Developing Trustworthy Systems
A FORMAL COMPONENT-BASED SOFTWARE ENGINEERING APPROACH FOR DEVELOPING TRUSTWORTHY SYSTEMS MUBARAK SAMI MOHAMMAD A THESIS IN THE DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND SOFTWARE ENGINEERING PRESENTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (COMPUTER SCIENCE) CONCORDIA UNIVERSITY MONTREAL´ ,QUEBEC´ ,CANADA APRIL 2009 °c MUBARAK SAMI MOHAMMAD, 2009 CONCORDIA UNIVERSITY School of Graduate Studies This is to certify that the thesis prepared By: Mr. Mubarak Sami Mohammad Entitled: A Formal Component-Based Software Engineering Approach for Developing Trustworthy Systems and submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Computer Science) (Computer Science) complies with the regulations of this University and meets the accepted standards with re- spect to originality and quality. Signed by the final examining committee: Chair Dr. External Examiner Dr. Nicholas Graham External to Program Dr. Jamal Bentahar Examiner Dr. Joey Paquet Examiner Dr. Juergen Rilling Supervisor Dr. Vasu Alagar Co-supervisor Dr. Olga Ormandjieva Approved Chair of Department or Graduate Program Director 20 Dr. Robin A.L. Drew, Dean Faculty of Engineering and Computer Science Abstract A Formal Component-Based Software Engineering Approach for Developing Trustworthy Systems Mubarak Sami Mohammad, Ph.D. Concordia University, 2009 Software systems are increasingly becoming ubiquitous, affecting the way we experience the world. Embedded software systems, especially those used in smart devices, have be- come an essential constituent of the technological infrastructure of modern societies. Such systems, in order to be trusted in society, must be proved to be trustworthy. Trustworthiness is a composite non-functional property that implies safety, timeliness, security, availability, and reliability. -
Comparative Studies of Programming Languages; Course Lecture Notes
Comparative Studies of Programming Languages, COMP6411 Lecture Notes, Revision 1.9 Joey Paquet Serguei A. Mokhov (Eds.) August 5, 2010 arXiv:1007.2123v6 [cs.PL] 4 Aug 2010 2 Preface Lecture notes for the Comparative Studies of Programming Languages course, COMP6411, taught at the Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Computer Science, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada. These notes include a compiled book of primarily related articles from the Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia [24], as well as Comparative Programming Languages book [7] and other resources, including our own. The original notes were compiled by Dr. Paquet [14] 3 4 Contents 1 Brief History and Genealogy of Programming Languages 7 1.1 Introduction . 7 1.1.1 Subreferences . 7 1.2 History . 7 1.2.1 Pre-computer era . 7 1.2.2 Subreferences . 8 1.2.3 Early computer era . 8 1.2.4 Subreferences . 8 1.2.5 Modern/Structured programming languages . 9 1.3 References . 19 2 Programming Paradigms 21 2.1 Introduction . 21 2.2 History . 21 2.2.1 Low-level: binary, assembly . 21 2.2.2 Procedural programming . 22 2.2.3 Object-oriented programming . 23 2.2.4 Declarative programming . 27 3 Program Evaluation 33 3.1 Program analysis and translation phases . 33 3.1.1 Front end . 33 3.1.2 Back end . 34 3.2 Compilation vs. interpretation . 34 3.2.1 Compilation . 34 3.2.2 Interpretation . 36 3.2.3 Subreferences . 37 3.3 Type System . 38 3.3.1 Type checking . 38 3.4 Memory management . -
COBOL-Skills, Where Art Thou?
DEGREE PROJECT IN COMPUTER ENGINEERING 180 CREDITS, BASIC LEVEL STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN 2016 COBOL-skills, Where art Thou? An assessment of future COBOL needs at Handelsbanken Samy Khatib KTH ROYAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY i INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY Abstract The impending mass retirement of baby-boomer COBOL developers, has companies that wish to maintain their COBOL systems fearing a skill shortage. Due to the dominance of COBOL within the financial sector, COBOL will be continually developed over at least the coming decade. This thesis consists of two parts. The first part consists of a literature study of COBOL; both as a programming language and the skills required as a COBOL developer. Interviews were conducted with key Handelsbanken staff, regarding the current state of COBOL and the future of COBOL in Handelsbanken. The second part consists of a quantitative forecast of future COBOL workforce state in Handelsbanken. The forecast uses data that was gathered by sending out a questionnaire to all COBOL staff. The continued lack of COBOL developers entering the labor market may create a skill-shortage. It is crucial to gather the knowledge of the skilled developers before they retire, as changes in old COBOL systems may have gone undocumented, making it very hard for new developers to understand how the systems work without guidance. To mitigate the skill shortage and enable modernization, an extraction of the business knowledge from the systems should be done. Doing this before the current COBOL workforce retires will ease the understanding of the extracted data. The forecasts of Handelsbanken’s COBOL workforce are based on developer experience and hiring, averaged over the last five years. -
C++ Tutorial Part I : Procedural Programming
C++ Tutorial Part I : Procedural Programming C. David Sherrill School of Chemistry and Biochemistry School of Computational Science and Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Purpose To provide rapid training in elements of C++ syntax, C++ procedural programming, and C++ object- oriented programming for those with some basic prior programming experience To provide a handy programming reference for selected topics To provide numerous, actual C++ code examples for instruction and reference Why C++? “Intermediate”-level language: allows for fine (low- level) control over hardware, yet also allows certain complex tasks to be done with relatively little code (high-level) Good for scientific applications: produces efficient, compiled code, yet has features that help one develop and maintain a complicated, large code (e.g., namespaces, object-oriented design) Recommended reading These notes were developed during my reading of “Sams Teach Yourself C++ in One Hour a Day,” 7th Edition, by Siddhartha Rao (Sams, Indianapolis, 2012). I recommend the book, it’s readable and to the point. A good mastery of C++ will probably require working through a book like that one, and doing some examples; notes like these only serve as a basic introduction or a quick review A Note on C++11 This was originally supposed to be C++0x, with the “x” filled in according to the year the new C++ standard was finalized (e.g., C++09 for 2009). However, the standard took longer than expected, and was only formalized in 2011. So, C++11 is what was formerly referred to as C++0x. As of 2013, the new C++11 standards are not yet fully implemented in many compilers. -
Chapter 1 Basic Principles of Programming Languages
Chapter 1 Basic Principles of Programming Languages Although there exist many programming languages, the differences among them are insignificant compared to the differences among natural languages. In this chapter, we discuss the common aspects shared among different programming languages. These aspects include: programming paradigms that define how computation is expressed; the main features of programming languages and their impact on the performance of programs written in the languages; a brief review of the history and development of programming languages; the lexical, syntactic, and semantic structures of programming languages, data and data types, program processing and preprocessing, and the life cycles of program development. At the end of the chapter, you should have learned: what programming paradigms are; an overview of different programming languages and the background knowledge of these languages; the structures of programming languages and how programming languages are defined at the syntactic level; data types, strong versus weak checking; the relationship between language features and their performances; the processing and preprocessing of programming languages, compilation versus interpretation, and different execution models of macros, procedures, and inline procedures; the steps used for program development: requirement, specification, design, implementation, testing, and the correctness proof of programs. The chapter is organized as follows. Section 1.1 introduces the programming paradigms, performance, features, and the development of programming languages. Section 1.2 outlines the structures and design issues of programming languages. Section 1.3 discusses the typing systems, including types of variables, type equivalence, type conversion, and type checking during the compilation. Section 1.4 presents the preprocessing and processing of programming languages, including macro processing, interpretation, and compilation. -
Techniques for Understanding Unstructured Code Mel A
Association for Information Systems AIS Electronic Library (AISeL) International Conference on Information Systems ICIS 1985 Proceedings (ICIS) 1985 Techniques for Understanding Unstructured Code Mel A. Colter University of Colorado at Colorado Springs Follow this and additional works at: http://aisel.aisnet.org/icis1985 Recommended Citation Colter, Mel A., "Techniques for Understanding Unstructured Code" (1985). ICIS 1985 Proceedings. 6. http://aisel.aisnet.org/icis1985/6 This material is brought to you by the International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS) at AIS Electronic Library (AISeL). It has been accepted for inclusion in ICIS 1985 Proceedings by an authorized administrator of AIS Electronic Library (AISeL). For more information, please contact [email protected]. Techniques for Understanding Unstructured Code Mel A. Colter Associate Professor of Management Science and Information Systems College of Business Administration University of Colorado at Colorado Springs P.O. Box 7150 Colorado Springs, Colorado 80933-7150 ABSTRACT Within the maintenance activity, a great deal of time is spent in the process of understanding unstructured code prior to changing or fixing the program. This involves the comprehension of complex control structures. While automated processes are available to structure entire programs, there is a need for less formal structuring processes to be used by practicing profes- sionals on small programs or local sections of code. This paper presents methods for restruc- turing complex sequence, selection, and iteration structures into structured logic. The pro- cedures are easily taught and they result in solutions of reduced complexity as compared to the original code. Whether the maintenance programmer uses these procedures simply for understanding, or for actually re-writing the program, they will,simplify efforts on unstruc- tured code. -
Formalizing Gremlin Pattern Matching Traversals in an Integrated Graph Algebra
Formalizing Gremlin Pattern Matching Traversals in an Integrated Graph Algebra Harsh Thakkar1, S¨orenAuer1;2, Maria-Esther Vidal2 1 Smart Data Analytics Lab (SDA), University of Bonn, Germany 2 TIB & Leibniz University of Hannover, Germany [email protected], [email protected] Abstract. Graph data management (also called NoSQL) has revealed beneficial characteristics in terms of flexibility and scalability by differ- ently balancing between query expressivity and schema flexibility. This peculiar advantage has resulted into an unforeseen race of developing new task-specific graph systems, query languages and data models, such as property graphs, key-value, wide column, resource description framework (RDF), etc. Present-day graph query languages are focused towards flex- ible graph pattern matching (aka sub-graph matching), whereas graph computing frameworks aim towards providing fast parallel (distributed) execution of instructions. The consequence of this rapid growth in the variety of graph-based data management systems has resulted in a lack of standardization. Gremlin, a graph traversal language, and machine provide a common platform for supporting any graph computing sys- tem (such as an OLTP graph database or OLAP graph processors). In this extended report, we present a formalization of graph pattern match- ing for Gremlin queries. We also study, discuss and consolidate various existing graph algebra operators into an integrated graph algebra. Keywords: Graph Pattern Matching, Graph Traversal, Gremlin, Graph Algebra 1 Introduction Upon observing the evolution of information technology, we can observe a trend from data models and knowledge representation techniques be- ing tightly bound to the capabilities of the underlying hardware towards more intuitive and natural methods resembling human-style information processing. -
Employing Object Rexx for Teaching Mba Students the Oo-Paradigm
EMPLOYING OBJECT REXX FOR TEACHING MBA STUDENTS THE OO-PARADIGM Rony G. Flatscher Department of Management and Information Systems Vienna University of Economics and Business Administration "10th International REXX Symposium“, Jacksonville, Florida, U.S.A., May 3rd-5th, 1999 ABSTRACT At the WU Vienna - with over 20,000 students one of the largest Economics and Business Administration Universities in the world - an experiment was started in the summer semester of 1999 to teach MBA Students the OO-paradigm with the help of Object REXX. It has been very well known that taught material is learned the best, if the concepts are worked out by the people themselves. Therefore it may make sense to teach OO-concepts to MBA students by the means of exercises using an object-oriented programming language. Object REXX was chosen because of its simple syntax which draws from Mike F. Cowlishaw's original work on procedural REXX, while at the same time implementing a very powerful OO-model. Object REXX is available on a variety of operating systems, namely AIX, Linux, OS/2 and Windows95/98/NT. This article introduces a syllabus for teaching MBA students the OO-paradigm with the help of Object REXX, thereby introducing the key features of the language itself and reports about preliminary conclusions. Employing Object REXX for Teaching MBA Students the OO-paradigm, page 1-18 1 INTRODUCTION The "Wirtschaftsuniversität Wien” (abbreviated: WU, English translation: "University of Economics and Business Administration”; cf. [W3WU] for an English set of foils giving an additional overview of the University) is located in Vienna (Austria).