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Plant Checklist CHECKLIST OF THE VASCULAR PLANTS OF PLUMMERS ISLAND, MARYLAND Authors: Shetler, Stanwyn G., Orli, Sylvia S., Wells, Elizabeth F., and Beyersdorfer, Marcie Source: Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington, 14(1) : 1-57 Published By: Biological Society of Washington URL: https://doi.org/10.2988/0097-0298(2006)14[1:COTVPO]2.0.CO;2 BioOne Complete (complete.BioOne.org) is a full-text database of 200 subscribed and open-access titles in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses. Your use of this PDF, the BioOne Complete website, and all posted and associated content indicates your acceptance of BioOne’s Terms of Use, available at www.bioone.org/terms-of-use. Usage of BioOne Complete content is strictly limited to personal, educational, and non - commercial use. Commercial inquiries or rights and permissions requests should be directed to the individual publisher as copyright holder. BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions, research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to critical research. Downloaded From: https://bioone.org/journals/Bulletin-of-the-Biological-Society-of-Washington on 10 Jul 2020 Terms of Use: https://bioone.org/terms-of-use Access provided by Smithsonian Institution CHECKLIST OF THE VASCULAR PLANTS OF PLUMMERS ISLAND, MARYLAND Stanwyn G. Shetler, Sylvia S. Orli, Elizabeth F. Wells, and Marcie Beyersdorfer INTRODUCTION functions. The island was dubbed Winnemana, mean- Plummers Island and Mainland ing ‘‘beautiful island’’ in a local Indian language, and the cabin, Winnemana Lodge. Each year some of the Њ Ј Љ Њ Ј Љ Plummers Island (38 58 10 N lat., 77 10 36 W income from the investments is used to support re- long.) is a small wooded island in the Potomac River search on the island or elsewhere in the DC area near Cabin John, Montgomery County, Maryland within the Potomac drainage. (Figs. 1, 2). It is about 14.5 km (9 mi) upriver (north- The island is elongate and tadpole-shaped; its long west) from the White House, Washington, DC, and axis is oriented more or less east-west, with the west is just downriver from the American Legion (Cabin or upstream end being the broad, blunt end. It is high- John) Bridge of the Capital Beltway (I-495), which centered and rocky with large boulders outcropping connects Maryland and Virginia. The island is sep- at various places and a narrow primary floodplain arated from the Maryland shore by only a narrow and/or mudflats around parts of it. There is an abrupt, channel, which can be crossed at the east end on high outcrop (‘‘Rock of Gibraltar’’) at the west end, stepping stones except at high water. It lies between and there are two high knolls in the center that are Locks 10 and 12 of the Chesapeake and Ohio (C&O) thinly covered with soil and drop down to floodplain Canal (Figs. 3, 4). In the past the island’s name was with varying degrees of steepness. The elevation at often written with an apostrophe, Plummer’s. the top of the higher knoll, where the cabin is built, The island itself consists of only 4.8 ha (12 acres), is over 36 m (120 ft) above sea level and about 20 but it has been well known to local biologists for over m (some 60 ft) above the river level. Parts of the a hundred years, thanks to studies there fostered by north and south sides are rock cliffs. The top of the the Washington Biologists’ Field Club (WBFC) since other knoll is about 3 m (10 ft) lower. The outcrop- it first leased the island from the owner in 1901 ping rock is granitic gneiss, which also outcrops on (WBFC Web site, www.pwrc.usgs.gov/resshow/ the mainland (Erwin 1981). perry/bios/WBFCHome.htm). The Club purchased it The mainland parcel, lying between the towpath of in 1908, along with ca. 14.2 hectares (35 acres) of the C&O Canal on the north and the Potomac River the ‘‘mainland,’’ as the land between the island and on the south and somewhat surpassing the island at the canal was dubbed by the early members. To this both ends, was acquired and fenced (McKenny & was added the Barton tract of ca. l.4 hectares (3.5 Ricker 1937) to protect the island from encroachment acres) in 1924, for a total of 15.6 hectares (38.5 and to preserve access, and it was actively used in a acres) of mainland. The Leland Barton tract extended number of ways in the early years (see below). Killip the Club’s mainland holding between the C&O Canal and Blake (1935, 1953), following Club tradition, in- and the Potomac River eastward from Rock Run to cluded the mainland in their study of the Plummers Lock 10. Island flora, but starred (*) the species found only on Access to the island at times of high water requires the mainland. At almost 16 ha, it is more than three a small boat, and for many years the Club has had times larger in area than the island itself. The highest its own boat for ferrying its members the short dis- point is a knoll as high as the highest point on the tance across the channel to and from the island for island. its annual fall and spring outings on the island. From time to time a dock has been constructed on one or History of Floristic Study both sides, referred to as the ‘‘ferry’’ dock, but soon- er or later flooding has always destroyed it. From the outset, the Club has encouraged and spon- Ownership of the island and mainland property sored research on the flora and fauna of the island and passed to the National Park Service through a series adjacent mainland, and many scientific papers have of steps in 1958–1961, and the property later became resulted to date, including a series of 29 papers under part of the new C&O Canal National Historical Park the general heading ‘‘Natural History of Plummers Is- (NPS), opening the island to public access. In return, land, Maryland.’’ Twenty-five of the 29 have been the Club received a settlement sum from the U.S. published in the Proceedings of the Biological Society government, which it invested, and an agreement of Washington. One was published as a Special Pub- with the NPS that the Club could continue to do re- lication and three as two Bulletins of the Biological search on the island and adjacent mainland and to Society of Washington. Many other papers dealing at maintain and use the cabin (Figs. 5, 6) it had built least in part with the island have been published else- on the island in 1901 as the ‘‘Clubhouse’’ for Club where (see WBFC web site, www.pwrc.usgs.gov/ Downloaded From: https://bioone.org/journals/Bulletin-of-the-Biological-Society-of-Washington on 10 Jul 2020 Terms of Use: https://bioone.org/terms-of-use Access provided by Smithsonian Institution Terms of Use: https://bioone.org/terms-of-use Access provided bySmithsonian Institution of Use: https://bioone.org/terms-of-use Access Terms on 10Jul2020 Downloaded From: https://bioone.org/journals/Bulletin-of-the-Biological-Society-of-Washington 2 BULLETIN OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Fig. 1. Map of Plummers Island and Mainland, Montgomery County, Maryland. Original property of Washington Biologists’ Field Club (WBFC) was bounded on the south side by the Potomac River. Boundaries on east, west, and north sides are shown by thin solid line running along Chesapeake and Ohio (C&O) Canal and towpath between Locks 10 and 12 and then toward river (south) from these locks. Dotted lines represent paths. Numbers 1–22 refer to collecting sites (see p. 22). NUMBER 14 3 Fig. 2. Aerial photograph of Plummers Island and vicinity. Photo courtesy of U.S. Geological Survey. Fig. 3. C&O Canal and towpath along south side of Canal near Lock 11, looking upstream (west). Towpath forms northern boundary of original Mainland property of WBFC. Path to Plummers Island cuts off to left just before towpath rises to top of lock. Photo by W. J. Kress. Downloaded From: https://bioone.org/journals/Bulletin-of-the-Biological-Society-of-Washington on 10 Jul 2020 Terms of Use: https://bioone.org/terms-of-use Access provided by Smithsonian Institution 4 BULLETIN OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Fig. 4. Narrow Channel of Potomac River between Mainland (right) and Island, looking upstream (west). Photo by W. J. Kress. resshow/perry/bios/WBFCHome.htm, Biological (Fig. 7) collected 500 or more—Ellsworth P. Killip Studies). (847), Albert S. Hitchcock (597), and Emery C. The first specimens known to have come from Leonard (578). Neil Hotchkiss, with 477, was not far Plummers Island were collected by a number of per- behind (Fig. 7). Nearly half, 31, of the 67 collectors sons in the late 1890s, before the WBFC was in- have been members of the WBFC, and 25 of the 31 volved with the island. Waldo McAtee (McAtee file, have been botanists. Since some 65 botanists (exact WBFC archives) alludes to collections as early as the number depending on definition of ‘‘botanist’’) have 1870s in his notes, but none has been seen to confirm belonged to the WBFC during the course of its long this. Once the Club established its headquarters on history, this means that fewer than half of them have the island in 1901, collections began to accumulate contributed specimens to the Plummers Island col- and the herbarium of vascular plants was kept con- lections over the years.
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