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Netball in the Lives of New Zealand Women: an Intergenerational Study

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Netball in the Lives of New Zealand Women: an Intergenerational Study View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Research Commons@Waikato Netball in the lives of New Zealand Women: An Intergenerational Study by Amy Elizabeth Marfell A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Sport and Leisure Studies University of Waikato 2011 Abstract This thesis explores the netball experiences of a selection of New Zealand women whom have participated or continue to participate in netball during four distinct historical periods. Adopting an interdisciplinary approach, it sheds light on the broader socio-cultural and political changes that have influenced and shaped women‟s experiences of netball throughout history. Drawing upon data gathered from primary and secondary sources and four focus groups, I examine the lived experiences of women who played netball during the 1940‟s, 1970‟s, 1990‟s and the early 21st century. In so doing I reveal how broader shifts in gender relations have impacted women‟s netball experiences, focusing particularly on their initial involvement, participation at recreational and competitive levels, and ultimate withdrawal. Moreover, an intergenerational discussion of these women‟s experiences reveals some of the differences evident between the experiences of women during these four historical junctures. Exploring women‟s netball experiences in relation to broader social change, time and context both within and across generations, this thesis provides unique insights into the changing nature and dynamics of netball in New Zealand, shifting social constructions of femininity and women‟s sporting identities, as well as women‟s unique and diverse experiences and understandings of their participation. i Acknowledgements Firstly, I would like to extend my gratitude to the 12 women who have given their time to participate in this study. The sharing of your unique „stories‟ and your willingness to contribute your personal histories of netball have been vital in making this thesis possible. I feel very privileged to have been able to share your stories and promote your voices in this piece of research. I would also like to thank my two supervisors Dr. Holly Thorpe and Dr. Kirsten Petrie. Your time, patience and guidance have been much appreciated throughout the duration of this study. Your constant encouragement and assistance have helped me grow as a researcher, expand my thought, and has made this process a challenging yet rewarding and unforgettable one. Additionally I wish to extend my thanks to The University of Waikato for the Masters Research Award I received last year. This contribution has allowed me to focus my energies on this project and provided valuable financial assistance during this study. Last, but by no means least, I want to thank my family and friends. Mum and Dad, your support and love throughout the past year have been instrumental during this process. Your encouragement and unfaltering belief in my abilities have helped guide and reassure me throughout this study, and I am forever grateful. Without your support the things I have achieved would not have been possible, nor would they mean so much. To my friends, your understanding and compassion during this process has not gone unnoticed and I am appreciative of the support you have shown me this past year. ii Table of Contents Introducing Netball in the Lives of New Zealand Women: A Contextual Analysis ........................................................................ 1 An Introduction to this Study .................................................................................. 1 My Interest in this Topic ................................................................................. 2 A Contextual History of Feminism and Netball in New Zealand ........................... 4 First Wave Feminism, Sport and Basketball in New Zealand ........................ 4 Second Wave Feminism, Sport and Netball in New Zealand ........................ 12 Third Wave Feminism, Sport and Netball in New Zealand .......................... 16 Feminism, Sport and Netball: A Summary .................................................... 23 Significance of this Study ..................................................................................... 23 Making a Case for Interdisciplinarity ................................................................... 24 Outline of this Thesis ............................................................................................ 25 A Critical Review of the Literature ................................................. 27 Understanding Women‟s Sporting Experiences: …… A Psychological Perspective ........................................................................ 28 A Sociological Perspective .......................................................................... 33 A Historical Perspective ............................................................................... 38 Toward Interdisciplinarity ..................................................................................... 43 Theory and Methodology ................................................................. 47 Poststructural Feminism and Women‟s Experiences of Netball ........................... 47 Netball in the Lives of New Zealand Women: The Research Process ................. 52 Using Focus Groups ..................................................................................... 52 The Participants in this Study ....................................................................... 54 Ethical Considerations and Reflexivity ......................................................... 58 Data Analysis and Reporting ........................................................................ 61 Interpretive Validity ...................................................................................... 64 Summary ............................................................................................................... 66 Netball in the Lives of New Zealand Women: Four Generations .............................................................................. 67 Netball in the 1940‟s ............................................................................................. 67 Netball in the 1970‟s ............................................................................................. 73 Netball in the 1990‟s ............................................................................................. 80 Netball in the Early 21st Century .......................................................................... 86 Summary ............................................................................................................... 92 iii Netball in the Lives of New Zealand Women: An Intergenerational Discussion ..................................................... 94 The Female Sporting Body ................................................................................... 94 The Netball Body: Femininity & Athleticism in Women’s Sport .................. 96 Playing the Game: Shifting Tensions and Frustrations ....................................... 103 Contextualising Women’s Lived Experiences of Netball ............................ 103 Opportunities, Pleasures and Constraints .................................................. 104 Concluding Thoughts .......................................................................................... 107 References ........................................................................................ 112 Appendices ....................................................................................... 131 Appendix One: Principal and Netball Convenor Information Sheet .................. 131 Appendix Two: Principal and Netball Convenor Consent Form ....................... 134 Appendix Three: Introductory Letter .................................................................. 135 Appendix Four: School-aged Participant Information Sheet .............................. 136 Appendix Five: School-aged Participant Consent Form ..................................... 138 Appendix Six: Parent Information Sheet ............................................................ 139 Appendix Seven: Parent Consent Form .............................................................. 141 Appendix Eight: Participant Information Sheet .................................................. 142 Appendix Nine: Participant Consent Form ......................................................... 144 Appendix Ten: Focus Group Sample Questions ................................................. 145 iv Introducing Netball in the Lives of New Zealand Women: A Contextual Analysis As women‟s opportunities in sport have increased throughout the 20th and early 21st centuries, women of all ages can be seen occupying greater space in sport and performing with more authority and confidence. Influenced by a myriad of factors, the agency that many women assert during contemporary sport is in vast contrast to the conformity, restriction and governance experienced by women of earlier generations. As the most popular sport for women in New Zealand (Hawes & Barker, 1999; Netball New Zealand, 2010; SPARC, 2010), netball is an exemplary site where this is occurring. To introduce and contextualise this study, this chapter explores my own research on women‟s netball experiences at various historical junctures, as well as the dominant narrative of the history of women in sport and the development of netball. I begin this chapter by introducing
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