DOCSLIB.ORG

Roll up Nanowire Battery from Silicon Chips

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Roll up Nanowire Battery from Silicon Chips Roll up nanowire battery from silicon chips Alexandru Vlada,b,1, Arava Leela Mohana Reddya,1, Anakha Ajayana, Neelam Singha, Jean-François Gohyc, Sorin Melinteb, and Pulickel M. Ajayana,2 aDepartment of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005; and bInstitute of Information and Communication Technologies, Electronics and Applied Mathematics, Electrical Engineering, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain la Neuve B-1348, Belgium; and cInstitute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Bio- and Soft Matter, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain la Neuve B-1348, Belgium Edited by Jisoon Ihm, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea, and approved August 7, 2012 (received for review May 26, 2012) Here we report an approach to roll out Li-ion battery components dealing with Si-based anode materials, where the strain and from silicon chips by a continuous and repeatable etch-infiltrate- the large volume expansion (up to ≈400%) of the active particles peel cycle. Vertically aligned silicon nanowires etched from recycled have to be considered upon formation of the fully lithiated Li4.4Si silicon wafers are captured in a polymer matrix that operates as phase (18, 19). Colloidal mask-sustained Si MACE solves this Liþ gel-electrolyte and electrode separator and peeled off to make issue and as we show herein, this approach not only allows for multiple battery devices out of a single wafer. Porous, electrically large-scale nanowire synthesis through Si waste recycling, it also interconnected copper nanoshells are conformally deposited enables precise tuning of the vertical nanowires morphology around the silicon nanowires to stabilize the electrodes over ex- (length and diameter) as well as of the nanowire packing density tended cycles and provide efficient current collection. Using the up to nearly the bulk limit. We impregnated the high-aspect ratio above developed process we demonstrate an operational full cell (>100) Si nanowire forests with a polymer matrix that acts as a 3.4 V lithium-polymer silicon nanowire (LIPOSIL) battery which is gel-electrolyte and as a physical separator. The polymer-em- mechanically flexible and scalable to large dimensions. bedded Si nanowire composite can be peeled off the substrate yielding a mechanically robust, freestanding membrane. An elec- polymer electrolyte ∣ core-shell nanowires ∣ energy storage ∣ troless growth protocol is developed to wrap the Si nanowires with flexible electronics ∣ waste management a thin porous Cu layer. The accordingly obtained Si-core @Cu-shell nanowires display enhanced electrochemical performances due to ilicon is a promising anode material in lithium batteries due improved current collection efficiency and Si encapsulation. A Sto its high specific capacity and low operation voltage (1). functional 3.4 V LIPOSIL (lithium-polymer silicon nanowire) bat- However, the major concern in using Si-based anodes is the huge tery is demonstrated by laminating a LiCoO2 cathode layer on top volume expansion during the lithiation that leads to a fast degra- of the Si nanowire—polymer composite. dation of the electrode material and a reduced life cycle of the battery with limited use in real life Li-ion applications. The Results and Discussion advent of nanotechnology and successful incorporation of nano- Design and Fabrication of LIPOSIL Composites. For the nanowire structured materials in energy storage devices has further grown synthesis, we employed a continuous Si MACE (20, 21) with var- an interest in revisiting Si as an active anode material. The ious seeding layers (Fig. 1). Colloidal nanosphere lithography was enhancement in the electrochemical performance of nanostruc- used to structure the catalyst layer (see Fig. 1 A–C and Materials tured Si anodes provides novel platforms for the ubiquitous pre- and Methods). The diameter and spacing of the nanowires can be – sence of Si in Li-ion batteries (2 4). Through nanostructuring, precisely controlled by the size of the colloidal particles and sub- the active Si pulverization was minimized yielding stable capacity sequent processing conditions, while their length is adjusted by retention. However, this was found insufficient to maintain a the etching time (see SI Text, Fig. S1). Depending on the catalyst uniform electrical interface and adequate mechanical contact type, it is possible to etch silicon at rates higher than 1 μm/min between the active Si particles and the conductive additives, call- SI Text – (see , Fig. S2). Controlling the diameter, the spacing and ing for the development of new binder materials (5 7). Avoiding the height of the nanowires, facilitates smart tuning of the mor- binders or conductive additives and enabling a direct contact be- phology that directly impacts (i) the electrode mass loading, (ii) tween Si and the current collector is the other way to maintain the the free volume conforming to the Si volume expansion whilst electrical conductivity and mechanical integrity of the electrode. cycling, and (iii) the impregnating volume of polymer, which is This requires special designs of the current collector complying responsible for electrolyte uptake and attainment of the conduct- with the ensuing active material deposition. The optimal alterna- ing gel electrolyte. Adequate balancing of these criteria is the key tive so far is provided by the use of nanowires, nanotubes, or hier- to optimal electrochemical performances of the LIPOSIL anode archical assemblies directly grown, assembled, or bonded onto the current collector (8–12). composite. An excess active material loading by using large dia- Current collectors integrated with Si anodes have been meter nanowires will preclude the free space for volume expan- successfully fabricated through chemical or physical vapor de- sion accommodation and appropriate electrolyte amount uptake, while the reverse will result in low active material loading into position methods, room temperature metal assisted chemical ∼10% etching (MACE), as well as through various top-down methods electrodes. Note that free space can be achieved if the (8, 9, 12–15). One of the major drawbacks of the respective con- figurations is the relatively low tap density of the Si nanostruc- Author contributions: A.V., A.L.M.R., and P.M.A. designed research; A.V., A.L.M.R., A.A., tures leading to low mass loading of active material and low and N.S. performed research; A.V. and A.L.M.R. contributed new reagents/analytic tools; volumetric capacities. Moreover, excess of current collector is A.V., A.L.M.R., J.-F.G., S.M., and P.M.A. analyzed data; and A.V. and A.L.M.R. wrote usually employed in this configuration rendering them less attrac- the paper. tive for high-throughput battery manufacturing (16). Low com- The authors declare no conflict of interest. paction density is intrinsic to nanostructured materials and This article is a PNAS Direct Submission. requires additional processing, including agglomeration and high Freely available online through the PNAS open access option. pressure densification (17). Indeed, these methods do not offer 1A.V. and A.L.M.R. contributed equally to this work. fine adaptation of the composite free space to account for the 2To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: [email protected]. volume expansion during cycling while not compromising the ac- This article contains supporting information online at www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/ tive component loading. This is of importance primarily when doi:10.1073/pnas.1208638109/-/DCSupplemental. 15168–15173 ∣ PNAS ∣ September 18, 2012 ∣ vol. 109 ∣ no. 38 www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1208638109 Downloaded by guest on September 30, 2021 Fig. 1. Asecondlifefor silicon: Si chip towards the Li-battery recycling wheel. Schematic of the Si-polymer composite fabrication: (A) colloidal polystyrene parti- cles are self-assembled and processed on a Si chip to rea- lize the (B) holey Au mask used to fabricate the (C)Si nanowires through MACE. Uniform diameter and length nanowires are ob- tained over large areas (In- set). (D) After the polymer/ electrolyte infiltration, the composite is mechanically peeled to obtain the (F)self- supported Si nanowire-poly- mer composite. The fabri- cated composite membrane is highly flexible and can be bent with curvature radii less than 15 μm(Inset,seealso Fig. 2C). (E)Theholeycata- lyst mask remains intact after the peeling step and it is re-used for the fabrication of further Si nanowire-poly- mer composite membranes until the physical exhaustion of the Si chip. colloidal particles are not reduced in size. A Si nanowire forest we proceeded with successive polymer coatings, using a modified consisting of ∼25 μm long nanowires with a diameter of ∼150 nm paint battery technique (22), followed by drying steps until a con- (with 260 nm lattice spacing defined by the colloid packing), has a tinuous polymer film was detected on the surface of the sample free space approximately 70% of the total volume, corresponding (Fig. 2 A and B). The fully impregnated LIPOSIL composite was to a mass loading of 1.75 mg∕cm2. Experimentally we found a then peeled off from the substrate and the freestanding mem- similar value of ∼2 mg∕cm2 with the small variation being attrib- brane was robust enough for subsequent processing through roll- uted to the processing variations and measurements errors. High- ing, wrapping, bending and lamination (Figs. 1 and 2). er mass loading, without compromising the free volume, can be achieved via longer nanowires by simply increasing the etching Silicon Chip Recycling Scheme. Since the colloidal processing may time (see SI Text, Fig. S2). be regarded as an extra-processing step with additional costs Direct implementation as battery anodes of the substrate-sup- for the battery fabrication, we have implemented a multi-loop ported Si nanowires is not desirable since the remaining bulk Si is MACE—polymer infusing—composite peeling protocol. In this prone to pulverization and the physical link to nanowires would respect, we succeeded in realizing up to four LIPOSIL composite be rapidly lost.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Doped Silicon Nanowires for Lithium Ion Battery Anodes 1. Introduction
    Materials Research. 2019; 22(2): e20180303 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1980-5373-MR-2018-0303 Doped Silicon Nanowires for Lithium Ion Battery Anodes Omer Salihoglua* , Yasser El Kahlouta aTÜBİTAK Marmara Araştırma Merkezi, 46470, Kocaeli, Turkey Received: April 25, 2018; Revised: September 17, 2018; Accepted: December 04, 2018 Nanostructured silicon (Si) has showed outstanding results as Li-ion battery anode material. Fabrication of nanostructured silicon anode materials is usually very complex, time consuming and expensive. In this work, silicon nanowires (SiNW`s) were produced by using rapid and uncostly metal catalyzed electroless etching (MCEE) method from various silicon wafers with different dopant atoms and concentrations. We have investigated the effect of doping level on capacities and cycle stability. Highly doped silicon nanowires produced better results than lightly doped silicon nanowires due to their highly conductive and highly porous nature. Arsenic doped silicon nanowire anode electrodes have reached a capacity of 3635 mAh/g for the first lithiation and maximum 25% charge capacity loss after the 15th cycle. Owing to their small size and porosity this highly doped silicon nanowires showed very high performance and cycle retention as a lithium ion battery anode material. Keywords: silicon nanowire, SiNW, anode material, lithium ion, Li-Ion, MCEE. 1. Introduction Many different techniques have been used to fabricate Silicon nanowire anodes, including thin film deposition 7, Lithium ion has become a main rechargeable battery interference lithography 8, nanoimprint lithography (NIL) 5, technology for most applications due to its superior performance deep reactive ion etching 9, and vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) 10. as compared to other battery chemistries.
    [Show full text]
  • Lithium-Assisted Electrochemical Welding in Silicon Nanowire Battery Electrodes † † ‡ § § ‡ Khim Karki, Eric Epstein, Jeong-Hyun Cho, Zheng Jia, Teng Li, S
    Letter pubs.acs.org/NanoLett Lithium-Assisted Electrochemical Welding in Silicon Nanowire Battery Electrodes † † ‡ § § ‡ Khim Karki, Eric Epstein, Jeong-Hyun Cho, Zheng Jia, Teng Li, S. Tom Picraux, ∥ † Chunsheng Wang,*, and John Cumings*, † Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States ‡ Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States § ∥ Department of Mechanical Engineering and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States *S Supporting Information ABSTRACT: From in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations, we present direct evidence of lithium- assisted welding between physically contacted silicon nano- wires (SiNWs) induced by electrochemical lithiation and delithiation. This electrochemical weld between two SiNWs demonstrates facile transport of lithium ions and electrons across the interface. From our in situ observations, we estimate the shear strength of the welded region after delithiation to be approximately 200 MPa, indicating that a strong bond is formed at the junction of two SiNWs. This welding phenomenon could help address the issue of capacity fade in nanostructured silicon battery electrodes, which is typically caused by fracture and detachment of active materials from the current collector. The process could provide for more robust battery performance either through self-healing of fractured components that remain in contact or through the formation of a multiconnected network architecture. KEYWORDS: Silicon nanowires, welding, self-healing, interfacial lithium diffusivity, in situ TEM, lithium-ion battery ilicon is an auspicious candidate to replace today’s widely contacted surfaces of otherwise physically distinct silicon S utilized graphitic anodes in lithium ion batteries because its nanowires are fused together after lithiation and delithiation.
    [Show full text]
  • Cui-Battery Storage.Pdf
    Energy Storage Yi Cui Department of Materials Science and Engineering Stanford University Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory CA, ~60 GWh World ~10 TWh ~85,000Wh ~1million soon ~70Wh ~10 Wh 1 billion pieces/yr Lithium Ion Battery Cells: Now and Future Goals Cell level (goal) System level (goal) Energy ~200 (600) ~100 (300) (Wh/kg) Cost 150-200 (70) 300-500 (150) ($/kWh) Cycle life 3000 (10,000 for grid) Safety Grand Challenges of Batteries - High energy density: 3x - Low cost: 3x lower - Safe Revolution in Transportation, Grid, Renewable Cui Group Energy Storage Program High capacity chemistries: Pre-storage of Li-ions - Si, Li metal anodes Advanced tools: - S cathodes - In operando TEM - P anodes - In operando X-ray Semiflow batteries for grid Solid-state electrolyte Architecture design and safety High Energy Lithium Batteries Current negative electrodes Graphite (2D): 370 mAh/g Future negative electrodes (10 time higher capacity) Silicon: 4200 mAh/g Li metal: 3860 mAh/g High Energy Lithium Batteries Current positive electrodes LiCoO (2D) LiMn O (3D): 2 2 4 LiFePO (1D) 150mAh/g 150 mAh/g 4 170mAh/g Future positive electrodes (10 time higher capacity) Sulfur (S ) ~1670 mAh/g 8 Li2S Theoretical Specific Energy Cathode 6X 3X Theoretical Specific energy (wh/kg) Specific energy Theoretical Silicon Anodes With 11X Specific Capacity 4200 mAh/g 370 mAh/g Break Individual particle: For Si: volume expansion to 4 times Problems: 1) How to avoid breaking? 2) How to build stable solid-electrolyte-interphase (SEI)? 1st GCEP Project Funding on Battery (Jan, 2007): Nanowire Battery PI: Yi Cui, co-PI: Fritz Prinz In-situ Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) 2mm Nanofactory TEM-STM holder (M.
    [Show full text]
  • 0D-1D Hybrid Silicon Nanocomposite As Lithium-Ion Batteries Anodes
    nanomaterials Article 0D-1D Hybrid Silicon Nanocomposite as Lithium-Ion Batteries Anodes Sergio Pinilla 1,2,† , Sang-Hoon Park 2, Kenneth Fontanez 3, Francisco Márquez 3, Valeria Nicolosi 2,* and Carmen Morant 1,* 1 Department of Applied Physics, Laboratory of Coatings and Nanostructures and Instituto Nicolás Cabrera, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; [email protected] 2 School of Chemistry, CRANN & AMBER, Trinity College Dublin, 02 Dublin, Ireland; [email protected] 3 Nanomaterials Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Universidad Ana G. Méndez-Gurabo Campus, 189 St Rd km 3.3, Gurabo, PR 00778, USA; [email protected] (K.F.); [email protected] (F.M.) * Correspondence: [email protected] (V.N.); [email protected] (C.M.); Tel.: +353-1-896-4408 (V.N.); +34-91-497-4924 (C.M.) † Current address: School of Chemistry, CRANN & AMBER, Trinity College Dublin, 02 Dublin, Ireland. Received: 24 February 2020; Accepted: 9 March 2020; Published: 12 March 2020 Abstract: Lithium ion batteries (LIBs) are the enabling technology for many of the societal changes that are expected to happen in the following years. Among all the challenges for which LIBs are the key, vehicle electrification is one of the most crucial. Current battery materials cannot provide the required power densities for such applications and therefore, it makes necessary to develop new materials. Silicon is one of the proposed as next generation battery materials, but still there are challenges to overcome. Poor capacity retention is one of those drawbacks, and because it is tightly related with its high capacity, it is a problem rather difficult to address with common and scalable fabrication processes.
    [Show full text]
  • Effect of Size and Shape on Electrochemical Performance of Nano-Silicon-Based Lithium Battery
    nanomaterials Article Effect of Size and Shape on Electrochemical Performance of Nano-Silicon-Based Lithium Battery Caroline Keller 1,2, Antoine Desrues 3, Saravanan Karuppiah 1,2, Eléa Martin 1, John P. Alper 2,3, Florent Boismain 3, Claire Villevieille 1 , Nathalie Herlin-Boime 3,Cédric Haon 2 and Pascale Chenevier 1,* 1 CEA, CNRS, IRIG, SYMMES, STEP, University Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France; [email protected] (C.K.); [email protected] (S.K.); [email protected] (E.M.); [email protected] (C.V.) 2 CEA, LITEN, DEHT, University Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France; [email protected] (J.P.A.); [email protected] (C.H.) 3 CEA, CNRS, IRAMIS, NIMBE, LEDNA, University Paris Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; [email protected] (A.D.); fl[email protected] (F.B.); [email protected] (N.H.-B.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Silicon is a promising material for high-energy anode materials for the next generation of lithium-ion batteries. The gain in specific capacity depends highly on the quality of the Si dispersion and on the size and shape of the nano-silicon. The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of the size/shape of Si on the electrochemical performance of conventional Li-ion batteries. The scalable synthesis processes of both nanoparticles and nanowires in the 10–100 nm size range are discussed. In cycling lithium batteries, the initial specific capacity is significantly higher for nanoparticles than for nanowires. We demonstrate a linear correlation of the first Coulombic efficiency with the specific area of the Si materials.
    [Show full text]
  • Thin Flexible Lithium Ion Battery Featuring Graphite Paper Based
    Thin Flexible Lithium Ion Battery Featuring Graphite Paper Based Current Collectors with Enhanced Conductivity Hang Qu 1, Jingshan Hou 1, Yufeng Tang 2, Oleg Semenikihin 3, and Maksim Skorobogatiy 1,* 1 Department of Physics Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, H3C 3A7, Canada. 2 CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, PR China. 3 Department of Chemistry, Western University, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada. Abstract: A flexible, light weight and high conductivity current collector is the key element that enables fabrication of high performance flexible lithium ion battery. Here we report a thin, light weight and flexible lithium ion battery that uses graphite paper enhanced with a nano-sized metallic layers as the current collector, LiFePO4 and Li4Ti5O12 as the cathode and anode materials, and PE membrane soaked in LiPF6 as a separator. Using thin and flexible graphite paper as a substrate for the current collector instead of a rigid and heavy metal foil enables us to demonstrate a very thin Lithium- Ion Battery into ultra-thin (total thickness including encapsulation layers of less than 250 μm) that is also light weight and highly flexible. 1 Introduction Many wearable and portable electronic devices require efficient, compliant power sources that can fully function when bent, folded, or compressed. 1 Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) dominate the portable power-source market due to their high energy density, high output voltage, long-term stability and environmentally friendly operation. 1, 2, 3 High performance flexible LIBs are considered to be one of the most promising candidates of the power sources for the next generation flexible electronic devices.
    [Show full text]
  • Collective Behavior at the Interface of Lithium-Ion Batteries Under Cyclic
    Collective Behavior at the Interface of Lithium-Ion Batteries under Cyclic Lithiation By Hsiao-Mei Wu B. Sc., National Taiwan University, 2004 M. Sc., University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2006 M. Sc., Brown University, 2009 Thesis Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the School of Engineering at Brown University PROVIDENCE, RHODE ISLAND MAY 2014 © Copyright 2014 by Hsiao-Mei Wu This dissertation by Hsiao-Mei Wu is accepted in its present form by the School of Engineering as satisfying the dissertation requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Date Kyung-Suk Kim, Advisor Recommended to the Graduate Council Date Pradeep R. Guduru, Reader Date Brian W. Sheldon, Reader Approved by the Graduate Council Date Peter M. Weber, Dean of the Graduate School iii Curriculum Vitae Hsiao-Mei Wu was born on December 27, 1981, at Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China. She attended National Taiwan University in 2000 and got her B. Sc. degree in Civil Engineering in 2004. Later she completed her M. Sc. in Civil and Environmental Engineering at University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in December 2006. She entered the Mechanics of Solids program at Brown University in 2008 and was awarded an M. Sc. in 2009. Publications Wu, H.-M., Yi, J. W., Moon, M.-W., & Kim, K.-S. (2011). Nanobearings in Nature. Poster, Future Directions in Mechanics Research, NSF Workshop and Symposium in honor of Professor L. B. Freund. Wu, H.-M., Tokranov, A., Xiao, X., Qi, Y., Verbrugge, M. W., Sheldon, B. W., & Kim, K.-S.
    [Show full text]
  • Cui-Nanomaterials Energy
    Designing Nanomaterials for Energy Conversion and Storage Yi Cui Department of Materials Science and Engineering & Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials Stanford University 1. Nanowire Energy Storage C. K. Chan and Y. Cui, Nature Nanotechnology 3, 31 (2008). C. K. Chan and Y. Cui, Nano Letters 7, 490 (2007). C. K. Chan and Y. Cui, Nano Letters 8, 307 (2007). D.-K Kim, Y. Yang and Y. Cui, Nano Letters (ASAP,2008). L. Cui and Y. Cui, Nano Letter (2009). R. Ruffo, C. Wessels and Y. Cui Electrochemistry Communication (2009) Energy Storage Portable Electronics Hybrid, Plug-in, Electrical Vehicles 25-30% CO2 emission Tesla Roadster Renewable Energy and Electric Grid Building Storage Solar Wind Comparison of Energy Storage Technologies Capacitors 106 105 104 103 Supercapacitors 102 Batteries Fuel cells 10 Specific power (w/kg) 1 10-2 10-1 1 10 102 103 Specific energy (wh/kg) Important parameters: - Energy density (Energy per weight or volume) - Power density (Power per weight or volume) - Cycle life and safety - Cost Why Li-Batteries? Lithium battery has the highest energy density among all the batteries. J.-M. Tarascon & M. Armand. Nature. 414, 359 (2001). Li Ion Battery 101 Anode (-) Cathode (+) Separator Li+ Al current collector Cu current collector Voltage × # of movable Li ions in electrodes Energy density = Total battery weight (or volume) Electrode Materials in Existing Li Ion Batteries Electrode materials determine the energy density. Anode materials Graphite: 370 mAh/g Cathode Materials LiCoO2 3.7 V 150 mAh/g 560 Wh/kg LiMn2O4 4.0 V 140 mAh/g 560 Wh/kg LiFePO4 3.3 V 170 mAh/g 561 Wh/kg Energy Density and Price of Li Ion Batteries - Improvement only 8% per year, saturating now.
    [Show full text]
  • High-Performance Anode Materials for Rechargeable Lithium-Ion Batteries
    High-Performance Anode Materials for Rechargeable Lithium-Ion Batteries Jun Lu, Zhongwei Chen, Feng Pan, Yi Cui & Khalil Amine Electrochemical Energy Reviews ISSN 2520-8489 Electrochem. Energ. Rev. DOI 10.1007/s41918-018-0001-4 1 23 Your article is protected by copyright and all rights are held exclusively by Shanghai University and Periodicals Agency of Shanghai University. This e-offprint is for personal use only and shall not be self-archived in electronic repositories. If you wish to self-archive your article, please use the accepted manuscript version for posting on your own website. You may further deposit the accepted manuscript version in any repository, provided it is only made publicly available 12 months after official publication or later and provided acknowledgement is given to the original source of publication and a link is inserted to the published article on Springer's website. The link must be accompanied by the following text: "The final publication is available at link.springer.com”. 1 23 Author's personal copy Electrochemical Energy Reviews https://doi.org/10.1007/s41918-018-0001-4 REVIEW ARTICLE High‑Performance Anode Materials for Rechargeable Lithium‑Ion Batteries Jun Lu1 · Zhongwei Chen2 · Feng Pan3 · Yi Cui4,5 · Khalil Amine1,6 Received: 5 September 2017 / Revised: 5 January 2018 / Accepted: 22 January 2018 © Shanghai University and Periodicals Agency of Shanghai University 2018 Abstract Transformational changes in battery technologies are critically needed to enable the efective use of renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind, and to allow for the expansion of the electrifcation of vehicles. Developing high-performance batteries is critical to meet these requirements, which certainly relies on material breakthroughs.
    [Show full text]
  • 2.8.2. Nanowire Lithium-Ion Batteries As Electrochemical Energy Storage
    Nanowire Lithium-Ion Batteries as Electrochemical Energy Storage for Electric Vehicles Investigators Yi Cui, Assistant Professor, Materials Science and Engineering and Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials; Friedrich B. Prinz, Professor, Materials Science and Engineering and Mechanical Engineering; Candace K. Chan, Chong Xie, Graduate Researchers; Hailin Peng, Hong Huang, Stanford University. Abstract Nanowires offer advantages of a large surface to volume ratio, efficient electron conducting pathways and facile strain relaxation. We will explore these advantages in a nanowire battery architecture for high energy and high power battery for electrical vehicles. In the past two months since funded by GCEP, we have made progress on synthesis of nanowires and are testing their performance as battery electrodes. Introduction The rechargable battery is a promising technology for reversible electricity storage in electric vehicles. Current electric vehicles are powered by lead-acid, NiCd or nickel- metal hydride batteries, which are limited by their energy density and calendar lifetime. The existing Li-ion battery technology, which uses LiCoO2 as cathode, lithiated graphite (LiC6) as anode, and LiPF6-organic solvent as electrolyte, has been the most important power source for portable electronics. However, the high cost and low production volume due to the scarcity of Co are the major hurdles to their wide applications in light duty vehicles. The solution is to decrease the cost and maximize the performance. The electrolyte in general does not limit the Li-battery technology. We identify the following as the most important areas to improve: 1) Use alternative cheaper and higher energy density cathode materials to replace scarce Co oxides; 2) Replace the anode with higher energy density and cheaper materials; 3) Maximize the performance by optimizing battery device architecture.
    [Show full text]
  • Market Evolution and Potential Within 5, 10, 15 Years for Different Marine Applications
    EUROPEAN COMMISSION HORIZON 2020 PROGRAMME - TOPIC H2020-LC-BAT-2020 Solutions for large batteries for waterborne transport GRANT AGREEMENT No. 963560 D1.2 – Market evolution and potential within 5, 10, 15 years for different marine applications 1 / 117 GA No. 963560 Report details Deliverable No. SEABAT D1.2 Deliverable Title Market evolution and potential within 5, 10, 15 years for different marine applications Deliverable Date 2021-05-25 Dissemination level Public (PU) Author Driss Madouch (FC-SI) 2021-05-31 WP leader Andrea Lombardi (FC-SI) 2021-05-31 Reviewers Peter Rampen (DAMEN) 2021-05-25 Morshed Mohammad (ABEE) Coordinator Jeroen Stuyts (Flanders Make) 2021-05-27 Project Abstract The goal of the SEABAT project is to develop a full-electric maritime hybrid battery concept that is based on: • Modularly combining high-energy batteries and high-power batteries, • novel converter concepts and • production technology solutions derived from the automotive sector. The modular approach will reduce component costs (battery cells, convertors) so that unique ship designs can profit from economies of scale by using standardised low-cost components. The concept will be suitable for ships requiring up to 1 MWh of storage or more. D1.2 – Market evolution and potential within 5, 10, 15 years for different marine applications – PU 2 / 117 GA No. 963560 Public summary The recent worldwide interest on the environmental issue has led to a dramatic increase on the battery use on board different types of vessels. In this context, the main purpose of this document is to identify the current state of the marine battery market and develop a forecast of its evolution with a 15-year horizon.
    [Show full text]
  • Mechanics of Electrodes in Lithium-Ion Batteries
    Mechanics of Electrodes in Lithium-Ion Batteries The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Zhao, Kejie. 2012. Mechanics of Electrodes in Lithium-Ion Batteries. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:10364579 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA © 2012 - Kejie Zhao All rights reserved Thesis Advisors Author Zhigang Suo, Joost J. Vlassak Kejie Zhao Mechanics of Electrodes in Lithium-ion Batteries Abstract This thesis investigates the mechanical behavior of electrodes in Li-ion batteries. Each electrode in a Li-ion battery consists of host atoms and guest atoms (Li atoms). The host atoms form a framework, into which Li atoms are inserted via chemical reactions. During charge and discharge, the amount of Li in the electrode varies substantially, and the host framework deforms. The deformation induces in an electrode a field of stress, which may lead to fracture or morphological change. Such mechanical degradation over lithiation cycles can cause the capacity to fade substantially in a commercial battery. We study fracture of elastic electrodes caused by fast charging using a combination of diffusion kinetics and fracture mechanics. A theory is outlined to investigate how material properties, electrode particle size, and charging rate affect fracture of electrodes in Li-ion batteries. We model an inelastic host of Li by considering diffusion, elastic-plastic deformation, and fracture.
    [Show full text]