The Douma Gas Attack
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What's Really Happening in Syria: Who Started
What’s Really Happening in Syria: Who Started the War, Who Can You Trust to Tell the Truth? A Consumer Fraud Lawyer’s Mini-Primer By Robert Roth Region: Middle East & North Africa Global Research, September 19, 2018 Theme: Media Disinformation, US NATO New Cold War 2 January 2017 War Agenda In-depth Report: SYRIA This article, first published on GR in January 2017, provides an understanding of the history of the war on Syria, from the outset in mid-March 2011. The U.S./NATO line If you try to follow events in the mainstream media (MSM), you may have noticed that they routinely refer to Syrian president Bashar al Assad as a “brutal dictator”. Assad is supposed to have responded to peaceful protests with repressive violence and by “killing his own people”. The U.S., UK, Saudi Arabia, and Qatar continue to maintain that “Assad must go”. I disagree with all of that, as I’ll explain in this article. I spent 25 years prosecuting lies in commerce for the attorneys general of New York and Oregon. I prepared this primer to help you cut through the lies and get at the truth about Syria. Much of this article is a string of excerpts from the excellent work of authors I’ve come to trust and citations or links to sources for further information and analysis. International law, morality, and the sovereignty of the people Since Syria has not threatened the United States in any way, let alone attacked us, our government has no right to try to overthrow the Syrian government. -
Trends in Online Foreign Influence Efforts
Trends in Online Foreign Influence Efforts∗ Diego A. Martiny Jacob N. Shapiroz Version 1.2 July 8, 2019 Abstract Information and Communications Technologies (ICTs) create novel opportuni- ties for a wide range of political actors. In particular, foreign governments have used social media to influence politics in a range of countries by promoting propaganda, advocating controversial viewpoints, and spreading disinformation. This report de- scribes a new database of such 53 such foreign influence efforts (FIE) targeting 24 different countries from 2013 through 2018. FIEs are defined as: (i) coordinated campaigns by one state to impact one or more specific aspects of politics in an- other state, (ii) through media channels, including social media, by (iii) producing content designed to appear indigenous to the target state. The objective of such campaigns can be quite broad and to date have included influencing political deci- sions by shaping election outcomes at various levels, shifting the political agenda on topics ranging from health to security, and encouraging political polarization. Our data draw on more than 460 media reports to identify FIEs, track their progress, and classify their features. ∗We are grateful to a range of colleagues including Laura Courchesne, Nick Feamster, Andy Guess, Hans Klein, and Brendan Stewart for helpful comments and feedback on our coding scheme. Will Lowe provided invaluable advice on data structure and data entry. Arya Goel, Janette Lu, Imane Mabrouk, Matthew Merrigan, Kamila Radjabova, and Nina Sheridan provided excellent research assistance. This work was possible thanks to generous funding from the Bertelsmann Foundation and Microsoft. All errors are our own. -
Trends in Online Foreign Influence Efforts
Trends in Online Influence Efforts∗ Diego A. Martiny Jacob N. Shapiroz Julia G. Ilhardtx Version 2.0 August 5, 2020 Abstract Information and Communications Technologies (ICTs) create novel opportuni- ties for a wide range of political actors. Foreign governments have used social media to influence politics in a range of countries by promoting propaganda, advocating controversial viewpoints, and spreading disinformation. This report updates previ- ous work with data on 76 such foreign influence efforts (FIE) targeting 30 different countries from 2013 through 2019, as well as 20 domestic influence efforts (DIE) in which governments targeted their own citizens. Influence efforts (IEs) are de- fined as: (i) coordinated campaigns by a state or the ruling party in an autocracy to impact one or more specific aspects of politics at home or in another state, (ii) through media channels, including social media, by (iii) producing content designed to appear indigenous to the target state. The objective of such campaigns can be quite broad and to date have included shaping election outcomes at various levels, shifting the political agenda on topics ranging from health to security, and encour- aging political polarization. Our data draw on more than 920 media reports and 380 research articles/reports to identify IEs, track their progress, and classify their features. ∗We are grateful to a range of colleagues including Laura Courchesne, Nick Feamster, Andy Guess, Hans Klein, Brendan Stewart, and Alicia Wanless for helpful comments and feedback. Will Lowe provided invaluable advice on data structure and data entry. Jordan Allen, Nicola Bariletto, Arya Goel, Danielle Hull, Janette Lu, Imane Mabrouk, Matthew Merrigan, Justinas Mickus, Brendan O'Hara, Jan Oledan, Kamila Radjabova, Nina Sheridan, Joe Shipley, Jack Tait, Kamya Yadav, and Luca Zanotti provided excellent research assistance. -
Malicious Use of Social Media: Case Studies from Bbc Monitoring
COUNTERING MALICIOUS USE OF SOCIAL MEDIA MALICIOUS USE OF SOCIAL MEDIA: CASE STUDIES FROM BBC MONITORING Olga Robinson BBC Monitoring ISBN: 978-9934-564-41-3 ISBN: 978-9934-564-41-3 Author: Olga Robinson Project manager: Sebastian Bay Text editor: Anna Reynolds Design: Kārlis Ulmanis Riga, November 2018 NATO STRATCOM COE 11b Kalciema Iela Riga LV1048, Latvia www.stratcomcoe.org Facebook/stratcomcoe Twitter: @stratcomcoe BBC Monitoring is a specialist unit within BBC News that tracks thousands of international media outlets, including hard-to-reach broadcast sources, to report news from and about the world’s media and social media. This publication does not represent the opinions or policies of NATO or NATO StratCom COE. © All rights reserved by the NATO StratCom COE. Reports may not be copied, reproduced, distributed or publicly displayed without reference to the NATO StratCom COE. The views expressed here are solely those of the author in his private capacity and do not in any way represent the views of NATO StratCom COE. NATO StratCom COE does not take responsibility for the views of authors expressed in their articles. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION WHAT WE ARE SEEING: EXAMPLES AND TACTICS Confuse and rule . .7 Focus on networks. 8 Tailored messages. .11 Bot or not? . .12 Bot battles . .13 Inflated trends . 14 Hijacking existing campaigns. 15 Comment manipulation. .15 Fake jihadist propaganda. 16 State control. 16 CHALLENGES AHEAD Cat-and-mouse account blocking. .17 Private chat apps. 18 Deepfake technology. .18 Proliferation of sources. .19 CONCLUSION ENDNOTES BBC Monitoring uses a range of tools for social media analysis, and continues to explore ways of using evolving technology to improve its journalists’ ability to track multiple sources and spot media manipulation INTRODUCTION BBC Monitoring (BBCM) is a specialist unit within BBC News that tracks thousands of international media outlets, including hard-to-reach broadcast sources, to report news from and about the world’s media and social media. -
Twitter Is the Megaphone of Cross-Platform Messaging on the White Helmets
Twitter Is the Megaphone of Cross-platform Messaging on the White Helmets Sameera Horawalavithana(B) , Kin Wai Ng ,andAdrianaIamnitchi University of South Florida, Tampa, USA sameera1,kinwaing,aii @usf.edu { } Abstract. This work provides a quantitative analysis of the cross- platform disinformation campaign on Twitter against the Syrian Civil Defence group known as the White Helmets. Based on four months of Twitter messages, this article analyzes the promotion of urls from differ- ent websites, such as alternative media, YouTube, and other social media platforms. Our study shows that alternative media urls and YouTube videos are heavily promoted together; fact-checkers and official govern- ment sites are rarely mentioned; and there are clear signs of a coordi- nated campaign manifested through repeated messaging from the same user accounts. Keywords: Cross-platform information diffusion Disinformation campaigns · 1Introduction Online disinformation is of critical concern for both academic research and indus- try. Facebook and Twitter recently detected coordinated users who were spread- ing rumors as part of a large network referencing a “significant state-backed infor- mation operation” [1]. Previous research in disinformation campaigns focused on single social media channels, more specifically Twitter [9]. However, sev- eral studies have shown that the interdependence between digital sources (e.g., news media outlets) and other social media platforms play a significant role in the diffusion and amplification of information [6]. For example, a coordinated group built its social presence in Google+, YouTube, Facebook, Twitter, Tumblr, Soundcloud, and Instagram around Black Lives Matters topics [2]. In disinformation campaigns, Twitter has played a significant role along with YouTube [12]andalternativemediasites[10]. -
THE WEAPONIZATION of SOCIAL MEDIA How Social Media Can Spark Violence and What Can Be Done About It November 2019
Corina Robbins/Mercy Corps THE WEAPONIZATION OF SOCIAL MEDIA How social media can spark violence and what can be done about it November 2019 Executive Summary Social media has emerged as a powerful tool for communication, connection, community and, unfortunately, conflict. It’s created new, highly accessible channels for spreading disinformation, sowing divisiveness and contributing to real-world harm in the form of violence, persecution and exploitation. The impact social media has on real-world communities is complex and rapidly evolving. It stretches across international borders and challenges traditional humanitarian aid, development and peacebuilding models. This new paradigm requires a new approach. Mercy Corps has partnered with Do No Digital Harm and Adapt Peacebuilding on a landscape assessment to examine how social media has been used to drive or incite violence and to lay the foundation for effective, collaborative programming and initiatives to respond quickly and help protect already fragile communities. This assessment explores how weaponized social media can contribute to offline conflict by examining real- world case studies. These examples are not exhaustive. Rather, they surface a range of concepts and implications that can help humanitarian, development and peacebuilding organizations — as well as technology companies and policymakers — understand what’s happening and develop effective responses. Case studies Information operations (IO): Coordinated disinformation campaigns are designed to disrupt decision making, erode social cohesion and delegitimize adversaries in the midst of interstate conflict. IO tactics include intelligence collection on specific targets, development of inciteful and often intentionally false narratives and systematic dissemination across social and traditional channels. The Russian government used such tactics to portray the White Helmets humanitarian organization operating in Syria as a terrorist group, which contributed to violent attacks against the organization. -
Advocacy Journalism, the Politics of Humanitarian Intervention and the Syrian War
Chapter 3: Advocacy journalism, the politics of humanitarian intervention and the Syrian war Philip Hammond, Sumaya Al Nahed and Tara McCormack Since 2011 the international media have done much to highlight the suffering of civilians in the on-going war in Syria, including through innovative forms of reporting such as VR journalism and news games.1 Yet in some respects coverage has harked back to an earlier era, recalling the style of ‘attached’ or advocacy journalism that developed in the 1990s. As in much Western reporting of the wars of that period, some journalists have understood the conflict in simplified, black-and-white terms and called for ‘something to be done’ to counter an evil regime and rescue innocent victims. Such coverage – like Western policy itself – has only occasionally involved direct and overt military interventionism (Briggs et al. 2017: 167). Yet a subtler but no less significant use of ‘emotive phrases…such as, “History will judge us”…“We cannot look the other way”…and “What will the world think”’ has beaten a steady drum for escalating international involvement in the conflict (Milojevich and Beattie 2018: 831–2). This narcissistic approach, characteristic of 1990s-style advocacy journalism (Hume 1997), has led many to interpret the Syrian war as a test for Western self- understanding. In the Telegraph (24 August 2013), for example, Matthew d’Ancona said that the ‘Syrian conflict holds a mirror up to Britain and asks us what sort of nation we want to be’; while the BBC’s Gavin Hewitt interpreted it as a ‘test for Europe’ (BBC, 27 August 2013). -
State Propaganda in Syria from War Crimes to Pipelines
STATE PROPAGANDA IN SYRIA: FROM WAR CRIMES TO PIPELINES IN SYRIA: FROM WAR PROPAGANDA STATE Published by: International State Crime Initiative School of Law Queen Mary University of London State Propaganda in Syria ISBN: 978-0-9934574-8-7 From War Crimes to Pipelines Nafeez Ahmed An INSURGE intelligence investigation School of Law Nafeez Ahmed (CC) Nafeez Ahmed 2018 This publication is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- NoDerivatives 4.0 International license: you may copy and distribute the document, only in its entirety, as long as it is attributed to the authors and used for non-commercial, educational, or public policy purposes. ISBN: 978-0-9934574-8-7 (Paperback) and 978-0-9934574-9-4 (eBook-PDF) Published with the support of Forum for Change by: International State Crime Initiative School of Law Queen Mary University of London Mile End Road London E1 4NS United Kingdom www.statecrime.org Author: Nafeez Ahmed Recommended citation: Ahmed, N.(2018) State Propaganda in Syria: From War Crimes to Pipelines. London: International State Crime Initiative. Cover image: ‘Return to Homs’, A Syrian refugee walks among severely damaged buildings in downtown Homs, Syria, on June 3, 2014. (Xinhua/Pan Chaoyue) Layout and design: Paul Jacobs, QMUL CopyShop Printing: QMUL CopyShop School of Law From War Crimes to Pipelines ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 5 FOREWORD 7 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 11 1. INTRODUCTION 19 2. ESCALATION 23 2.1 OBSTRUCTION 24 2.2 JINGOISM 25 2.3 DUPLICITY 26 3. WHITE HELMETS 29 3.1 CAUGHT IN THE ACT 29 3.2 AID CONVOY CONTROVERSY 32 3.3 CHAIN OF CUSTODY 38 3.4 THE WHITE HELMETS AND PROPAGANDA: QUESTIONS 42 3.5 THE WHITE HELMETS AND PROPAGANDA: MYTHS 46 4. -
Inside the Conspiracy Theory That Turned Syria's First Responders
Inside the Conspiracy Theory That Turned Syria’s First Responders Into Terrorists Wired (https://www.wired.com/2017/04/white-helmets-conspiracy-theory/) · by Emma Grey Ellis · April 30, 2017 Syria Civil Defence is a volunteer corps of 3,300 first responders, fighting a losing battle in a devastated nation. You’ve likely seen its members—known as White Helmets—in photos on social media, carrying dusty, injured children out of bombsites. They’ve saved nearly 100,000 Syrians who otherwise would have been fatalities of the country’s ongoing civil war. They were nominated for a Nobel Peace Prize (https://twitter.com/SyriaCivilDef/status/784323150137860097) last year. And simply by listing those facts, this story has become “fake news.” While the White Helmets might seem like the poster children for feel-bad humanitarianism, they’ve in fact become the target of a internet smear campaign, one designed to bolster the regime of Syrian president Bashar al- Assad and undermine its opponents, including the United States. Various White Helmet “truthers”—who range from Assad and his supporters to Russian embassies, and even to Alex Jones—accuse the group of staging rescue photos, belonging to al Qaeda, and being pawns of liberal bogeyman George Soros. The story of how that conspiracy grew is a perfect distillation of how disinformation can spread unchecked, supplanting fact with frenzy where no support exists. Start With Lack of Information Like any conspiracy theory, this one feeds on ignorance. Most outside Syria only know the conflict’s broad strokes, and thus have little reason to doubt seemingly authoritative sources. -
Breaking Aleppo Report
© 2017 The Atlantic Council of the United States. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without permission in writing from the Atlantic Council, except in the case of brief quotations in news articles, critical articles, or reviews. Please direct inquiries to: Atlantic Council 1030 15th Street, NW, 12th Floor Washington, DC 20005 ISBN: 978-1-61977-449-0 This report is written and published in accordance with the Atlantic Council Policy on Intellectual Independence. The authors are solely responsible for its analysis and recommendations. The Atlantic Council and its donors do not determine, nor do they necessarily endorse or advocate for, any of this report’s conclusions. February 2017 Maksymilian Czuperski Director Digital Forensic Research Lab & Special Advisor to the President, Atlantic Council Faysal Itani Senior Fellow, Rafik Hariri Center on the MIddle East, Atlantic Council Ben Nimmo Senior Fellow, Information Defense, Digital Forensic Research Lab, Atlantic Council Eliot Higgins Senior Fellow, Digital Forensic Research Lab & Founder, Bellingcat Emma Beals Investigative Journalist WITH SPECIAL THANKS TO Aleppo Media Center Bellingcat Forensic Architecture Syrian American Medical Society The White Helmets The Syria Campaign The Syria Institute Agenda Global Rafik Hariri Center on the Middle East at the Atlantic Council Union of Medical Care and Relief Organizations Mayday Rescue TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD ......................................................................................................... -
Kateryna Smagliy
Kateryna Smagliy Research Paper October 2018 Credits The Institute of Modern Russia (IMR) is a public policy think-tank that strives to establish an intellectual frame- work for building a democratic Russia governed by the rule of law. IMR promotes social, economic, and institu- tional development in Russia through research, analysis, advocacy and outreach. Our goal is to advance Russia’s integration into the community of democracies and to improve its cooperation on the global stage. https://imrussia.org Project “Underminers” has been carried out since 2016 by a group of investigative journalists and activists under the auspices of Free Speech LLC, a US-based entity registered in 2013. Project “Underminers” is supported by a non-profit organization Free Russia Foundation, large part of the work is executed on a voluntary basis by mostly Russian-speaking experts that now live in Europe and USA. Our goal is to raise awareness and start debate in the post-Soviet states and among Western audiences on the scale and nature of kleptocratic actors’ action in domestic politics and their corrosive activities in Europe and USA. https://www.underminers.info Author: Kateryna Smagliy Contributor: Ilya Zaslavskiy (chapters 6 and 7) External editing: Peter Dickinson, Ariana Gic, Monika Richter, Roman Sohn Infographics: Roman Sohn Cover design: Marian Luniv Cover photo: The KGB museum in Prague (credit: author) © Kateryna Smagliy © The Institute of Modern Russia © Project “Underminers,” Free Speech LLC ABSTRACT This paper examines the Kremlin’s connections with think tanks, universities, and research institutions in Russia, Europe and the United States and its co-optation of Russian and Western experts into the pool of proxy communicators for the Putin regime. -
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Evidentiary Thresholds for Unilateral Aggression Douma, Skripal and Media Analysis of Chemical Weapon Attacks as a Casus Belli Gavan Patrick Gray The initiation of military or economic punishment generally on states requires significant justification, lest it be judged an act of aggression. In 2018 two separate incidents invoked similar rationales for such acts of reprisal, specifically that they were responding to attacks using chemical weapons. The incidents were an alleged sarin gas attack by the Syrian government on political opponents, which led to military strikes from the United States, and an alleged poisoning via novichok nerve agents by the Russian government on a Russian ex-spy and his daughter, which led to economic sanctions from the United Kingdom. In both cases, however, evidence of culpability fell short of what legal standards typically require. Despite this, media coverage has failed to examine alternative scenarios or to offer effective critical assessment of the weak rationalizations offered by US and UK governments. The result, precipitate and incautious policy, driven by hasty conclusions rather than careful analysis, represents a failure on the part of both media and government institutions to present the public with an even-handed and neutral assessment of matters vital to their national interest. Gavan Patrick Gray. Evidentiary Thresholds for Unilateral Aggression: Douma, Skripal and Media Analysis of Chemical Weapon Attacks as a Casus Belli. Central European Journal of International and Security Studies 13, no. 3: 133–165. © 2019 CEJISS. Article is distributed under Open Access licence: Attribution - NonCommercial 3.0 Unported (cc by-nc 3.0). Keywords: chemical weapons, Syria, Russia, media, propaganda, aggression, allegation.