Ação Direta: Via Para a Transformação Social ( 1906-1919)

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Ação Direta: Via Para a Transformação Social ( 1906-1919) 1 Ação direta: via para a transformação social ( 1906-1919) 1 DANILLO ROSA MARCELINO * Este texto tem proposta de evidenciar de alguns levantamentos sobre o princípio anarquista da ação direta. Buscando compreender como a ação direta foi mobilizada no contexto da formação do movimento operário brasileiro. O mote para o presente texto é o de investigar se esse princípio anarquista, no contexto brasileiro de formação do movimento operário, em algum momento esteve identificado ao desejo da revolução social no Brasil. Isso surge do questionamento de que contexto econômico, político e social brasileiro pode ter dado outras dimensões do modo de como a ação direta foi mobilizada no país de maneira que a questão da transformação social não fosse necessariamente o fim principal que se desejou naqueles momentos em que as práticas de ação direta foram colocadas em prática. As fontes analisadas no decorrer desse caminhos são os jornais ligados aos libertários e ao movimento operário brasileiro nos primeiros do século XX. Em paralelo também são analisadas as Resolução dos Congressos Operários Brasileiro de 1906 e 1913. A bibliografia utilizada está em diálogo com diferentes trabalhos que nos permite ter uma visão heterogênea sobre o princípio anarquista da ação direta. Tem-se como os principais teóricos da ação direta Emile Pouget, Fernand Pelloutier, George Sorell, entre outros, homens que estiveram em contato com as ideias libertárias, para a construção de um novo modelo de sociedade, e com o movimento operário internacional. A metodologia que está sendo aplicada é a análise conceitual do princípio da ação direta, que é entendido, prioritariamente, com seu vinculado ao movimento operário, o movimento anarquistas e o sindicalismo revolucionário. Palavras chaves: ação direta, anarquismo, sindicalismo revolucionário, movimento operário * Universidade Federal de São Paulo/Campus Guarulhos, mestrando em História Social e bolsista pela CAPES. 2 O levantar da ação direta no movimento operária: da AIT ao sindicalismo revolucionário A ação direta como um princípio prático teorizado tem suas raízes ligadas à formação de uma rede internacional da classe trabalhadora a partir da Associação Internacional dos Trabalhadores (AIT)2 em 1866. Ela está em consonância com a determinação saída dessa associação, que é creditada à Karl Marx3, no que diz: “a emancipação da classe operária é obra da própria classe operária”. De posso desse posicionamento iniciou-se uma série de discussões entre intelectuais e operários4 de como/quais deveriam ser as práticas de luta da classe trabalhadora como contra o capitalismo e o Estado. De modo sintético, podemos afirmar que todo esse processo de mobilização internacional estava se desenvolvendo dentro da dinâmica histórica da Revolução Industrial que começou a produzir significativas alterações modos de produção e distribuição de bens e produtos, consequentemente, impactando da vida de milhares de pessoas que passaram a mobilizar-se contra5, a Revolução Industrial começou espalhar-se pela Europa, entre os séculos XVIII e XIX, e depois tomou o mundo de forma particular em diferentes regiões. Concomitantemente, a esse processo que auxiliaria da formação do sistema capitalista, houve importantes mudanças nas 2 A AIT foi uma organização que abarcou diferentes correntes políticas desde a reformistas a revolucionários de fato e por meio de seções ela foi presente em diversos países. Ver: MARINI, Gualtiero. Revolucão, Anarquia e Comunismo: às origens do socialismo internacionalista italiano (1871-1876). Tese (Doutorado em História) - . Universidade de Campinas. Campinas, SP. 2016. 3 Essa formulação, entretanto, é fruto de reflexões anteriores de Marx e Fredrich Engels em relação suas análises sobre as condições de vida legada pelo sistema capitalista aos trabalhadores urbanos ligados a indústria. 4 Dependendo da atuação de cada um, dentro do movimento operário ou do movimento anarquista, a pessoa do intelectual ou operário de mistura na característica de militante ao protagonizar ações dentro de ambos movimentos, também pode acontecer de uma mesma pessoa realizar atividades como operário, intelectual e militante. Nesse caso, seria interessante analisar as vidas de Emile Pouget (1860-1931) e George Sorel (1847-1922), por exemplo, para ter uma dimensão do papel que eles realizaram no movimento operário. No Brasil, a vida de Edgar Leuenroth (1881- 1968) é um dos caminhos para termos uma percepção da dinâmica de atuação desses homens que no Brasil ou fora tiveram a perspectiva de uma sociedade socialista. 5 Ver: MARTINHO, Francisco. Resistências ao capitalismo: plebeus, operários e mulheres. In: FERREIRA, Jorge; FILHO, Daniel A. Reis; ZENHA, Celeste. (Org.). O século XX: o tempo das certezas, da formação do capitalismo à Primeira Grande Guerra. 5°ed. Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira, 2011. (pp.187-211) 3 questões de ordem política que deram por abalar as bases das monarquias europeias6, os anos de 1789, 1848 e 1871, com especial atenção à França, foram marcantes nesse quesito. Englobando esses elementos de instância econômica e política vemos o raiar das teorias socialistas emergirem para buscar defender os mais prejudicados com essa dinâmica histórica, em particular, as classes trabalhadores. Dentro da AIT passou-se a discutir sobre o papel das greves como meio de luta para que os trabalhadores pudessem alçar à mudanças substanciais em sua realidade e a revolução social, já que conforme o sistema capitalista avançava as condições de vida do operariado em diferentes regiões entrava em um trajeto de deterioração material. Tanto que quando da idealização AIT por trabalhadores ingleses e franceses uma das ações estabelecidas foi a troca de correspondência para informar qual era a realidade das condições de vida e trabalho da classe trabalhadora (SAMIS, 2015, pp. 161-164). Como mencionado por Pere Gabriel: “en la Primera Internacional fueron los belgas quienes más desarrollaron ideias sobre la huelga general, entendida como un modo básico de llegar a la revolución social.” (1991, p. 16). Mikhail Bakunin, que esteve ao lado de alguns dos libertários internacionalistas belgas na AIT, foi também defensor da greve geral. Bakunin algum tempo antes da Comuna de Paris havia publicado “diversos artigos no jornal L’Egalité, incluindo o texto Dupla greve de Genéve, de 1869, onde analisou as greve organizadas pela Primeira Internacional e traçou a estratégia da greve geral” (SILVA, p.74, 2016). Mas cabe ver que a discussão sobre greve (e/ou greve geral) no movimento operário é acompanhada de diferentes visões e interpretações dentro do movimento operário, e que ela era pensada circunscrita de dentro alguns objetivos específicos tornando-a um divisor de águas no movimento. Contudo, a profundidade nesse debate toma ênfase no final do século XIX, dentro do movimento operário francês, a partir de seus Congressos e órgãos de impressa, e no começo do XX com perspectiva sindical revolucionária também francesa. As referências para o período são 6 Ver também no livro da nota anterior: RODRIGUES, Antonio E. M. As revoluções burguesas. 4 de Fernand Pelloutier, Aristide Briand, Henri Girard, Emile Pouget, Paul Delessale, George Sorel e Hubert Lagardelle (GABRIEL, 1991; GIANINAZZI, 2006). O elementar nas formulações desses atores históricos foi a orientação que eles deram para práticas de luta e organização já existente ao final no século XVIII7. Formas de associação e de luta contra o empregador, como a greve e a sabotagem, já eram parte do repertório da armas de mobilização para a classe trabalhadora, contudo, dessa transição do século XIX ao XX o ponto chave foi a dimensão que a questão política tomou dentro do movimento operário em conjunto dos anarquistas e sindicalistas revolucionários, que passaram a estabelecer diferentes críticas apontando para a insuficiência de a via política eleitoral fazer avançar as reivindicações desejadas pelo operariado. Dessa maneira, a questão da autonomia operária iniciada na AIT toma uma característica mais radical ao negar um sistema político que era entendido como a regra naquela ocasião. Outro fator importante para o momento foi o fato de as ideias elaboradas na França ultrapassarem as fronteira desse país, inclusive, chegando à América - por meio da Argentina, Brasil, Estados Unidos e Uruguai. O texto substancial para esse momento foi L’action Directe8 publicado por Pouget, onde é expressado o que ele - e o grupo de militantes ao qual ele foi membro - entendiam por ação direta no movimento sindical dos trabalhadores: “A ação direta é simbolização do sindicalismo atuante”9. Ao que tudo indica Pouget é reconhecido como o “fundador” do princípio da ação direta por parte da historiografia que discorre sobre o tema do anarquismo, do sindicalismo revolucionário e movimento operário10. A significância do pensamento libertário francês dentro 7 Ver: LINDEN, Marcel van der. Trabalhadores do mundo: Ensaios para uma história global do trabalho. Tradução Patrícia de Queiroz Carvalho Zimbres. Campinas, SP: Editora da Unicamp, 2003. 8 L’action Directe de Pouget. A bibliografia indica que o ano de lançamento desse texto foi em 1906. <<http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k84028z/f1.item.zoom: acessado em 30 de outubro de 2016. >> 9 Idem. “L’action Directe est la symbolisation du syndicalisme agissant”. 10 Em nota de rodapé Edilene Toledo (p. 66, 2004) sinaliza para o fato de Pouget “inventou termo ação direta”. Ver também ALVES, Paulo. Anarquismo e anarcosindicalismo: Teoria e prática no movimento operário brasileiro (1906-1922).
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