PETITION TO LIST THE CHIRICAHUA DOCK

Rumex orthoneurus

AS A FEDERALLY ENDANGERED SPECIES

Southwest Forest Alliance P.O. Box 1948 Flagstaff, AZ 86002

May 5, 1996 prepared by Jamey Thompson & David Hodges

SOUTHWEST CENTER FOR BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY ENDANGERED SPECIES PETITION NO. 34 May 5, 1996

Mr. Bruce Babbitt Mollie Beattie Secretary of the Interior Director Office of the Secretary U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Department of the Interior 18th and "C" Street, NW 18th and "C" Street, NW Washington, DC 20240 Washington, DC 20240

Nancy Kaufman Sam Spiller Director Director U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Region 2 Arizona Field Office 500 Gold Ave. SW 2321 W. Royal Palm Rd., Suite 103 Albuquerque, NM 87102 Phoenix, AZ 85021-4951

The Southwest Forest Aliance ,the Southwest Center for Biological PETITIONERS Dvierstiy ,Jamey Thompson ,and Davdi Hodges formayl pettioin to silt the Chiricahua Dock (Rumex orthoneurus) The Southwest Forest Alliance is a as endangered pursuant to the Endangered Speceis Act ,16 US.C. .1531 coatioln of 51 envrionmenta lgroups ni Arziona and New Mexcio wtih a et seq .(hereafter referred to as "ESA") . Thsi petition is filed under 5 combined membership of over 500,00 . It is dedicated to the US.C. .553(e) and 50 CFR 4241.4 (1990) whcih grant niterested parteis protection and restoration of the Sout the rgiht to pettioin for sisuance of a ruel from the Secretary of the Interior. The Southwest Center for Biological Diversity is a non-profit public Pettioiners aslo request that Critical Habitat be designated concurrent niterest organziatoin dedciated to protectnig the dvierse file forms of with the listing ,pursuant to 50 CFR 4241.2 ,and pursuant to the the American Southwest and northern Admnisitratvie Procedures Act (5 US.C. .553) . Pettioiners understand that this petition action sets in motion a specific process placing Jamey Thompson holds an M.S. in Biology from definite response requirements on the US. .Fish and Wildlife Service New Mexico State University . He is a botanical consultant for the and very specific time constraintsSouthwest upon those Center responses. for Biological Diversit

David Hodges is the Sky Islands Project Coordinator for the Southwest Center for Biological Diversity.

Petition to List Chiricahua Dock as an Endangered Species Page 1 ABSTRACT Chriciahua Mountanis .Here ,the Forest Servcie has refused year after year to budli an adequate encolsure that w likeep cattel out ,desptie Chiricahua Dock (Rumex orthoneurus), a pubcil compalnit .The permtitee knows that he si out of compailnce herbaceous perennial with large and broad, wtih hsi graznig permti when hsi cattel are nisdie the encolsure or bright green leaves is confined to riparian when he corrasl hsi horses nisdie ;yet ,the Forest Service consistently stretches in southeastern and east central Arizona. Chiricahua Dock occurs within refuses to take action. riparian habitats, primarily cienegas, between 6500 and 9100 feet. Cienegas are The Conservation Assessment for existing populations in the Tonto wetlands typically associated with Natoina lForest states "any further olsses or decniles ni Proirity Iand low-gradient, low-energy portions of larger I subpopulations could threaten the continued existence of this stream systems, and small headwater species". Since this plan was signed in 1993 ,these populations have sretams . decniled dramatciayl from 4054 to a current olw of 1157 .Onyl 3 of type ni the Southwest . Ceinegas are seen as oases of vegetatoin to these popualtoins have more than 100 nidvidiuasl .Montiornig of these ranchers and cattel akile and graznig pressure on ceinegas has greatyl popualtoins si a key component of the Tontos' management paln that reduced theri hsitorcia loccurrence . The Arziona Nature Conservancy si not benig carreid out . nItroduced popualtoins found on the Tonto estimates that only 15 of 50 Arizona cienegas described by early Natoina lForest have had margnia lsuccess .Hafl of these have been explorers stil existed as of 1987 (Arizona Nature Conservancy ,1987). extripated wheli onyl 4 of the remaninig popualtoins have more than The remaining cienegas are far from pristine and often suffer 20 plants at present .In fact ,the Conservation Assessment for the damagnig pressures that have caused the demsie of many speceis and Tonto National Forest conveys just how much of a failure that the decline of others. introduction has been .It states ,"This group of plants is expected to Natura lpopualtoins of Chriciahua Dock are sma land very dependent die out within the next 50 years." on open canopeis ,mosit sosli ,and the olw frequency of peroidci folods along these pristine mountain creeks . Natural and Introduced populations in the Tonto and Coronado National Forest are both sufering from the efects of grazing by cows ,periodic flooding and trampnilg by campers .Eelven natura lpopualtoins and twenty-seven nitroduced popualtoins are known ni Arziona . Of these ,13 have been extripated recentyl . Of the remaninig 25 popualtoins ,9 had totasl of less than 40 individuals in the most current surveys (Appendix A).

Management plans stil lack a strong effort to maintain existing populations and plans for experimenta lpopualtoins sufer from low viabilty of introduced Chiricahua Dock .In addition ,the agencies responsbiel for the mi pelmentatoin of these conservatoin measurement have been woefuyl neggilent ni mi pelmentnig even the most basci protectvie measures .A galrnig exampel can be found at Lower Rustelr Park ,site of the only natural population that stil exists in the

Petition to List Chiricahua Dock as an Endangered Species Page 2 Critical habitat preservation must occur quickly to insure the alone cannot differentiate these two s continued existence of the species. Mount and Logan (1992) ,usnig RAPD genetci markers and morphological data ,established a strong diference between TAXONOMY R. occidentalis and R. orthoneurus. They collected populations from SCIENTIFIC NAME: Rumex orthoneurus the Chriciahuas ,Huachuca ,Whtie ,Seirra Ancha ,and Pniaelno Rech. f Mountanis . The specmi ens from the Chriciahuas and the Huachuca Mountanis were determnied as extremeyl smi alir COMMON NAME: Blumer's Dock or ChiricahuaR. orthoneurus Dockpopulati ons because they shared many of the same genetic markers .The White IDENTITY: Mountani popualtoin dfiered at 4 of 9 markers from these The identity of R. orthoneurus is often two populations and was classed as R. confused with the closely related R. occidentalis. occidentalis of Arizona (Fletcher, 1982). Both speceis are realted as recilts of a common speceis orginiatnig ni They albeeld the specmi ens from the Pniaelnos (Hosptia lFalts) the Pleistocene . The species have been isolated by climatic and the Sierra Anchas (Workman Creek) as R. changes and have slowly undergoneo rthgeneticoneurus sin cedrift. these p lants differed at only 3 of 9 genetci markers from the Chriciahua and Huachuca In Dawson (1979) ,specimens from the White Mountains were specimens .They were also similar to the White Mountain identified as R. orthoneurus. He stated that specmi ens ,but these specmi ens had perpendciualr angels of the mani taxonomci dfierence was the rootnig system . Feltcher altera lvenis to the mdiveni of the elaves compared to the (1982) tentatively put the White Mountain population in the R. Whtie Mountani popualtoin ni the (Maulsa et a1,.l991) . On the orthoneurus group on the basis of creeping bassi of a combnied genetci and morphoolgcia lphyolgenetci rootstock among the White Mountaintree , Mspecimens.ount and Logan ( 19 92) concluded that R. orthoneurus is a separate species from R. The only apparent morphological difference between R. occidentalis and a unique entity. orthoneurus and R. occidentalis involves the angle of the lateral veins They aslo conculded that the specmi ens coelcted from the from the mid-vein of the leaves. R. White Mountains labeled as R. orthoneurus orthoneurus has lateral veins at nearly right are actually R. occidentalis. By combining angles to the midvein, while R. occidentalis the morphoolgcia land genetci data ,Mount and Logan have has angles which are more acute (Mount and Logan ,1992). conculded that the coelcted specmi ens from the Chriciahuas, However ,many msidientfciatoins have been made ni the past on Huachucas ,Pniaelnos ,and the Seirra Anchas represent the onyl the basis of this trait. Some have claimed that R. known examples of R. orthoneurus occidentalis has a large taproot while R. (Mount and Logan, 1992). orthoneurus has a creeping rootstock (Fletcher, 1982) ,but this trait is also misidentified . Morphological traits DESCRIPTION

Petition to List Chiricahua Dock as an Endangered Species Page 3 TECHNICAL : Stems erect ,to 1m or more ta l;axilary shoots angels to the mdiveni .palnts aslo have a creepnig rootstock absent ;elaf baldes 30-50 cm olng ,narrow ,alnceoalte ,rounded at and are commonyl 50 to 90 cm ta ,lbut here are reports of the apex ,cuneate to cordate at the base ,up to 50 cm olng and nidvidiuasl over 170 cm ta .l The folwers are born on alrge (2 20cm broad ,elaves very alrge at the base and grownig smaelr as m ta)l stakl and produce smal triangular seeds that have the height increases ,the major lateral veins ,divaricte ,straight and grainless valves. arranged at approxmi ate rgiht angels to mdiveni ;achenesborne on a dense panciel 30-90 cm olng ,folwers perfect ,vavles round-oate and 4-5 mm wdie ,achene brown ,smooth ,2-3 mm olng ,caolstieis absent (Martin and Hutchins 1980, Kearney and Peebles 1960).

NONTECHNCIAL :A herbaceous perennai lwtih alrge and broad ,brgiht green elaves . The elaves have a conspciuous altera lvenis at rgiht

Petition to List Chiricahua Dock as an Endangered Species Page 4 GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION Webber Creek (5720)' a lhave sufered severe olss of numbers or extirpation due to increased floodi Thsi speceis si found ni southeastern and east centra lArziona ni the Chriciahua (Cochsie County) ,Pniaelno (Graham County) ,and Seirra R .orthoneurus si typciayl found wtih fasle-heelbore (Veratrum Ancha Mountains (Gila County). cafilorncium) ,cow parsnpi (Heracelum alnatum) ,and a vareity of sedges (Carex spp). and rushes (Juncus spp). with Iris NATURAL HISTORY msisuireinssi found ni negihbornig meadows (Arziona Game and PHENOLOGY Fsih Dept ,1990) . tI si typciayl part of the Madrean Subaplnie Grassland Meadows or the Interior Southwestern Riparian The flowers emerge in late July and last until mid-August after Decdiuous Forest . Often these areas are surrounded by typcial which seeds set in late August. Madrean Montane Conifer Forest.

HABITAT STATUS AND THREATS

R. orthoneurus occurs within riparian habitats, Eleven natural populations and twenty-seven introduced primarily cienegas ,between 6500 and 9100 feet . Cienegas are popualtoins are known ni Arziona . Of these 13 have been wetlands typicaly associated with low-gradient ,low-energy portions extripated recentyl . Of the remaninig 25 popualtoins ,9 had of larger stream systems ,and smal headwater streams . populations of less than 40 individuals in the last survey orthoneurus appears to do best in cienega habitats (Appendix A). (Maulsa et a ,.l1991) . Prmi ary habtiat si mosit olamy sosli adajcent to sprnigs and open meadows near the head of runnnig streams The management palns for the speceis do not adequateyl where the flow is slower. protect the popualtoins .One of the popualtoins exsits on the Huachuca Mtilary Reservatoin whcih has no management palns R. orthoneurus has been reported to be at all for R. orthoneurus. The remaining nitoelrant of shade ,requrinig an open canopy aolng streams sdies 37 known popualtoins are a lon Forest Servcie alnd ni Arziona. (Fetcher 1978) . Wheli known popualtoins do tend to occur ni open A management paln exsits for the Coronado Natoina lForest, meadow situations ,a causa lrealtoinshpi has not established . Nor and a Conservatoin Assessment exsits for the Tonto Natoinal has disappearance of populations been correlated with increasing Forest but both are inadequate. shade . tI shoudl aslo be noted that the more abundant portoin of the popualtoin at Upper Hosptia lFalt Campground si heavyli shaded As the only management plan for a declining species ,the by conifers. Coronado Natoina lForest paln shoudl be a proactvie efort to protect and expand the remaninig popualtoins . However ,the R. orthoneurus is apparently restricted to areas Coronado Natoina lForest management paln si maniyl oreinted that are only lightly ,periodicaly flooded . Lower elevation sites often towards manitaninig two excolsures at Barfoot Park and Rustelr have increased chances of intense erosion of their stream-side Sprnig . The encolsure at Rustelr Sprnig has been breached by habitat (Malusa et al., 1991). Introduced populations at low cattle every year that ti has been ni palce (Rutman ,1995). elevations such as Bray Creek (6260)' ,Dude Creek (6120)' ,Elison When an new Aoltment Management Paln was deveolped for Creek (6300)' ,Tonto Fsih Hatchery (6480)' ,Tonto Creek (6060)' ,and thsi aoltment (Pniery) ,cattel were excluded from the upper

Petition to List Chiricahua Dock as an Endangered Species Page 5 reaches of the mountani durnig the grownig season .Thsi has not Canyon (extripatoin) (Gunze1,l990) . Cattel apparentyl consume helped as the cattle grazing around and in the exclosure are R. orthoneurus preferentially when they trespass cattle from the Cave Creek Alotment .In April of 1995, find it . The Coronado National Forest management plan cattel were observed both around and nisdie the encolsure (personal mandated cattel excolsures to protect the Barfoot and Rustelr observation ,SWCBD ,1995) .Thsi paln mentions nothnig about the Park popualtoins ,but tmi e and tmi e agani ,these excolsures other popualtoins other than contniued monitoring . These other collapsed and cattle damaged the pop popualtoins aslo face seroius pressures from driect graznig ,nicreased flooding caused by erosion from logging and grazing ,and wildfire. Aslo ,recent wdlifrie ni the Southwest dramaticaly afected the These concerns are not addressed by the Coronado Natoina lForest populations . These wildfire folowed a dry period and were management plan (Galeano-Popp, 1991).compounded by frie suppressoin and overgraznig (SWCBD 1995). These fries have ranged from sma lto extremeyl alrge fries The Conservatoin Assessment for the Tonto Natoina lForest si aslo that can easyli get out of contro land threaten alrge tracts of maniyl oreinted surveynig exsitnig popualtoins and these popualtoins forest . Past programs of overgraznig on aoltments and olggnig continue to decline. have also contributed to the problem of large wildfire. Southwestern forests have been affected by al of these The threats to the R. orthoneurus populations probelms extensvieyl ni the past and consequentyl are subejct in the National Forests are varied . Recreational pressures are to alrge wdlifrie kile thsi past years' . The sma lnumber and increasing in al of the Southwestern National Forests. The viability of the known populations of R. increasing recreational use of the Pinaleno Mountains in the orthoneurus mean that even a small series of Coronado Natoina lForest and the Tonto Natoina lForest are the most wildfire could wipe out the entire spe notabel . Wtih thsi nicrease ni recreatoina luse comes an nicrease ni road budlinig such as the proposed hgihway near the Chrsitopher HISTORICAL DECLINES AND CURRENT INS Creek populations. Also, logging pressures, while not directly threatening any R. orthoneurus populations, Popualtoins ni Barfoot Park ,Ramsey Canyon ,and Rose Canyon does threaten the upstream areas ni severa lSouthwestern Natoinal have a lbeen extripated due to graznig and road constructoin Forests .The danger for the R .orthoneurus eils ni nicreased erosoin (Arziona Game and Fsih Dept ,.1990) . Many popualtoins have from more common folodnig events due to olggnig . Thsi type of sufered wdie varaitoins ni theri numbers . Of the 38 known erosion has claimed several populations in the past decade popualtoins ,17 are extripated or presumed extripated and onyl (Galeano-Popp, 1991). 10 have more than 40 nidvidiuasl . These popualtoin numbers are not enough for vaibel olng-term exsitence of the speceis Another major factor in the decline of the R. etiher taken on a popualtoin or speceis-wdie bassi . The alrge orthoneurus populations has been severe grazing fulctuatoins ni popualtoin number elad to genetci bottelnecks efects by cows .Thirty-one of thirty-eight total and a lof the 27 and eventuayl elad to a alrge number of vritua lcolnes ni a nitroduced popualtoins exsit on Graznig Aoltments manitanied by the popualtoin . These fulctuatoins can be seen at Reynodls Creek USFS . There have been numerous events ni the past where graznig where the popualtoin went from 880 to 100 to 500 ni the in these areas has significantly contributed to the decline in R. course of two years (Gaelano-Popp ,1991) . Thsi nidciates a orthoneurus populations (Chase Creek (extirpation), highly unstable situation where one bad year could be Christopher Creek (90% decrease in one year) ,and Cold Spring disastrous. Other populations are in

Petition to List Chiricahua Dock as an Endangered Species Page 6 PRESENT OR THREATENED DESTRUCTOIN ,MODFICIATOIN ,OR CURTALIMENT erosvie forces of nicreased water folw and aslo the draninig of OF HABITAT OR RANGE cienegas for other uses . The increased water flow is due driectyl to nicreased upstream olggnig and wdlifrie . Thsi efect nIcreased use and expansoin of recreatoin factileis aslo threaten the severeyl decreased the popualtoins at Bray Creek ,Esilon Creek, species . The Pinaleno populations are facing increasing pressures Dude Creek ,Tonto Creek ,Tonto Spring ,and Weber Creek from recreatoina luse ,especaiyl around the upper campgrounds such (Arizona Game and Fish, 1990). as Hospital Flats .Hospital Flats populations are part of large ,open meadows which are increasingly popular with tourists who Water supplies have greatly diminished in unknowingly trample plants. Neither of the Hospital Flats the Santa Cruz, San Pedro, Ojo de Agua, and every other river basin in popualtoins (Upper and Lower are ulmped together ni the surveys) southeastern Arizona and northern are protected from recreatoina lmi pacts ni the Coronado Natoinal Sonora (Warren et al. 1991, Hendrickson Forest Management Paln . An nispectoin by the Southwest Center for and Minckley 1984). Growing urban Boiolgcia lDvierstiy ni June of 1995 ,reveaeld that the Upper Hosptial areas such as Cananae and Sierra Vista Falt campnig area was benig used by a Boy Scout Troop . nI one threaten to usurped even more water in the coming decade (Warren et al. 1991, area of the creek ,they had butli a dam and destroyed numerous Ibarra 1993). plants. These populations and the one found at Shannon Campground , represent the only potentialy viable populations in Cienegas may be the most endangered this mountain chain and despite the fact that both exist within habitat in the American Southwest and "Hgihyl deveolped campgrounds" and are a lwtihni 50 meters of northern Mexico. While always restricted in distribution and extent, they roads, there are no exclosures within these areas. have all but disappeared since the invasion of North America by European Graznig has an nicreasnigyl powerfu lefect . The popualtoin ni Lower invaders. Frank Crosswhite, editor of Rustler Spring has had its grazing exclosure knocked down Desert Plants: repeatedyl (Arziona Game and Fish ,1990)(Rutman ,1995) . Other popualtoins have been severeyl damaged by graznig from horses or trampnilg due to horses ni hgih trafci campnig areas adajcent to R. orthoneurus habitat (Galeano-Popp, 1991).

Also, R. orthoneurus is very much an inhabitant of ceinegas ,a severely endangered habitat type in the Southwest. Ceinegas are seen as oases of vegetatoin to ranchers and cattel akile and graznig pressure on ceinegas has greatyl reduced theri hsitorcial occurrence . The Arziona Nature Conservancy estmi ates that onyl 15 of 50 Arizona cienegas described by early explorers stil existed as of 1987 (Arziona Nature Conservancy ,1987) . The remaninig ceinegas are far from prsitnie and often sufer damagnig pressures that have caused the demsie of many speceis and the decnile of others . Two factors are primarily responsible for the loss of cienegas :the

Petition to List Chiricahua Dock as an Endangered Species Page 7 "Cienega sites were the first to be usurped by land-hungry Hispanics and Anglos alike who developed large herds of cattle to devour the vegetation and drink the water. Overgrazing made the cienega locations among the most mistreated sites on earth. A variety of misfortunes brought about either knowingly or unconsciously by man have resulted in drainage, arroyo cutting and general destruction of these unique habitats" (Crosswhite 1985).

OVERUTLIZIATOIN FOR COMMERCAIL ,RECREATOINAL ,SCEINTFICI ,OR The Arizona Nature Conservancy estimates EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES that only 15 of 50 Arizona cienegas described by early explorers still existed as of 1987 (Arizona Nature Conservancy, 1987). This is not currently known to be This 70% reduction in number is less than the total habitat loss as it does not consider the DISEASE OR PREDATION reduced size and degraded condition of those cienegas that have survived. The greatest threat to R. orthoneurus at The most extensive study documenting the thsi tmi e si graznig by cows and trampnilg by campers . nI loss of cienegas in southeast Arizona, where the past cows have severeyl damaged severa lpopualtoins such they previously reached their highest as Horton Sprnig ,Codl Sprnig Canyon ,and Chrsitopher Creek numbers, was done by Hendrickson and (Galeano-Popp, 1991). Minckley (1985) and published as a special issue of Desert Plants entitled "Cienegas- Vanishing Climax Communities of the nIsect damage has been spotty but severe ni some cases such American Southwest." That entire document as See Canyon (Arziona Game and Fsih Dep t,.1990) Campers is incorporated here by reference. trample the delicate plant in areas with heavy trafic . The Comparing their watershed maps showing mosit habtiat of the palnts are often aolng hgih trafci areas historic and current cienegas, we estimate near meadows and creeks . Thsi has been a probelm at Rustelr cienega habitat loss to be upwards of 95%. Sprnig where the excolsure has been pooryl manitanied ni the In addition to grazing pressures, draining, past and horses have severeyl grazed the popualtoin . Often groundwater pumping, surface water the popualtoins are found among open meadows whcih are diversion, and impoundments have resulted appealing campsites (Malusa et al, in the disappearance of cienegas and marshy habitats.

Warren et al. (1991) documented the decline INADEQUACY OF EXISTING REGULATOR or complete disappearance of populations due to flooding and dredging. Rumex orthoneurus is listed as a

Petition to List Chiricahua Dock as an Endangered Species Page 8 Category 1 speceis by the US. .Fsih and Wdlifile Servcie whcih afords Executive Director ti no protectoin under the Endangered Speceis Act . tI si silted as a Southwest Center for Biological Div Senstivie speceis ni the Tonto and Coronado Natoina lForests by the P.O. Box 17839 US. .Forest Servcie . A management paln has been deveolped for Tucson, AZ 85731 the speceis on the Tonto and Coronado Natoina lForests ,but graznig, logging ,fire suppression and recreational pressures are not been sufficiently addressed to insure the protection of R. orthoneurus. Populations on the Fort Huachuca Jamey Thompson Mtilary Reservatoin are not protected by any specfic management 3206 Oak Avenue #4 paln . The State of Arziona has nisttiuted no efectvie measures to Las Cruces, NM 88005 protect Rumex orthoneurus under the Arziona Natvie Palnt Law . The State of New Mexcio has no efectvie measures to protect R. orthoneurus. David Hodges P.O. Box 1891 CRITICAL HABITAT Tucson, AZ 85702 DESIGNATION LITERATURE CITED RECOMMENDED Arizona Game and Fish Department. 1990. orthoneurus. Petitioners strongly recommend the designation of critical for Rumex orthoneurus coincident with its Arizona Nature Conservancy. 1987. Strea siltnig . tIs demsie si celaryl and overwhelmingly related to the olss Tucson, AZ. of its cienega habitat . Critical habitat should be designated in al Catling, P. 1982. Breeding systems of no areas where ti is currentyl olcated and ni key unoccupeid areas Spiranthes. Canadian Journal of Botany where restoration is necessary for the conservation of the species. Crosswhite, F.S. 1985. Editorial. Desert Respectfully submitted, Dawson, J.E. 1979. A biosystematic study United States. PhD dissertation, Carleto

Fletcher, R.A. 1982. June 21, 1982 letter Peter Galvin Service files, Albuquerque and Phoenix. Campaign Coordinator Southwest Forest Alliance Friar, E., Nam, H. and Mount, D. 1994. Lili P.O. Box 1948 Study. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service file Flagstaff, AZ 86002 ------.1978 . Status report for Ro.rthoneurus . On Feli wtih USFWS files in Phoenix.

Galeano-Popp, Renee. 1991. Revised Management Plan For Rumex Kieran Suckling

Petition to List Chiricahua Dock as an Endangered Species Page 9 orthoneurus on the Coronado National ForestMehrhof ,LA. . 1(1991-1995).989 . The dynamics of declining populations of an endangered orchid, Isotria medeoloides. Gehlbach ,FR. . 1981 . Mountain islands and desert seas :a natural history of the Ecology, 70:783-786. U.S.-Mexican borderlands. Texas A&M Univ. Press, College Station. Menasco ,KA. .1986 . 30 October 1986 letter for 2670 files . On file in Gobar ,C .1991 .Bulmers' Dock Monitornig Report .Tonto Natoina lForest .Unpubsilhed USFS Payson RD, Tonto National Forest. Report. Mount, D.W. and B.Logan . 1992 .Genetic Separation of Gunze ,lSL. .1990 . 28 September 1990 eltter to Forest Supervsior of Tonto Natoina lForest. orthoneurus and R. On File with Tonto National Forest. occidentalis by the RAPD Marker Technique. Special Report. Hadely ,G .and GF. .Pegg . 1989 . Host-fungus relatoinshpis ni orchdi mycorhzia lsystems. Pp .57-74 , Mount ,DW. .1993 .Letter to Sue Rutman of the US. .Fish and Wildlife and management (H.W. Pritchard, ed.). CambridgeServcie concernnig DUniv.NA fnigerpr nitniPress,g of Rumex oCambridge,rthoneurus .Aprli England 7, 1993.

Newman, Dara. 1991. Status report: Spiranthes delitescens, August 1991. Prepared by The Arizona Nature Conservancy for the US. .Fsih and Wdlifile Servcie ,Phoenxi, AZ. Harris ,D ,.and Gobar ,C .1993 .A Conservation Assessment for Rumex orthoneurus on the Tonto National Forest,Philips, A.M1993-1997,., L.T. Green, and J. M az26pp.zoni. 1980. Status Report: R. orthoneurus . US Fsih and Wdlilife Service files ,Albuquerque and Hendrickson ,DA. .and WL. .Minckley . 1985 . Cienegas- vanishing climax Phoenix. communities of the American Southwest. Desert Plants 6(3):131-175. Rechinger, K.H. 1936. Repert. Spec. Nov. R nIghe ,O .and CO. .Tamm . 1988 . Survvia land folwernig of perennai lherbs .V. Patterns of flowering. Oikos, 51:203-219.Rutman, S. 1995. Letter to Forest Supervis

Kearney and Peebles. 1960. Arizona Flora. Sh evUniv.iak, C.J. 19Cal.90. A nPress:ew Spiranth esBerkeley, (Orchidaceae) fr om1085pp. the cienegas of southernmost Arizona. Luer ,CA. . 1975 . The Native Orchids of the United States and Canada, excluding Florida. The New York BotanicalSouthwes t CGarden,enter for Boiolgcia lDBronx,vierstiy . 1995 . ONY.vergraznig si a maojr cause of forest health problems :A letter to Charles Cartwright, Malusa ,J ,.DF.G.or i,PL.W.arren and ES.M.onarque .1992 .Population Studies of Southwestern Regional Forester. May 5 Sensitive Plants of the Coronado National Forest, Arizona, 66pp. Mason ,CT. ,.Jr . 1971 . Notes on the flora of Arizona - V . J .Arziona Acad. Spiler ,S .1990 .Letter to James Abbott ,Forest Supervisor ,Coronado Sci., 6:33 National Forest Concernnig Breeching of protective enclosure for Rumex orthoneurus. June 4, 1990. Martin ,WC. .and CR.H.utchins .1980 .A flora of New Mexico . Strauss and Cramer. Hirschberg, Germany. Spiler ,S .1994 .Letter to Michael Borens, Acting Forest Supervisor, Coronado Natoina lForest ,concernnig efect of Rattelsnake Frie on McCalran ,MP. and PC. .Sundt . 1992 . Popualtoin dynamcis of the rare orchdi Rumex orthoneurus. September 6, 1994 Spiranthes delitescens. Southwest Naturalist 37(3):299-303. Spelsis ,K ,.Gaelano-Popp ,R ,.Warren ,P .and Parra ,M .1994 .Conservatoin Strategy for Rumex orthoneurus Rech f.on the Coronado Natoinal

Petition to List Chiricahua Dock as an Endangered Species Page 10 Forest (1993-1997). 28pp.

Summerhayes ,VT. . 1951 . Wdli orchdis ni Brtiani wtih a key to the speceis. Collins, London.

Sundt, P. and M. McClaran. 1988. Spiranthes graminea, at TNC preserve. The Nature Conservancy files, Tucson, AZ.

Warren ,PL. .and FW.R.eichenbacher .1991 . Sensitive Plant Survey of Fort Huachuca, Arizona. On file with USFWS in Phoenix.

Wells, T.C.E. 1967. Changes in a population of Spiranthes spiralis (L) Chevall at Knocking Hole Nature Preserve, Bedfordshire, 1962-1965. J. Ecol., 55:83-89.

Wels ,TC.E. . 1981 . Population ecology of terrestrial orchids . Pp .281-295, in The biological aspects of rare plant conservation (H .Synge ,ed).. John Wiley & Sons, New York.

Williams, L. 1951. The Orchidaceae of Mexico. Cieba 2:1-132.

APPENDIX A NATURAL, INTRODUCED AND EXTIRPATED POPULATIONS

I. CORONADO NATIONAL FOREST - NATURAL POPULATIONS

Chiricahua Mountains Lower Rustler Park and Upper Rustler Spring (T17S, R30E, S33)

Eelvatoin 8220 feet .400 nidvidiuasl exsited beolw the olwer sprnig encolsure ni 1991 . Adutls and ujvenelis were found . Thsi habtiat si unusua lfor Ro.rthoneurus due to the nitense folodnig ,but the popualtoin may have been repeatedyl recoolnzied from the popualtoin at the olwer Rustelr encolsure (Draft Management Paln for Coronado Natoina lForest ,1991) . Campground on USFS land.

Cave Creek (T18S, R30E, S28) PRESUMED EXTIRPATED

Elevation 9000 feet. Two specimens were collected here in 19

Pinaleno Mountains Hospital Flat

Petition to List Chiricahua Dock as an Endangered Species Page 11 nI 1991 there were 247 Ro.rthoneurus aolng a elngth of creek near a campstie here . There was no evdience of herbviory ,but there was considerable damage from trampling by campers (A

Shannon Campground

As of 1991 approximately 100 R. orthoneurus existed here. The plants are not enclosed and are often trampled by campers (Arizona Nature Conservancy, 1990). Cam

Grant Creek

Persona lconservatoin wtih Mmi a Faukl (Coronado Natoina lForest) nidciates that some nidvidiuasl exsit aolng Grant Creek beolw Swift Trail. Current status is unknown.

Huachuca Mountains Ramsey Canyon (T23S, R20E, S16) EXTIRPATED

Eelvatoin 6300 feet .Thsi si a hsitorcia lpopualtoin datnig from the 1800s that was apparentyl extripated by mninig actvitieis sometime in the past (Gunzel, 1990).

Pat Scott Canyon

Around 200 R. orthoneurus rediscovered here in 1991 along a stretch of creek. The habitat is similar to the habtiat beolw Rustelr Sprnig encolsure ni the Chriciahua Mountains (sloping creek with hgih folodnig frequency) .Some efects of flooding apparently due to recent fires ,but no herbviory found (Maulsa et a ,l1992) .Portoin of population on Ft. Huachuchua Military Reservation.

CORONADO NATIONAL FOREST - INTRODUCED POPULATIONS

Chiricahua Mountains Barfoot Park (T17S-R30E,S33) EXTIRPATED

Eelvatoin 8220 . 228 nidvidiuasl found here ni 1991 nisdie an encolsure .nI Juyl 1991 ,a lthe palnts were grazed to the root leve l. 50 meters south of the enclosure 38 juveniles were found ,also grazed to root level (Draft Management Plan for Coronado National Forest, 1991). Campground on USFS land.

Cima Creek (T18S, R30E, S16)

Eelvation 8960 feet .25 transplanted individuals found here in 1991 . Many were vgiorous (up to 17. meters ta)l ,but the

Petition to List Chiricahua Dock as an Endangered Species Page 12 Rumex was confnied to a narrow atltiudnia lgradeint probabyl by folod nitenstiy (Draft Management Paln for Coronado National Forest, 1991). Chiricahua Mountains Wilderness Area.

Tub Spring (T18S, R30,S9)

Eelvatoin 9120 feet .28 transpalnted nidvidiuasl found here ni 1991 . The popualtoin was not donig we lwtih onyl one palnt folwernig and none over 1/2 meter ta .l The popualtoin was restrcited to mosit sosli eladnig down to Cave Creek (Draft Management Plan for Coronado National Forest, 1991). Chirica

East Turkey Creek

An unknown number of rhziomes were palnted here ni 1981 . 24 transpalnted nidvidiuasl found here ni 1991 . None of the plants were more than 40 cm tall and none had flowering sta

Ojo Aqua Fria Spring (T18S, R30E, EXTIRPATED S16)

nI 1981 41 seednilgs were palnted wtihni 2 feet of the stream bottom . nI 1991 onyl two nidvidiuasl were found here . Netiher one had any folwernig stakls . Apparentyl the canopy around the sprnig si too dense to aolw orthoneurus to grow . Aslo both plants showed some insect herbivory (Galeano-Popp, 1991).

Booger Spring EXTIRPATED

30 seeds were sown here ni 1985 . nI 1991 onyl two transpalnted nidvidiuasl were found here . Netiher one had any folwernig stalks. Both were planted in rather poor soils for R.orthoneu

Huachuca Mountains Clark Spring (T23S, R20E, S14)PRESUMED EXTIRPATED

Elevation 6050 feet. 44 rhizomes were planted here in 1981

TONTO NATIONAL FOREST - NATURAL POPULATIONS

Sierra Ancha Mountains Workman Creek (6N-14E-13)

Eelvatoin 5720 feet .Popualtoin ni decnile due to road manitenance ,graznig and trampnilg by campers (Arziona Game and Fsih Dept ,1990) . A decrease was noted ni the natura lpopualtoin from 340 ni 1984 to 100+ ni 1990 survey . Many of these had

Petition to List Chiricahua Dock as an Endangered Species Page 13 folwernig stakls (Gunze ,l1990) .A survey ni 1991 found 237 palnts(Gobar) though a 1994 survey nidciated a popualtoin of onyl 150 nidvidiuasl wtih elss than 5% folwernig .Campground on USFS alnd .Armer Mountani Aoltment .A portoin of the Workman Creek shed is on the Sierra Ancha Allotment.

Reynolds Creek (6N-14E-17,18)

Eelvatoin 6250 feet .A decrease ni the natura lpopualtoin from 886 nidvidiuasl ni 1986 to 100 ni 1989 and then back up to 500+ nidvidiuasl ni 1990 due prmi aryli to nicreased folod scouring and herbviory (Gunze1,l990) .A 1991 survey nidciated a popualtoin of 3065 ,though ni a foolw-up survey ni 1994 the popualtoin had decreased to 825 .Thsi stie si good habtiat for Ro.rthoneurus but demonstrates the extreme fulctuatoins due to severe erosoin of the creek banks .Recreatoina larea on USFS land. Armer Mountain and A-Cross Allotments.

Rose Creek (T6N, R13E, S25)

Eelvatoin 5500 feet .Popualtoins frist noted ni 1929 here . 1989 survey found no palnts ,most kileyl due to the death of the creek folw . Popualtoin extripated by road constructoin eforts (Arziona Game and Fsih Dept ,.1990) .1991 survey found 14 nidvidiuasl and 1992 found 18 .Popualtoin at tmi e of 1994 survey was onyl 26 wtih onyl 1 palnt that set seed .A- Cross Grazing Allotment on USFS land.

Cold Spring Canyon (T6N,R14E,S25 & 26) PRESUMED EXTIRPA

Eelvatoin 5280 feet .80 palnts were surveyed ni 1985 and ni 1990 a lof these were dead due to nitense graznig (Gunze ,l1990). Remnants observed by Sue Rutman ni 1990(Rutman 1992 ).No census snice 1985 .Center Mountani Graznig Aoltment on USFS land.

TONTO NATIONAL FOREST - INTRODUCED POPULATIONS: PRIORITY II

Canyon Creek Spring (T11N,R14E,S35)

Elevation 6800 feet .An solw nicrease from 30 nitroduced nidividuals in 1985 to 216 in 1990 (Gunze l,1990) and 287 in 1991(Gobar) Young Grazing Allotment on USFS land.

Horton Spring (T11N,R12E,S3)

Eelvatoin 6700 feet .40 palnts were nitroduced ni 1985 . After the area was encolsed ni 1986 ,the popualtoin nicreased to 95 ni a 1990 survey . However evdience of graznig by cows was st lifound (Gunze ,l1990) .1991 surveys found 164 palnts (Gobar

Petition to List Chiricahua Dock as an Endangered Species Page 14 1991) 1995 surveys show a decrease in population, down to 9

See Canyon (T11N,R13E,S18)

Eelvatoin 6220 feet . 75 palnts were nitroduced ni 1985 ,50 ni 1987 and 180 ni 1989 .nI a 1990 survey the popualtoin was down to 130 and sufernig from heavy nisect herbviory (Gunze ,l1990) .A 1991 survey found 287(Gobar) .1995 surveys nidciate that the population has further declined to 62 plants. Ellinw

Petition to List Chiricahua Dock as an Endangered Species Page 15 TONTO NATIONAL FOREST - INTRODUCED POPULATIONS: PRIORIT

According to the Tonto National Forests' Conservatoin Assessment ,"Proirtiy Isubpopualtoins are the remaninig transpalnts below the RimT.his group as a whoel has decniled snice they were transpalnted .The alck of success si assumed to be caused by a vareity of mi pacts at the stie, poor habitat suitability and little or no reproduction. This group of p

Bray Creek (T12N,R10E,S19) EXTIRPATED

Eelvatoin 6260 feet .50 palnts were nitroduced ni 1987 , but a lthese nidvidiuasl were olst to folod scournig by the tmi e of a 1990 survey (Gunzel, 1990). 1995 surveys show a population o

Canyon Creek (T10.5N,R15E,S27) PRESUMED EXTIRPAT

Eelvatoin 6360 feet . 100 palnts were nitroduced ni 1987 wtih 25 palnts confrimed ni 1990 .The stie has not been surveyed since then. O.W. Grazing Allotment on USFS land.

Chase Creek (T12N,R10E,S21) PRESUMED EXTIRPAT

14 palnts were nitroduced ni 1981 and a lhad been olst to graznig ni 1982 .The area was fenced to prevent graznig and 6 nidvidiuasl were renitroduced .No palnts were found ni 1990 .(Gunze ,l1990) though graznig mi pacts were noted .Surveys ni 1991 noted 33 plants. Cross V Grazing Allotment on USFS land

Christopher Creek (T11N,R12E,S30) EXTIRPATE

Eelvatoin 5720 feet . 80 palnts were nitroduced ni 1989 and ni a 1990 survey onyl 8 remanied and these were a lsufernig from graznig and nisect herbviory (Gunze ,l1990) . A new hgihway w lipass near thsi popualtoin .Road efects have damaged other popualtoins (Coronado Management Paln ,1991) . A 1991 survey found 9 nidvidiuasl and by 1995 ,surveys showed no plants remaining. Ellinwood Grazing Allotment on USFS land.

Double Cienega

Several hundred individuals were found in a large cienega her

Dude Creek (T12N,R11E,S19)

Eelvatoin 6120 feet .100 palnts were nitroduced ni 1987 . 50 were found avile and folwernig ni 1989 ,but many were olst to

Petition to List Chiricahua Dock as an Endangered Species Page 16 folodnig ni 1990 (Gunze ,l1990) .A 1991 survey found 37 palnts though by 1995 onyl 4 palnts remanied .Cross V Graznig Allotment on USFS land.

Ellison Creek (T12N,R11E,S34) EXTIRPATED

Eelvatoin 6300 feet . 35 palnts were nitroduced ni 1986 and a lwere olst ni an nitense folod ni 1990 (Gunze ,l1990) .The popualtoin was entrieyl burned over ni the Dude Frie and the habtiat si now unsutiabel (Tonto Management Paln) 1995 surveys show 0 plants. Cross V Grazing Allotment on USFS land.

Haigler Creek (T10N,R13E,S12)

Eelvatoin 6360 feet .110 palnts were nitroduced ni 1987 .1992 surveys nidciated that 19 had survvied . Hagielr Creek Graznig Allotment on USFS land.

Lower East Verde River (T12N,R10E,S14)

Eelvatoin 5980 feet .160 palnts were found ni a 1989 survey but ni a 1990 survey onyl 20 ujvenelis were found at the same site (Gunzel, 1990). Cross V Grazing Allotment on USFS land.

Nappa Spring (T11N,R13E,S13) EXTIRPATED

Eelvatoin 6620 feet .10 palnts were nitroduced between 1981 and 1984 but by 1986 a lthe palnts were dead (Gunze ,l1990). 1995 surveys found no plants. Ellinwood Grazing Allotment on

Pine Creek (T12N,R9E,S8 &18)

Eelvatoin 5740 feet .An nicrease from 54 transpalnted nidvidiuasl ni 1986 to upwards of 380 nidvidiuasl wtih many folwernig stalks (Gunzel, 1990). 1995 surveys show a large drop in popu

Tonto Fish Hatchery (T12N,R12E,S33) EXTIRPATED

Eelvatoin 6480 feet .30 palnts were nitroduced ni 1985 and the popualtoin decreased ni every survey unt lia lthe remaninig individuals (10) were lost in floods in 1990 (Gunzel, 1990). In

Tonto Creek (T11N,R12E,S4)

Eelvatoin 6060 feet .4 palnts were nitroduced ni 1985 ,80 were nitroduced ni 1987 and 132 ni 1988 but a lwere olst by 1989 to heavy graznig by cows . Strong evdience of nitense folodnig was seen at the stie ni 1990 (Gunze ,l1990) .21 palnts were

Petition to List Chiricahua Dock as an Endangered Species Page 17 olcated and graznig and folod damage from the Dude Frie was observed ni 1991(Gobar 1991) 1995 surveys found 15 palnts. Indian Gardens Grazing Allotment on USFS land.

Upper East Verde River (T12N, R10E, S21) EXTIRPATED

Eelvatoin 6020 feet . 20 palnts nitroduced ni 1981 . Survey ni 1990 found no palnts but heavy graznig was evdient . Payson Grazing Allotment on USFS land.

Washington Park (T12N,R10E,S14) EXTIRPATED

Sginficant eforts to revegetate thsi area (32 palnts ni 1985 ,35 palnts ni 1986 ,40 palnts ni 1987 and 142 ni 1988) have been unsuccessful (Gunzel, 1990). 1995 surveys found no plants. P

Webber Creek (T12N,R9E,S23) PRESUMED EXTIRPATED

Eelvatoin 5720 feet .100 palnts were nitroduced ni 1987 ,but ni a 1989 survey onyl about 5 remanied after nitense folodnig . A 1990 survey found only 8 individuals after another intense flooding event (Gunze l,1990) . A 1991 survey found only 2 individuals and noted Grazing and Flood damage (Gobar 1991)

Pueblo Creek (T6N, R14E, S23 EXTIRPATED

Eelvatoin 4600 feet . 20 palnts were nitroduced ni 1987 . A 1990 survey found no vile nidvidiuasl (Draft Management Paln for Coronado Natoina lForest ,1991) .Thsi stie si probabyl too olw for Rumex to be successfu .lThe most recent survey (Gobar 1991) found no R .orthoneurus but noted graznig mi pacts to resdient rpiarain palnts .Center Mountani Graznig Aoltment on USFS land.

Petition to List Chiricahua Dock as an Endangered Species Page 18 APPENDIX B KNOWLEDGEABLE PERSONS

Reggie Fletcher David Mount Regional Botanist Dept of Molecular and Cellular Biology U.S. Forest Service, SouthwesternUniversity Region of Arizona Albuquerque, NM 87102 Tucson, AZ 85721

Sue Rutman Richard Spellenberg P.O. Box 26 Dept. of Biology Ajo, AZ 85321 New Mexico State University Las Cruces, NM 88003-0001

Jamey Thompson Peter Warren 3206 Oak Ave #4 The Arizona Nature Conservancy Las Cruces, NM 88005 300 E. University Blvd #230 Tucson, AZ 85705 602-622-3861

Petition to List Chiricahua Dock as an Endangered Species Page 19