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Parazitičtí Korýši Afrických Sladkovodních Ryb

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Parazitičtí Korýši Afrických Sladkovodních Ryb MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA PŘÍRODOVĚDECKÁ FAKULTA ÚSTAV BOTANIKY A ZOOLOGIE PARAZITIČTÍ KORÝŠI AFRICKÝCH SLADKOVODNÍCH RYB Bakalářská práce Robert Míč Vedoucí práce: RNDr. Martina Dávidová, Ph.D. Brno 2016 Bibliografický záznam Autor: Robert Míč Přírodovědecká fakulta, Masarykova univerzita Ústav botaniky a zoologie Název práce: Parazitičtí korýši afrických sladkovodních ryb Studijní program: Ekologická a evoluční biologie Studijní obor: Ekologická a evoluční biologie Vedoucí práce: RNDr. Martina Dávidová, Ph.D. Akademický rok: 2015/2016 Počet stran: 64 Klíčová slova: parazitičtí korýši; Afrika; sladkovodní ryby; diverzita; Súdán Bibliographic Entry Author Robert Míč Faculty of Science, Masaryk University Department of Botany and Zoology Title of Thesis: Parasitic crustaceans of African freshwater fishes Degree programme: Ecological and Evolutionary Biology Field of Study: Ecological and Evolutionary Biology Supervisor: RNDr. Martina Dávidová, Ph.D. Academic Year: 2015/2016 Number of Pages: 64 Keywords: parasitic crustaceans; Africa; freshwater fishes; diversity; Sudan Abstrakt Tato bakalářská práce se zabývá problematikou parazitických korýšů afrických sladkovodních ryb. Práce je rozdělena do dvou částí. První část práce představuje korýše jako skupinu, zejména jejich adaptace k parazitickému způsobu života (morfologie, životní cykly, způsob přichycení) a systematiku. Prezentováni jsou parazitičtí zástupci tříd Copepoda, Branchiura a řádu Isopoda, kteří se v Africe vyskytují. Práce je doplněna o přehled parazitických korýšů sladkovodních ryb s odkazy na práce, jež o jednotlivých druzích pojednávají. Druhá, praktická část, vyhodnocuje diverzitu korýšů parazitujících u sladkovodních ryb z povodí Bílého a Modrého Nilu v Súdánu pomocí morfologicko- molekulárních metod. Celkově bylo v letech 2010 a 2014 vyšetřeno 424 ryb 53 různých druhů. Nalezeno bylo 180 jedinců parazitických korýšů, kteří patří do rodů Ergasilus (3 druhy), Lamproglena (5 druhů), Lernaea (1 druh) a Argulus (3 druhy). Celková prevalence napadení ryb byla nízká. U vybraných jedinců (22) byla provedena molekulární analýza parciálních sekvencí 18S a 28S rDNA. Abstract This bachelor’s thesis is dealing with parasitic crustaceans of African freshwater fishes. The thesis is divided into two parts. The first part of the thesis presents crustaceans as a group, mainly their adaptations for a parasitic lifestyle (morphology, life cycles, attachment to their hosts) and the taxonomy of crustaceans. Parasitic species of classes Copepoda, Branchiura and order Isopoda that are found in Africa are also presented. The thesis is further supplemented with a list of all parasitic crustaceans of freshwater fishes that were recorded in Africa, with references provided for each species. The second, more practical part evaluates diversity of freshwater crustaceans on fishes of White and Blue Nile basin in Sudan, using morphological-molecular methods. In total, during the periods 2010 to 2014, there were 424 fishes of 53 different species examined. The results revealed 180 specimens of parasitic crustaceans, which belong to genuses Ergasilus (3 species), Lamproglena (5 species), Lernaea (1 species) and Argulus (3 species). Total prevalence of fish infection was low. The molecular analysis of partial sequences 18S and 28S rDNA was performed on chosen specimens (22). Poděkování Rád bych na tomto místě poděkoval vedoucí mé baklářské práce RNDr. Martině Dávidové, Ph.D. za odborné vedení, poskytnutí cenných rad, článků, publikací a za její trpělivý a ochotný přístup. Velký dík patří také Mgr. Márii Seifertové, Ph.D. za vysvětlení a pomoc s molekulární analýzou. V neposlední řadě také děkuji RNDr. Radimu Blažkovi za poskytnutí informací ohledně sběru materiálu, lokalitách a poskytnutí fotografií. Děkuji také za podporu mé rodině a přítelkyni Shivaun. Prohlášení Prohlašuji, že jsem svoji bakalářskou práci vypracoval samostatně s využitím informačních zdrojů, které jsou v práci citovány. Brno 29. dubna 2016 ……………………………… Jméno Příjmení OBSAH OBSAH ................................................................................................................................................... 9 ÚVOD ................................................................................................................................................... 10 1. LITERÁRNÍ PŘEHLED ............................................................................................................... 11 1.1. Obecná charakteristika korýšů .............................................................................................. 11 1.2. Parazitičí korýši ryb .............................................................................................................. 13 1.3. Diverzita parazitických korýšů afrických sladkovodních ryb ............................................... 14 1.3.1. Klanonožci (Copepoda) ..................................................................................................... 15 1.3.1.1. Čeleď Ergasilidae ...................................................................................................... 17 Charakteristika rodů ................................................................................................................. 18 1.3.1.2. Čeleď Lernaeidae ...................................................................................................... 19 Charakteristika rodů .................................................................................................................. 22 1.3.1.3. Další parazitičtí klanonožci prokázaní v Africe ........................................................ 23 1.3.2. Kapřivci (Branchiura) ....................................................................................................... 24 Charakteristika rodů ................................................................................................................. 26 1.3.3. Isopoda .............................................................................................................................. 27 Charakteristika rodů ................................................................................................................. 27 2. PRAKTICKÁ ČÁST ..................................................................................................................... 29 2.1. Charakteristika území ................................................................................................................ 29 2.2. Metodika sběru .......................................................................................................................... 31 2.3. Determinace parazitických korýšů ............................................................................................ 35 2.4. Základní epidemiologické charakteristiky ................................................................................ 35 2.5. Analýza molekulárních dat ........................................................................................................ 36 3. VÝSLEDKY ................................................................................................................................. 37 4. DISKUZE ...................................................................................................................................... 42 ZÁVĚR ................................................................................................................................................. 44 SEZNAM LITERATURY .................................................................................................................... 45 PŘÍLOHY ............................................................................................................................................. 54 9 ÚVOD Jedním z mnoha vztahů, jež můžeme nalézt v přírodě, je parazitismus. Jedná se o takovou situaci, kdy jeden organismus (parazit) žije celý svůj život, či alespoň část z něj na úkor jiného organismu (hostitele), přičemž parazit má z tohoto vztahu prospěch, kdežto hostitel naopak strádá. Na rozdíl od vztahu dravec - kořist, parazit zpravidla svého hostitele okamžitě neusmrcuje, zbavil by se zdroje existence, ale naopak je s ním v určitém rovnovážném stavu, který je udržován vzájemným působením obranných schopností hostitelského organismu na straně jedné a schopností parazita poškozovat tento organismus na straně druhé. V případě, že rovnovážnost stavu se posouvá ve prospěch hostitele, dochází buď k částečné, nebo i úplné redukci parazitů, v opačném případě pak může dojít ke smrti hostitele (Ergens a Lom, 1970). Parazitismus má mnoho forem a nevyhnou se mu ani obyvatelé vodního prostředí. Voda je pro obratlovce náročné médium. Obsahuje méně kyslíků než vzduch, naopak je ale mnohem hustší a viskóznější. S hloubkou vzrůstá tlak, zatímco dostupnost světla se snižuje. Nicméně, ryby se nejenom dokáží vyrovnat s těmito fyzikálními změnami a omezeními, ale také dominují vodnímu prostředí na planetě (Kearn, 2004). Afrika je kontinent s velkou biologickou diverzitou. To platí jak pro ryby jakožto hostitele, tak i jejich parazity. Tato práce je zaměřena na parazitické korýše sladkovodních ryb, jež se na tomto kontinentě vyskytují. Primárním cílem bakalářské práce je shrnout poznatky týkající se jejich biologie, distribuce, strategii rozmnožování a morfologických adaptací k parazitismu. Cílem praktické části bylo pomocí morfologicko-molekulárních metod vyhodnotit diverzitu korýšů parazitujících u ryb z povodí Bílého a Modrého Nilu v Súdánu, kde pracovní skupina z Parazitologie,
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