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FGF20 and DKK1 Are Transcriptional Targets of Catenin and FGF20 Is The EMBO Journal (2005) 24, 73–84 | & 2005 European Molecular Biology Organization | All Rights Reserved 0261-4189/05 www.embojournal.org THE EMBO JOJOURNALUR NAL FGF-20 and DKK1 are transcriptional targets of b-catenin and FGF-20 is implicated in cancer and development Mario N Chamorro1,4, Introduction Donald R Schwartz2,5, Alin Vonica3,5, Wnt proteins are secreted glycoproteins that bind and acti- Ali H Brivanlou3, Kathleen R Cho2 1, vate two classes of co-receptors, LDL-related proteins (LRPs) and Harold E Varmus * and members of the Frizzled protein family. Signaling in- 1Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, itiated by Wnts and their receptors controls a wide variety of Varmus Laboratory, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, cell processes, including cell fate specification, differentia- NY, USA, 2Department of Pathology, The University of Michigan Medical 3 tion, migration, and polarity (reviewed in Peifer and Polakis, School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA, The Laboratory of Vertebrate Embryology, b The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA and 4Cell Biology 2000). -Catenin is the major effector of the canonical Wnt Program, Cornell University, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences, signaling pathway. In the absence of Wnt, cytosolic b-catenin New York, NY, USA forms a complex with Axin and adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) proteins, and is rapidly degraded by the ubiquitina- b-catenin is the major effector of the canonical Wnt signal- tion–proteosome system. Wnt signaling inactivates the ing pathway. Mutations in components of the pathway that b-catenin destruction complex, so that b-catenin is stabilized, stabilize b-catenin result in augmented gene transcription accumulates in the cytoplasm and nucleus, and forms hetero- and play a major role in many human cancers. We em- dimers with the DNA-binding factors belonging to the LEF/ ployed microarrays to identify transcriptional targets of TCF family (reviewed in Huelsken and Behrens, 2002). As a deregulated b-catenin in a human epithelial cell line (293) result, significant changes occur in the gene expression engineered to produce mutant b-catenin and in ovarian program (reviewed in Hecht and Kemler, 2000; Miller et al, endometrioid adenocarcinomas characterized with respect 2001). In addition, Wnt signaling can be antagonized extra- to mutations affecting the Wnt/b-catenin pathway. Two cellularly by secreted factors such as Wnt inhibitory factor-1 genes strongly induced in both systems—FGF20 and (WIF-1), Cerberus, members of the Dickkopf (DKK) family, DKK1—were studied in detail. Elevated levels of FGF20 and soluble Frizzled-related proteins (sFRP) (Kawano and RNA were also observed in adenomas from mice carrying Kypta, 2003). Min the Apc allele. Both XFGF20 and Xdkk-1 are expressed Genetic alterations that stabilize b-catenin are found in early in Xenopus embryogenesis under the control of the tumors in mice and humans. The most commonly observed Wnt signaling pathway. Furthermore, FGF20 and DKK1 genetic alterations involve either the loss of APC or Axin or appear to be direct targets for b-catenin/TCF transcrip- mutations that affect the amino-terminus of b-catenin, all tional regulation via LEF/TCF-binding sites. Finally, by occurring in a mutually exclusive manner, and the most using small inhibitory RNAs specific for FGF20, we show commonly affected organs are the colon, liver, skin, stomach, that continued expression of FGF20 is necessary for main- ovaries, pancreas, and prostate. For example, loss of APC tenance of the anchorage-independent growth state in occurs in 70–80% of human colorectal cancers (reviewed in RK3E cells transformed by b-catenin, implying that FGF- Bienz and Clevers, 2000) and mutations affecting b-catenin 20 may be a critical element in oncogenesis induced by the are found in about half of the remaining tumors, implying Wnt signaling pathway. that stabilization of b-catenin is a major early event in colonic þ The EMBO Journal (2005) 24, 73–84. doi:10.1038/ carcinogenesis. Similarly, in ApcMin/ mice, the loss of the sj.emboj.7600460; Published online 9 December 2004 wild-type allele initiates adenoma formation (Moser et al, Subject Categories: signal transduction; molecular biology 1993; Oshima et al, 1995), and expression of an oncogenic of disease form of b-catenin produces adenomas in the mouse intestine Keywords: b-catenin; DKK1; FGF-20; Wnt signaling; Xenopus (Romagnolo et al, 1999). laevis Identification of the transcriptional targets of the Wnt/ b-catenin signaling pathway is a potentially important means to understand the role of the canonical pathway in oncogen- esis and development. A number of candidate target genes have been identified in human cell lines and tumors. (For more information on Wnt pathway targets, consult the Wnt webpage at www.stanford.edu/~rnusse/wntwindow.html.) *Corresponding author. Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Our objective in the study reported here has been to Sloan-Kettering Institute, Varmus Laboratory-RRL717, Memorial b Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, Box 62, New York, identify novel -catenin target genes that are regulated NY 10021, USA. Tel.: þ 1 212 639 6561; Fax: þ 1 212 717 3125; directly by DNA binding of b-catenin/TCF heterodimers and E-mail: [email protected] are potentially relevant to carcinogenesis. To this end, we 5 These authors contributed equally to this work employed microarray technology to identify genes with sig- Received: 4 June 2004; accepted: 6 October 2004; published online: nificantly altered levels of expression in human epithelial 9 December 2004 (293) cells expressing mutant (stabilized) b-catenin in which &2005 European Molecular Biology Organization The EMBO Journal VOL 24 | NO 1 | 2005 73 FGF-20 and DKK1 are targets of b-catenin MN Chamorro et al serine 37 has been replaced with alanine; we then compared Genes previously reported to be regulated by b-catenin- a list of these genes to a similar list obtained using the same mediated Wnt signaling, such as CCND1 (CyclinD1), ENC1, methods to measure the abundance of RNAs in a well- ABCB1 (MDR1), LEF1, ENPP2 (Autotaxin), MSX1, and MSX2, characterized set of primary human ovarian endometrioid were among the genes upregulated in the 293 cells expressing adenocarcinomas (OEAs) with and without Wnt pathway b-cateninS37A, as compared to the 293 cells expressing GFP defects (Wu et al, 2001). Merging of microarray data from (Supplementary Table 1S). Among the top 20 upregulated cell culture and OEA tumors revealed at least 17 genes that genes, we identified several known or suspected proto-onco- are regulated in common when similar criteria were applied. genes, such as FGF20 (Jeffers et al, 2001), ETV5 (Ets-5) Two such genes, FGF20, a putative proto-oncogene (Jeffers (Dhulipal, 1997), LMO2 (Rabbitts et al, 1997; Hacein- et al, 2001), and DKK1, a Wnt pathway antagonist (Glinka Bey-Abina et al, 2003), and some genes implicated in Wnt et al, 1998), were studied in greater detail in mouse and signaling, such as DKK1 (Glinka et al, 1998) and WNT11 human tumors, in frog development, in tests of the direct (Table I). Reverse transcription followed by semiquantitative action of b-catenin-TCF heterodimers on gene expression, polymerase chain reaction-mediated amplification (RT–PCR and in tests for a role of FGF20 during maintenance of the assay) was used to confirm the findings, with some of the b-catenin-induced transformed state. We present evidence most dramatically upregulated genes by microarray tests supporting the conclusions that FGF20 and DKK1 are directly (Figure 1A). regulated by b-catenin during development and tumorigen- FGF20 mRNA is undetectable in 293Top cells that express esis, and that continued expression of FGF20 is required to GFP, although readily observed in cells expressing activated maintain the anchorage-independent growth state established b-catenin. In a survey of normal human tissues with RT–PCR by Wnt/b-catenin signaling. assays, FGF20 RNA was found exclusively in the adult central nervous system, suggesting that expression of FGF20 is tightly controlled in normal development. The gene is, however, Results expressed in human cancers; for example, FGF20 RNA was Genes regulated by mutant b-catenin in a human detected in five of 15 human colon cancer cell lines (Jeffers epithelial cell line et al, 2001). One of those lines, the SW480 line, is known to In an initial effort to identify genes regulated by mutant have deregulated b-catenin due to loss of APC (Munemitsu b-catenin, whether directly or indirectly, we used an efficient et al, 1995). We have corroborated this finding with SW480 virus-based gene delivery system to introduce mutant cells, and we have also found FGF20 RNA in the ovarian b-catenin into virtually all cells in a cultured epithelial cell endometrioid cell line TOV112D, which contains mutant form line, the human embryonic kidney cell line 293. This of b-catenin (Figure 1B). In contrast, FGF20 RNA is not approach obviated a need to select individual clones of detectable in TOV21G or LS123, ovarian and colorectal carci- b-catenin-expressing cells and thus minimized variations noma lines respectively, harboring wild-type b-catenin in gene expression that might have been attributed to clonal (Rutzky et al, 1983; Wu et al, 2001; MN Chamorro, unpub- variation. lished data, 2004; Figure 1B). 293 cells were engineered to produce Tva, the avian Prior studies have shown that activated mutants of leukosis subgroup A virus receptor, allowing efficient infec- b-catenin promote neoplastic transformation of RK3E cells, tion by the avian retroviral vector RCAS (Fisher et al, 1999). a rat epithelial cell line (Kolligs et al, 1999). In agreement In addition, the b-catenin/TCF reporter construct, pOT, was with our expression profile of FGF20 in 293Top cells, FGF20 inserted in the genome of this cell line to monitor b-catenin/ RNA is readily detectable in the b-catenin-transformed RK3E TCF activity (Rubinfeld et al, 1993).
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