Photosynthesis: I Course: Plant Physiology and Biochemistry (M.Sc)

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Photosynthesis: I Course: Plant Physiology and Biochemistry (M.Sc) Photosynthesis: I Course: Plant Physiology and Biochemistry (M.Sc) Pratibha Singh Department of Botany Photosynthesis is a process by which some unique living organism converts light energy in to chemical energy. The light is used to produce reducing equivalents (NADPH) and these reducing equivalents are used in the process of reduction of CO2 to sugars. : algae, blue green algae, plants, sulfur bacteria (1.1) Here H2A is electron donor CO2 is electron acceptor H2A =H2O in oxygenic (Oxygen releasing) photosynthetic organism; algae and plants H2A=H2S in anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria; purple sulfur bacteria Equation No. 1.1 was given by C.V Neil upon finding that in some bacteria H2S is used as substrate rather than H2O *why oxygen and sulfur?? as both belong to the same group in periodic table, however oxidation of H2S will release lesser energy as compared to H2O as sulfur is more electrpositive and donate electron easily as compared to oxygen. Equation 1.1. also suggest that oxygen evolved by oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria comes from Water molecule and not from CO2 This was further shown by Robert Hill (the scientist who was also involved in studying oxygen binding activity of hemoglobin )in 1937 Hill reaction: 2 H2O + 2 A + (light, chloroplasts) → 2 AH2 + O2 A: electron acceptor 1. Chloroplast isolated 2. Chloroplast treated with light 3. Recorded oxygen evolution using hemoglobin. Hill harnessed the change in spectral property of hemoglobin upon oxygen binding as a measure of oxygen evolution 4. Amount of oxygen released was higher in the presence and absence of artificial electron acceptor (ferric oxalate salts) Conclusion: Photosynthetic cells only evolve oxygen in light when in the presence of extracts of leaves or certain ferric salts, and do not evolve oxygen from carbon dioxide. Proc R Soc London Ser B 127: 192–210 So the overall reaction is: History: 1. Jan Baptist van Helmont (17th century): Plant take water in highest amount from soil as compared to other nutrient 2. Joseph Priestley (1772): Plant releases some gas which keeps the candle burning and mouse alive in a sealed jar. 3. Jan Ingenhousz and Jean Senebier found that the air is only reviving in the day time indicating the role of light in photosynthesis. 4. Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier called that “revived air” is a separate gas, oxygen. 5. Thomas Engelmann (1881): First action spectrum was made. He found that oxygen is evolved only in presence of blue and red light indicating that the pigment that utilizes light to perform photosynthesis is green in colour 6. Frederick Blackman (1905): Law of limiting fatcor. 7. Otto Warburg (1922-23): measured maximum quantum yield in chlorella. 8. Thunberg (1923): hypothesized that Photosynthesis is a redox process. 9. van Niel (1929): Photosynthesis is a redox process in which CO2 is reduced and H2O is oxidized. 10.Emerson and Arnold in 1932: gave the concept of chlorophyll containing photosynthetic unit 11. Robin Hill: Oxygen is evolved from illuminated chloroplast upon oxidation of water. Sam Ruben later confirmed that oxygen is released by oxidation of water using O18 labelled water as substrate 12. Warburg (1943): Concept of Red Drop 13. Emerson (): Enhancement effect Photosynthesis Research 38: 185-209, Role of light in photosynthesis?? General concept 1. Dual nature of light: Light behave as wave and particle both. A transverse wave of velocity 3X108 (C) C= νλ As a wave the photosythetic active radiation (PAR) is in visible light range (400- 700 nm)for higher plants. The particle nature of light suggest that Light is a discrete packet of quanta called photon. Each photon is associated with energy directly proportional to the frequency of light E=hν Here h is Planck’s constant=6.63X10-34 Js The einstein is a unit of energy in one mole of photons . Microenstein per second per square meter is generally used in photosynthesis for PAR 1. Absorption spectrum: An absorption spectrum depicts the amount of light energy taken up or absorbed by a molecule 2. Chlorophyll upon absorption of light change its electronic state Chl + hν → Chl* 3. Chlorophyll a and b is abundant in plants Absorption spectra of some photosynthetic pigments. 1: bacteriochlorophyll a; 2: chlorophyll a; 3:chlorophyll b; 4: phycoerythrobilin; 5:β-carotene. (After Avers 1985.) Action spectrum: It depicts the magnitude of a response of a biological system to light, as a function of wavelength. • First action spectra were measured by T. W. Engelmann in the late 1800s 1. He projected a spectrum of light onto the filamentous green alga Spirogyra 2. observed that oxygen-seeking bacteria introduced into the system collected in the region of the spectrum where chlorophyll 3. pigments absorb that is collection of bacteria was in red and blue region. As absorption and action spectra of chlorophyll a is similar it was proposed that chlorophyll is the molecule involved directly in photosynthesis Source: Taiz and zeiger Structure of chlorophyll The key feature of the chlorophyll structure: 1. Have porphyrin-like ring structure with a magnesium atom (Mg) coordinated in the center, plannar sheet structure which allow the head to burry itself to protein. 2. long hydrophobic hydrocarbon tail that anchors them in the photosynthetic membrane 3. Conjugate double bond that allow these molecule to absorb light Carotenoids : Carotenoids are linear polyenes that serve as both antenna pigments and photoprotective agents. Bilin pigments:are open-chain tetrapyrroles found in antenna structures known as phycobilisomes that occur in cyanobacteria and red algae Light absorption and emission by chlorophyll. 1. Chlorophyll absorbs light in the blue and red region 2. Upon light absorption, the electronic arrangement is changed and enters in to excited state. 3. The excited chlorophyll has to dissipates its energy in order to come in to ground state 4. There are different ways Source: Taiz and Zeiger to loose the energy a) Heat loss b) Fluorescence c) Energy transfer d) Photochemistry .
Recommended publications
  • Plant Physiology General the Main Light Sensitive Pigment Able to Absorb Solar Energy in Both Plants and Algae Is
    Plant Physiology General the main light sensitive pigment able to absorb solar energy in both plants and algae is chlorophyll Photosynthesis this chlorophyll is contained with the chloroplasts probably the most characteristic “thing” that plants plants also have other “accessory pigments”: “do” is photosynthesis carotenoids – mainly yellow, orange almost all plants are autotrophs but usually their colors are masked by an abundance of !use energy from the sun to make sugar and chlorophyll other organic molecules out of simple fall colors are seen as a deciduous plant shuts down nutrients and chlorophyll is broken down and recycled leaving the colors of the other pigments photosynthesis requires carbon dioxide & water reds come from anthocyanins made to protect leaves as they recycle nutrients from the breakdown of chlorophyll CO2 enters through stomata or pores [Application] water is absorbed through roots researchers are studying the structure of the chloroplasts to light improve efficiency in the design of solar collectors CO2 + H2O sugar + O2 chlorophyll (glucose) today (2006) the most efficient solar cells capture only ~17% of solar energy that lands on them, while plant [photosynthesis converts water and carbon dioxide cell capture 30-40% to sugar and oxygen] !these sugars can then be broken down as needed for energy photosynthesis uses several chemical pigment to absorb the energy from sunlight Plants: Plant Physiology - General, Ziser, Lecture Notes, 2012.10 1 Plants: Plant Physiology - General, Ziser, Lecture Notes, 2012.10 2 Plant
    [Show full text]
  • BIL 161: Environment and Development: the Effects of Environmental Variables on Seed Germination
    BIL 161: Environment and Development: The Effects of Environmental Variables on Seed Germination The seed is more than just a plant waiting to happen. It is a complex marvel of evolution, a miniature life-support system that responds to environmental cues in order to give the embryo nestled within the best chance of survival. I. Characteristics and Classification of Plants Plants share synapomorphies that set them apart from other organisms. 1. true tissues (of types unique to plants) 2. waxy cuticle (to prevent desiccation) 3. stomates (microscopic gas exchange pores on the leaves) 4. apical meristems (permanent embryonic tissue for constant growth) 5. multicellular sex organs (male antheridia and female archegonia) 6. walled spores produced in structures called sporangia 7. embryo development inside the female parent 8. secondary metabolites (alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, etc.) 9. heteromorphic alternation of generations The most primitive plants do not produce seeds at all, but rather release spores into the environment where they grow into a second life cycle stage, called the gametophyte. In seed plants, the life cycle is highly derived. Seed plants still make spores, but each spore grows into a gametophyte that is little more than a bit of tissue that gives rise to gametes. In the male parts of the plant, each spore develops into a sperm-producing male gametophyte known as pollen. In the female parts of the plant, meiosis occurs inside a structure known as the ovule, which will eventually give rise to the seed. Plants can broadly be classified as follows. A. Bryophytes – non-vascular plants (mosses, liverworts and hornworts) B.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Physiology
    PLANT PHYSIOLOGY Vince Ördög Created by XMLmind XSL-FO Converter. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY Vince Ördög Publication date 2011 Created by XMLmind XSL-FO Converter. Table of Contents Cover .................................................................................................................................................. v 1. Preface ............................................................................................................................................ 1 2. Water and nutrients in plant ............................................................................................................ 2 1. Water balance of plant .......................................................................................................... 2 1.1. Water potential ......................................................................................................... 3 1.2. Absorption by roots .................................................................................................. 6 1.3. Transport through the xylem .................................................................................... 8 1.4. Transpiration ............................................................................................................. 9 1.5. Plant water status .................................................................................................... 11 1.6. Influence of extreme water supply .......................................................................... 12 2. Nutrient supply of plant .....................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Philosophy of the Tracer Methods
    Technical Information Philosophy of the Tracer Methods A. A. BENSON Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093 ラ ジ オ ア イ ソ トー プ が サ イ ク ロ ト ロ ン で 製 造 さ れ は じめ た1930年 代 か ら40年 代 に か け てErnest Lawrence教 授 を 中 心 にSam Ruben博 士,Martin Kamen博 士 ら は ラ ジ オ ア イ ソ トー プ の ト レ ー サ ー 実 験 を 開 始 し た,本 稿 は サ イ ク ロ ト ロ ン で 製 造 さ れ た 半 減 期20分 の11Cを 使 っ て 寸 秒 を 惜 ん で 行 わ れ た 活 気 に 満 ち た 初 期 の こ ろ の 様 子 。Kamenお よ びRuben両 氏 に よ る14Cの 発 見 と, そ れ に 続 く輝 か し い 多 くの 成 果 が 得 られ た 熱 気 に 満 ち た カ リ ホ ル ニ ア 大 学,ロ ー レ ン ス 研 究 所 の 人 々 の 活 躍 ぶ り,放 射 性 人 間 と い わ れ たKamen博 士 の 奮 斗 ぶ り,壮 絶 なRuben博 士 の 殉 職 の 事 件 な ど,当 時 い っ し ょ に 協 同 研 究 を して お ら れ たAndrewA. Benson教 授 が 直 接 語 ら れ た き わ め て 貴 重 な 資 料 で あ る 。 こ の 講 演 は1976年9月10日 他 団 体 と 日本 ア イ ソ トー プ 協 会 農 業 生 物 部 会 の 共 催 で 行 わ れ た 。 It is a privilege to discuss tracer methodo- radioisotope discovery and a birhtplace for logy with you today.
    [Show full text]
  • Read This Issue
    Look to the rock from which you were hewn Vol. 28, No. 1, Winter 2004 chicago jewish historical society chicago jewish history IN THIS ISSUE Martin D. Kamen— Science & Politics in the Nuclear Age From the Archives: Synagogue Project Dr. Louis D. Boshes —Memorial Essay & Oral History Excerpts “The Man with the Golden Fingers” Report: Speaker Ruth M. Rothstein at CJHS Meeting Harold Fox measures Rabbi Morris Gutstein of Congregation Shaare Tikvah for a kosher suit. Courtesy of Harold Fox. African-American (Nate Duncan), and one Save the Date—Sunday, March 21 Mexican (Hilda Portillo)—who reminisce Author Carolyn Eastwood to Present about interactions in the old neighborhood and tell of their struggles to save it and the “Maxwell Street Kaleidoscope” Maxwell Street Market that was at its core. at Society Open Meeting Near West Side Stories is the winner of a Book Achievement Award from the Midwest Dr. Carolyn Eastwood will present “Maxwell Street Independent Publishers’ Association. Kaleidoscope,” at the Society’s next open meeting, Sunday, There will be a book-signing at the March 21 in the ninth floor classroom of Spertus Institute, 618 conclusion of the program. South Michigan Avenue. A social with refreshments will begin at Carolyn Eastwood is an adjunct professor 1:00 p.m. The program will begin at 2:00 p.m. Invite your of Anthropology at the College of DuPage friends—admission is free and open to the public. and at Roosevelt University. She is a member The slide lecture is based on Dr. Eastwood’s book, Near West of the CJHS Board of Directors and serves as Side Stories: Struggles for Community in Chicago’s Maxwell Street recording secretary.
    [Show full text]
  • Path of Electrons in Photosynthesis
    Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 73, No. 12, pp. 4502-4505, December 1976 Botany Path of electrons in photosynthesis (energy levels of chlorophyll/delayed light/semiconductors/carotene diode/system I and II) WILLIAM ARNOLD Biology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830 Contributed by William Arnold, September 20, 1976 ABSTRACT Electrons, from the oxidation of water, inside The redox level for the oxidation of water to 02 is at +0.815 the grana disks (thylakoids) are transferred across the membrane V. It is generally found that to make the reaction go, an over- to the outside, to the Calvin cycle or the Hill oxidant. The span voltage of about 0.5 V is needed. in redox level may be 2.3 V. Part of the system II chlorophyll is on the inside of the membrane and part on the outside. An The chlorophyll apparatus must be able to lift an electron electron trap is embedded in the membrane. Alternately, an from +1.3 to -1.0 V, a total span of about 2.3 V. excited chlorophyll on the inside gives an electron to the trap, Enhancement. Emerson discovered that with monochro- and an excited chlorophyll on the outside gives a hole to the trap. as one goes through the spectrum the 02 production Two quanta move an electron from inside to outside. The matic light, charging of this condenser drives the redox levels on the inside goes to zero at a shorter wavelength than the absorption of positive and those on the outside negative. The final voltages chlorophyll does (3).
    [Show full text]
  • Radiocarbon Revolution Chris Turney Applauds a Book on Carbon-14 and Its Key Applications
    JAMES KING-HOLMES/SPL JAMES A human femur, thought to be from medieval times, being sampled for carbon dating. GEOSCIENCE Radiocarbon revolution Chris Turney applauds a book on carbon-14 and its key applications. t is nearly 80 years since the discovery — whose discoveries the carefully gathered sample and found that of carbon-14, a radioactive isotope of made possible the it was measurably radioactive. The story of the sixth element. Because its decay can theory, practice and 14C thus began with a dose of high drama. Ibe used to track the passage of time, radio- further findings we Originally expected to have a half-life of carbon has made myriad contributions now take for granted. just minutes or hours, this heavy form of car- across the Earth, environmental, biological There’s enough to sat- bon was considered a low research priority. and archaeological sciences. In the wonder- isfy the most in satiable But Kamen and Ruben’s efforts proved that fully engaging Hot Carbon, oceanographer informavore. it would be stable over millennia, opening up John Marra takes this story much further, Hot Carbon starts a breathtaking number of research avenues exploring not just the science, but why we with the extraordi- (its half-life of 5,730 years was determined should care about it. nary story of chemist Hot Carbon: some years later). Kamen never received the Carbon-14 and Radiocarbon is scarce in nature, formed in Martin Kamen, born a Revolution in credit he deserved, becoming a victim of the the upper atmosphere through the interaction in Canada to Russian Science US anti-communist fervour of the 1940s and of cosmic rays with nitrogen.
    [Show full text]
  • Thesis Final Final Version
    © 2009 Erhan Ilkmen ALL RIGHTS RESERVED INTRACAVITY OPTOGALVANIC SPECTROSCOPY FOR RADIOCARBON ANALYSIS WITH ATTOMOLE SENSITIVITY By Erhan Ilkmen A dissertation submitted to the Graduate School – Newark Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Program in Applied Physics Written under the direction of Professor Daniel E. Murnick and approved by Newark, New Jersey October 2009 ABSTRACT Intracavity Optogalvanic Spectroscopy - Radiocarbon Analysis With Attomole Sensitivity By Erhan Ilkmen Thesis Director: Professor Daniel E. Murnick Carbon-14 (radiocarbon) is a naturally occurring radioactive isotope of carbon, having an extremely low natural abundance in living organisms ( 14 C/C ~ 10 -12 ) and a long half life of ~ 5730 years. These properties make it an ideal organic tracer for various applications in biological, pharmaceutical and environmental sciences as well as carbon dating. Today, the state of the art radiocarbon quantitation technique is Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) which is based on ion counting using a several megavolt tandem electrostatic accelerator as a mass spectrometer. Although AMS sets the standard for high sensitivity detection, its size, cost and complexity as an analysis system, limits its wide and routine use especially in laboratory or field applications. In this thesis, a new ultra- sensitive laser based analytical technique that can quantify attomoles of 14 C in submicrogram samples is demonstrated. The new system exhibits similar or better measurement capabilities as AMS, in sensitivity ( 14 C/C ≤ 10 -15 ), precision ( ≤3%) and accuracy ( ≤5%). Additional advantages include non destructive analysis capability, small size, being a table top instrument, high sample throughput capability via flow processing and the potential to be coupled to GC/LC instrumentation.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Physiology and Biochemistry
    BSCBO- 303 B.Sc. III YEAR Plant Physiology and Biochemistry DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY SCHOOL OF SCIENCES UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY BSCBO-303 Expert Committee Prof. J. C. Ghildiyal Prof. G.S. Rajwar Retired Principal Principal Government PG College Government PG College Karnprayag Augustmuni Prof. Lalit Tewari Dr. Hemant Kandpal Department of Botany School of Health Science DSB Campus, Uttarakhand Open University Kumaun University, Nainital Haldwani Dr. Pooja Juyal Department of Botany School of Sciences Uttarakhand Open University, Haldwani Board of Studies Prof. Y. S. Rawat Prof. C.M. Sharma Department of Botany Department of Botany DSB Campus, Kumoun University HNB Garhwal Central University, Nainital Srinagar Prof. R.C. Dubey Prof. P.D.Pant Head, Department of Botany Director I/C, School of Sciences Gurukul Kangri University Uttarakhand Open University Haridwar Haldwani Dr. Pooja Juyal Department of Botany School of Sciences Uttarakhand Open University, Haldwani Programme Coordinator Dr. Pooja Juyal Department of Botany School of Sciences Uttarakhand Open University Haldwani, Nainital UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY Page 1 PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY BSCBO-303 Unit Written By: Unit No. 1. Dr. Urmila Rana 1 & 2 Asst. Professor, Department of Botany, Pauri Campus, H.N.B. Garhwal University, Pauri, Uttarakhand 2. Dr. Shweta Kukreti 3 Asst. Professor, Department of Botany, Pauri Campus, H.N.B. Garhwal University, Pauri, Uttarakhand 3- Dr. Nishesh Sharma 4 Asst. Professor, Department of Biotechnology, Uttaranchal College of Applied and Life Science Uttaranchal University, Dehradun 4. Dr. Deepika Upadhyay 5 & 6 Asst. Professor, Department of Microbiology Chinmaya Degree College, BHEL, Haridwar 5- Dr. Manish Belwal 7 & 8 Asst Prof., Department of Botany Govt.
    [Show full text]
  • Chlorophyll, Ribulose-1 , 5-Diphosphate Carboxylase, and Hill Reaction Activity in Developing Leaves of Populus Deltoides
    Plant Physiol. (1971) 48, 143-145 Chlorophyll, Ribulose-1 , 5-diphosphate Carboxylase, and Hill Reaction Activity in Developing Leaves of Populus deltoides Received for publication November 24, 1970 DONALD I. DICKMANN1 Institute ofForest Genetics, North Central Forest Experiment Station, United States Department ofAgriculture Forest Service, Rhinelander, Wisconsin 54501 ABSTRACT CO_ Exchange Measurements. Rates of net photosynthesis The synthesis of chlorophyll and ribulose diphosphate car- of individual leaves in the expanding zone of three plants boxylase as well as the development of Hill reaction activity were determined by monitoring CO, concentrations in an open were followed in expanding Populus deltoides leaves and re- gas circuit with an infrared gas analyzer (5). For each leaf, net lated to photosynthetic patterns. Total chlorophyll, which was CO2 flux in light of saturating intensity (5.2 X 10' ergs/cme not correlated with photosynthetic rate in expanding leaves, de- sec) was recorded for 10 min after a constant rate of CO, ex- creased slightly with age in very young leaves, due to a decrease change had been attained. in chlorophyll b, but then increased linearly. The ratio of Chlorophyll and RuDP Carboxylase Determinations. Indi- chlorophyll a to b, which rose sharply in young leaves, was vidual leaves in the expanding leaf zone (LPA 0-7) of four highly correlated with the onset of net photosynthesis. Hill different plants were excised, immediately weighed, and their reaction activity was very low in young leaves and did not in- lengths measured. The midrib was then removed and one-half crease significantly until leaves were about half expanded. of each leaf placed in a Duall tissue grinder containing 3 ml of Ribulose diphosphate carboxylase activity increased in a 80% (v/v) acetone.
    [Show full text]
  • A Comedy of Scientific Errors BOVINES
    SACRED A COMEDY OF SCIENTIFIC ERRORS BOVINES DOUGLAS ALLCHIN, DEPARTMENT EDITOR William Shakespeare may well have foreshadowed the modern television experiment with balm, groundsel, and spinach. All modified the air to sitcom. His comic misadventures were expertly crafted. In A Comedy of support sustained burning. Animals, too, could breathe longer in the Errors, for example, twins (with twin servants), each separated at birth, treated air. Plants, Priestley had found, could restore the “goodness” of converge unbeknownst to each other in the same town. Mistaken iden- the air depleted by respiration or combustion. American correspondent tity leads to miscommunication. More mistaken identity follows, with Benjamin Franklin immediately perceived the global implications: plants more misdelivered messages and yet more misinterpretations. Hilarious help restore the atmosphere that humans and other animals foul. The consequences ensue. It is a stock comedic formula in modern entertain- system ensures our survival. That view fit neatly with Priestley’s religious ment. A character first makes an unintentional error. Then ironically, in belief in an intentionally designed (and rational) natural world. It was a trying to correct it, things only get laughably worse. remarkable discovery. For this and other work on airs, the Royal Society Science, we imagine, is safeguarded against such embarrassing in 1772 awarded Priestley the Copley Medal, then the most prestigious episodes. In the lore of scientists, echoed among teachers, science is honor in science. “self-correcting.” Replication, in particular, ensures that errors are Others were eager to build on Priestley’s discovery about plants and exposed for what they are. Research promptly returns to its fruitful tra- the restoration of air.
    [Show full text]
  • PHOTOSYNTHESIS: the HILL REACTION Light 6 CO2 + 12 H2O
    PHOTOSYNTHESIS: The HILL REACTION Readings: Review pp. 165-176 in your text (POHS, 5th ed.). Introduction The term photosynthesis is used to describe a remarkable and complex series of membrane-associated reactions which result in atmospheric CO2 being fixed or reduced to glucose and other organic compounds. The reactions that comprise photosynthesis can be summarized as: light 6 CO2 + 12 H2OC6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O chlorophyll Photosynthesis occurs only in green plants, algae, and a few genera of bacteria. Molecular oxygen is a by-product of photosynthesis; thus, all organisms that require oxygen for life (including Homo sapiens) are ultimately dependent on photosynthesis. The energy that drives photosynthetic reactions is light, captured by photosynthetic pigments such as chlorophyll. This energy excites electrons taken from H2O. Excited electrons are passed through a series of membrane-bound carriers and acceptors, and ultimately reduce NADP+ to produce NADPH + H+ which is then used to reduce CO2. In this exercise, you will measure the rate of photosynthesis by monitoring the flow of electrons as shown schematically below: 45 DCPIP (2,6-dichlorophenol indophenol) is a dye able to accept electrons from a variety of donors. When DCPIP is oxidized, it is blue. Reduced DCPIP is colorless. The reduction of DCPIP by electrons derived from H2O coupled with the production of O2 is known as the Hill Reaction. By following the rate of conversion of DCPIP from a blue (oxidized) state to a colorless (reduced) state, you will be able to monitor electron flow in the presence of light in spinach chloroplasts. You will also use the herbicide, Atrazine, to disrupt photosynthesis by blocking electron movement from the primary acceptor in PSII to pQ.
    [Show full text]