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Memorial Submitted by the Government of Nicaragua

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Memorial Submitted by the Government of Nicaragua INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE MARITIME DELIMITATION BETWEEN NICARAGUA AND HONDURAS IN THE CARIBBEAN SEA (NICARAGUA v. HONDURAS) MEMORIAL SUBMITTED BY THE GOVERNMENT OF NICARAGUA VOLUME! 21 MARCH 2001 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION . 1 II THE GEOGRAPHICAL AND GEOMORPHOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK . 5 III THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE BOUNDARY UP TO 1963 . 21 IV THE RELATIONS BETWEEN NICARAGUA AND HONDURAS (1963-1979) .................. 33 V SITUATION SIN CE 1980: THE HIS TORY OF THE DISPUTE ON THE DELIMITATION OF THE MARITIME ARBAS OF NICARAGUA AND HONDURAS IN THE CARIBBEAN SEA . 39 VI THE APPLICABLE LAW . 63 VII THE POINT OF DEPARTURE OF THE MARITIME DELIMITATION ......................... 75 VIII THE PROCESS OF DELIMITATION BEYOND THE TERRITORIAL SEA . 87 IX EQUITABLE CRITERIA CONFIRMING THE EQUITABLE RESULT PRODUCED BY THE BISECTOR METHOD . 123 X THE DELIMITATION IN THE TERRITORIAL SEA . 145 Xl CONCLUSIONS . 161 SUBMISSIONS . 167 LIST OF MAPS AND FIGURES . 169 LIST OF ANNEXES, VOLUME II . 171 1 : INTRODUCTION 1. The present Memorial is submitted pursuant to the Order of the Court of 21 March 2000. 2. On 8 December 1999 the Government of the Republic of Nicaragua filed an Application with the International Court of Justice instituting proceedings against the Republic of Honduras concerning a dispute over the delimitation of the maritime bound­ ary in the Caribbean Sea. The Government of the Republic of Nicaragua has asked the Court in its Application: "to determine th{: course of the single maritime boundary between the areas of territorial sea, continental shelf and ex­ clusive economie zone appertaining respectively to Nicaragua and Honduras in the Caribbean Sea, in accordance with equit­ able principles and relevant circumstances recognized by general international law as applicable to such a delimitation of a single maritime boundary." 3. This is not the first time that Nicaragua has come before the International Court of Justice in order to find a solution for its territorial differences with Honduras. In 1957 Nicaragua and Honduras were before the Court on the basis of a Special Agree­ ment in order to settle a difference of opinion on the validity of the Arbitral Award of the King of Spain of 1906 that determined the land boundary of both Parties. 4. This time Nicaragua is pleading before the Court having filed a unilateral Application against Honduras on the basis of the Declarations made by both countries under Article 36 (2) of the Statu te of the Court and on Article 36 (1) of the aforesaid Statu te through the effects of Article XXXI of the American Treaty on 1 Pacifie Settlement of 30 April 1948 (known as the Pact of Bogotâ) to which both States are Partie.' 5. Both Honduras and Nicaragua are Parties to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982. Nicaragua ratified this instrument on 3 May 2000 and Honduras on 5 October 1993. Thus both Nicaragua and Honduras are bound by the provisions of this Convention on matters pertinent to this delimitation including the extent and nature of maritime zones and the principles that should be applied to effect a maritime delimitation. 6. This Application has been filed in the context of several failed attempts at effecting a negotiated solution that be gan in the late seventies. Nicaragua has consistently maintained the position that its maritime Caribbean boundary with Honduras has not been delimited. Honduras for its part has maintained the position since the earl y eighties that there exists a de facto delimitation li ne that follows a parallel of latitude from the end point of the land bound­ ary that was fixed in 1962 through the mediation of the Organiza­ tion of American States (see Chapter III). 7. The land area abutting upon the maritime areas in dispute is known as the Miskito or Mosquito Coast because mainly the Nicaraguan native Indian community known as the Miskitos bas traditionally inhabited it.lt is of special interest to the Government of Nicaragua to obtain an equitable solution that will guarantee to the Miskito and other Nicaraguan lndian communities of the 1. Article XXXI of the Pact of Bogotâ provides: "In conformity with Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute of the International Court of Justice, the High Contracting Parties declare that they recognize, in relation to any other American State, the jurisdiction of the Court as compulsory ipso facto, without the necessity of any special agreement so long as the present Treaty is in force, in ali disputes of a juridical nature that arise among them concerning: (a) The interpretation of a treaty; (b) Any question of international law; (c) The existence of any fact which, if established, would constitute the breach of an international obligation; (d) The nature or extent of the reparation to be made for the breach of an inter­ national obligation." 2 area, the traditional access they have had to the resources. The importance of these communities can be appreciated by the fact that Nicaragua is the only State in the area that recognizes a certain degree of autonomy in respect of these communities in its Constitution.2 8. The maritime areas in dispute are located in an area in the Caribbean known as the Nicaraguan Rise. This geographical area is the most extensive maritime zone in the Caribbean Sea with depths of no more than 200 meters. It is one of the most promising new areas in the Caribbean for oil and gas and has been an area traditionally used by fishermen in this region of the world. 9. Nicaragua's Application asks the Court "to determine the course of the single maritime boundary between the areas of territorial sea, continental shelf and exclusive economie zone appertaining respective! y to Nicaragua and Honduras." Nicaragua has not asked for a definitive line with a beginning and an end: just an indication of the course it should follow. The idea behind this request is to avoid entirely the extremely difficult problem posed by defining any starting point on the highly mobile mouth of the Coco River where the land boundary ends, and to also avoid the indication of any maritime end point that might cause mis­ understandings with third States. 1O. After further thoughts on this question, Nicaragua con­ siders that it would be: convenient for the Parties to have a definit­ ive delimitation line as far as the circumstances will permit. As 2 Article 89. The communities of the Atlantic Coast are an indissoluble part of the people of Nicaragua and, as such, enjoy the same rights and have the same obligations. The communities of the Atlantic Coast have the right to preserve and develop their cultural identity within the: national union; to provide themselves with their own forms of organization and to adrninistrate their local affairs in accordance with their traditions. The State recognizes the forms of communal property of the lands of the communi­ ties of the Atlantic Coast. Likewise it recognizes the enjoyment and possession of the waters and forests of its communal lands. 3 stated above, the two problems to be avoided are the confusing situation at the mouth of the Coco River and any third party interests in the area. With this intention in mind, the concrete proposai, as explained in Chapter VII, is that the line of delimita­ tion should start on a fixed point located 3 nautical miles from the mouth of the River Coco. This line will be drawn out to the limit of the territorial sea in the way that is explained in Chapter X. Chapter VIII will take up from the limit of the territorial sea and draw the line following a bisector to the angle formed by the general direction of the coastlines, until reaching a point seawards that will end quite short of any possible third party interests in the area. From that point further seawards just an indication will be made of the direction the line should follow. 11. As the Govemment of Nicaragua has indicated in the Application, whilst the principal purpose of these proceedings is to obtain a declaration conceming determination of the maritime boundary or boundaries, the Govemment of Nicaragua reserves the right to claim compensation for interference with fishing vessels of Nicaraguan nationality or vessels licensed by Nicaragua, found to the north of the parallel of latitude claimed by Honduras to be the course of the delimitation line. Nicaragua also reserves the right to claim compensation for any natural resources that may have been extracted or may be extracted in the future to the south of the line of delimitation that will be fixed by the Judgment of the Court. The Govemment of Nicaragua main tains these reserva­ tions at this stage of the pleadings. 12. The Govemment of Nicaragua has taken the step of bringing this case to the Court, in order to remove the legal un­ certainties that exist in this area of the Caribbean and promote the legal security of those seeking togo about their lawful busi­ ness in the region. 4 II: THE GEOGRAPHICAL AND GEOMORPHOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK A. Preliminary: general geography of the region3 1. Geography is the essential element that must be taken into consideration for obtaining an equitable result in any maritime delimitation. In the Gulf of Maine case the Chamber of the Court indicated the criteria that should be applied for reaching an equit­ able result: "international law ... lay(s) down in general that equitable criteria are to be applied, criteria ... which are essentially to be determined in relation to what may be properly called the geographical features of the area." (l.C.J. Reports 1984, p. 246 at para.
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