Environmental and Genetic Determinants of Bacterial Microbiota and Parasites Associated with Cottus Across Natural Hybrid Zones

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Environmental and Genetic Determinants of Bacterial Microbiota and Parasites Associated with Cottus Across Natural Hybrid Zones Environmental and Genetic Determinants of Bacterial Microbiota and Parasites Associated with Cottus Across Natural Hybrid Zones Dissertation in fulfillment of the requirement for the degree “Dr. rer. nat.” of the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences at the Christian Albrechts University of Kiel submitted by Sunna Ellendt Kiel, July 2016 First referee: Prof. Dr. Arne W. Nolte Second referee: Prof. Dr. Thorsten Reusch Date of the oral examination: 12.10.2016 Approved for publication: 12.10.2016 Prof. Dr. Natascha Oppelt, Dean Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents ................................................................................................................ i Zusammenfassung ............................................................................................................ iii Summary ........................................................................................................................... v Author contributions ....................................................................................................... vii General Introduction ......................................................................................................... 1 Speciation .................................................................................................................................... 1 Parasite induced reproductive isolation........................................................................................ 3 Bacteria induced reproductive isolation ....................................................................................... 5 Hybrid zones as natural laboratories to study early adaptive speciation ........................................ 8 The Cottus System ....................................................................................................................... 9 Scope of the thesis ........................................................................................................... 12 Chapter 1 ......................................................................................................................... 13 Introduction............................................................................................................................... 13 Methods .................................................................................................................................... 16 Results ....................................................................................................................................... 22 Discussion .................................................................................................................................. 35 Supplement ............................................................................................................................... 41 Chapter 2 ......................................................................................................................... 51 Introduction............................................................................................................................... 51 Methods .................................................................................................................................... 53 Results ....................................................................................................................................... 56 Discussion .................................................................................................................................. 65 Supplement ............................................................................................................................... 70 Chapter 3 ......................................................................................................................... 77 Introduction............................................................................................................................... 77 Methods .................................................................................................................................... 80 Results ....................................................................................................................................... 83 Supplement ............................................................................................................................... 90 Conclusions and perspectives .......................................................................................... 93 Particular focus on host genetic effects ...................................................................................... 93 Environmental impact on bacterial communities ........................................................................ 94 Relation of host-pathogen interactions to adaptive immune response........................................ 95 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................. 95 i Table of Contents References ....................................................................................................................... 97 Danksagung ................................................................................................................... 123 Affidavit ......................................................................................................................... 125 ii Zusammenfassung Z USAMMENFASSUNG Wie Arten entstehen ist ein bedeutender evolutionärer Prozess und für viele Wissenschaftler von großem Interesse (u.a. Schluter 2001; Coyne & Orr 2004; Nosil et al. 2005; Karvonen & Seehausen 2012). Neben genetischen (intrinsischen) Isolationsmechanismen können sich auch nicht-genetische (extrinsische), ökologisch begründete Fortpflanzungsbarrieren durch divergierende Selektion zwischen verschiedenen Umwelten entwickeln (Rundle & Nosil 2005). Zugrunde liegende biotische und abiotische Faktoren beinhalten auch Interaktionen mit Symbionten, die bedeutenden Einfluss auf ihren Wirt ausüben: Sie können ihm einerseits Nährstoffe oder auch Abwehr gegen Pathogene bereitstellen und ihn andererseits ausbeuten oder infizieren (Moran 2006). Jedoch wurde Bakterien und Parasiten als selektierende Faktoren in Artbildungsprozessen bisher wenig Aufmerksamkeit zuteil und insbesondere Studien über freilebende Wirtspopulationen fehlen (Karvonen & Seehausen 2012; Brucker & Bordenstein 2012). In der vorliegenden Arbeit untersuchte ich eine natürlich entstandene Kontaktzone europäischer Süßwasserfische (Cottus sp.), die an einem Ökoton hybridisieren. Diese Hybridzone ist stabil und obwohl keine physikalischen Barrieren vorhanden sind, ist die Ausbreitung der Fische in fremde Habitate begrenzt (Nolte et al. 2005). Darüber hinaus wurden keine intrinsischen Barrieren entdeckt weshalb davon ausgegangen werden kann, dass extrinsische, ökologische Faktoren Selektionsdruck auf Migranten ausüben und deren verminderte Fitness in alternativen Nischen verursachen (Nolte et al. 2006; Cheng et al. 2013). Die vorliegende Studie erforscht also, in welchem Ausmaß Bakterien und Parasiten anfängliche Artbildungsprozesse im Cottus System vorantreiben. Basierend auf früheren populationsgenetischen Untersuchungen definierte ich zunächst drei unterscheidbare Fischgruppen, welche die aus dem Fluss Sieg und dem Bach Broel gebildete Kontaktzone bewohnen: C. rhenanus, invasive C. und deren Hybride. Anschließend analysierte ich die Hautbakteriengemeinschaften von Cottus. Das Ziel war herauszufinden, ob Variationen in den Bakterien durch Unterschiede in der Fischgenetik und / oder im -habitat beeinflusst werden. Mithilfe von Hochdurchsatzsequenzierung des 16S rRNA Markergens zeigte sich ein starker Habitateinfluss auf die bakterielle Diversität in den unterschiedlichen Fischlinien und ein geringerer wirtsgenetischen Effekt. Um für umweltbedingte Varianz zu kontrollieren, untersuchte ich danach die bakterielle Zusammensetzung von C. rhenanus und invasive C., die im Labor unter gleichartigen Haltungsbedingungen aufgezogen wurden. Die Ergebnisse einiger Analysen deuteten auf einen wirtsgenetischen Einfluss auf die bakterielle Zusammensetzung hin. Desweiteren verglich ich die bakterielle Mikrobiota von freilebenden und im Labor aufgezogene Groppen miteinander und ermittelte, trotz beträchtlicher Unterschiede in Futter und Habitat, eine ähnliche Auftrennung nach Fischgenotyp in beiden Gruppen, welche zum Teil unabhängig von der umgebenden Umwelt war. Um wirtsgenetische Faktoren von Umweltfaktoren vollständig zu entkoppeln, analysierte ich anschließend die Hautbakterien anderer Knochenfische, Barbatula barbatula und iii Zusammenfassung Phoxinus phoxinus. Diese Arten kommen in beiden Habitaten der Kontaktzone in großer Anzahl vor, wobei Fluss- und Bachtiere genetisch homogen sind. Die Ergebnisse zeigten einen bedeutenden wirtsgenetischen Effekt an: Die Varianz der Hautbakterien in unterschiedlichen Fischarten aus demselben Habitat war größer, als die derselben Art in verschiedenen Habitaten. Darüber hinaus verglich ich die Bakteriengemeinschaften von C. rhenanus und invasive C., gefangen in 2005 und 2014, und ermittelte einen ähnlichen wirtsgenetischen Effekt in beiden Sammlungsjahren. Dieses spiegelt vorherige Ergebnisse wider und deutet auf eine Kern-Mikrobiota in Cottus hin. iv Summary SUMMARY How species evolve is a fundamental evolutionary process which has been of great interest to many scientists (e.g. Schluter 2001; Coyne and Orr 2004; Nosil et
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